Murder of the Romanov family

694: 678: 1030:

servants in a small, confined space from which they could not escape. The basement room chosen for this purpose had a barred window which was nailed shut to muffle the sound of shooting and in case of any screaming. Shooting and stabbing them at night while they slept or killing them in the forest and then dumping them into the Iset pond with lumps of metal weighted to their bodies were ruled out. Yurovsky's plan was to perform an efficient execution of all 11 prisoners simultaneously, although he also took into account that he would have to prevent those involved from raping the women or searching the bodies for jewels. Having previously seized some jewelry, he suspected more was hidden in their clothes; the bodies were to be stripped naked in order to obtain the rest (this, along with the mutilations, was aimed at preventing investigators from identifying them).

1157:. Ermakov shot and stabbed him, and when that failed, Yurovsky shoved him aside and killed the boy with a gunshot to the head. The last to die were Tatiana, Anastasia, and Maria (however, according to Yurovsky's note, Alexei, Olga, Tatiana, and Anastasia were the last to die), who were carrying over 1.3 kilograms (2.9 lb) of diamonds sewn into their clothing, which had given them a degree of protection from the firing. However, they were speared with bayonets as well. Olga sustained a gunshot wound to the head. Maria and Anastasia were said to have crouched up against a wall covering their heads with pillows in terror until they were shot in the head. Yurovsky killed Tatiana and Alexei. Tatiana died from a single shot to the back of her head. Alexei received two bullets to the head, right behind the ear. 614: 1119:, to awaken the sleeping family and ask them to put on their clothes, under the pretext that the family would be moved to a safe location due to impending chaos in Yekaterinburg. The Romanovs were then ordered into a 6 m × 5 m (20 ft × 16 ft) semi-basement room. Alexandra requested a chair because she was sick, and Nicholas requested a second for Alexei. Yurovsky's assistant Grigory Nikulin remarked to him that the "heir wanted to die in a chair. Very well then, let him have one." The prisoners were told to wait in the cellar room while the truck that would transport them was being brought to the House. A few minutes later, an execution squad of secret police was brought in and Yurovsky read aloud the order given to him by the Ural Executive Committee: 1741: 1448: 1496: 1344:. Yurovsky, worried that he might not have enough time to take the bodies to the deeper mine, ordered his men to dig another burial pit then and there, but the ground was too hard. He returned to the Amerikanskaya Hotel to confer with the Cheka. He seized a truck which he had loaded with blocks of concrete for attaching to the bodies before submerging them in the new mineshaft. A second truck carried a detachment of Cheka agents to help move the bodies. Yurovsky returned to the forest at 10 pm on 18 July. The bodies were again loaded onto the Fiat truck, which by then had been extricated from the mud. 1348: 1694:(Nikulin, Medvedev (Kudrin), Ermakov, Vaganov, Kabanov, Medvedev and Netrebin) with the participation of one Jew (Yurovsky) and possibly, one Latvian (Ya.M. Tselms). The men who were directly complicit in the murder of the imperial family largely survived in the immediate months after the murders. Stepan Vaganov, Ermakov's close associate, was attacked and killed by peasants in late 1918 for his participation in local acts of brutal repression by the Cheka. Pavel Medvedev, head of the Ipatiev House guard and one of the key figures in the murders, was captured by the 963: 1598: 1619: 436: 1456: 909: 1733:, who met Yurovsky in 1920 alleged that he was remorseful over his role in the execution of the Romanovs. However, in a final letter that was written to his children shortly before his death in 1938, he only reminisced about his revolutionary career and how "the storm of October" had "turned its brightest side" towards him, making him "the happiest of mortals"; there was no expression of regret or remorse over the murders. Yurovsky and his assistant, Nikulin, who died in 1964, are buried in the 1112:. The family was very upset as Leonid was Alexei's only playmate and he was the fifth member of the imperial entourage to be taken from them, but they were assured by Yurovsky that he would be back soon. Alexandra did not trust Yurovsky, writing in her final diary entry just hours before her death, "whether it's true & we shall see the boy back again!". Leonid was kept in the Popov House that night. Yurovsky saw no reason to kill him and wanted him removed before the execution took place. 927: 945: 396: 1827: 1250:

Yurovsky maintained control of the situation with great difficulty, eventually getting Ermakov's men to shift some of the bodies from the truck onto the carts. A few of Ermakov's men pawed the female bodies for diamonds hidden in their undergarments, two of whom lifted up Alexandra's skirt and fingered her genitals. Yurovsky ordered them at gunpoint to back off, dismissing the two who had groped the tsarina's corpse and any others he had caught looting.

871:. These fabricated letters, along with the Romanov responses to them (written on either blank spaces or the envelopes), provided the Central Executive Committee (CEC) in Moscow with further justification to 'liquidate' the imperial family. Yurovsky later observed that, by responding to the faked letters, Nicholas "had fallen into a hasty plan by us to trap him". On 13 July, across the road from the Ipatiev House, a demonstration of Red Army soldiers, 416: 54: 774: 5885: 1153:, a technique which proved ineffective and meant that the children had to be dispatched by still more gunshots, this time aimed more precisely at their heads. The Tsarevich was the first of the children to be executed. Yurovsky watched in disbelief as Nikulin spent an entire magazine from his Browning gun on Alexei, who was still seated transfixed in his chair; he also had jewels sewn into his undergarment and 1305:

too friendly with one of the guards back in May. Once the bodies were "completely naked" they were dumped into a mineshaft and doused with sulphuric acid to disfigure them beyond recognition. Only then did Yurovsky discover that the pit was less than 3 metres (9.8 ft) deep and the muddy water below did not fully submerge the corpses as he had expected. He unsuccessfully tried to collapse the mine with

829:

from the volunteer battalions of the Verkh-Isetsk factory at Yurovsky's request. He wanted dedicated Bolsheviks who could be relied on to do whatever was asked of them. They were hired on the understanding that they would be prepared, if necessary, to kill the tsar, about which they were sworn to secrecy. Nothing at that stage was said about killing the family or servants. To prevent a repetition of the

1093: 693: 1836:

Murderer – Shot without Bourgeois Formalities but in Accordance with our new democratic principles", along with the coda that "the wife and son of Nicholas Romanov have been sent to a safe place". An official announcement appeared in the national press, two days later. It reported that the monarch had been executed on the order of Uralispolkom under pressure posed by the approach of the Czechoslovaks.

1754:

responsibility for the fate of the Romanovs back to Lenin was either never made or carefully concealed. Lenin operated with extreme caution, his favored method being to issue instructions in coded telegrams, insisting that the original and even the telegraph ribbon on which it was sent be destroyed. Uncovered documents in Archive No. 2 (Lenin), Archive No. 86 (Sverdlov) as well as the archives of the

1137:, the military commissar for Verkh-Isetsk, shot and killed Alexandra with a bullet wound to the head. He then shot at Tatiana, who ran for the double doors, hitting her in the thigh. The remaining executioners shot chaotically and over each other's shoulders until the room was so filled with smoke and dust that no one could see anything at all in the darkness nor hear any commands amid the noise. 981: 813:, directly above the tsar and tsarina's bedroom. Ten guard posts were located in and around the Ipatiev House, and the exterior was patrolled twice hourly day and night. In early May, the guards moved the piano from the dining room, where the prisoners could play it, to the commandant's office next to the Romanovs' bedrooms. The guards would play the piano, while singing Russian 335:, who disputed the authenticity of the remains. In 2007, a second, smaller grave which contained the remains of two of the Romanov children, missing from the larger grave, was discovered by amateur archaeologists; they were confirmed to be the remains of Alexei and a sister—either Anastasia or Maria—by DNA analysis. In 2008, after considerable and protracted legal wrangling, the 427: 1815: 1161:, Alexandra's maid, survived the initial onslaught but was quickly stabbed to death against the back wall while trying to defend herself with a small pillow which she had carried that was filled with precious gems and jewels. While the bodies were being placed on stretchers, Anastasia cried out and covered her face with her arm. Ermakov grabbed Alexander Strekotin's 606: 1512:

and Anastasia, who were shot and bayoneted to death, and that the bodies were destroyed in a massive bonfire. Publication and worldwide acceptance of the investigation prompted the Soviets to issue a government-approved textbook in 1926 that largely plagiarized Sokolov's work, admitting that the empress and her children had been murdered with the Tsar.

407: 4765:Покаяние. Материалы правительственной комиссии по изучению вопросов, связанных с исследованием и перезахоронением останков Российского Императора Николая II и членов его семьи (Repentance. Proceedings of the government commission to study issues related to the study and reburial of the remains of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II and his family) 1026:, Yurovsky's assistant. Preston's requests to be granted access to the family were consistently rejected. Goloshchyokin reported back to Yekaterinburg on 12 July with a summary of his discussion about the Romanovs with Moscow, along with instructions that nothing relating to their deaths should be directly communicated to Lenin. 1393:). They dug a grave that was 1.8 by 2.4 metres (6 ft × 8 ft) in size and barely 60 centimetres (2 ft) deep. Alexei Trupp's body was tossed in first, followed by the Tsar's and then the rest. Sulphuric acid was again used to dissolve the bodies, their faces smashed with rifle butts and covered with 641:. The imperial family was subjected to regular searches of their belongings, confiscation of their money for "safekeeping by the Ural Regional Soviet's treasurer", and attempts to remove Alexandra's and her daughters' gold bracelets from their wrists. The house was surrounded by a 4-metre-high (13 ft) double 2141: 1427: 1254: 1309:, after which his men covered it with loose earth and branches. Yurovsky left three men to guard the site while he returned to Yekaterinburg with a bag filled with 8.2 kilograms (18 lb) of looted diamonds, to report back to Beloborodov and Goloshchyokin. It was decided that the pit was too shallow. 706:

the prisoners after the guards complained that it regularly ran out. Recreation was allowed only twice daily in the garden, for half an hour morning and afternoon. The prisoners were ordered not to engage in conversation with any of the guards. Rations were mostly tea and black bread for breakfast, and

1904:

were approaching Yekaterinburg. On 17 July 1918, Yakov and other Bolshevik jailers, fearing that the Legion would free Nicholas after conquering the town, murdered him and his family. The next day, Yakov departed for Moscow with a report to Sverdlov. As soon as the Czechoslovaks seized Yekaterinburg,

1785:

queried Lenin to "kindly wire facts" in regards to a rumor that Nicholas II "has been murdered"; he responded, "Rumor not true. Ex-tsar safe. All rumors are only lies of capitalist press." By this time, however, the coded telegram ordering the execution of Nicholas, his family and retinue had already

1744:

1924 Photograph of Ural Bolsheviks from left to right: Top 1st row – A. I. Paramonov, N. N., M. M. Kharitonov, B.V. Didkovsky, I. P. Rumyantsev, N. N., A. L. Borchaninov; Bottom 2nd row – D. E. Sulimov, G.S. Frost, M.V. Vasilyev, V.M. Bykov, A.G. Kabanov, P. S. Ermakov. They stand and sit on a bridge

1511:

His preliminary report was published in a book that same year in French and then Russian. It was published in English in 1925. Until 1989, it was the only accepted historical account of the murders. He wrongly concluded that the prisoners died instantly from the shooting, with the exception of Alexei

1334:

of the local Soviet told Yurovsky of some deeper copper mines west of Yekaterinburg, the area remote and swampy and a grave there less likely to be discovered. He inspected the site on the evening of 17 July and reported back to the Cheka at the Amerikanskaya Hotel. He ordered additional trucks to be

1071:

In the commandant's office, Yurovsky assigned victims to each killer before distributing the handguns. He took a Mauser and Colt while Ermakov armed himself with three Nagants, one Mauser and a bayonet; he was the only one assigned to kill two prisoners (Alexandra and Botkin). Yurovsky instructed his

767:

for the Romanovs. The following morning, four housemaids were hired to wash the floors of the Popov House and Ipatiev House; they were the last civilians to see the family alive. On both occasions, they were under strict instructions not to engage in conversation with the family. Yurovsky always kept

2049:

on 11 July 2018 revealed that 57% of Russians "believe that the execution of the Royal family is a heinous unjustified crime", while 29% said "the last Russian emperor paid too high a price for his mistakes". Among those aged between 18 and 24, 46% believe that Nicholas II had to be punished for his

1949:

opposed the government's decision in February 1998 to bury the remains in the Peter and Paul Fortress, preferring a "symbolic" grave until their authenticity had been resolved. As a result, when they were interred in July 1998, they were referred to by the priest conducting the service as "Christian

1895:

According to the presumption of innocence, no one can be held criminally liable without guilt being proven. In the criminal case, an unprecedented search for archival sources taking all available materials into account was conducted by authoritative experts, such as Sergey Mironenko, the director of

1835:

On the afternoon of 19 July, Filipp Goloshchyokin announced at the Opera House on Glavny Prospekt that "Nicholas the bloody" had been shot and his family taken to another place. Sverdlov granted permission for the local paper in Yekaterinburg to publish the "Execution of Nicholas, the Bloody Crowned

1780:

of Lenin's political life confirms that first Lenin (between 6 and 7 pm) and then Lenin and Sverdlov together (between 9:30 and 11:50 pm) had direct telegraph contact with the Ural Soviets about Yakovlev's change of route. Despite Yakovlev's request to take the family further away to the more remote

1762:

reveal that a host of party 'errand boys' were regularly designated to relay his instructions, either by confidential notes or anonymous directives made in the collective name of the Council of People's Commissars. In all such decisions Lenin regularly insisted that no written evidence be preserved.

1559:

located the shallow grave on 30–31 May 1979 after years of covert investigation and a study of the primary evidence. Three skulls were removed from the grave, but after failing to find any scientist and laboratory to help examine them, and worried about the consequences of finding the grave, Avdonin

1400:

Yurovsky separated the Tsarevich Alexei and one of his sisters to be buried about 15 metres (50 ft) away, in an attempt to confuse anyone who might discover the mass grave with only nine bodies. Since the female body was badly disfigured, Yurovsky mistook her for Anna Demidova; in his report he

1312:

The reason for the lack of jewels in Maria's underwear was, according to Gillard and other witnesses, "these bras were on exactly those daughters on which they were supposed to be. Maria could not have such a bra, since they were made in Tobolsk when she was no longer there. It would be ridiculous

1304:

Yurovsky and five other men laid out the bodies on the grass and undressed them, the clothes piled up and burned while Yurovsky took inventory of their jewellery. Only Maria's undergarments contained no jewels, which to Yurovsky was proof that the family had ceased to trust her ever since she became

1249:

mile) further on, near crossing no. 185 on the line serving the Verkh-Isetsk works, 25 men working for Ermakov were waiting with horses and light carts. These men were all intoxicated and they were outraged that the prisoners were not brought to them alive. They expected to be part of the lynch mob.

1168:

While Yurovsky was checking the victims for pulses, Ermakov walked through the room, flailing the bodies with his bayonet. The execution lasted about 20 minutes, Yurovsky later admitting to Nikulin's "poor mastery of his weapon and inevitable nerves". Future investigations calculated that a possible

1145:

and bayonets. Within minutes, Yurovsky was forced to stop the shooting because of the caustic smoke of burned gunpowder, dust from the plaster ceiling caused by the reverberation of bullets, and the deafening gunshots. When they stopped, the doors were then opened to scatter the smoke. While waiting

1140:

Alexey Kabanov, who ran onto the street to check the noise levels, heard dogs barking from the Romanovs' quarters and the sound of gunshots loud and clear despite the noise from the Fiat's engine. Kabanov then hurried downstairs and told the men to stop firing and kill the family and their dogs with

1029:

On 14 July, Yurovsky was finalizing the disposal site and how to destroy as much evidence as possible at the same time. He was frequently in consultation with Peter Ermakov, who was in charge of the disposal squad and claimed to know the outlying countryside. Yurovsky wanted to gather the family and

1805:

portrayed Nicholas as a weak and incompetent leader whose decisions led to military defeats and the deaths of millions of his subjects, while Lenin's reputation was protected at all costs, thus ensuring that no discredit was brought on him; responsibility for the 'liquidation' of the Romanov family

1038:

at around 6 pm to Lenin in Moscow. There is no documentary record of an answer from Moscow, although Yurovsky insisted that an order from the CEC to go ahead had been passed on to him by Goloshchyokin at around 7 pm. This claim was consistent with that of a former Kremlin guard, Aleksey Akimov, who

828:

When Yurovsky replaced Aleksandr Avdeev on 4 July, he moved the old internal guard members to the Popov House. The senior aides were retained but were designated to guard the hallway area and no longer had access to the Romanovs' rooms; only Yurovsky's men had it. The local Cheka chose replacements

1588:

On 29 July 2007, another amateur group of local enthusiasts found the small pit containing the remains of Alexei and his sister, located in two small bonfire sites not far from the main grave on the Koptyaki Road. Although criminal investigators and geneticists identified them as Alexei and one of

1475:

Sokolov ultimately failed to find the concealed burial site on the Koptyaki Road; he photographed the spot as evidence of where the Fiat truck had become stuck on the morning of 19 July. The impending return of Bolshevik forces in July 1919 forced him to evacuate, and he brought the box containing

1205:

Aleksandr Lisitsyn of the Cheka, an essential witness on behalf of Moscow, was designated to promptly dispatch to Sverdlov soon after the executions of Nicholas and Alexandra's politically valuable diaries and letters, which would be published in Russia as soon as possible. Beloborodov and Nikulin

803:

The sixteen men of the internal guard slept in the basement, hallway, and commandant's office during shifts. The external guard, led by Pavel Medvedev, numbered 56 and took over the Popov House opposite. The guards were allowed to bring in women for sex and drinking sessions in the Popov House and

705:

The guard commandant and his senior aides had complete access at any time to all rooms occupied by the family. The prisoners were required to ring a bell each time they wished to leave their rooms to use the bathroom and lavatory on the landing. Strict rationing of the water supply was enforced on

2058:

in Yekaterinburg, marching from the city center where the Romanovs were murdered to a monastery in Ganina Yama. There is a widespread legend that the remains of the Romanovs were completely destroyed at the Ganina Yama during the ritual murder and a profitable pilgrimage business developed there.

1339:

to obtain barrels of petrol, kerosene and sulphuric acid, and plenty of dry firewood. Yurovsky also seized several horse-drawn carts to be used in the removal of the bodies to the new site. Yurovsky and Goloshchyokin, along with several Cheka agents, returned to the mineshaft at about 4 am on the

1079:

named Andras Verhas and Adolf Lepa, himself in charge of the Lett contingent, refused to shoot the women. Yurovsky sent them to the Popov House for failing "at that important moment in their revolutionary duty". Neither Yurovsky nor any of the killers went into the logistics of how to efficiently

1580:

on 10 April 1989, much to Avdonin's dismay. The remains were disinterred in 1991 by Soviet officials in a hasty 'official exhumation' that wrecked the site, destroying precious evidence. Since there were no clothes on the bodies and the damage inflicted was extensive, controversy persisted as to

1238:

engine, with a cargo area measuring 1.8 by 3.0 metres (6 ft × 10 ft). Heavily laden, the vehicle struggled for 14 kilometres (9 mi) on boggy road to reach the Koptyaki forest. Yurovsky was furious when he discovered that the drunken Ermakov had brought only one shovel for the

1875:

My next visit to Moscow took place after the fall of Yekaterinburg. Talking to Sverdlov I asked in passing, "Oh yes and where is the Tsar?" "It's all over," he answered. "He has been shot." "And where is his family?" "And the family with him." "All of them?" I asked, apparently with a touch of

1043:

be returned to him immediately after the message was sent. At 8 pm, Yurovsky sent his chauffeur to acquire a truck for transporting the bodies, along with rolls of canvas to wrap them in. The intention was to park it close to the basement entrance, with its engine running, to mask the noise of

661:

in the grand duchesses' bedroom, but peeking out of it was strictly forbidden; in May a sentry fired a shot at Anastasia when she looked out. After the Romanovs made repeated requests, one of the two windows in the tsar and tsarina's corner bedroom was unsealed on 23 June 1918. The guards were

1682:, the latter from the Yekaterinburg pharmacy. He was a witness but later claimed to have taken part in the murders, looting belongings from a dead grand duchess. After the killings, he was to declare that "The world will never know what we did with them." Voykov served as Soviet ambassador to 1753:

as "monarchist filth, a 300-year disgrace", and referred to Nicholas II in conversation and in his writings as "the most evil enemy of the Russian people, a bloody executioner, an Asiatic gendarme" and "a crowned robber." A written record outlining the chain of command and tying the ultimate

645:

that obscured the view of the streets from the house. The initial fence enclosed the garden along Voznesensky Lane. On 5 June a second palisade was erected, higher and longer than the first, which completely enclosed the property. The second palisade was constructed after it was learned that

282:, before their execution in July 1918. The Bolsheviks initially announced only Nicholas's death; for the next eight years, the Soviet leadership maintained a systematic web of disinformation relating to the fate of the family, from claiming in September 1919 that they were murdered by 1463:

Sokolov discovered a large number of the Romanovs' belongings and valuables that were overlooked by Yurovsky and his men in and around the mineshaft where the bodies were initially disposed. Among them were burned bone fragments, congealed fat, Dr Botkin's upper dentures and glasses,

1896:

the largest archive in the country, the State Archive of the Russian Federation. The study involved the main experts on the subject – historians and archivists. And I can confidently say that today there is no reliable document that would prove the initiative of Lenin and Sverdlov.

1173:

began frisking the bodies for valuables. Yurovsky saw this and demanded that they surrender any looted items or be shot. The attempted looting, coupled with Ermakov's incompetence and drunken state, convinced Yurovsky to oversee the disposal of the bodies himself. Only Alexei's

856:, of which they had control. According to historian David Bullock, the Bolsheviks, falsely believing that the Czechoslovaks were on a mission to rescue the family, panicked and executed their wards. The Legions arrived less than a week later and on 25 July captured the city. 1689:

The White Army investigator Nikolai Sokolov erroneously claimed that the executions of the Imperial Family was carried out by a group of "Latvians led by a Jew". However, in light of Plotnikov's research, the group that carried out the execution consisted almost entirely of

748:'s footman; Leonid Sednev's uncle), "had been sent out of this government" (i.e. out of the jurisdiction of Yekaterinburg and Perm province). In fact, both men were already dead: after the Bolsheviks had removed them from the Ipatiev House in May, they had been shot by the 1781:

Simsky Gorny District in Ufa province (where they could hide in the mountains), warning that "the baggage" would be destroyed if given to the Ural Soviets, Lenin and Sverdlov were adamant that they be brought to Yekaterinburg. On 16 July, the editors of Danish newspaper

1265:

The truck was bogged down in an area of marshy ground near the Gorno-Uralsk railway line, during which all the bodies were unloaded onto carts and taken to the disposal site. The sun was up by the time the carts came within sight of the disused mine, which was a large

1916:

and Geli Ryabov, who kept the discovery secret until the collapse of the Soviet Union. In July 1991, the bodies of five family members (the Tsar, Tsarina, and three of their daughters) were exhumed. After forensic examination and DNA identification (partly aided by

1006:

of the Ural Regional Soviet under Beloborodov and Goloshchyokin should organize the practical details for the family's execution and decide the precise day on which it would take place when the military situation dictated it, contacting Moscow for final approval.

322:

period. The identities of the remains were confirmed by forensic and DNA analysis and investigation in 1994, with the assistance of British experts. In 1998, eighty years after the executions, the remains of the Romanovs were reinterred in a state funeral in the

1851:

on 24 January 1919. Unlike the imperial family, the bodies at Alapayevsk and Perm were recovered by the White Army in October 1918 and May 1919 respectively. However, only the final resting places of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and her faithful companion

735: 883:

led by Peter Ermakov, which opened fire on the protesters, all within earshot of the tsar and tsarina's bedroom window. The authorities exploited the incident as a monarchist-led rebellion that threatened the security of the captives at the Ipatiev House.

677: 1301:). Yurovsky's men ate hardboiled eggs supplied by the local nuns (food that was meant for the imperial family), while the remainder of Ermakov's men were ordered back to the city as Yurovsky did not trust them and was displeased with their drunkenness. 1146:

for the smoke to abate, the killers could hear moans and whimpers inside the room. As it cleared, it became evident that although several of the family's retainers had been killed, all of the Imperial children were alive and only Tatiana was injured.

1605:

survived the civil war unscathed; however, unlike the other killers, he received no awards or advancements, for which he grew bitter. For the rest of his life, he fought relentlessly for primacy by inflating his role in the murders as well as the

808:

of the Voznesensky Cathedral aimed toward the house; a second in the basement window of the Ipatiev House facing the street; a third monitoring the balcony overlooking the garden at the back of the house; and a fourth in the attic overlooking the

381:

A 2011 investigation concluded that, despite the opening of state archives in the post-Soviet years, no written document has been found which proves Lenin or Sverdlov ordered the executions. However, they endorsed the murders after they occurred.

993:

The Ural Regional Soviet agreed in a meeting on 29 June that the entire Romanov family should be executed. Filipp Goloshchyokin arrived in Moscow as a representative of the Soviet on 3 July with a message insisting on the Tsar's execution. Only

1830:

The final resting places of the Romanov family and their servants in St. Catherine's Chapel in the Peter and Paul Cathedral. The names of Maria (third from right) and Alexei (far left) on the wall do not have a burial date inscribed at the

1033:

On 16 July, Yurovsky was informed by the Ural Soviets that Red Army contingents were retreating in all directions and the executions could not be delayed any longer. A coded telegram seeking final approval was sent by Goloshchyokin and

2030:

Court ordered the re-opening of the case, saying that a Supreme Court ruling blaming the state for the killings made the deaths of the actual gunmen irrelevant, according to a lawyer for the Tsar's relatives and local news agencies.

2021:

On Thursday, 26 August 2010, a Russian court ordered prosecutors to reopen an investigation into the murder of Tsar Nicholas II and his family, although the Bolsheviks believed to have shot them in 1918 had died long before. The

867:, president of the Ural Regional Soviet, directed the smuggling of letters written in French to the Ipatiev House. These claimed to be by a monarchist officer seeking to rescue the family, but were composed at the behest of the 2561:«17/VII 1918 в Екатеринбурге (ныне Свердловск), в связи с угрозой занятия города белыми, по постановлению Уральского областного совета бывший царь Николай Романов вместе с членами его семьи и приближенными был расстрелян». – 1721:

Three days after the murders, Yurovsky personally reported to Lenin on the events of that night and was rewarded with an appointment to the Moscow City Cheka. He held a succession of key economic and party posts, dying in the

4413: 1876:

surprise. "All of them," replied Yakov Sverdlov. "What about it?" He was waiting to see my reaction. I made no reply. "And who made the decision?" I asked. "We decided it here. Ilyich believed that we shouldn't leave the

527:, and the sentries scrawled lewd drawings on the fence to offend his daughters. On 1 March 1918, the family was placed on soldiers' rations. Their ten servants were dismissed, and they had to give up butter and coffee. 2026:'s main investigative unit said it had formally closed a criminal investigation into the killing of Nicholas because too much time had elapsed since the crime and because those responsible had died. However, Moscow's 662:

ordered to increase their surveillance accordingly, and the prisoners were warned not to look out of the window or attempt to signal to anyone outside, on pain of being shot. From this window, they could see only the

1206:

oversaw the ransacking of the Romanov quarters, seizing all the family's personal items, the most valuable piled up in Yurovsky's office whilst things considered inconsequential and of no value were stuffed into the

339:'s office rehabilitated the Romanov family as "victims of political repressions". A criminal case was opened by the Russian government in 1993, but nobody was prosecuted on the basis that the perpetrators were dead. 825:. The lavatory on the landing was also used by the guards, who scribbled political slogans and crude graffiti on the walls. The number of Ipatiev House guards totaled 300 at the time the imperial family was killed. 2050:

mistakes. Only 3% of Russians "were certain that the Royal family's execution was the public's just retribution for the emperor's blunders". On the centenary of the murders, over 100,000 pilgrims took part in a

1329: 1127:

Nicholas, facing his family, turned and said "What? What?" Yurovsky quickly repeated the order and the weapons were raised. The Empress and Grand Duchess Olga, according to a guard's reminiscence, had tried to

758: 58:

The basement where the Romanov family was killed. The wall had been torn apart in search of bullets and other evidence by investigators in 1919. The double doors leading to a storeroom were locked during the

3774: 1132:

themselves, but failed amid the shooting. Yurovsky reportedly raised his Colt gun at Nicholas's torso and fired; Nicholas fell dead, pierced with at least three bullets in his upper chest. The intoxicated

1554: 1354:

on the Koptyaki Road in 1919. Investigator Nikolai Sokolov took this photograph as evidence of where the Fiat truck had got stuck at 4:30am on 19 July, unaware that it was in fact the second burial site.

1726:

in 1938 aged 60. Prior to his death, he donated the guns he used in the murders to the Museum of the Revolution in Moscow, and left behind three important, though contradictory, accounts of the event.

714:

from the Novo-Tikhvinsky Monastery also brought the family food on a daily basis, most of which the captors took when it arrived. The family was not allowed visitors or to receive and send letters.

1397:. Railroad ties were placed over the grave to disguise it, with the Fiat truck being driven back and forth over the ties to press them into the earth. The burial was completed at 6 am on 19 July. 346:

by order of the Ural Regional Soviet. Historians have debated whether the execution was sanctioned by Moscow leadership. Some Western historians attribute the execution order to the government in

1839:

Over the course of 84 days after the Yekaterinburg murders, 27 more friends and relatives (14 Romanovs and 13 members of the imperial entourage and household) were murdered by the Bolsheviks: at

1884:

In his diary, Trotsky emphasised that he understood Lenin's reasoning, on the grounds that the militant workers and soldiers of Yekaterinburg would not have accepted any other course of action

879:

was staged on Voznesensky Square, demanding the dismissal of the Yekaterinburg Soviet and the transfer of control of the city to them. This rebellion was violently suppressed by a detachment of

797:. They voluntarily accompanied the Romanov family into imprisonment but were forcibly separated by the Bolsheviks at Ekaterinburg. All except Gilliard were later murdered by the Bolsheviks. 1670:, a close associate of Yakov Sverdlov, being a military commissar of the Uralispolkom in Yekaterinburg, however did not actually participate, and two or three guards refused to take part. 2800: 2102: 1790: 995: 1039:

in the late 1960s stated that Sverdlov instructed him to send a telegram confirming the CEC's approval of the 'trial' (code for execution) but required that both the written form and

4419: 1954:, who felt that the Church was sidelined in the investigation, refused to officiate at the burial and banned bishops from taking part in the funeral ceremony. The Russian president 5949: 523:

in October 1917, the conditions of their imprisonment grew stricter as talk within the government of putting Nicholas on trial grew more frequent. Nicholas was forbidden to wear

5779: 1776:

instead of Yekaterinburg in April 1918, having become worried about the extremely threatening behavior of the Ural Soviets in Tobolsk and along the Trans-Siberian Railway. The

1589:

his sisters, either Maria or Anastasia, they remain stored in the state archives pending a decision from the church, which demanded a more "thorough and detailed" examination.

1520: 1313:

to think that these bras were worn by someone else." Yurovsky knew nothing about the lack of jewelry in her underwear, writing in his 1922 memoir that "she is not similar to...

1401:

wrote that he had actually wanted to destroy Alexandra's corpse. Alexei and his sister were burned in a bonfire and their remaining charred bones were thoroughly smashed with

286:, to denying outright in April 1922 that they were dead. The Soviets finally acknowledged the murders in 1926 following the publication in France of a 1919 investigation by a 5994: 613: 1362:("Piglet's Ravine"). With the men exhausted, most refusing to obey orders and dawn approaching, Yurovsky decided to bury them under the road where the truck had stalled ( 5840: 1926: 609:

Location of the main events in the last days of the Romanov family, who were held at Tobolsk, Siberia, before being transported to Yekaterinburg, where they were killed.

324: 5480: 1432:, a legal investigator for the Omsk Regional Court, was appointed to undertake this. He interviewed several members of the Romanov entourage in February 1919, notably 5227: 1976:

of the family for their "humbleness, patience and meekness". However, reflecting the intense debate preceding the issue, the bishops did not proclaim the Romanovs as

1472:, Jimmy, was also found in the pit. The pit revealed no traces of clothing, which was consistent with Yurovsky's account that all the victims' clothes were burned. 1123:

Nikolai Alexandrovich, in view of the fact that your relatives are continuing their attack on Soviet Russia, the Ural Executive Committee has decided to execute you.

5999: 3780: 1965:

The remaining two bodies of Alexei and one of his sisters, presumed to be Maria by Russian anthropologists and Anastasia by American ones, were discovered in 2007.

697:

The Church of All Saints in 2016 (top left), where the Ipatiev House used to be. Voznesensky Cathedral is in the foreground, where a machine gun was mounted in the

1169:

70 bullets were fired, roughly seven bullets per shooter, of which 57 were found in the basement and at all three subsequent gravesites. Some of Pavel Medvedev's

4987: 90: 5050: 3958: 5539: 2067:

announced that its new probe had confirmed once again that the bodies were the Romanovs'. The state also remained aloof from the commemoration, as President

1183: 559: 303: 216: 76: 5984: 5939: 5529: 1468:

stays, insignias and belt buckles, shoes, keys, pearls and diamonds, a few spent bullets, and part of a severed female finger. The corpse of Anastasia's

555: 283: 208: 3710: 1769:

as well as the memoirs of those who directly took part in the murders were scrupulously censored, emphasizing the roles of Sverdlov and Goloshchyokin.

1010:

The killing of the Tsar's wife and children was also discussed, but it was kept a state secret to avoid any political repercussions; German ambassador

3801: 2015: 1946: 1611: 681:

Ipatiev House, with the palisade erected just before Nicholas, Alexandra and Maria arrived on 30 April 1918. On the top left of the house is an attic

342:

According to the official state version of the Soviet Union, ex-tsar Nicholas Romanov, along with members of his family and retinue, were executed by

5534: 4152: 1887:

Nevertheless, as of 2011, no official document has been found of either Lenin or Sverdlov giving the order. Vladimir N. Solovyov, the leader of the

1740: 531: 212: 4582:

The French Revolution and the Russian Anti-Democratic Tradition: A Case of False Consciousness (1997). Dmitry Shlapentokh. Transaction Publishers.

5544: 5524: 1999: 1759: 1674:

was given the specific task of arranging for the disposal of their remains, obtaining 570 litres (130 imp gal; 150 US gal) of

551: 543: 371: 220: 204: 2795: 1537:

wrote in his memoirs that "sooner or later we will be ashamed of this piece of barbarism". The destruction of the house did not stop pilgrims or

1358:

During transportation to the deeper copper mines on the early morning of 19 July, the Fiat truck carrying the bodies got stuck again in mud near

513: 1447: 1096:

From left to right: Grand Duchesses Maria (age 17), Olga (age 21), Anastasia (age 15) and Tatiana Nikolaevna (age 19) of Russia in captivity at

5934: 5860: 2720: 2168: 2046: 1015: 5909: 5888: 5449: 5399: 5368: 5343: 5296: 2943: 2757: 2730: 2613: 5519: 5473: 5128: 4928: 2039: 1080:

destroy eleven bodies. He was under pressure to ensure that no remains would later be found by monarchists who would exploit them to rally

497: 239:

on the night of 16–17 July 1918. Also murdered that night were members of the imperial entourage who had accompanied them: court physician

200: 1737:

in Moscow. His son, Alexander Yurovsky, voluntarily handed over his father's memoirs to amateur investigators Avdonin and Ryabov in 1978.

1218:. On 19 July, the Bolsheviks nationalized all confiscated Romanov properties, the same day Sverdlov announced the tsar's execution to the 1365: 5845: 1992: 1871:'s diary reportedly suggested that Lenin approved the decision, although this could merely be an assumption by Sverdlov. Trotsky wrote: 1819: 1614:

members annually pay tribute to his gravestone on the anniversary of the murders, though on a few occasions it has also been vandalized.

1044:

gunshots. Yurovsky and Pavel Medvedev collected 14 handguns to use that night: two Browning pistols (one M1900 and one M1906), two Colt

841:– a term commonly used in Russia to classify someone as of European, non-Russian origin. The leader of the new guards was Adolf Lepa, a 5154: 1582: 1495: 1273: 5383: 5313: 5274: 3555: 3519: 3492: 2747: 2581:«3 (16)/VII 1918 при приближении к Екатеринбургу чехословацких контрреволюционных войск Николай II со всей семьей был расстрелян». – 2208: 1802: 1745:

of sleepers under which the royal family was buried, and next lies Ermakov's mauser, with which, in his own words, he "shot the Tsar".

5969: 5954: 5919: 5328: 5036: 4770: 4665: 4587: 3583: 2679: 2645: 1888: 1072:

men to "shoot straight at the heart to avoid an excessive quantity of blood and get it over quickly." At least two of the Letts, an

1755: 1219: 763:, Chairman of the Ural Regional Committee of the Bolshevik Party killed by the Whites. On 14 July, a priest and deacon conducted a 4444: 5245:

In the Lands of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613–1917)

2603: 1149:

The noise of the guns had been heard by households all around, awakening many people. The executioners were ordered to use their

5924: 5466: 1019: 794: 710:

or soup with meat for lunch; the prisoners were informed that "they were no longer permitted to live like tsars". In mid-June,

316:

discovered the burial site. The Soviet Union did not acknowledge the existence of these remains publicly until 1989 during the

4185: 1108:

was leaving to meet his uncle, Ivan Sednev, who had returned to the city asking to see him; Ivan had already been shot by the

6004: 5989: 5433: 4946: 3239: 2706: 2381:

Michael D. Coble (26 September 2011), "The identification of the Romanovs: Can we (finally) put the controversies to rest?",

1622:

Members of the Ural Regional Soviet – the Bolsheviks who issued the order to execute Tsar Nicholas II Romanov and his family.

1500: 486: 1104:

While the Romanovs were having dinner on 16 July 1918, Yurovsky entered the sitting room and informed them that kitchen boy

1340:

morning of 18 July. The sodden corpses were hauled out one by one using ropes tied to their mangled limbs and laid under a

5929: 2538: 872: 618: 4368: 1201:

Inform Sverdlov the whole family have shared the same fate as the head. Officially the family will die at the evacuation.

5979: 5825: 5715: 5067: 2023: 1951: 1663: 1347: 729:

To maintain a sense of normality, the Bolsheviks lied to the Romanovs on 13 July 1918 that two of their loyal servants,

336: 83: 637:

and photographic equipment were confiscated. The servants were ordered to address the Romanovs only by their names and

2591:– Москва : Советская энциклопедия, 1926–. Т. 42: Нидерланды – Оклагома. – 1939. / статья: «Николай II» / кол. 137 2081: 1797:

along with five other Romanovs on 18 July 1918, remarking that "virtue with the crown on it is a greater enemy to the

1764: 1527: 1165:

and bayoneted her in the chest, but when it failed to penetrate, he pulled out his revolver and shot her in the head.

629:

The Romanovs were kept in strict isolation at the Ipatiev House. They were forbidden to speak any language other than

4995: 4969: 4889: 4861: 2571:– Москва : Советская энциклопедия, 1926–. Т. 49: Робер – Ручная граната. – 1941. / статья: «Романовы» / кол. 134 1597: 962: 5974: 5855: 5725: 2055: 1651: 782: 3961:[Chapter 21 Yurovsky's version. 'The true fate of Nicholas II, or Who was killed in the Ipatiev House?']. 1925:, a great-nephew of Alexandra), the bodies were laid to rest with state honors in the St. Catherine Chapel of the 1422: 833:

that had occurred under Avdeev, Yurovsky chose mainly foreigners. Nicholas noted in his diary on 8 July that "new

5964: 5959: 5700: 4711: 2582: 2562: 2449: 1723: 1635: 1523:

deemed the Ipatiev House lacking "sufficient historical significance" and it was demolished in September 1977 by

1023: 633:

and were not permitted access to their luggage, which was stored in a warehouse in the interior courtyard. Their

562:, not leaving Tobolsk until May. The family was imprisoned with their few remaining retainers in Yekaterinburg's 157: 893:

Diary entry of Tsar Nicholas II, referring to the constant tightening of restrictions on his family by Yurovsky.

2097: 2011: 1867:

Although official Soviet accounts place the responsibility for the decision with the Uralispolkom, an entry in

1857: 1476:

the relics he recovered. Sokolov accumulated eight volumes of photographic and eyewitness accounts. He died in

1014:

made repeated enquiries to the Bolsheviks concerning the family's well-being. Another diplomat, British consul

715: 2266: 753: 1484:

before he could complete his investigation. The box is stored in the Russian Orthodox Church of Saint Job in

492:

In August 1917, after a failed attempt to send the Romanovs to the United Kingdom, where the ruling monarch,

5944: 5914: 5710: 5244: 2500: 2240: 2035: 1969: 1912:. In May 1979, the remains of most of the family and their retainers were found by two amateur enthusiasts, 1848: 1772:

Lenin was, however, aware of Vasily Yakovlev's decision to take Nicholas, Alexandra and Maria further on to

1715: 1655: 1639: 1618: 1515:

The Soviet government continued to attempt to control accounts of the murders. Sokolov's report was banned.

741: 332: 4211: 3828: 3807: 1455: 1253: 5835: 5679: 5301: 3959:"Глава 21. Где трупы? Версия Юровского. "Подлинная судьба Николая II, или Кого убили в Ипатьевском доме?"" 1942: 1683: 853: 726:

at the nearby church were permitted. In early June, the family no longer received their daily newspapers.

5644: 5513: 5190: 2003: 1627: 1504: 1481: 1441: 1073: 864: 698: 667: 579: 466: 196: 153: 5442:

The Imperial Tea Party: Family, Politics and Betrayal: The Ill-fated British and Russian Royal Alliance

2355: 653:

The windows in all the family's rooms were sealed shut and covered with newspapers (later painted with

1702:

in February 1919. During his interrogation he denied taking part in the murders and died in prison of

1405:

and tossed into a smaller pit. 44 partial bone fragments from both corpses were found in August 2007.

1324: 730: 5639: 5202: 4321: 2064: 2007: 1900:

In 1993, the report of Yakov Yurovsky from 1922 was published. According to the report, units of the

1734: 1667: 1469: 790: 592: 435: 6009: 4932: 4068: 2790: 2145: 1901: 1853: 1011: 926: 880: 876: 849: 810: 778: 722:'s regular visits to treat Alexei were curtailed when Yurovsky became commandant. No excursions to 359: 263: 4655: 936:, similar to the ones used by Yurovsky and Kudrin. Kudrin was also armed with a FN Browning M1900. 530:

As the Bolsheviks gathered strength, the government moved Nicholas, Alexandra, and their daughter

5759: 5755: 5659: 5212: 4811: 4723: 4190: 3984: 2418: 2173: 1607: 1549: 1187: 814: 719: 625:

at Alexander Palace in May 1917. The family was allowed no such indulgences at the Ipatiev House.

520: 501: 275: 5850: 2671: 2661: 302:

claimed to be members of the Romanov family, which drew media attention away from activities of

291: 287: 1022:

to help the Romanovs; Dolgorukov smuggled notes from his prison cell before he was murdered by

908: 395: 5870: 5765: 5634: 5445: 5429: 5415: 5395: 5379: 5364: 5339: 5324: 5309: 5292: 5270: 4803: 4766: 4661: 4583: 4349: 3579: 3551: 3515: 3488: 3235: 2939: 2753: 2726: 2702: 2675: 2641: 2609: 2410: 2204: 1985: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1730: 1561: 1545: 1437: 1418: 1317:

the first two sisters: somewhat reticent and considered like a step-daughter in the family...

1267: 1129: 1053: 1018:, who lived near the Ipatiev House, was often pressured by Pierre Gilliard, Sydney Gibbes and 999: 818: 768:

watch during the liturgy and while the housemaids were cleaning the bedrooms with the family.

583: 363: 313: 299: 45: 17: 4786:; Sullivan, K (1994). "Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis". 3545: 2648: 670:

was installed on 11 July, after Alexandra had ignored repeated warnings from the commandant,

5674: 5669: 5504: 5264: 5260: 5249: 5104: 4795: 4339: 4329: 3509: 3482: 2628: 2400: 2390: 2198: 2194: 2164: 1930: 1798: 1750: 1194: 1170: 1142: 1100:

in the spring of 1917. This is one of the last known photographs of Nicholas II's daughters.

1065: 944: 634: 630: 567: 474: 415: 328: 267: 189: 4479:

Chapter XV: Surrounding the royal family by security officers // Murder of the royal family

4310:"Mystery solved: the identification of the two missing Romanov children using DNA analysis" 5865: 5649: 5575: 5356: 5196: 4783: 2637: 1959: 1934: 1826: 1782: 1707: 1576: 1516: 1433: 1211: 1076: 804:

basement rooms of the Ipatiev House. There were four machine gun emplacements: one in the

786: 539: 449: 252: 5419:

The Fall of the Romanovs: Political Dreams and Personal Struggles in a Time of Revolution

5083:

Romanov murders: Poll reveals near 60% of Russians see Czar's family homicide as atrocity

2059:

Therefore, the found remains of the martyrs, as well as the place of their burial in the

473:

and addressed by the sentries as "Nicholas Romanov", was reunited with his family at the

255:. The bodies were taken to the Koptyaki forest, where they were stripped, mutilated with 4325: 1421:

established the Sokolov Commission to investigate the murders at the end of that month.

512:, allegedly to protect them from the rising tide of revolution. There they lived in the 5773: 5750: 5720: 5695: 5654: 5629: 5624: 5207: 4455: 4344: 4309: 2405: 2068: 1981: 1938: 1877: 1679: 1647: 1631: 1414: 1081: 1035: 830: 723: 671: 622: 478: 355: 351: 279: 232: 192: 179: 133: 53: 1585:

identified and interred in St. Petersburg as Anastasia's were really hers or Maria's.

773: 5903: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5705: 5565: 5560: 5288: 2667: 2633: 1955: 1922: 1880:

a live banner to rally around, especially under the present difficult circumstances."

1643: 1602: 1530: 1158: 1134: 1116: 1105: 1097: 563: 535: 453: 445: 244: 240: 236: 72: 68: 5106:

100,000 Pilgrims March in Memory of the Romanovs on the Centenary of Their Execution

4815: 4445:"About the team of the executioners of the royal family and its ethnic composition" 2422: 718:

visited the house in June but was refused entry at gunpoint by the guards, while Dr

5664: 5570: 4829: 2586: 2566: 2317: 1973: 1868: 1844: 1699: 1671: 1351: 1336: 1306: 1092: 1057: 1045: 860: 647: 482: 457: 367: 343: 248: 3776:

Royal dog fled from Siberia into British exile, living in shadow of Windsor Castle

2590: 2570: 5009: 4613: 4334: 3229: 2042:, for additional DNA testing, which confirmed that the bones were of the couple. 1958:

described the murder of the royal family as one of the most shameful chapters in

701:

aimed at the tsar and tsaritsa's bedroom on the southeastern corner of the house.

5809: 4915: 4280: 2092: 1711: 1570: 1359: 1040: 842: 547: 149: 5458: 4500: 4415:

Communists Lay Flowers at the Grave of the Murderer of Russia's Imperial Family

5830: 5789: 5769: 4712:

https://archive.org/details/trotskysdiaryine00trot/page/80/mode/2up?q=Sverdlov

2087: 2051: 1840: 1794: 1695: 1538: 1261:

were overlooked by Yurovsky's men and eventually recovered by Sokolov in 1919.

1235: 1154: 1049: 980: 933: 915: 822: 805: 666:

of the Voznesensky Cathedral located across the road from the house. An iron

638: 578:

All those under arrest will be held as hostages, and the slightest attempt at

517: 375: 41: 4069:"Bones found by Russian builder finally solve riddle of the missing Romanovs" 2357:

Why the Romanov Family's Fate Was a Secret Until the Fall of the Soviet Union

1380: 1367: 1288: 1275: 358:, who wanted to prevent the rescue of the imperial family by the approaching 105: 92: 5597: 5037:"New DNA tests establish remains of Tsar Nicholas II and wife are authentic" 1861: 1814: 1394: 1341: 1215: 1179: 1061: 1003: 686: 658: 654: 524: 310: 228: 175: 5235: 4782:

Gill, P; Ivanov, PL; Kimpton, C; Piercy, R; Benson, N; Tully, G; Evett, I;

4353: 2414: 2395: 426: 4807: 489:, and the family was surrounded by guards and confined to their quarters. 370:'s diary. However, other historians have cited documented orders from the 5745: 2108: 2027: 1691: 1686:

in 1924, where he was assassinated by a Russian monarchist in July 1927.

1675: 1489: 1150: 969: 951: 834: 642: 493: 318: 295: 256: 145: 2481: 2038:, Russian investigators exhumed the bodies of Nicholas II and his wife, 605: 5285:

The Secret Plot to Save the Tsar: New Truths Behind the Romanov Mystery

4799: 4654:

Steinberg, Mark D.; Khrustalëv, Vladimir M.; Tucker, Elizabeth (1995).

4154:

Nikolai Sokolov: The man who revealed the story of the Romanov killings

3985:"Yurovsky Note 1922 English – Blog & Alexander Palace Time Machine" 1891:'s 2007 investigation on the shooting of the Romanov family, declared: 1659: 1534: 1507:. On the right is a blouse that belonged to one of the grand duchesses. 1175: 764: 752:

with a group of other hostages on 6 July, in reprisal for the death of

509: 505: 470: 271: 224: 5253: 2749:

Rethinking Revolutionary Change in Europe: A Neostructuralist Approach

2455: 1115:

Around midnight on 17 July, Yurovsky ordered the Romanovs' physician,

5410:

The Many Deaths of Tsar Nicholas II: Relics, Remains and the Romanovs

5156:

On Centenary, Russian State and Orthodox Church at Odds Over Romanovs

5051:"Russia says DNA tests confirm remains of country's last tsar are..." 2722:

The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions

1977: 1703: 1601:

1920 photograph inscribed: "I am standing on the grave of the Tsar."

1574:(reform), which prompted Ryabov to reveal the Romanovs' gravesite to 1477: 1465: 707: 689:

was positioned. Directly below it was the tsar and tsarina's bedroom.

682: 550:, was too ill to accompany his parents and remained with his sisters 347: 406: 266:

in 1917, the Romanovs and their servants had been imprisoned in the

2539:"Russia reopens criminal case on 1918 Romanov royal family murders" 1533:, less than a year before the sixtieth anniversary of the murders. 1257:

In the hasty disposal of the bodies, several belongings like these

595:, in overall charge of the family's incarceration in Yekaterinburg. 5784: 5081: 1825: 1739: 1617: 1596: 1560:

and Ryabov reburied them in the summer of 1980. The presidency of

1494: 1485: 1454: 1446: 1402: 1346: 1321:

ere the special position Maria held in the family was confirmed".

1258: 1252: 1207: 1193:

Alexandre Beloborodov sent a coded telegram to Lenin's secretary,

1162: 1109: 1091: 868: 772: 749: 692: 676: 663: 612: 604: 1451:

The Sokolov investigation inspecting the mineshaft in Spring 1919

1230:

The bodies of the Romanovs and their servants were loaded onto a

2319:

Photographic scans of Sokolov's investigation, published in 1924

2169:"A Playwright Applies His Craft To Czar Nicholas II's Last Days" 1910:

number of people claimed to be survivors of the ill-fated family

1773: 1231: 1197:. It was found by White investigator Nikolai Sokolov and reads: 745: 374:

preferring a public trial for Nicholas II with Trotsky as chief

5462: 591:

Announcement in the local newspaper by Bolshevik war commissar

5129:"Скандал вокруг царской семьи мешает устоявшемуся бизнесу РПЦ" 4988:"Russia readies to exhume Tsar Alexander III in Romanov probe" 2241:"From the archive, 22 July 1918: Ex-tsar Nicholas II executed" 1524: 817:

and drinking and smoking. They also listened to the Romanovs'

711: 1941:

attended the funeral along with Romanov relations, including

278:. They were next moved to a house in Yekaterinburg, near the 4724:"Murder of the Imperial Family – Yurovsky Note 1922 English" 1950:

victims of the Revolution" rather than the imperial family.

646:

passersby could see Nicholas's legs when he used the double

5361:

Four Sisters: The Lost Lives of the Romanov Grand Duchesses

5323:. Basic Books (A Member of the Perseus Books Group), 1999. 2018:, vowing the decision will "sooner or later be corrected". 998:

were in attendance, three of whom were Lenin, Sverdlov and

1806:

was directed at the Ural Soviets and Yekaterinburg Cheka.

996:

seven of the 23 members of the Central Executive Committee

5010:"Russia exhumes bones of murdered Tsar Nicholas and wife" 4174:

Remnick, Reporting: Writings from the New Yorker, p. 222.

2376: 2374: 1210:

and burned. Everything was packed into the Romanovs' own

5336:

Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Intelligence

2634:

Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe

2476: 2474: 2472: 2454:, Russia Beyond the Headlines, p. 4, archived from 859:

During the imperial family's imprisonment in late June,

5187:

Members of the Presidium of the Ural Executive Council:

4994:. Agence France-Presse. 3 November 2015. Archived from 4447:О команде убийц царской семьи и ее национальном составе 496:, was the mutual first cousin of Nicholas and his wife 5376:

The Last Days of the Romanovs: Tragedy at Ekaterinburg

4679: 4677: 4503:, a biographical sketch adapted from King and Wilson, 1714:. Filipp Goloshchyokin was shot in October 1941 in an 1626:

Ivan Plotnikov, history professor at the Maksim Gorky

4607: 4605: 4370:

100 years on, debate rolls on over Russia's last tsar

1182:, survived to be rescued by a British officer of the 566:, which was designated the House of Special Purpose ( 331:. The funeral was not attended by key members of the 5780:

Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War

2663:

A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924

2602:

Daly, Jonathan; Trofimov, Leonid (9 February 2023).

2103:

Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918)

1856:

are known today, buried alongside each other in the

504:'s provisional government evacuated the Romanovs to 298:

of the murders fuelled rumors of survivors. Various

27:

1918 killing of Nicholas II of Russia and his family

5818: 5738: 5688: 5617: 5610: 5584: 5553: 5503: 5496: 4573:

John Curtis Perry, Constantine V. Pleshakov, p. 193

2105:, killed at the same time as her imperial relatives 918:, similar to the ones used by Yurovsky and Ermakov. 657:on 15 May). Their only source of ventilation was a 171: 163: 139: 129: 121: 82: 64: 34: 5319:Perry, John Curtis, and Constantine V. Pleshakov. 5068:"DNA Testing Verifies Bones of Russia's Last Tsar" 4599:The Speckled Domes (1925). Gerard Shelley. p. 220. 3410: 3408: 3010: 3008: 2794: 5841:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg 4970:"Russia: Inquiry Into Czar's Killing Is Reopened" 4438: 4436: 3184: 3182: 3180: 2063:, are ignored. On the eve of the centennial, the 290:but said that the bodies were destroyed and that 5351:The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II 4890:"Nicholas II And Family Canonized For 'Passion'" 4542: 4540: 4398: 4396: 4245: 4243: 4041: 4039: 4037: 3943: 3941: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3867: 3865: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3689: 3593: 3591: 3049: 3047: 2785: 2783: 3605: 3603: 3422: 3420: 3398: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3263: 3261: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3024: 3022: 3020: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2312: 2310: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 1893: 1873: 1499:Recovered Romanov belongings on display at the 1459:The remains of the dog "Jimmy" found by Sokolov 1413:After Yekaterinburg fell to the anti-communist 1199: 1121: 1064:which produced a good deal of smoke and fumes; 886: 576: 4710:Trotsky, L.D. (1935), 'Diary In Exile', p.81, 4233: 4231: 4062: 4060: 3100: 3098: 3088: 3086: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2975: 2973: 2898: 2896: 2877: 2875: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2014:them. The rehabilitation was denounced by the 852:were closing on Yekaterinburg, to protect the 5474: 5248:. Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. 2014. 3773:Kate Baklitskaya, Go East (21 January 2014), 2501:"Sleuths say they've found the last Romanovs" 1630:, has established that the executioners were 972:, similar to the one used by Grigory Nikulin. 674:, not to stand too close to the open window. 235:on the orders of the Ural Regional Soviet in 182:on instructions from the Ural Regional Soviet 8: 5950:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia 5540:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 2451:The mystery of the Romanovs' untimely demise 2159: 2157: 372:All-Russian Central Committee of the Soviets 5239:. New York: International Publishers. 1935. 5228:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917) 3904: 3902: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3275: 3273: 2796:"No proof Lenin ordered last Tsar's murder" 2725:. Princeton University Press. p. 276. 2340: 2338: 2336: 777:The Romanov entourage. From left to right: 5995:Soviet war crimes in the Russian Civil War 5614: 5530:Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia 5500: 5481: 5467: 5459: 5421:(Yale, 1995); with Vladimir M. Khrustalev. 4948:Last Tsar rehabilitated by Russian justice 4615:Tsar Nicholas – exhibits from an execution 3648: 3646: 3487:. Random House Publishing. pp. 3–24. 2693: 2691: 1933:, where most other Russian monarchs since 52: 31: 5321:The Flight of the Romanovs: A Family Saga 4862:"Address by Yeltsin: 'We Are All Guilty'" 4343: 4333: 4303: 4301: 4257: 4255: 4186:"Treasures and Trivia of the Romanov Era" 2752:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 106. 2404: 2394: 2016:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 1789:Lenin also welcomed news of the death of 5535:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia 5086:, Russian News Agency TASS, 16 July 2018 4454:(in Russian). No. 9. Archived from 1995:was built on the site of Ipatiev House. 1822:, built on the spot of the Ipatiev House 1813: 1706:. Alexandre Beloborodov and his deputy, 837:are standing guard", describing them as 444:Clockwise from top: the Romanov family, 5545:Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia 5525:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia 5180: 4884: 4882: 4308:Coble, Michael D.; et al. (2009). 3138: 3136: 2120: 2034:In late 2015, at the insistence by the 2000:Supreme Court of the Russian Federation 1214:for dispatch to Moscow under escort by 259:to prevent identification, and buried. 6000:Victims of Red Terror in Soviet Russia 5861:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia 3514:. Random House Publishing. p. 4. 2938:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 127. 2047:Russian Public Opinion Research Center 1710:, were both killed in 1938 during the 1335:sent out to Koptyaki whilst assigning 582:action in the town will result in the 3571: 3569: 3567: 2803:from the original on 12 January 2022. 2605:Seven Myths of the Russian Revolution 2499:Clifford J. Levy (25 November 2007), 1270:at a place called the Four Brothers ( 7: 4927:Blomfield, Adrian (1 October 2008). 4868:, The Associated Press, 18 July 1998 3779:, The Siberian Times, archived from 2071:considers Nicholas II a weak ruler. 1718:and consigned to an unmarked grave. 1666:, V. N. Netrebin, and Y. M. Tselms. 1662:assigned to the attic machine gun), 366:. This is supported by a passage in 5846:Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg 5127:Плужников, Алексей (12 July 2018). 4418:, Royal Russia News, archived from 1993:Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg 1678:and 180 kilograms (400 lb) of 1060:. The Nagant operated on old black 516:in considerable comfort. After the 274:, Siberia, in the aftermath of the 5985:Massacres of the Russian Civil War 5338:. Rowman & Littlefield, 2015. 4929:Russia exonerates Tsar Nicholas II 4683:King and Wilson, Epilogue section. 4281:"Russia dig finds 'tsar's family'" 3803:Excerpt of Sokolov's investigation 3550:. St. Martin's Press. p. 66. 2608:. Hackett Publishing. p. 79. 2354:Erin Blakemore (18 October 2018), 25: 5940:Dissolution of the Russian Empire 3709:Jeffrey A. Frank (19 July 1992), 1991:Over the years 2000 to 2003, the 1889:Investigative Committee of Russia 5884: 5883: 5159:, The Moscow Times, 18 July 2018 5109:, The Moscow Times, 17 July 2018 5035:Porter, Tom (13 November 2015). 4916:Russia's last tsar rehabilitated 2934:Greg King; Penny Wilson (2003). 979: 961: 943: 925: 907: 848:In mid-July 1918, forces of the 434: 425: 414: 405: 394: 294:was not responsible. The Soviet 5394:. New York: St Martin’s Press. 5266:The Romanovs: The Final Chapter 4612:Martin Vennard (27 June 2012), 4151:Alla Astanina (18 April 2015), 4067:Luke Harding (25 August 2007). 3511:The Romanovs: The Final Chapter 3484:The Romanovs: The Final Chapter 3039:Hidden Account of the Romanovs, 2537:Alec Luhn (23 September 2015), 2265:Joshua Hammer (November 2010), 2203:. Random House. pp. 3–24. 2200:The Romanovs: The Final Chapter 2151:. Berlin: Slowo-Verlag. p. 191. 2006:and his family were victims of 1186:, living out his final days in 1068:was only just being phased in. 888:We like this man less and less. 5392:The Race to Save the Romanoffs 5378:. St. Martin's Griffin, 2010. 5236:The Last Days of Tsar Nicholas 4918:. Retrieved on 1 October 2008. 3683:Radzinsky (1992), pp. 380–393. 2719:Mayer, Arno J. (16 May 2013). 2583:Большая советская энциклопедия 2563:Большая советская энциклопедия 1801:than a hundred tyrant tsars". 1756:Council of People's Commissars 1654:(former soldier in the Tsar's 1220:Council of People's Commissars 125:16–17 July 1918, 106 years ago 18:Shooting of the Romanov family 1: 5935:Conspiracy theories in Russia 4412:Paul Gilbert (18 July 2014), 4367:Anna Malpas (13 March 2017), 4157:, Russia Beyond the Headlines 3957:Иванович, Сенин Юрий (2014). 3830:Из архива сэра Чарльза Элиота 3547:The Lost Fortune of the Tsars 1729:A British war correspondent, 1408: 5910:Murder of the Romanov family 5490:Murder of the Romanov family 4335:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838 4184:Eve M. Kahn (3 April 2014), 1905:his apartment was pillaged. 1786:been sent to Yekaterinburg. 1640:Mikhail A. Medvedev (Kuprin) 740:(Alexei's sailor nanny) and 35:Murder of the Romanov family 5233:Bykov, Pavel Mikhailovich. 4951:, France 24, 1 October 2008 2082:The Black Book of Communism 1760:Central Executive Committee 1564:brought with it the era of 203:, and their five children: 6026: 5856:Romanov Family Association 5225: 4914:BBCNews (1 October 2008). 2045:A survey conducted by the 2024:Russian Prosecutor General 1763:The 55 volumes of Lenin's 1239:burial. About 800 metres ( 337:Russian prosecutor general 5879: 5390:Rappaport, Helen (2018). 5308:. Alfred A. Knopf, 2016. 4834:, Russian Archives Online 4660:. Yale University Press. 3578:, M., Вече, 1999, p. 439 2701:, Replica Books, p. 358. 1381:56.9113628°N 60.4954326°E 1234:truck equipped with a 60 1184:Allied Intervention Force 873:Socialist Revolutionaries 617:Nicholas II, Tatiana and 571: 514:former governor's mansion 284:left-wing revolutionaries 51: 39: 5970:Mass shootings in Russia 5955:History of Yekaterinburg 5920:Assassinations in Russia 5016:. BBC. 24 September 2015 4657:The Fall of the Romanovs 4505:The Fate of the Romanovs 4446: 3663:The Fate of the Romanovs 3629:The Fate of the Romanovs 3231:The Czech Legion 1914–20 2936:The Fate of the Romanovs 2149:(Убийство царской семьи) 2098:List of unsolved murders 1927:Peter and Paul Cathedral 1858:Church of Mary Magdalene 1854:Sister Varvara Yakovleva 1847:on 4 September, and the 1541:from visiting the site. 1020:Prince Vasily Dolgorukov 899:Planning for the murders 716:Princess Helen of Serbia 601:House of Special Purpose 325:Peter and Paul Cathedral 5711:Mikhail Medvedev-Kudrin 5444:. London: Short Books. 5440:Welch, Frances (2018). 5363:. Pan Macmillan, 2014. 5353:. (Random House, 2011). 5306:The Romanovs: 1613–1918 5302:Montefiore, Simon Sebag 5242:Cross, Anthony (2014). 3618:Rappaport, pp. 189–190. 3544:William Clarke (2003). 3471:Rappaport, pp. 179–180. 3462:Rappaport, pp. 175–176. 3414:Rappaport, pp. 178–179. 3014:Rappaport, pp. 118–119. 2660:Figes, Orlando (1997). 2482:"Romanovs laid to rest" 2147:Ubiistvo Tsarskoi Sem'i 2036:Russian Orthodox Church 1998:On 1 October 2008, the 1970:Russian Orthodox Church 1968:On 15 August 2000, the 1937:lie. Boris Yeltsin and 1849:Peter and Paul Fortress 1791:Grand Duchess Elizabeth 1409:Sokolov's investigation 1289:56.942222°N 60.473333°E 1002:. They agreed that the 742:Ivan Dmitrievich Sednev 538:under the direction of 485:with his family by the 465:On 22 March 1917, Tsar 378:and his family spared. 333:Russian Orthodox Church 5925:Child murder in Russia 5836:List of Russian saints 5680:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky 3228:Bullock, David (2012) 2746:Stone, Bailey (2020). 2396:10.1186/2041-2223-2-20 2383:Investigative Genetics 1943:Prince Michael of Kent 1898: 1882: 1832: 1823: 1793:, who was murdered in 1778:Biographical Chronicle 1746: 1623: 1615: 1508: 1460: 1452: 1386:56.9113628; 60.4954326 1355: 1262: 1203: 1125: 1101: 896: 854:Trans-Siberian Railway 798: 702: 690: 626: 610: 598: 572:Дом Особого Назначения 487:Provisional Government 481:. He was placed under 270:before being moved to 231:revolutionaries under 178:revolutionaries under 6005:World War I massacres 5990:Nicholas II of Russia 5645:Alexander Beloborodov 5514:Nicholas II of Russia 5191:Alexander Beloborodov 5133:Московский Комсомолец 4443:Plotnikov, I (2003). 3711:"Reliving a Massacre" 3324:Rappaport, pp. 34–35. 3219:Rappaport, pp. 86–87. 3053:Rappaport, pp. 17–18. 2268:Resurrecting the Czar 1829: 1817: 1803:Soviet historiography 1743: 1628:Ural State University 1621: 1600: 1544:Local amateur sleuth 1505:Jordanville, New York 1501:Holy Trinity Seminary 1498: 1458: 1450: 1350: 1256: 1095: 865:Alexander Beloborodov 776: 696: 680: 616: 608: 580:counter-revolutionary 197:Nicholas II of Russia 154:extrajudicial killing 106:56.84417°N 60.60972°E 5930:Communist repression 5640:Filipp Goloshchyokin 5520:Alexandra Feodorovna 5203:Filipp Goloshchyokin 4458:on 26 September 2015 3234:, Osprey Publishing 2008:political repression 1820:Church of All Saints 1735:Novodevichy Cemetery 1668:Filipp Goloshchyokin 1470:King Charles Spaniel 1417:on 25 July, Admiral 1294:56.942222; 60.473333 1058:Belgian-made Nagants 791:Anastasia Hendrikova 619:Anastasia Hendrikova 593:Filipp Goloshchyokin 201:Alexandra Feodorovna 5980:Massacres in Russia 5349:Radzinsky, Edvard. 5334:Pringle, Robert W. 5070:. 11 November 2015. 5056:. 11 November 2015. 4998:on 9 November 2015. 4326:2009PLoSO...4.4838C 3926:Montefiore, p. 639. 3715:The Washington Post 3597:Montefiore, p. 645. 3444:Montefiore, p. 644. 2793:(17 January 2011). 2791:The Daily Telegraph 2142:Sokolov, Nikolai A. 1902:Czechoslovak Legion 1377: / 1285: / 1012:Wilhelm von Mirbach 850:Czechoslovak Legion 821:on the confiscated 815:revolutionary songs 779:Catherine Schneider 362:during the ongoing 360:Czechoslovak Legion 264:February Revolution 102: / 5760:October Revolution 5756:Russian Revolution 5660:Nikolay Tolmachyov 5424:Tames, R. (1972). 5416:Steinberg, Mark D. 5412:(Routledge, 2007). 5374:Rappaport, Helen. 5213:Nikolay Tolmachyov 4974:The New York Times 4866:The New York Times 4851:Rappaport, p. 221. 4800:10.1038/ng0294-130 4756:Massie, pp. 40 ff. 4747:Massie, pp. 32–35. 4701:Rappaport, p. 213. 4644:Rappaport, p. 207. 4635:Rappaport, p. 206. 4564:Rappaport, p. 139. 4555:Rappaport, p. 137. 4546:Rappaport, p. 141. 4525:Radzinsky, p. 430. 4516:Rappaport, p. 216. 4491:Rappaport, p. 127. 4422:on 2 February 2017 4402:Rappaport, p. 215. 4390:Radzinsky, p. 397. 4249:Rappaport, p. 219. 4191:The New York Times 4141:Rappaport, p. 212. 4045:Rappaport, p. 205. 4031:Slater, pp. 13–14. 4006:Rappaport, p. 204. 3997:Rappaport, p. 202. 3947:Rappaport, p. 203. 3935:Rappaport, p. 199. 3896:Rappaport, p. 197. 3880:Rappaport, p. 196. 3871:Rappaport, p. 208. 3859:Rappaport, p. 200. 3850:Rappaport, p. 195. 3833:, 18 December 2015 3763:Rappaport, p. 214. 3747:Rappaport, p. 192. 3699:Rappaport, p. 194. 3640:Rappaport, p. 191. 3609:Rappaport, p. 193. 3576:100 великих казней 3453:Rappaport, p. 182. 3435:Rappaport, p. 181. 3426:Rappaport, p. 180. 3402:Rappaport, p. 178. 3390:Rappaport, p. 186. 3378:Rappaport, p. 168. 3369:Rappaport, p. 167. 3360:Rappaport, p. 201. 3333:Rappaport, p. 117. 3315:Rappaport, p. 134. 3306:Rappaport, p. 132. 3297:Rappaport, p. 144. 3288:Rappaport, p. 120. 3267:Rappaport, p. 125. 3255:Rappaport, p. 130. 3210:Rappaport, p. 140. 3174:Rappaport, p. 171. 3160:Rappaport, p. 160. 3151:Rappaport, p. 159. 3142:Rappaport, p. 157. 3028:Radzinsky, p. 383. 2890:Rappaport, p. 102. 2777:Rappaport, p. 142. 2505:The New York Times 2458:on 16 January 2017 2439:Rappaport, p. 220. 2322:, 18 December 2015 2304:Rappaport, p. 218. 2230:Rappaport, p. 198. 2174:The New York Times 2167:(12 August 1992), 2132:Rappaport, p. 176. 2065:Russian government 1952:Patriarch Alexy II 1908:Over the years, a 1833: 1824: 1747: 1636:Grigory P. Nikulin 1624: 1616: 1509: 1461: 1453: 1356: 1263: 1188:Windsor, Berkshire 1102: 1054:Smith & Wesson 799: 720:Vladimir Derevenko 703: 691: 627: 611: 502:Alexander Kerensky 276:October Revolution 243:; lady-in-waiting 111:56.84417; 60.60972 5975:Massacres in 1918 5897: 5896: 5871:Romanov impostors 5766:Russian Civil War 5734: 5733: 5635:Felix Dzerzhinsky 5606: 5605: 5451:978-1-78072-306-8 5426:Last of the Tsars 5401:978-1-250-15121-6 5369:978-1-4472-5935-0 5344:978-1-4422-5318-6 5297:978-0-06-051755-7 5261:Massie, Robert K. 5254:10.11647/OBP.0042 4976:. 27 August 2010. 3661:King and Wilson, 3627:King and Wilson, 3201:Rappaport, p. 97. 3104:Rappaport, p. 34. 3092:Rappaport, p. 24. 3080:Rappaport, p. 25. 3071:Rappaport, p. 21. 3062:Rappaport, p. 29. 3002:Rappaport, p. 17. 2979:Rappaport, p. 16. 2958:Rappaport, p. 27. 2945:978-0-471-20768-9 2902:Rappaport, p. 31. 2881:Rappaport, p. 23. 2869:Rappaport, p. 20. 2851:Rappaport, p. 22. 2759:978-1-5381-3138-1 2732:978-1-4008-2343-7 2697:King, G. (1999). 2615:978-1-64792-106-4 2195:Massie, Robert K. 1986:Romanov sainthood 1919:mitochondrial DNA 1914:Alexander Avdonin 1731:Francis McCullagh 1652:Alexey G. Kabanov 1562:Mikhail Gorbachev 1546:Alexander Avdonin 1438:Alexandra Tegleva 1419:Alexander Kolchak 1171:stretcher bearers 1000:Felix Dzerzhinsky 952:FN Browning M1900 795:Vasily Dolgorukov 584:summary execution 546:, who had severe 364:Russian Civil War 314:Alexander Avdonin 309:In 1979, amateur 300:Romanov impostors 186: 185: 46:Russian Civil War 16:(Redirected from 6017: 5965:July 1918 events 5960:House of Romanov 5887: 5886: 5675:Gavril Myasnikov 5670:Fyodor Lukoyanov 5615: 5501: 5483: 5476: 5469: 5460: 5455: 5405: 5357:Rappaport, Helen 5280: 5269:. Random House. 5215: 5185: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5124: 5118: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5064: 5058: 5057: 5047: 5041: 5040: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4943: 4937: 4925: 4919: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4896:. 15 August 2000 4886: 4877: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4858: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4779: 4773: 4763: 4757: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4728:Alexander Palace 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4672: 4671: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4609: 4600: 4597: 4591: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4508: 4498: 4492: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4440: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4391: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4347: 4337: 4305: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4287:, 24 August 2007 4277: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4250: 4247: 4238: 4237:Pringle, p. 261. 4235: 4226: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4064: 4055: 4052: 4046: 4043: 4032: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3897: 3894: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3860: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3810:on 12 March 2017 3806:, archived from 3798: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3748: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3706: 3700: 3697: 3684: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3598: 3595: 3586: 3573: 3562: 3561: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3525: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3454: 3451: 3445: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3415: 3412: 3403: 3400: 3391: 3388: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3347: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3325: 3322: 3316: 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3289: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3268: 3265: 3256: 3253: 3242: 3226: 3220: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3193: 3186: 3175: 3172: 3161: 3158: 3152: 3149: 3143: 3140: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3093: 3090: 3081: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3063: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3042: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3015: 3012: 3003: 3000: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2916: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2891: 2888: 2882: 2879: 2870: 2867: 2852: 2849: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2820: 2814: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2798: 2787: 2778: 2775: 2764: 2763: 2743: 2737: 2736: 2716: 2710: 2699:The Last Empress 2695: 2686: 2685: 2657: 2651: 2629:Robert Gellately 2626: 2620: 2619: 2599: 2593: 2579: 2573: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2534: 2528: 2521: 2515: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2478: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2446: 2440: 2437: 2426: 2425: 2408: 2398: 2378: 2369: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2314: 2305: 2302: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2237: 2231: 2228: 2215: 2214: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2165:William H. Honan 2161: 2152: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2056:Patriarch Kirill 1931:Saint Petersburg 1799:world revolution 1751:House of Romanov 1724:Kremlin Hospital 1583:skeletal remains 1558: 1431: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1333: 1325:Sergey Chutskaev 1320: 1316: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1195:Nikolai Gorbunov 1074:Austro-Hungarian 1066:smokeless powder 983: 965: 947: 929: 911: 894: 762: 739: 731:Klementy Nagorny 596: 586:of the hostages. 573: 475:Alexander Palace 438: 429: 418: 409: 398: 329:Saint Petersburg 268:Alexander Palace 251:; and head cook 223:) were shot and 190:Russian Imperial 117: 116: 114: 113: 112: 107: 103: 100: 99: 98: 95: 56: 32: 21: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6016: 6015: 6014: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5875: 5866:Provender House 5814: 5730: 5701:Grigory Nikulin 5684: 5650:Boris Didkovsky 5602: 5580: 5576:Ivan Kharitonov 5549: 5492: 5487: 5452: 5439: 5408:Slater, Wendy. 5402: 5389: 5277: 5259: 5230: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5199:(Vice Chairman) 5197:Boris Didkovsky 5194: 5188: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5162: 5160: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5126: 5125: 5121: 5112: 5110: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5089: 5087: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5049: 5048: 5044: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4986: 4985: 4981: 4968: 4967: 4963: 4954: 4952: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4926: 4922: 4913: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4888: 4887: 4880: 4871: 4869: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4846: 4837: 4835: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4788:Nature Genetics 4781: 4780: 4776: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4692:Massie, p. 251. 4691: 4687: 4682: 4675: 4668: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4621: 4619: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4598: 4594: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4511: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4477:Sokolov, N. A. 4476: 4475: 4471: 4461: 4459: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4434: 4425: 4423: 4411: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4376: 4374: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4307: 4306: 4299: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4196: 4194: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4158: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4136: 4132:Massie, p. 123. 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4105:Massie, p. 124. 4104: 4100: 4096:(2014), p. 379. 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3939: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3900: 3895: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3836: 3834: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3813: 3811: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3786: 3784: 3783:on 11 July 2017 3772: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3717: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3687: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3574: 3565: 3558: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3508:Massie (2012). 3507: 3506: 3502: 3495: 3481:Massie (2012). 3480: 3479: 3475: 3470: 3466: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3350: 3346:(2014), p. 378. 3341: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3271: 3266: 3259: 3254: 3245: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192:(2014), p. 377. 3187: 3178: 3173: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3134: 3130:(2014), p. xiv. 3125: 3121: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3096: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3075: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3018: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2992: 2988:Massie, p. 289. 2987: 2983: 2978: 2971: 2967:Massie, p. 278. 2966: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2933: 2932: 2928: 2924:Massie, p. 283. 2923: 2919: 2915:(2014), p. 372. 2910: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2873: 2868: 2855: 2850: 2839: 2835:(2014), p. 371. 2830: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2767: 2760: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2696: 2689: 2682: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2580: 2576: 2560: 2556: 2547: 2545: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2527:(2014), p. 381. 2522: 2518: 2509: 2507: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2488:. 17 July 1998. 2480: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2429: 2380: 2379: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2323: 2316: 2315: 2308: 2303: 2292: 2287: 2283: 2274: 2272: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2248: 2239: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2218: 2211: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2179: 2177: 2163: 2162: 2155: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2122: 2117: 2077: 2061:Porosyonkov Log 1982:passion bearers 1960:Russian history 1935:Peter the Great 1812: 1783:Nationaltidende 1766:Collected Works 1708:Boris Didkovsky 1692:ethnic Russians 1612:Communist Party 1595: 1577:The Moscow News 1568:(openness) and 1552: 1517:Leonid Brezhnev 1434:Pierre Gilliard 1425: 1423:Nikolai Sokolov 1411: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1364: 1363: 1327: 1318: 1314: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1228: 1090: 1077:prisoner of war 1024:Grigory Nikulin 991: 990: 989: 988: 987: 986:Nagant Revolver 984: 975: 974: 973: 966: 957: 956: 955: 948: 939: 938: 937: 930: 921: 920: 919: 912: 901: 895: 892: 801: 800: 787:Pierre Gilliard 783:Ilya Tatishchev 756: 733: 685:window where a 650:in the garden. 635:Brownie cameras 603: 597: 590: 542:in April 1918. 540:Vasily Yakovlev 469:, deposed as a 463: 462: 461: 460: 450:Ivan Kharitonov 441: 440: 439: 431: 430: 421: 420: 419: 411: 410: 401: 400: 399: 388: 350:, specifically 292:Lenin's Cabinet 253:Ivan Kharitonov 142: 110: 108: 104: 101: 96: 93: 91: 89: 88: 60: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6023: 6021: 6013: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5945:Family murders 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5915:1918 in Russia 5912: 5902: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5892: 5891: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5763: 5753: 5751:Russian Empire 5748: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5726:Alexey Kabanov 5723: 5721:Stepan Vaganov 5718: 5716:Pavel Medvedev 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5696:Yakov Yurovsky 5692: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5655:Georgy Safarov 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5630:Yakov Sverdlov 5627: 5625:Vladimir Lenin 5621: 5619: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5550: 5548: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5516: 5509: 5507: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5486: 5485: 5478: 5471: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5450: 5437: 5422: 5413: 5406: 5400: 5387: 5384:978-0312603472 5372: 5354: 5347: 5332: 5317: 5314:978-0307266521 5299: 5283:McNeal, Shay. 5281: 5276:978-0307873866 5275: 5257: 5240: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5208:Georgy Safarov 5179: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5146: 5119: 5096: 5073: 5059: 5042: 5027: 5001: 4979: 4961: 4938: 4920: 4907: 4894:New York Times 4878: 4853: 4844: 4821: 4774: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4715: 4703: 4694: 4685: 4673: 4666: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4601: 4592: 4575: 4566: 4557: 4548: 4536: 4534:Massie, p. 28. 4527: 4518: 4509: 4501:Yakov Yurovsky 4493: 4484: 4469: 4432: 4404: 4392: 4383: 4359: 4297: 4272: 4270:Massie, p. 31. 4263: 4261:Massie, p. 30. 4251: 4239: 4227: 4225:Slater, p. 45. 4218: 4213:Sokolov, p. 12 4203: 4176: 4167: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4123:Massie, p. 39. 4116: 4114:Massie, p. 10. 4107: 4098: 4085: 4056: 4054:Massie, p. 27. 4047: 4033: 4024: 4022:Massie, p. 26. 4008: 3999: 3990: 3976: 3949: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3917:Slater, p. 10. 3910: 3898: 3882: 3873: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3820: 3793: 3765: 3749: 3740: 3726: 3701: 3685: 3676: 3667: 3654: 3642: 3633: 3620: 3611: 3599: 3587: 3563: 3557:978-0312303938 3556: 3536: 3527: 3521:978-0307873866 3520: 3500: 3494:978-0307873866 3493: 3473: 3464: 3455: 3446: 3437: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3371: 3362: 3348: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3279:Slater, p. 53. 3269: 3257: 3243: 3221: 3212: 3203: 3194: 3176: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3132: 3119: 3117:(2014), p. xv. 3106: 3094: 3082: 3073: 3064: 3055: 3043: 3030: 3016: 3004: 2990: 2981: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2944: 2926: 2917: 2904: 2892: 2883: 2871: 2853: 2837: 2824: 2815: 2806: 2779: 2765: 2758: 2738: 2731: 2711: 2687: 2680: 2652: 2621: 2614: 2594: 2574: 2554: 2529: 2516: 2491: 2468: 2441: 2427: 2370: 2346: 2344:Massie, p. 19. 2332: 2306: 2290: 2288:Massie, p. 16. 2281: 2257: 2247:, 22 July 2015 2232: 2216: 2210:978-0307873866 2209: 2186: 2153: 2134: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2085: 2076: 2073: 2069:Vladimir Putin 1972:announced the 1811: 1808: 1749:Lenin saw the 1680:sulphuric acid 1664:Pavel Medvedev 1648:Stepan Vaganov 1632:Yakov Yurovsky 1594: 1591: 1548:and filmmaker 1410: 1407: 1360:Porosenkov Log 1227: 1224: 1089: 1086: 1082:anti-communist 1036:Georgy Safarov 1016:Thomas Preston 985: 978: 977: 976: 970:FN Model M1906 967: 960: 959: 958: 949: 942: 941: 940: 931: 924: 923: 922: 913: 906: 905: 904: 903: 902: 900: 897: 890: 831:fraternization 771: 770: 724:Divine Liturgy 672:Yakov Yurovsky 623:kitchen garden 602: 599: 588: 479:Tsarskoye Selo 443: 442: 433: 432: 424: 423: 422: 413: 412: 404: 403: 402: 393: 392: 391: 390: 389: 387: 384: 356:Yakov Sverdlov 352:Vladimir Lenin 280:Ural Mountains 262:Following the 233:Yakov Yurovsky 193:Romanov family 184: 183: 180:Yakov Yurovsky 173: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 143: 140: 137: 136: 134:Romanov family 131: 127: 126: 123: 119: 118: 86: 80: 79: 66: 62: 61: 57: 49: 48: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6022: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5890: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5805:Ipatiev House 5803: 5801: 5800:Yekaterinburg 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5706:Peter Ermakov 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5566:Anna Demidova 5564: 5562: 5561:Eugene Botkin 5559: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5484: 5479: 5477: 5472: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5461: 5453: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428:. Pan Books. 5427: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5329:0-465-02463-7 5326: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5289:HarperCollins 5286: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5268: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5221: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5184: 5181: 5174: 5158: 5157: 5150: 5147: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5120: 5108: 5107: 5100: 5097: 5085: 5084: 5077: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5055: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5038: 5031: 5028: 5015: 5011: 5005: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4962: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4933:The Telegraph 4930: 4924: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4833: 4832: 4831:The Last Tsar 4825: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4771:5-87468-039-X 4768: 4762: 4759: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4741: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4667:0-300-07067-5 4663: 4659: 4658: 4650: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4617: 4616: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4588:1-56000-244-1 4585: 4579: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4480: 4473: 4470: 4457: 4453: 4452:Ural Magazine 4449: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4408: 4405: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4360: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4267: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4215: 4214: 4207: 4204: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4156: 4155: 4147: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4089: 4086: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4025: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4003: 4000: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3964: 3960: 3953: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3908:Slater, p. 9. 3905: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3874: 3868: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3847: 3844: 3832: 3831: 3824: 3821: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3797: 3794: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3741: 3738:Slater, p. 8. 3735: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3674:Massie, p. 6. 3671: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3652:Massie, p. 8. 3649: 3647: 3643: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3584:5-7838-0424-X 3581: 3577: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3540: 3537: 3534:Slater, p. 5. 3531: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3504: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3477: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3375: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3336: 3330: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3244: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3225: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3037:John Browne, 3034: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2964: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2854: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2822:Tames, p. 62. 2819: 2816: 2813:Tames, p. 56. 2810: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2742: 2739: 2734: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2683: 2681:0-19-822862-7 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668:Penguin Books 2665: 2664: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2646:1-4000-4005-1 2643: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2617: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2555: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2492: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2359: 2358: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2321: 2320: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2271:, Smithsonian 2270: 2269: 2261: 2258: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2176: 2175: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2012:rehabilitated 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1984:instead (see 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1956:Boris Yeltsin 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1923:Prince Philip 1921:samples from 1920: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1897: 1892: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1872: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1828: 1821: 1816: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1767: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1742: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644:Peter Ermakov 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1620: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1603:Peter Ermakov 1599: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531:Yuri Andropov 1529: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1513: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1480:in 1924 of a 1479: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1443: 1442:Sydney Gibbes 1439: 1435: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1406: 1404: 1398: 1396: 1390: 1361: 1353: 1352:Railroad ties 1349: 1345: 1343: 1338: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1310: 1308: 1307:hand grenades 1302: 1298: 1269: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1237: 1233: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1202: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1159:Anna Demidova 1156: 1152: 1147: 1144: 1138: 1136: 1135:Peter Ermakov 1131: 1124: 1120: 1118: 1117:Eugene Botkin 1113: 1111: 1107: 1106:Leonid Sednev 1099: 1098:Tsarskoe Selo 1094: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1046:M1911 pistols 1042: 1037: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1005: 1001: 997: 982: 971: 964: 953: 946: 935: 928: 917: 910: 898: 889: 885: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 857: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 826: 824: 820: 816: 812: 807: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 775: 769: 766: 760: 755: 754:Ivan Malyshev 751: 747: 743: 737: 732: 727: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 700: 695: 688: 684: 679: 675: 673: 669: 665: 660: 656: 651: 649: 644: 640: 636: 632: 624: 621:working on a 620: 615: 607: 600: 594: 587: 585: 581: 575: 569: 565: 564:Ipatiev House 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536:Yekaterinburg 533: 528: 526: 522: 521:came to power 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 494:King George V 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 459: 455: 454:Anna Demidova 451: 447: 446:Eugene Botkin 437: 428: 417: 408: 397: 385: 383: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 321: 320: 315: 312: 307: 305: 304:Soviet Russia 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 260: 258: 254: 250: 246: 245:Anna Demidova 242: 241:Eugene Botkin 238: 237:Yekaterinburg 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 191: 181: 177: 174: 170: 166: 162: 159: 155: 151: 147: 144: 138: 135: 132: 128: 124: 120: 115: 87: 85: 81: 78: 74: 73:Yekaterinburg 70: 69:Ipatiev House 67: 63: 55: 50: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 5851:White émigré 5826:Canonization 5689:Executioners 5665:Pyotr Voykov 5611:Perpetrators 5571:Alexei Trupp 5489: 5441: 5425: 5418: 5409: 5391: 5375: 5360: 5350: 5335: 5320: 5305: 5284: 5265: 5243: 5234: 5222:Bibliography 5183: 5161:, retrieved 5155: 5149: 5137:. Retrieved 5135:(in Russian) 5132: 5122: 5111:, retrieved 5105: 5099: 5088:, retrieved 5082: 5076: 5062: 5053: 5045: 5030: 5018:. Retrieved 5013: 5004: 4996:the original 4991: 4982: 4973: 4964: 4953:, retrieved 4947: 4941: 4931: 4923: 4910: 4898:. Retrieved 4893: 4870:, retrieved 4865: 4856: 4847: 4836:, retrieved 4830: 4824: 4794:(2): 130–5. 4791: 4787: 4784:Hagelberg, E 4777: 4761: 4752: 4743: 4731:. Retrieved 4727: 4718: 4706: 4697: 4688: 4656: 4649: 4640: 4631: 4620:, retrieved 4614: 4595: 4578: 4569: 4560: 4551: 4530: 4521: 4512: 4504: 4496: 4487: 4478: 4472: 4460:. Retrieved 4456:the original 4451: 4424:, retrieved 4420:the original 4414: 4407: 4386: 4375:, retrieved 4373:, Yahoo News 4369: 4362: 4320:(3): e4838. 4317: 4313: 4289:, retrieved 4284: 4275: 4266: 4221: 4212: 4206: 4195:, retrieved 4189: 4179: 4170: 4159:, retrieved 4153: 4146: 4137: 4128: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4094:Four Sisters 4093: 4088: 4076:. Retrieved 4073:The Guardian 4072: 4050: 4027: 4002: 3993: 3979: 3967:. Retrieved 3965:(in Russian) 3962: 3952: 3931: 3922: 3913: 3876: 3855: 3846: 3835:, retrieved 3829: 3823: 3812:, retrieved 3808:the original 3802: 3796: 3785:, retrieved 3781:the original 3775: 3768: 3743: 3718:, retrieved 3714: 3704: 3679: 3670: 3662: 3657: 3636: 3628: 3623: 3614: 3575: 3546: 3539: 3530: 3510: 3503: 3483: 3476: 3467: 3458: 3449: 3440: 3431: 3374: 3365: 3344:Four Sisters 3343: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3230: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3190:Four Sisters 3189: 3156: 3147: 3128:Four Sisters 3127: 3122: 3115:Four Sisters 3114: 3109: 3076: 3067: 3058: 3038: 3033: 2984: 2963: 2954: 2935: 2929: 2920: 2913:Four Sisters 2912: 2907: 2886: 2833:Four Sisters 2832: 2827: 2818: 2809: 2748: 2741: 2721: 2714: 2698: 2662: 2655: 2632: 2624: 2604: 2597: 2585:/ гл. ред. 2577: 2565:/ гл. ред. 2557: 2548:30 September 2546:, retrieved 2543:The Guardian 2542: 2532: 2525:Four Sisters 2524: 2519: 2510:30 September 2508:, retrieved 2504: 2494: 2485: 2460:, retrieved 2456:the original 2450: 2444: 2386: 2382: 2362:, retrieved 2356: 2349: 2324:, retrieved 2318: 2284: 2275:29 September 2273:, retrieved 2267: 2260: 2251:29 September 2249:, retrieved 2245:The Guardian 2244: 2235: 2199: 2189: 2178:, retrieved 2172: 2146: 2137: 2080: 2060: 2044: 2033: 2020: 1997: 1990: 1974:canonization 1967: 1964: 1907: 1899: 1894: 1886: 1883: 1874: 1869:Leon Trotsky 1866: 1843:on 18 July, 1838: 1834: 1788: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1748: 1728: 1720: 1688: 1672:Pyotr Voykov 1625: 1587: 1581:whether the 1575: 1569: 1565: 1543: 1514: 1510: 1482:heart attack 1474: 1462: 1412: 1399: 1357: 1337:Pyotr Voykov 1323: 1311: 1303: 1264: 1229: 1204: 1200: 1192: 1167: 1148: 1139: 1126: 1122: 1114: 1103: 1070: 1056:, and seven 1032: 1028: 1009: 992: 887: 861:Pyotr Voykov 858: 847: 838: 827: 811:intersection 802: 728: 704: 652: 628: 577: 529: 491: 483:house arrest 464: 458:Alexei Trupp 380: 368:Leon Trotsky 344:firing squad 341: 317: 308: 288:White émigré 261: 249:Alexei Trupp 227:to death by 187: 172:Perpetrators 77:Russian SFSR 40:Part of the 29: 5810:Ganina Yama 5795:Ural Soviet 5139:21 November 4900:10 December 4733:21 November 4462:21 February 4092:Rappaport, 3342:Rappaport, 3188:Rappaport, 3126:Rappaport, 3113:Rappaport, 2911:Rappaport, 2831:Rappaport, 2587:О. Ю. Шмидт 2567:О. Ю. Шмидт 2523:Rappaport, 2180:25 February 2093:Ganina Yama 2004:Nicholas II 2002:ruled that 1716:NKVD prison 1712:Great Purge 1656:Life Guards 1571:perestroika 1553: [ 1550:Geli Ryabov 1539:monarchists 1426: [ 1384: / 1328: [ 1292: / 1050:Mauser C96s 1041:ticker tape 757: [ 734: [ 639:patronymics 548:haemophilia 467:Nicholas II 199:, his wife 150:mass murder 141:Attack type 109: / 84:Coordinates 44:during the 6010:Red Terror 5904:Categories 5831:New Martyr 5790:Red Terror 5739:Background 5618:Organizers 5434:0330029029 5226:See also: 5193:(Chairman) 4955:28 October 4618:, BBC News 3963:litresp.ru 3240:1780964587 2707:0735101043 2670:. p. 2462:15 January 2364:20 October 2115:References 2088:Bolshevism 2052:procession 1947:Holy Synod 1841:Alapayevsk 1795:Alapayevsk 1696:White Army 1608:revolution 1415:White Army 1372:60°29′44″E 1369:56°54′41″N 1280:60°28′24″E 1277:56°56′32″N 1216:commissars 1155:forage cap 934:Colt M1911 916:Mauser C96 881:Red Guards 877:anarchists 843:Lithuanian 823:phonograph 806:bell tower 525:epaulettes 518:Bolsheviks 386:Background 376:prosecutor 247:; footman 97:60°36′35″E 94:56°50′39″N 42:Red Terror 5554:Entourage 5346:(e-book). 5175:Footnotes 4590:. p. 266. 4426:1 October 3720:2 October 3665:, p. 303. 3631:, p. 357. 2389:(1): 20, 2360:, History 2040:Alexandra 1862:Jerusalem 1810:Aftermath 1593:Murderers 1521:Politburo 1395:quicklime 1342:tarpaulin 1143:gun butts 1084:support. 1062:gunpowder 1004:presidium 687:Maxim gun 659:fortochka 655:whitewash 560:Anastasia 498:Alexandra 229:Bolshevik 225:bayoneted 217:Anastasia 176:Bolshevik 158:execution 5889:Category 5746:Regicide 5518:Empress 5512:Emperor 5505:Romanovs 5291:, 2003. 5263:(2012). 5014:BBC News 4838:15 April 4816:33557869 4377:13 March 4354:19277206 4314:PLOS ONE 4291:13 March 4285:BBC News 4197:30 March 4161:10 March 4078:13 March 3787:13 March 2801:Archived 2486:BBC News 2423:11339084 2415:21943354 2197:(2012). 2144:(1925). 2109:Regicide 2075:See also 2028:Basmanny 1939:his wife 1758:and the 1676:gasoline 1610:. Local 1566:glasnost 1528:chairman 1490:Brussels 1268:clearing 1226:Disposal 1151:bayonets 891:— 835:Latvians 643:palisade 589:— 319:glasnost 296:cover-up 257:grenades 146:Regicide 65:Location 59:murders. 5497:Victims 5163:22 July 5113:22 July 5090:22 July 5054:Reuters 5020:28 June 4992:AFP.com 4872:3 April 4808:8162066 4622:3 April 4345:2652717 4322:Bibcode 3969:17 July 3837:9 March 3814:9 March 3041:p. 471. 2640:, 2007 2406:3205009 2326:9 March 2054:led by 1978:martyrs 1831:bottom. 1660:Chekist 1535:Yeltsin 1259:topazes 1244:⁄ 1176:spaniel 1088:Murders 819:records 765:liturgy 708:cutlets 631:Russian 568:Russian 556:Tatiana 510:Siberia 506:Tobolsk 471:monarch 272:Tobolsk 209:Tatiana 5819:Legacy 5774:Whites 5772:& 5594:Jemmie 5591:Ortino 5448: 5432: 5398: 5382: 5367: 5342: 5327: 5312: 5295: 5273: 4814: 4806: 4769: 4664: 4586: 4352: 4342: 3582: 3554: 3518: 3491: 3238: 2942: 2756: 2729: 2705: 2678: 2649:p. 65. 2644: 2612: 2421: 2413: 2403: 2207: 1980:, but 1945:. The 1878:Whites 1704:typhus 1684:Poland 1478:France 1466:corset 1403:spades 1319: 1315: 1212:trunks 1208:stoves 1141:their 1052:, one 1048:, two 875:, and 793:; and 699:belfry 683:dormer 668:grille 558:, and 544:Alexei 456:, and 348:Moscow 311:sleuth 221:Alexei 219:, and 164:Deaths 130:Target 5785:Cheka 4812:S2CID 2638:Knopf 2419:S2CID 1557:] 1486:Uccle 1430:] 1332:] 1163:rifle 1130:bless 1110:Cheka 869:Cheka 839:Letts 761:] 750:Cheka 738:] 664:spire 648:swing 532:Maria 213:Maria 5770:Reds 5585:Pets 5446:ISBN 5430:ISBN 5396:ISBN 5380:ISBN 5365:ISBN 5340:ISBN 5325:ISBN 5310:ISBN 5293:ISBN 5271:ISBN 5165:2018 5141:2019 5115:2018 5092:2018 5022:2018 4957:2019 4902:2008 4874:2017 4840:2017 4804:PMID 4767:ISBN 4735:2015 4662:ISBN 4624:2017 4584:ISBN 4464:2021 4428:2016 4379:2017 4350:PMID 4293:2017 4199:2017 4163:2017 4080:2017 3971:2023 3839:2017 3816:2017 3789:2017 3722:2016 3580:ISBN 3552:ISBN 3516:ISBN 3489:ISBN 3236:ISBN 2940:ISBN 2754:ISBN 2727:ISBN 2703:ISBN 2676:ISBN 2642:ISBN 2610:ISBN 2550:2016 2512:2016 2464:2017 2411:PMID 2366:2018 2328:2017 2277:2016 2253:2016 2205:ISBN 2182:2017 2010:and 1845:Perm 1818:The 1774:Omsk 1700:Perm 1658:and 1440:and 1232:Fiat 863:and 746:OTMA 712:nuns 552:Olga 354:and 205:Olga 188:The 122:Date 5598:Joy 5250:doi 5211:5. 5206:4. 5201:3. 5195:2. 5189:1. 4796:doi 4340:PMC 4330:doi 2672:638 2401:PMC 2391:doi 1988:). 1929:in 1860:in 1698:in 1525:KGB 1519:'s 1503:in 1180:Joy 968:An 950:An 574:): 534:to 477:in 327:in 5906:: 5359:. 5304:. 5287:. 5131:. 5012:. 4990:. 4972:. 4892:. 4881:^ 4864:, 4810:. 4802:. 4790:. 4726:. 4676:^ 4604:^ 4539:^ 4450:. 4435:^ 4395:^ 4348:. 4338:. 4328:. 4316:. 4312:. 4300:^ 4283:, 4254:^ 4242:^ 4230:^ 4188:, 4071:. 4059:^ 4036:^ 4011:^ 3940:^ 3901:^ 3885:^ 3864:^ 3752:^ 3729:^ 3713:, 3688:^ 3645:^ 3602:^ 3590:^ 3566:^ 3419:^ 3407:^ 3395:^ 3383:^ 3351:^ 3272:^ 3260:^ 3246:^ 3179:^ 3165:^ 3135:^ 3097:^ 3085:^ 3046:^ 3019:^ 3007:^ 2993:^ 2972:^ 2895:^ 2874:^ 2856:^ 2840:^ 2799:. 2782:^ 2768:^ 2690:^ 2674:. 2666:. 2631:. 2589:. 2569:. 2541:, 2503:, 2484:. 2471:^ 2430:^ 2417:, 2409:, 2399:, 2385:, 2373:^ 2335:^ 2309:^ 2293:^ 2243:, 2219:^ 2171:, 2156:^ 2123:^ 1962:. 1864:. 1650:, 1646:, 1642:, 1638:, 1634:, 1555:ru 1492:. 1488:, 1444:. 1436:, 1428:ru 1330:ru 1236:hp 1222:. 1190:. 1178:, 932:A 914:A 845:. 789:; 785:; 781:; 759:ru 736:ru 570:: 554:, 508:, 500:, 452:, 448:, 306:. 215:, 211:, 207:, 167:11 156:, 152:, 148:, 75:, 71:, 5776:) 5768:( 5762:) 5758:( 5482:e 5475:t 5468:v 5454:. 5436:. 5404:. 5386:. 5371:. 5331:. 5316:. 5279:. 5256:. 5252:: 5143:. 5039:. 5024:. 4936:. 4904:. 4818:. 4798:: 4792:6 4737:. 4670:. 4507:. 4481:. 4466:. 4356:. 4332:: 4324:: 4318:4 4082:. 3987:. 3973:. 3560:. 3524:. 3497:. 2948:. 2762:. 2735:. 2709:. 2684:. 2618:. 2393:: 2387:2 2213:. 1246:2 1242:1 954:. 744:( 195:( 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

Murder of the Romanov family

Index