1828:
1713:
1698:
1673:
1663:
1648:
1638:
1598:
1588:
1848:
1135:
980:
1838:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1678:
1628:
1618:
1608:
1565:
1555:
1545:
1535:
1525:
1424:
1354:
1337:
1305:
1275:
1130:
1064:
1042:
1027:
1017:
1002:
926:
899:
855:
1486:
1474:
1457:
1445:
1408:
1391:
1375:
1348:
1321:
1269:
1247:
1220:
1178:
1166:
1124:
1112:
1090:
1053:
996:
954:
937:
920:
893:
871:
1878:
1502:
1253:
1226:
1150:
904:
877:
69:
1816:
101:
1858:
1429:
1327:
1194:
1140:
1096:
1079:
1069:
1037:
960:
2076:
353:
also those who were on pilgrimages to Mecca and Medina. One of the major disadvantages of the site was the lack of a reliable source of water, an issue that the
Crusaders encountered all over the Middle East. This problem was solved by the construction of a tunnel down the hill to two spring-fed cisterns. The tunnel allowed defenders to go and retrieve water without exposing themselves to any attackers.
85:
1940:
1891:
1868:
1145:
2009:
108:
324:
424:
Little remains of the original
Crusader fortifications. Although it has never been fully excavated, it is known that there was a set of three walls, which partially remain. The most significant remains of the Crusader portions of the Crusader castle is the remains of a curtain wall that ran inside
352:
plain was a relatively fertile location, which made the site, along with its strategic importance, highly desirable. The castle was strategically important due to the fact that it also dominated the main passage from Egypt to Syria. This allowed whoever held the castle to tax not only traders, but
343:
in 1116. Originally called 'Krak de
Montreal' or 'Mons Regalis', it was named in honor of the king's own contribution to its construction (Mont Royal). The castle is located on a round hilltop site that is separated from the rest of the plateau of Edom, which along with the Moab formed the core of
429:, who saw the castle in 1217 after the Muslim conquest, referred to it as "a most excellent fortress, surrounded by triple walls and as strong as any I have ever seen". The external walls and towers are attributed to the patronage of the Mamluk sultan
396:, later in the year he besieged Montreal. During the siege the defenders are said to have sold their wives and children for food, and to have gone blind from "lack of salt." Because of the hill Saladin was unable to use
2120:
404:, who held it until after his brother's death in 1193. During negotiations between the Crusaders and the Ayyubids in 1218-19, the Ayyubids unwillingness to hand back over the ownership of Montreal and
380:. Raynald used the castle to attack the rich caravans that had previously been allowed to pass unharmed. He also built ships there, then transported them overland to the Red Sea, planning to attack
400:, but after almost two years the castle finally fell to his troops in May 1189, after which the defenders' families were returned to them. After its capture, Saladin awarded it to his brother,
425:
the later Muslim additions and two chapels. The towers and walls are decorated with carved inscriptions dating from 14th century
Mameluke renovations, but the inside is in ruins. The pilgrim
476:
368:, a stronger fortress to the north of Montreal. Along with Kerak, the castle owed sixty knights to the kingdom. The first Lord of Oultrejordain was Philip of Nablus. It was held by
2115:
278:, mentioned the castle as Castrum Saboach or Scobach, or as Mons Regalis, Mont Real, and Monreal. The second set of variants translate to 'Royal Castle' or 'King's Castle'.
1118:
1928:
377:
742:
2095:
250:
Valley, perched on the side of a rocky, conical mountain, looking out over fruit orchards below. The ruins are located next to the modern town of
2130:
311:
As of 1994, the castle had never yet been fully excavated, but as of 2006 it was being investigated by an
Italian archaeological team from the
713:
498:
1906:
845:
563:
131:
100:
1921:
626:
682:
Milwright, Marcus (2006). "Central and
Southern Jordan in the Ayyubid Period: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives".
735:
1851:
1827:
1712:
1697:
1672:
1662:
1647:
1637:
1597:
1587:
2125:
2105:
1914:
2100:
1944:
361:
1792:
1772:
1603:
826:
806:
786:
754:
947:
2110:
1022:
728:
373:
1871:
332:
312:
201:
1847:
1134:
1074:
979:
1993:
1963:
1821:
1485:
1473:
1456:
1444:
1407:
1390:
1374:
1347:
1320:
1290:
1268:
1246:
1219:
1177:
1165:
1123:
1111:
1089:
1052:
995:
953:
936:
919:
892:
870:
652:
357:
239:
1837:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1677:
1627:
1617:
1607:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1524:
1423:
1353:
1336:
1304:
1274:
1129:
1063:
1041:
1026:
1016:
1001:
925:
909:
898:
854:
1877:
1841:
1501:
1252:
1225:
1149:
903:
876:
68:
1895:
1718:
1643:
691:
580:
523:
504:
426:
1998:
1831:
1728:
1693:
1623:
1560:
1047:
709:
632:
622:
559:
494:
442:
553:
482:
2048:
2038:
2028:
1738:
486:
298:
275:
2043:
1978:
1861:
1653:
1397:
1241:
656:
592:
535:
385:
369:
213:
2023:
458:"The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517" by Peter Holt
2058:
1968:
1881:
1492:
1332:
1101:
1007:
267:
221:
1857:
1428:
1326:
1193:
1139:
1095:
1078:
1068:
1036:
959:
2089:
1973:
1958:
1633:
1613:
1520:
970:
549:
508:
345:
1983:
1703:
1530:
1381:
1364:
882:
405:
397:
243:
84:
615:
1414:
1359:
1231:
1084:
985:
708:
Eddé, Anne-Marie "Saladin" trans. Jean Marie Todd
Harvard University Press 2011.
1890:
2053:
2033:
1480:
1209:
490:
271:
146:
133:
2063:
1683:
1658:
1463:
1258:
1106:
943:
636:
401:
393:
1867:
1144:
2008:
1451:
1342:
1059:
751:
31:
695:
1688:
1668:
1593:
1575:
1550:
1032:
931:
413:
389:
340:
251:
74:
55:
17:
1939:
1783:
1512:
1184:
860:
837:
817:
777:
409:
255:
247:
59:
1763:
1748:
1708:
1434:
1310:
1280:
1199:
1172:
1155:
965:
797:
430:
381:
365:
336:
323:
322:
720:
392:(Salah al-Din), who invaded the kingdom in 1187. After capturing
1583:
1300:
349:
1910:
724:
416:, stormed the castle bringing it under the control of Egypt.
408:
was a major reason the negotiations broke down. In 1261, the
364:. At the same time the center of the Lordship was moved to
297:, etc. The word castle or fortress translates in Arabic to
649:
2121:
Castles and fortifications of the
Kingdom of Jerusalem
2016:
1951:
1782:
1762:
1574:
1511:
836:
816:
796:
776:
335:during his expedition to the area when he captured
197:
182:
177:
167:
162:
125:
39:
614:
445:(li Vaux Moysi), an outpost of Montreal near Petra
356:It remained property of the royal family of the
27:12th-century Crusader castle in Shoubak, Jordan
558:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–76.
475:Lapina, Elizabeth (2019). Anthony Bale (ed.).
1922:
736:
481:. Cambridge University Press. p. 11-24 (
266:The Crusaders, who wrote their chronicles in
8:
233:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
2116:Buildings and structures completed in 1115
1929:
1915:
1907:
762:
743:
729:
721:
36:
608:
606:
604:
602:
281:The Arabic name is spelled variously as
767:Sorted by modern states, with crusader
467:
360:until 1142, when it became part of the
107:
588:
578:
531:
521:
238:) in Arabic, is a castle built by the
7:
684:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
384:itself. This was intolerable to the
234:
217:
25:
2075:
2074:
2007:
1938:
1889:
1876:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1814:
1751:
1741:
1731:
1721:
1711:
1696:
1676:
1671:
1661:
1646:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1606:
1596:
1586:
1563:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1500:
1484:
1472:
1455:
1443:
1427:
1422:
1406:
1389:
1373:
1352:
1346:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1303:
1273:
1267:
1251:
1245:
1224:
1218:
1192:
1176:
1164:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1122:
1110:
1094:
1088:
1077:
1067:
1062:
1051:
1040:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1000:
994:
978:
958:
952:
935:
924:
918:
902:
897:
891:
875:
869:
853:
331:The castle was built in 1115 by
106:
99:
83:
67:
2096:Archaeological sites in Jordan
621:. Cambridge University Press.
518:– via www.cambridge.org.
1:
2131:12th-century military history
478:Crusader Chronicles: Language
246:, on the eastern side of the
455:"The Crusades" by Hans Mayer
1852:Order of the Holy Sepulchre
2147:
348:. Despite appearance, the
327:A tower of Montreal Castle
29:
2072:
2005:
1806:
765:
761:
491:10.1017/9781108672832.002
362:Lordship of Oultrejordain
94:
82:
66:
53:
44:
89:Montreal Crusader Castle
73:Montreal Castle and the
30:Not to be confused with
226:Mons Regalis, Mont Real
1896:Catholicism portal
1872:Order of Saint Lazarus
650:http://www.shawbak.net
613:Kennedy, Hugh (1994).
333:Baldwin I of Jerusalem
328:
313:University of Florence
225:
202:Baldwin I of Jerusalem
372:, and then passed to
326:
1964:Amathus, Transjordan
1822:Kingdom of Jerusalem
769:names in parentheses
374:Raynald of Châtillon
358:Kingdom of Jerusalem
242:and expanded by the
1842:Knights Hospitaller
147:30.5313°N 35.5600°E
143: /
1719:Saint Louis Castle
1644:Citadel of Tripoli
655:2006-12-08 at the
555:Montreal (No. 157)
378:Stephanie de Milly
329:
307:Excavation history
230:Qal'at ash-Shawbak
2126:Tourism in Jordan
2106:Castles in Jordan
2083:
2082:
1994:Montréal (castle)
1989:Montreal (castle)
1945:Castles in Jordan
1904:
1903:
1832:County of Tripoli
1802:
1801:
1729:Scandelion Castle
1048:Caesarea Maritima
887:Saint Jean d'Acre
714:978-0-674-28397-8
500:978-1-108-47451-1
207:
206:
16:(Redirected from
2138:
2101:Crusader castles
2078:
2077:
2049:Qasr Al-Qatraneh
2039:Qasr Al-Kharanah
2029:Qasr al-Hallabat
2011:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1894:
1893:
1880:
1870:
1860:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1817:
1755:
1745:
1739:Sidon Sea Castle
1735:
1725:
1715:
1700:
1684:Deir Kifa Castle
1680:
1675:
1665:
1650:
1640:
1630:
1620:
1610:
1600:
1590:
1567:
1557:
1547:
1537:
1527:
1504:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1476:
1460:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1431:
1426:
1411:
1410:
1394:
1393:
1378:
1377:
1356:
1351:
1350:
1339:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1307:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1196:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1168:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1115:
1114:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1055:
1044:
1039:
1029:
1023:Belvoir Fortress
1019:
1004:
999:
998:
982:
962:
957:
956:
940:
939:
928:
923:
922:
906:
901:
896:
895:
879:
874:
873:
857:
763:
745:
738:
731:
722:
716:
706:
700:
699:
679:
662:
661:
647:
641:
640:
620:
617:Crusader castles
610:
597:
596:
590:
586:
584:
576:
574:
572:
546:
540:
539:
533:
529:
527:
519:
517:
515:
472:
376:when he married
237:
236:
219:
193:
191:
163:Site information
158:
157:
155:
154:
153:
152:30.5313; 35.5600
148:
144:
141:
140:
139:
136:
110:
109:
103:
87:
71:
62:
37:
21:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2068:
2044:Qasr Al-Mshatta
2012:
2003:
1979:Hammam as-Sarah
1947:
1937:
1935:
1905:
1900:
1888:
1862:Knights Templar
1815:
1813:
1798:
1778:
1758:
1604:Beaufort Castle
1570:
1507:
1483:
1471:
1454:
1442:
1405:
1388:
1372:
1345:
1318:
1266:
1244:
1217:
1214:Castellum Regis
1175:
1163:
1121:
1109:
1087:
1075:Château Pèlerin
1050:
993:
951:
944:Ateret Fortress
934:
917:
910:Apollonia–Arsuf
890:
868:
832:
812:
792:
772:
757:
749:
719:
707:
703:
681:
680:
665:
659:
657:Wayback Machine
648:
644:
629:
612:
611:
600:
587:
577:
570:
568:
566:
548:
547:
543:
530:
520:
513:
511:
501:
474:
473:
469:
465:
452:
439:
422:
370:Philip de Milly
321:
309:
264:
189:
187:
170:the public
169:
151:
149:
145:
142:
137:
134:
132:
130:
129:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:Montreal Castle
111:
90:
78:
54:
49:
40:Montreal Castle
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2144:
2142:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2111:Mamluk castles
2108:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2017:Desert castles
2014:
2013:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1999:Wu'ayra Castle
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1969:Aqaba Fortress
1966:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1882:Teutonic Order
1874:
1864:
1854:
1844:
1834:
1824:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1726:
1716:
1706:
1701:
1691:
1689:Hasbaya Castle
1686:
1681:
1666:
1656:
1651:
1641:
1631:
1621:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1493:Khirbat Jiddin
1490:
1478:
1461:
1449:
1432:
1412:
1395:
1382:Tel Tanninim (
1379:
1362:
1357:
1340:
1330:
1308:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1256:
1239:
1229:
1207:
1197:
1182:
1170:
1153:
1116:
1104:
1099:
1082:
1072:
1057:
1045:
1030:
1020:
1005:
983:
968:
963:
941:
929:
907:
880:
865:Casal Imbertia
858:
842:
840:
834:
833:
831:
830:
822:
820:
814:
813:
811:
810:
802:
800:
794:
793:
791:
790:
782:
780:
774:
773:
766:
759:
758:
750:
748:
747:
740:
733:
725:
718:
717:
701:
663:
642:
627:
598:
564:
541:
499:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
456:
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:Wu'ayra Castle
438:
435:
421:
418:
346:Oultrejourdain
320:
317:
308:
305:
268:Medieval Latin
263:
260:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
184:
180:
179:
175:
174:
171:
165:
164:
160:
159:
127:
123:
122:
113:
112:
105:
104:
98:
97:
96:
95:
92:
91:
88:
80:
79:
77:visitor Center
72:
64:
63:
51:
50:
45:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2143:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Cave de Sueth
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1959:Ajloun Castle
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:Major castles
1950:
1946:
1941:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:Byblos Castle
1632:
1629:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:Beirut Castle
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1521:Ajloun Castle
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1369:Blanche Garde
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1102:Castle Arnold
1100:
1097:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1003:
997:
991:
987:
984:
981:
976:
972:
969:
967:
964:
961:
955:
949:
945:
942:
938:
933:
930:
927:
921:
915:
911:
908:
905:
900:
894:
888:
884:
881:
878:
872:
866:
862:
859:
856:
851:
847:
844:
843:
841:
839:
835:
829:
828:
824:
823:
821:
819:
815:
809:
808:
804:
803:
801:
799:
795:
789:
788:
784:
783:
781:
779:
775:
770:
764:
760:
756:
753:
746:
741:
739:
734:
732:
727:
726:
723:
715:
711:
705:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
664:
658:
654:
651:
646:
643:
638:
634:
630:
624:
619:
618:
609:
607:
605:
603:
599:
594:
582:
567:
565:9780521460101
561:
557:
556:
551:
545:
542:
537:
525:
510:
506:
502:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
479:
471:
468:
462:
457:
454:
453:
449:
444:
441:
440:
436:
434:
432:
428:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
398:siege engines
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
351:
347:
342:
338:
334:
325:
318:
316:
314:
306:
304:
302:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
277:
273:
269:
261:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
231:
227:
223:
215:
211:
203:
200:
198:Built by
196:
185:
181:
176:
172:
166:
161:
156:
128:
124:
102:
93:
86:
81:
76:
70:
65:
61:
57:
52:
48:
47:قلعة مونتريال
43:
38:
33:
19:
2024:Qusayr 'Amra
1988:
1984:Kerak Castle
1810:Associations
1791:
1771:
1704:Mseilha Fort
1654:Dubay Castle
1540:
1531:Kerak Castle
1496:
1467:
1438:
1418:
1401:
1383:
1368:
1365:Tell es-Safi
1314:
1294:
1284:
1262:
1235:
1213:
1204:Château Neuf
1203:
1188:
1159:
1011:
990:Beth Gibelin
989:
974:
913:
886:
864:
849:
825:
805:
785:
768:
704:
687:
683:
660:(in Italian)
645:
616:
569:. Retrieved
554:
544:
512:. Retrieved
477:
470:
423:
355:
330:
310:
299:
294:
290:
286:
282:
280:
265:
229:
209:
208:
178:Site history
168:Open to
46:
1468:La Sephorie
1415:Tel Yokneam
1384:Torin Selin
1360:Tel Hanaton
1232:Migdal Afek
1008:Beit She'an
986:Bayt Jibrin
690:(1): 1–27.
589:|work=
550:Pringle, D.
532:|work=
235:قلعة الشوبك
150: /
126:Coordinates
2090:Categories
2059:Qasr Burqu
2054:Qasr Bayir
2034:Qasr Azraq
1561:Vaux Moise
1481:Umm Khalid
1295:Beauverium
971:Bayt 'Itab
628:0521420687
450:References
272:Old French
138:35°33′36″E
135:30°31′53″N
2064:Qasr Tuba
1659:Gibelacar
1464:Sepphoris
1259:Qalansawe
1119:Jerusalem
1107:Ein Hemed
975:Bethaatap
850:Fontenoid
846:Abu Ghosh
591:ignored (
581:cite book
534:ignored (
524:cite book
509:239357431
420:Structure
394:Jerusalem
240:Crusaders
1694:Moinetre
1624:Belhacem
1541:Montreal
1452:Tiberias
1343:Tel Afek
1263:Calanson
1242:Montfort
1085:Destroit
1060:Cafarlet
752:Crusader
696:25188591
653:Archived
637:28928501
552:(1997).
437:See also
427:Thietmar
402:al-'Adil
218:مونتريال
210:Montreal
32:Montreal
1669:Coliath
1594:Batroun
1576:Lebanon
1551:Tafilah
1419:Caymont
1402:Belmont
1236:Mirabel
1210:Mi'ilya
1033:Burgata
1012:Bethsan
932:Ascalon
414:Baybars
412:Sultan
390:Saladin
388:sultan
386:Ayyubid
341:Red Sea
339:on the
319:History
291:Shaubak
287:Shawbak
276:Occitan
252:Shoubak
244:Mamluks
188: (
75:Shoubak
56:Shoubak
1819:
1784:Turkey
1709:Nephin
1513:Jordan
1439:Ibelin
1315:Saphet
1291:Qastal
1185:Latrun
1160:Caypha
861:Achziv
838:Israel
818:Greece
778:Cyprus
712:
694:
635:
625:
562:
507:
497:
410:Mamluk
295:Shubek
283:Shobak
256:Jordan
248:Arabah
228:), or
214:Arabic
60:Jordan
18:Shobak
1764:Syria
1749:Toron
1497:Judin
1435:Yavne
1333:Taibe
1311:Safed
1281:Qaqun
1200:Hunin
1189:Toron
1173:Jaffa
1156:Haifa
966:Yazur
948:siege
914:Arsur
798:Egypt
755:sites
692:JSTOR
571:5 May
514:5 May
505:S2CID
463:Notes
431:Lajin
406:Kerak
382:Mecca
366:Kerak
337:Aqaba
300:qal'a
222:Latin
183:Built
1793:More
1773:More
1584:Arqa
1398:Suba
1301:Qula
1285:Caco
883:Acre
827:More
807:More
787:More
710:ISBN
633:OCLC
623:ISBN
593:help
573:2021
560:ISBN
536:help
516:2021
495:ISBN
350:Edom
274:and
262:Name
190:1115
186:1115
487:doi
485:).
254:in
173:Yes
2092::
1499:)
1470:)
1441:)
1421:)
1404:)
1371:)
1317:)
1265:)
1216:)
1191:)
1162:)
1014:)
992:)
977:)
950:)
916:)
889:)
867:)
852:)
771:()
688:16
686:.
666:^
631:.
601:^
585::
583:}}
579:{{
528::
526:}}
522:{{
503:.
493:.
483:14
433:.
315:.
303:.
293:,
289:,
285:,
270:,
258:.
224::
220:;
216::
58:,
1930:e
1923:t
1916:v
1495:(
1466:(
1437:(
1417:(
1400:(
1386:)
1367:(
1313:(
1297:)
1293:(
1287:)
1283:(
1261:(
1238:)
1234:(
1212:(
1206:)
1202:(
1187:(
1158:(
1010:(
988:(
973:(
946:(
912:(
885:(
863:(
848:(
744:e
737:t
730:v
698:.
639:.
595:)
575:.
538:)
489::
232:(
212:(
192:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
