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315:. Reducing methane and black carbon could also prevent major crop losses. Present day global relative yield losses due to tropospheric ozone exposure range between 7–12 percent for wheat, 6–16 percent for soybean, 3–4 percent for rice, and 3–5 percent for maize. In addition, black carbon influences the formation of clouds that have a negative effect on the photosynthesis that impacts plant growth. Rapidly reducing short-lived climate pollutants, for instance through the collection of
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329:, would not substantially reduce the amount of warming beyond some decades. Therefore, long-term climate change mitigation implies that reduction in emissions of long-lived forcers cannot be replaced with reduction in short-lived forcers. This is a risk in a framework of emission trading and/or objectives based on aggregated emissions, which implies that reducing a certain amount of a given forcer is equivalent to reducing another amount of another forcer.
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247:, and has an atmospheric lifetime of about 12 years. It is produced through natural processes (i.e. the decomposition of plant and animal waste), but is also emitted from many man-made sources, including coal mines, natural gas and oil systems, and landfills. Methane directly influences the climate system and also has indirect impacts on human health and ecosystems, in particular through its role as a precursor of tropospheric ozone.
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225:. Its lifetime varies from a few days to a few weeks. When deposited on ice and snow, black carbon causes both atmospheric warming and an increase of melting rate. It also influences cloud formation and impacts regional circulation and rainfall patterns. In addition, black carbon impacts human health. It is a primary component of particulate matter in
325:. Reducing SLCPs could slow down the warming expected by 2050 by about 0.4 to 0.5 °C, almost halving projected near-term warming as compared to a baseline scenario. However, this applies to the simultaneous reduction of short and long lived climate forcers. Reducing short-lived climate forcers without reducing long-lived emissions, especially CO
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196:) have relatively short lifetime in the atmosphere – a few days to a few decades – and a powerful warming influence on climate. The main short-lived climate pollutants are black carbon, methane and tropospheric ozone, which are the most important contributors to the human enhancement of the global greenhouse effect after CO
304:. Action to reduce SLCPs has the potential to achieve multiple benefits. For example, each year, more than 6 million people die prematurely from indoor and outdoor air pollution. Short-lived climate pollutants are largely to blame. Fast actions on short-lived climate pollutants, such as the widespread adoption of advanced
499:
Working with key stakeholders to encourage cooperation and support the implementation of new and existing measures to substantially reduce methane emissions from natural gas venting, leakage, and flaring. The CCAC Oil and Gas
Methane Partnership, involving the public sector and private companies, is
256:
are man-made greenhouse gases used in air conditioning, refrigeration, solvents, foam blowing agents, and aerosols. Many HFCs remain in the atmosphere for less than 15 years. Though they represent a small fraction of the current total greenhouse gases (less than one percent), their warming impact is
220:
is a major component of soot and is produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuel and biomass. It is emitted from various sources including diesel cars and trucks, ships, residential stoves, forest fires, agricultural open burning and some industrial facilities. It has a warming impact on climate
272:
is the ozone present in the lowest portion of the atmosphere (up to 10–15 km above the ground). It is responsible for a large part of the human enhancement of the global greenhouse effect and has a lifetime of a few days to a few weeks. It is not directly emitted but formed by sunlight-driven
533:
In order to take advantage of all mitigation opportunities, this initiative seeks to act as a catalyst of scaled-up SLCP mitigation financing and will work with governments, the private sector, donors, financial institutions, expert groups and investors’ networks to bolster these financial flows.
336:
Though HFCs currently represent a small fraction of total greenhouse gases, their warming impact is particularly strong, and their emissions are projected to increase nearly twentyfold in the next three decades if their growth is not reduced. The most commonly used HFC is HFC-134a, which is 1,430
542:
This initiative has developed a program to support national action plans for SLCPs, including national inventory development, building on existing air quality, climate change and development agreements, and assessment, prioritization, and demonstration of promising SLCP mitigation measures.
551:
The CCAC believes there is a need for in-depth assessments of SLCPs in key regions to help shape regional cooperation as well as the action of national governments, and to encourage new action. The Latin
American and Caribbean region is the first target for this initiative.
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Since its launch in
February 2012, the Coalition has been working to identify actions that will help bring the health, agricultural, environmental and climate benefits of reducing SLCPs. As of March 2014 the CCAC has undertaken ten
344:
eq in 2050, comparable to total current annual emissions from transport, estimated at around 6–7 Gt annually. There are options available that could avoid or replace high-GWP HFCs in many sectors and also ways to reduce emissions.
332:
SLCP reduction is likely to have enhanced climate benefits in many vulnerable regions, such as elevated snow- and ice-covered regions, and is also likely to reduce regional disruption of traditional rainfall patterns.
168:
million has been pledged to the
Climate and Clean Air Coalition from Canada, Denmark, the European Commission, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. The program is managed out of the
1946:"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
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465:
Working to reduce the climate and health impacts of black carbon and particulate matter (PM) emissions, particularly in the transport sector. A Green
Freight Call to Action was issued in late 2013.
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525:
The
Coalition has also identified cross-cutting efforts to be undertaken in order to accelerate emissions reductions across all short-lived climate pollutants. To date these actions are:
3165:
1418:
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1760:"Air pollution and associated human mortality: The role of air pollution emissions, climate change and methane concentration increases from the preindustrial period to present"
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2600:
1439:
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2769:
1675:
Climate Change 2013: The
Physical Science Basis, Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, 2013 "
1518:
474:
Addressing emissions of black carbon and other pollutants from brick production to reduce the harmful climate, air pollution, economic, and social impacts from the sector
2637:
208:(HFCs). While HFCs are currently present in small quantity in the atmosphere, their contribution to climate forcing is projected to climb to as much as 19% of global CO
508:
Aiming to reduce emissions of methane and black carbon from the agricultural sector, not only helping to address climate change but also to strengthen food security
2574:
293:). Tropospheric ozone is a harmful pollutant that has detrimental impacts on human health and plants and is responsible for important reductions in crop yields.
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2283:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1429:
517:
Working through advocacy and education to raise awareness of the harmful effect of emissions from this sector on human health climate, agriculture and climate
483:
Addressing methane, black carbon, and other air pollutant emissions across the municipal solid waste sector through work with cities and national governments
2516:
2400:
537:
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2617:
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Enhancing and developing new national and regional actions, including by identifying and overcoming barriers, enhancing capacity, and mobilizing support;
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HFC emissions could offset much of the climate benefits from the
Montreal Protocol. They are projected to rise to about 3.5 to 8.8 Gt CO
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3326:
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2779:
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1324:
2005:
Shindell, D.; et al. (2012). "Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security".
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204:, with various detrimental impacts on human health, agriculture and ecosystems. Other short-lived climate pollutants include some
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or the recovery of methane from coal mines, has the potential to avoid the annual loss of more than 30 million tons of crops.
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2734:
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U.S. Envtl. Prot. Agency, Integrated
Science Assessment for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidants, EPA, 2013 600/R-10/076F
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1992:
The
Science and Policy of Cumulative and Short-Lived Climate Pollutants, Myles Allen, Oxford Martin Policy Papers, 2015
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Near-term Climate Protection and Clean Air Benefits: Actions for Controlling Short-Lived Climate Forcers, UNEP, 2011, "
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particularly strong and, if left unchecked, HFCs could account for nearly 20 percent of climate pollution by 2050.
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Improving scientific understanding of short-lived climate pollutant impacts and mitigation strategies.
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2014:
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Targeting governments and the private sector in an effort to address rapidly growing HFC emissions
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and clean fuels, have the potential to prevent over 2 million of premature deaths each year.
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International Union of Air Pollution Prevention and Environmental Protection Associations
2018:
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Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone, UNEP & WMO, 2011, "
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Raising awareness of short-lived climate pollutant impacts and mitigation strategies;
226:
201:
153:
2042:
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Accelerating Methane and Black Carbon Reductions from Oil and Natural Gas Production
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1500:
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1693:"Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment"
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to protect human health, agriculture and the environment. To date, more than $ 90
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1912:
1887:
1826:"The large contribution of projected HFC emissions to future climate forcing"
1801:
HFCs a Critical Link in Protecting Climate and the Ozone Layer, UNEP, 2011, "
1784:
1759:
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TERRE: Technology, Education, Research and Rehabilitation for the Environment
353:
The Coalition's objectives are to address short-lived climate pollutants by:
273:
oxidation of other agents, called ozone precursors, in particular methane (CH
2427:
2026:
1850:
1624:"U.S. Pushes to Cut Emissions of Some Pollutants That Hasten Climate Change"
759:
2034:
1979:
1869:
461:
Reducing Black Carbon Emissions from Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles and Engines
160:
February 2012. The CCAC aims to catalyze rapid reductions in short-lived
1032:
876:
824:
1559:
Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants
122:
Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants
28:
Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants
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Additional donor countries (received and pledged as of February 2014)
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149:
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137:
100:
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
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993:
980:
941:
928:
811:
772:
709:
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Mitigating Black Carbon and Other Pollutants From Brick Production
229:
that is the major environmental cause of premature death globally.
174:
141:
96:
2063:
1462:
Molina Center for Strategic Studies in Energy and the Environment
111:
1123:
609:($ 3 million USD initial donation, $ 10 million USD CAD in 2013)
566:
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3064:
2800:
2360:
2272:
2153:
2105:
2067:
1319:
649:($ 1.7 million USD initial donation, $ 2.5 million USD in 2013)
363:
Promoting best practices and showcasing successful efforts; and
337:
times more damaging to the climate system then carbon dioxide.
1397:
1377:
1287:... lists themselves should not be composed of external links.
1212:
449:... lists themselves should not be composed of external links.
374:
286:
3322:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
582:($ 6 million USD initial donation $ 2.5 million USD in 2013)
243:
is a greenhouse gas that is over 20 times more potent than CO
1888:"The role of HFCs in mitigating 21st century climate change"
1589:
Post–Kyoto Protocol negotiations on greenhouse gas emissions
1558:
1402:
2055:
1412:
1330:
513:
Reducing SLCPs from Household Cooking and Domestic Heating
200:. These short-lived climate pollutants are also dangerous
3498:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
1419:
International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
1599:
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
1461:
1413:
Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture
1407:
1351:
1237:
1232:
may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
539:
Supporting NAtional Planning for action on SLCPs (SNAP)
399:
394:
may not follow Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
1477:
1434:
1392:
1346:
479:
Mitigating SLCPs from the Municipal Solid Waste Sector
3339:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1564:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
1408:
Institute for Governance and Sustainable Development
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1440:
International Institute for Sustainable Development
106:
92:
84:
76:
58:
50:
1519:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
1314:
488:Promoting HFC Alternative Technology and Standards
3539:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
1671:
1669:
1667:
1830:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2284:History of climate change policy and politics
2079:
1584:2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference
1579:2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference
1574:2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference
1430:International Council on Clean Transportation
1403:Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
1398:Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies
8:
1700:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
1654:
1652:
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1499:Swiss Foundation for Technical Cooperation (
1352:Climate Markets & Investment Association
27:
2401:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
1741:
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1737:
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1435:International Cryosphere Climate Initiative
3620:
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2150:
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2064:
1336:Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities, Inc
1315:Center for Sustainable Development Studies
26:
3658:United Nations climate change conferences
3166:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
2309:United Nations Climate Change conferences
1969:
1911:
1859:
1849:
1819:
1817:
1783:
1719:
1268:Learn how and when to remove this message
430:Learn how and when to remove this message
2870:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
1424:International Climate Change Partnership
3226:National Adaptation Programme of Action
3015:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
2056:Climate and Clean Air Coalition website
1824:Velders, G. J. M.; et al. (2009).
1614:
1320:Center for Human Rights and Environment
2875:Economics of climate change mitigation
2838:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
2189:Scientific consensus on climate change
1939:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1797:
1795:
1686:
1684:
1472:Nordic Environment Finance Corporation
283:non-methane volatile organic compounds
171:United Nations Environmental Programme
3534:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
1445:International Solid Waste Association
7:
3653:United Nations Environment Programme
3556:Representative Concentration Pathway
2507:Tipping points in the climate system
2183:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
1881:
1879:
1622:Broder, John M. (15 February 2012).
1513:United Nations Environment Programme
1507:United Nations Development Programme
1456:Local Governments for Sustainability
1388:Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves
567:United Nations Environment Programme
297:Potential results of SLCP mitigation
130:United Nations Environment Programme
3327:Nationally determined contributions
3037:Individual action on climate change
2252:World energy supply and consumption
1300:C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group
3466:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
1373:Environmental Investigation Agency
1325:Centre for Science and Environment
1305:Caucasus Environmental NGO Network
25:
3393:Satellite temperature measurement
2998:forestry for carbon sequestration
2289:History of climate change science
1892:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1764:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
1691:Bond, T. C.; et al. (2013).
1467:Natural Resources Defense Council
505:Addressing SLCPs from Agriculture
500:expected to be launched in 2014.
3619:
3607:
3596:
3595:
3583:
3244:Climate Change Performance Index
1944:Lim, S. S.; et al. (2012).
1543:
1217:
1194:
1181:
1168:
1155:
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1129:
1116:
1103:
1090:
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572:
379:
42:
33:
3383:Instrumental temperature record
3334:Sustainable Development Goal 13
1483:Stockholm Environment Institute
1383:Guraghe Development Association
1209:Non-state partners (March 2014)
221:460–1500 times stronger than CO
3451:Climate variability and change
2492:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1758:Fang, Y.; et al. (2013).
190:Short-lived climate pollutants
185:Short-lived climate pollutants
18:Short-lived climate pollutants
1:
3561:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
3096:Climate emergency declaration
1962:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8
1478:Regional Environmental Center
745:Country partners (March 2014)
548:Regional Assessments of SLCPs
3544:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
2770:Middle East and North Africa
1886:Xu, Y.; et al. (2013).
1605:(Ozone Regulation – Context)
530:Financing of SLCP mitigation
3648:Air pollution organizations
1310:Center for Clean Air Policy
3674:
3378:Global surface temperature
3269:Popular culture depictions
3181:Ecosystem-based adaptation
2911:Carbon capture and storage
2833:Carbon offsets and credits
1368:Environmental Defense Fund
3590:Climate change portal
3577:
3483:Extreme event attribution
3366:
3355:
3106:School Strike for Climate
3074:
3060:
2985:Climate-smart agriculture
2809:
2796:
2369:
2356:
2279:
2268:
2162:
2149:
2132:Climate change adaptation
2127:Climate change mitigation
2122:Effects of climate change
2112:
2101:
1530:World Health Organization
1331:Centro Mario Molina Chile
173:through a Secretariat in
132:(UNEP) and six countries—
41:
32:
3493:Global warming potential
3300:International agreements
2947:Preserving and enhancing
2391:Arctic methane emissions
2313:Years in climate change
2220:Greenhouse gas emissions
2117:Causes of climate change
1913:10.5194/acp-13-6083-2013
1785:10.5194/acp-13-1377-2013
799:Central African Republic
3524:Climate change scenario
3176:Disaster risk reduction
2828:Carbon emission trading
2638:U.S. insurance industry
2618:Civilizational collapse
2465:sea surface temperature
2058:, accessed 2 March 2014
2027:10.1126/science.1210026
1851:10.1073/pnas.0902817106
1358:ClimateWorks Foundation
3517:Research and modelling
3201:Nature-based solutions
3021:Nature-based solutions
2963:Carbon dioxide removal
2880:Fossil fuel divestment
2865:Climate risk insurance
2775:Small island countries
2396:Arctic sea ice decline
128:) was launched by the
64:; 12 years ago
3478:Earth's energy budget
3361:Background and theory
3249:Climate crisis (term)
2921:Fossil fuel phase-out
2815:Economics and finance
2780:by individual country
2722:By country and region
2697:Security and conflict
2692:Psychological impacts
2381:Abrupt climate change
2304:Charles David Keeling
2137:By country and region
1551:Global warming portal
521:Cross-cutting efforts
62:16 February 2012
3307:Glasgow Climate Pact
2968:Carbon sequestration
2543:Mass mortality event
1347:Clean Air Task Force
1238:improve this article
740:($ 11.8 million USD)
400:improve this article
3446:Climate sensitivity
3221:The Adaptation Fund
2677:Infectious diseases
2584:Social and economic
2019:2012Sci...335..183S
1956:(9859): 2224–2260.
1904:2013ACP....13.6083X
1842:2009PNAS..10610949V
1836:(27): 10949–10954.
1776:2013ACP....13.1377F
1712:2013JGRD..118.5380B
1342:Clean Air Institute
1250:footnote references
726:($ 0.5 million USD)
712:($ 5.4 million USD)
698:($ 0.4 million USD)
684:($ 1.4 million USD)
670:($ 1.8 million USD)
412:footnote references
212:emissions by 2050.
29:
3017:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
2989:Forest management
2973:Direct air capture
2938:Sustainable energy
2895:Net zero emissions
2890:Low-carbon economy
2885:Green Climate Fund
2672:Indigenous peoples
2575:Plant biodiversity
2363:Effects and issues
1807:2017-02-07 at the
1721:10.1002/jgrd.50171
1628:The New York Times
1594:Green Climate Fund
1493:2014-03-03 at the
1295:Bellona Foundation
1150:Russian Federation
1020:Korea, Republic of
864:Dominican Republic
264:ground-level ozone
206:hydrofluorocarbons
162:climate pollutants
3635:
3634:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3568:
3508:Radiative forcing
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3171:Adaptive capacity
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
2916:Energy transition
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2512:Tropical cyclones
2438:Urban heat island
2352:
2351:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2225:Carbon accounting
2179:Greenhouse effect
2145:
2144:
2013:(6065): 183–189.
1898:(12): 6083–6089.
1706:(11): 5380–5552.
1603:Montreal Protocol
1601:and accompanying
1570:(CO2 Regulations)
1566:and accompanying
1378:EvK2CNR Committee
1278:
1277:
1270:
561:Founding partners
440:
439:
432:
118:
117:
16:(Redirected from
3665:
3623:
3622:
3611:
3610:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3551:Paleoclimatology
3368:
3357:
3118:Ecological grief
3101:Climate movement
3076:
3062:
3042:Plant-based diet
2933:Renewable energy
2811:
2798:
2633:Economic impacts
2565:Invasive species
2421:Coastal flooding
2371:
2358:
2294:Svante Arrhenius
2270:
2240:from agriculture
2230:Carbon footprint
2215:Greenhouse gases
2164:
2151:
2103:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1941:
1932:
1929:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1853:
1821:
1812:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1770:(3): 1377–1394.
1755:
1749:
1743:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1697:
1688:
1679:
1673:
1662:
1656:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1619:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1393:GLOBE Foundation
1273:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1005:
1003:
1002:
992:
990:
989:
979:
977:
976:
966:
964:
963:
953:
951:
950:
940:
938:
937:
927:
925:
924:
914:
912:
911:
901:
899:
898:
888:
886:
885:
875:
873:
872:
862:
860:
859:
849:
847:
846:
836:
834:
833:
823:
821:
820:
810:
808:
807:
797:
795:
794:
784:
782:
781:
771:
769:
768:
758:
756:
755:
736:
734:
733:
722:
720:
719:
708:
706:
705:
694:
692:
691:
680:
678:
677:
666:
664:
663:
645:
643:
642:
632:
630:
629:
619:
617:
616:
605:
603:
602:
592:
590:
589:
578:
576:
575:
435:
428:
424:
421:
415:
383:
382:
375:
262:Tropospheric or
167:
159:
114:
112:ccacoalition.org
72:
70:
65:
46:
37:
30:
21:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3631:
3584:
3582:
3565:
3512:
3503:Orbital forcing
3397:
3362:
3343:
3317:Paris Agreement
3295:
3291:Warming stripes
3230:
3196:Managed retreat
3191:Loss and damage
3152:
3086:Business action
3070:
3048:
3025:
2948:
2942:
2899:
2860:Climate finance
2805:
2784:
2716:
2579:
2555:Extinction risk
2531:Flora and fauna
2526:
2487:Permafrost thaw
2482:Ozone depletion
2411:Extreme weather
2365:
2348:
2275:
2256:
2193:
2158:
2141:
2108:
2097:
2092:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1991:
1987:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1921:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1809:Wayback Machine
1800:
1793:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1729:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1665:
1657:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1534:
1495:Wayback Machine
1290:
1289:
1274:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1235:
1226:This section's
1222:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1180:
1169:
1167:
1156:
1154:
1143:
1141:
1130:
1128:
1117:
1115:
1104:
1102:
1091:
1089:
1078:
1076:
1065:
1063:
1052:
1050:
1039:
1037:
1026:
1024:
1013:
1011:
1000:
998:
987:
985:
974:
972:
961:
959:
948:
946:
935:
933:
922:
920:
909:
907:
896:
894:
883:
881:
870:
868:
857:
855:
844:
842:
831:
829:
818:
816:
805:
803:
792:
790:
779:
777:
766:
764:
753:
751:
747:
731:
729:
717:
715:
703:
701:
689:
687:
675:
673:
661:
659:
656:
640:
638:
627:
625:
614:
612:
600:
598:
587:
585:
573:
571:
563:
558:
516:
482:
473:
464:
456:
452:
451:
436:
425:
419:
416:
397:
388:This section's
384:
380:
373:
351:
343:
328:
309:
299:
292:
287:nitrogen oxides
279:carbon monoxide
276:
269:
258:
248:
246:
240:
230:
224:
211:
199:
187:
165:
157:
110:
68:
66:
63:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3671:
3669:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3640:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3520:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3456:Cloud feedback
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3314:
3312:Kyoto Protocol
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3264:Media coverage
3261:
3256:
3254:Climate spiral
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3143:Public opinion
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3098:
3093:
3091:Climate action
3088:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3065:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3003:REDD and REDD+
3000:
2995:
2987:
2982:
2980:Carbon farming
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2960:
2954:
2952:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2712:Water security
2709:
2707:Water scarcity
2704:
2702:Urban flooding
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Forest dieback
2557:
2552:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2497:Sea level rise
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2470:stratification
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Carbon leakage
2232:
2227:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2176:
2174:Climate system
2170:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2095:Climate change
2093:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2060:
2048:
1997:
1985:
1933:
1919:
1875:
1813:
1791:
1750:
1727:
1680:
1663:
1640:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1568:Kyoto Protocol
1561:
1555:
1554:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1497:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1281:Specifically,
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1230:external links
1225:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1191:
1178:
1176:United Kingdom
1165:
1152:
1139:
1126:
1113:
1100:
1087:
1074:
1061:
1048:
1035:
1022:
1009:
996:
983:
970:
957:
944:
931:
918:
905:
892:
879:
866:
853:
840:
827:
814:
801:
788:
775:
762:
748:
746:
743:
742:
741:
727:
713:
699:
685:
671:
655:
652:
651:
650:
636:
623:
610:
596:
583:
569:
562:
559:
557:
554:
443:Specifically,
442:
441:
438:
437:
392:external links
387:
385:
378:
372:
369:
368:
367:
364:
361:
358:
350:
347:
341:
326:
298:
295:
290:
274:
267:
244:
238:
222:
209:
202:air pollutants
197:
186:
183:
116:
115:
108:
104:
103:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
60:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3670:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3628:
3627:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:Climate model
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3462:
3461:Cloud forcing
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3354:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3236:Communication
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3216:Vulnerability
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Flood control
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3063:
3059:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3009:
3008:reforestation
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:afforestation
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2945:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Nuclear power
2926:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2823:Carbon budget
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2660:Mental health
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2601:United States
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
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31:
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3414:Carbon cycle
3371:Measurements
3066:Society and
2950:carbon sinks
2855:Climate debt
2845:Carbon price
2667:Human rights
2502:Season creep
2460:heat content
2386:Anoxic event
2299:James Hansen
2051:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1988:
1953:
1949:
1895:
1891:
1833:
1829:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1703:
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1631:. Retrieved
1627:
1617:
1501:Swisscontact
1363:Earthjustice
1286:
1264:
1255:
1240:by removing
1227:
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455:initiatives:
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389:
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335:
331:
322:
321:
317:landfill gas
312:
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261:
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233:
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217:Black carbon
215:
214:
193:
189:
188:
125:
121:
119:
93:Headquarters
85:Legal status
51:Abbreviation
3441:Carbon sink
3419:atmospheric
3284:video games
2958:Blue carbon
2591:Agriculture
2570:Marine life
2517:Water cycle
2475:temperature
2210:Fossil fuel
1633:30 November
1085:New Zealand
1072:Netherlands
724:Netherlands
313:Agriculture
306:cook stoves
277:) but also
3642:Categories
3473:Cryosphere
3434:permafrost
3206:Resilience
3158:Adaptation
3133:Litigation
3123:Governance
3068:adaptation
2850:Carbon tax
2803:Mitigation
2740:Antarctica
2628:Disability
1950:The Lancet
1610:References
1525:World Bank
594:Bangladesh
349:Objectives
152:, and the
134:Bangladesh
69:2012-02-16
3488:Feedbacks
3259:Education
2760:Caribbean
2755:Australia
2682:Migration
2645:Fisheries
2596:Livestock
2522:Wildfires
2428:Heat wave
1283:WP:ELLIST
1242:excessive
760:Australia
445:WP:ELLIST
404:excessive
80:Programme
59:Formation
3614:Glossary
3602:Category
3424:biologic
3138:Politics
3030:Personal
2735:Americas
2608:Children
2374:Physical
2167:Overview
2107:Overview
2043:14113328
2035:22246768
1980:23245609
1870:19549868
1805:Archived
1537:See also
1491:Archived
1258:May 2022
1033:Maldives
877:Ethiopia
825:Colombia
556:Partners
420:May 2022
3429:oceanic
3279:fiction
3128:Justice
3079:Society
2687:Poverty
2406:Drought
2274:History
2198:Sources
2015:Bibcode
2007:Science
1971:4156511
1900:Bibcode
1861:2700150
1838:Bibcode
1772:Bibcode
1708:Bibcode
1521:(UNIDO)
1474:(NEFCO)
1458:(ICLEI)
1285:states
1236:Please
1228:use of
1098:Nigeria
1059:Morocco
955:Ireland
916:Germany
890:Finland
851:Denmark
696:Germany
668:Denmark
447:states
398:Please
390:use of
371:Actions
323:Climate
235:Methane
107:Website
67: (
3409:Albedo
3402:Theory
3113:Denial
2904:Energy
2765:Europe
2745:Arctic
2730:Africa
2655:Health
2650:Gender
2613:Cities
2538:Biomes
2445:Oceans
2433:Marine
2156:Causes
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1978:
1968:
1868:
1858:
1515:(UNEP)
1509:(UNDP)
1447:(ISWA)
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1354:(CMIA)
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1046:Mexico
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2623:Crime
2550:Birds
2416:Flood
2039:S2CID
1696:(PDF)
1327:(CSE)
994:Japan
981:Italy
942:India
929:Ghana
812:Chile
773:Benin
710:Japan
621:Ghana
194:SLCPs
175:Paris
142:Ghana
97:Paris
3211:Risk
2750:Asia
2342:2024
2337:2023
2332:2022
2327:2021
2322:2020
2317:2019
2031:PMID
1976:PMID
1866:PMID
1635:2012
1124:Peru
253:HFCs
126:CCAC
120:The
77:Type
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3274:art
2023:doi
2011:335
1966:PMC
1958:doi
1954:380
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