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273:, and has five subspecies differing in appearance and song. Like other treecreepers, the short-toed is inconspicuously plumaged brown above and whitish below, and has a curved bill and stiff tail feathers. It is a resident in woodlands throughout its range, and nests in tree crevices or behind bark flakes, laying about six eggs. This common, unwary, but inconspicuous species feeds mainly on insects which are picked from the tree trunk as the treecreeper ascends with short hops.
83:
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694:, it does not come down trees head first, but flies to the base of another nearby tree. It uses its long thin bill to extract insects and spiders from crevices in the bark. Although normally found on trees, it will occasionally feed on walls or bare ground, or amongst fallen pine needles. It may add some seeds to its diet in the colder months.
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downy chicks hatch; they are then fed by both parents, but brooded by the female alone, for a further 15 – 18 days to fledging. This species often raises a second brood. The male starts constructing a new nest while the female is still feeding the first brood, and when the chicks are 10–12 days old,
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This species has an extensive range of between 1–10 million square kilometres (0.4–3.8 million square mi). It has a large population, estimated at between 4.1–14 million individuals. Population trends have not been quantified, but the species is not believed to approach
551:
The brown treecreeper has never been recorded in Europe, but would be difficult to separate from the short-toed treecreeper, which it much resembles in appearance. Its call is more like the common treecreeper's, but a vagrant brown treecreeper might still not be possible to identify with certainty
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or spider web. The eggs are laid between April and mid June (typical clutch 5–7 eggs); they are white with purple-red blotches, 15.6 mm × 12.2 mm (0.61 in × 0.48 in) in size. The eggs are incubated by the female alone for 13 – 15 days until the
511:
All the treecreepers are similar in appearance, being small birds with streaked and spotted brown upperparts, rufous rumps and whitish underparts. They have long decurved bills, and long stiff tail feathers which provide support as they creep up tree trunks looking for insects.
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It is usually found in the lowlands, but breeds locally at up to 900 metres (3,000 feet) in
Germany, 1,800 metres (5,900 feet) in France and 1,400 metres (4,600 feet) in Switzerland. In Turkey and North Africa it is a mountain species. The breeding areas have July
710:
up a vertical trunk, progressing in short hops, using its stiff tail and widely splayed feet as support. Nevertheless, it is not wary, and is largely indifferent to the presence of humans. It has a distinctive erratic and undulating flight, alternating fluttering
262:, with which it is easily confused where they both occur. The short-toed treecreeper tends to prefer deciduous trees and lower altitudes than its relative in these overlap areas. Although mainly sedentary, vagrants have occurred outside the breeding range.
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adversely affects the numbers of short-toed treecreepers present, as is also the case with the common treecreeper. Species that depend on relatively scarce resources, such as tree trunks, only occupy the larger forests, whereas those such as
535:. There is some geographical variation; the song of Danish birds is shorter, that of the Cyprus subspecies is very short and simple, and the North African version is lower pitched. European birds do not respond to latter two song variants.
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and slightly shorter bill. However, identification by sight may be impossible for poorly-marked birds. Vocal birds are usually identifiable, since Common has a distinctive song composed of twitters, ripples and a final whistle and a
547:
call rarely given by the short-toed; however, both species have been known to sing the other's song. Even in the hand, although the short-toed usually has a longer bill and shorter toes, 5% of birds are not safely identifiable.
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wing beats with side-slips and tumbles. It is solitary in winter, but in cold weather up to twenty or more birds will roost together in a suitable sheltered crevice, or in a star formation under eaves of buildings.
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The short-toed treecreeper is 12.5 centimetres (4.9 inches) long and weighs 7.5–11 g (0.26–0.39 oz). It has dull grey-brown upperparts intricately patterned with black, buff and white, a weak off-white
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the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the short-toed treecreeper is evaluated as Least
Concern.
1025:
Huhta, Esa; Aho, Teija; Jäntti, Ari; Suorsa, Petri; Kuitunen, Markku; Nikula, Ari; Hakkarainen, Harri (February 2004). "Forest
Fragmentation Increases Nest Predation in the Eurasian Treecreeper".
571:
The short-toed treecreeper breeds in temperate woodlands across Europe from
Portugal to Turkey and Greece, and in north west Africa. It prefers well-grown trees, especially
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This species shares much of its range with the common treecreeper. Compared to the short-toed, that bird is whiter below, warmer and more spotted above, and has a whiter
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found in woodlands through much of the warmer regions of Europe and into north Africa. It has a generally more southerly distribution than the other
European
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579:. Where it shares its European range with common treecreeper, the latter species tends to be found mainly in coniferous forest and at higher altitudes.
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in appearance from west to east across Europe, with upperparts becoming a darker and colder brown. The currently recognised subspecies are as follows:
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and dingy underparts contrasting with the white throat. The sexes are similar, but juveniles have whitish underparts, sometimes with a buff belly.
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Tellería, J. L.; Santos, T. (1995). "Effects of forest fragmentation on a guild of wintering passerines: The role of habitat selection".
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The nest has an often bulky base of twigs, pine needles, grass or bark, and a lining of finer material such as feathers, wool, moss,
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and on the smaller
Channel Islands. In the west of its range it is spreading north through Denmark, where it first bred in 1946.
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food on tree trunks, starting near the tree base and spiralling its way up using its stiff tail feathers for support. Unlike a
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but post-breeding dispersal may lead to vagrancy outside the normal range. It has occurred as a vagrant to
England, Sweden,
305:"finger", which refers, like the English name, to the fact that this species has shorter toes than the common treecreeper.
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Darker and colder brown upperparts and more extensively buff-washed underparts than nominate subspecies. Different song.
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Charalambidou, Iris; Sparrow, David J; Stapley, John; Richardson, Colin (2016). Sparrow, David J; John, Eddie (eds.).
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and western Europe in northwest Spain, western and northern France, Belgium, the
Netherlands and western Germany.
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that exploit abundant, ubiquitous resources are distributed uniformly through woodlands of all sizes.
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sound. The short-toed treecreeper belongs to the northern group, along with the North
American
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There are five subspecies of short-toed treecreeper, which are all very similar and often
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nests, crevices in buildings or walls, and artificial nest boxes or flaps are also used.
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plumage and a quiet call, the short-toed treecreeper is easily overlooked as it hops
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See "Description". Western birds are paler and more rufous than those further east.
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Ageing and sexing (PDF; 0.78 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
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between 17–18 °C and 26 °C (63–64 °F and 79 °F).
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Greyer upperparts and purer white underparts than nominate. Different song.
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338:. The Himalayan species, in contrast, have a faster-paced trill without the
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he takes over feeding duties while the female completes the new nest.
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Article on the identification of common and short-toed treecreepers
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The short-toed treecreeper is one of a group of four very similar
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The short-toed nests in tree crevices or behind bark flakes. Old
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The Birds of the
Western Palearctic concise edition (2 volumes)
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Tietze, Dieter Thomas; Martens, Jochen; Sun, Yue-Hua (2006).
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It is common through much of its range, but is rare in the
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radiation, and a Sino-Himalayan group south and east of the
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treecreepers, including the closely related North American
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Feathers of Short-toed treecreeper (Certhia brachydactyla)
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in areas where their ranges overlap. There is a general
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in 1969 appeared to be of the North African subspecies
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Handbuch der Naturgeschichte aller Vogel Deutschlands
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968:Snow, David; Perrins, Christopher M., eds. (1998).
552:given the similarities between the three species.
285:in 1820. The binomial name is derived from Greek;
281:The short-toed treecreeper was first described by
777:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22711249A87839163.en
318:. Eight species are currently recognised, in two
308:This species is one of a group of very similar
523:The call of this species is a repeated shrill
334:from China) starting or ending with a shrill
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686:The short-toed treecreeper typically seeks
289:is a small tree-dwelling bird described by
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938:An Introduction to the Wildlife of Cyprus
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312:species, all placed in the single genus
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915:. Christopher Helm. pp. 177–195.
803:"Molecular phylogeny of treecreepers (
531:is an evenly spaced sequence of notes
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1453:Taxa named by Christian Ludwig Brehm
1267:8fcdaa71-8622-460b-85a6-039f2cd4606e
911:Harrap, Simon; Quinn, David (1996).
567:is a preferred nesting tree in Spain
420:Certhia brachydactyla brachydactyla
1433:IUCN Red List least concern species
1068:(in German with an English summary)
844:(in German). p. 266–271.
763:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
39:Certhia brachydactyla megarhynchos
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913:Tits, Nuthatches and Treecreepers
453:Certhia brachydactyla mauritanica
404:Certhia brachydactyla megarhyncha
1039:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00270.x
826:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2006.00547.x
590:This treecreeper is essentially
500:, but duller rufous upperparts.
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752:BirdLife International (2016).
466:Certhia brachydactyla dorotheae
366:, from the southern rim of the
231:Certhia brachydactyla dorotheae
702:As a small woodland bird with
665:A Spanish study suggests that
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868:British Trust for Ornithology
1012:10.1016/0006-3207(94)00021-H
358:, of temperate Eurasia, and
807:) detects hidden diversity"
424:Continental Europe east of
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575:and avoids pure stands of
860:[CL Brehm, 1820]"
840:Brehm, Christian (1820).
641:Adult foraging on a trunk
533:teet-teet-teet-e-roi-tiit
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856:"Short-toed Treecreeper
770:: e.T22711249A87839163.
556:Distribution and habitat
1448:Birds described in 1820
1000:Biological Conservation
974:Oxford University Press
720:Status and conservation
24:Short-toed treecreeper
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283:Christian Ludwig Brehm
239:short-toed treecreeper
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1410:Certhia brachydactyla
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1116:Certhia brachydactyla
1086:Certhia brachydactyla
858:Certhia brachydactyla
756:Certhia brachydactyla
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629:Certhia brachydactyla
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614:Behaviour and ecology
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360:Hodgson's treecreeper
244:Certhia brachydactyla
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187:Certhia brachydactyla
169:C. brachydactyla
1262:Fauna Europaea (new)
1027:Conservation Biology
667:forest fragmentation
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529:nominate subspecies
441:nominate subspecies
48:Conservation status
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260:common treecreeper
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1379:Open Tree of Life
1078:Taxon identifiers
947:978-9963-601-45-5
676:common firecrests
608:C. b. mauritanica
602:. Three birds on
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1288:iNaturalist
1110:Wikispecies
783:12 November
540:supercilium
518:supercilium
507:Description
496:Similar to
392:Subspecies
364:C. hodgsoni
310:treecreeper
297:comes from
256:treecreeper
1427:Categories
1405:Xeno-canto
972:. Oxford:
874:2008-05-23
736:References
708:mouse-like
647:woodpecker
487:Asia Minor
380:intergrade
374:Subspecies
145:Certhiidae
864:BirdFacts
659:altricial
596:Lithuania
585:isotherms
489:and the
368:Himalayas
328:Himalayas
324:Holarctic
291:Aristotle
267:Holarctic
249:passerine
211:Range of
163:Species:
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
1332:22711249
1306:11196375
1215:45513692
1153:22711249
1148:BirdLife
1137:BioLib:
1095:Wikidata
730:Caucasus
692:nuthatch
627:Eggs of
619:Breeding
598:and the
577:conifers
565:Cork oak
491:Caucasus
303:dactulos
287:kerthios
277:Taxonomy
233:, Cyprus
141:Family:
115:Chordata
111:Phylum:
105:Animalia
91:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
41:, Spain
1438:Certhia
1384:1007172
1280:7806848
1202:shttre1
1176:shttre1
1101:Q125895
805:Certhia
704:cryptic
682:Feeding
604:Corsica
315:Certhia
299:brakhus
156:Certhia
151:Genus:
131:Order:
121:Class:
66: (
1319:559138
1236:EURING
1228:CRTIBR
1166:118722
980:
944:
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698:Habits
654:lichen
545:shree'
471:Cyprus
430:Sicily
398:Notes
395:Range
350:, the
217:
196:, 1820
1358:73330
1301:IRMNG
1254:97261
1241:14870
1197:eBird
1189:69N9M
1173:BOW:
870:(BTO)
434:Crete
384:cline
340:sreeh
336:sreeh
194:Brehm
1397:3784
1353:NCBI
1327:IUCN
1314:ITIS
1293:7462
1275:GBIF
1223:EPPO
1161:BOLD
1140:8960
978:ISBN
942:ISBN
917:ISBN
812:Ibis
785:2021
768:2016
674:and
672:tits
632:MHNT
439:The
432:and
252:bird
237:The
125:Aves
1392:TSA
1340:NBN
1210:EoL
1184:CoL
1125:ADW
1035:doi
1008:doi
821:doi
817:148
772:doi
573:oak
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