456:
445:
514:. This system was influenced by the handwriting shapes that Gabelsberger had introduced. Gregg's shorthand, like Pitman's, is phonetic, but has the simplicity of being "light-line." Pitman's system uses thick and thin strokes to distinguish related sounds, while Gregg's uses only thin strokes and makes some of the same distinctions by the length of the stroke. In fact, Gregg claimed joint authorship in another shorthand system published in pamphlet form by one Thomas Stratford Malone; Malone, however, claimed sole authorship and a legal battle ensued. The two systems use very similar, if not identical, symbols; however, these symbols are used to represent different sounds. For instance, on page 10 of the manual is the word d i m 'dim'; however, in the Gregg system, the spelling would actually mean n u k or 'nook'.
586:
create, due to these being oral classics that were already known to most people) may also have helped kill the yose theater, as people no longer needed to see the stories performed in person to enjoy them. Sokkibon also allowed a whole host of what had previously been mostly oral rhetorical and narrative techniques into writing, such as imitation of dialect in conversations (which can be found back in older gensaku literature; but gensaku literature used conventional written language in between conversations, however).
2304:
999:
390:
720:, and purists might claim that such systems are not 'true' shorthand. However, these alphabetic systems do have value for students who cannot dedicate the years necessary to master a stenographic shorthand. Alphabetic shorthands cannot be written at the speeds theoretically possible with symbol systems—200 words per minute or more—but require only a fraction of the time to acquire a useful speed of between 70 and 100 words per minute.
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256:
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and new. This was the first shorthand system adapted to writing phonetic
Japanese, all other systems prior being based on the idea of whole or partial semantic ideographic writing like that used in the Chinese characters, and the phonetic approach being mostly peripheral to writing in general. Even today, Japanese writing uses the syllabaries to pronounce or spell out words, or to indicate grammatical words.
42:
335:
drawn directly above it represented "bat", while B with T below it meant "but"; top-right represented "e", middle-right "i", and lower-right "o". A vowel at the end of a word was represented by a dot in the appropriate position, while there were additional symbols for initial vowels. This basic system was supplemented by further symbols representing common prefixes and suffixes.
525:, and several other monographs about phonography. In 1857 he published his own Pitman-like "Graham's Brief Longhand" that saw wide adoption in the United States in the late 19th century. He published a translation of the New Testament. His method landed him in a 1864 copyright infringement lawsuit against Benn Pitman in Ohio. Graham died in 1895 and was buried in Montclair's
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1797:
58:
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direction. Several systems incorporate a loop into many of the strokes, giving the appearance of Gregg, Graham, or Cross's
Eclectic shorthand without actually functioning like them. The Kotani (aka Same-Vowel-Same-Direction or SVSD or V-type) system's strokes frequently cross over each other and in so doing form loops.
334:
in some of his notebooks. Shelton borrowed heavily from his predecessors, especially Edmond Willis. Each consonant was represented by an arbitrary but simple symbol, while the five vowels were represented by the relative positions of the surrounding consonants. Thus the symbol for B with symbol for T
125:
training and police work and was useful for journalists. Although the primary use of shorthand has been to record oral dictation and other types of verbal communication, some systems are used for compact expression. For example, healthcare professionals might use shorthand notes in medical charts and
561:
Japanese shorthand systems ('sokki' shorthand or 'sokkidou' stenography) commonly use a syllabic approach, much like the common writing system for
Japanese (which has actually two syllabaries in everyday use). There are several semi-cursive systems. Most follow a left-to-right, top-to-bottom writing
546:
Our
Japanese pen shorthand began in 1882, transplanted from the American Pitman-Graham system. Geometric theory has great influence in Japan. But Japanese motions of writing gave some influence to our shorthand. We are proud to have reached the highest speed in capturing spoken words with a pen.
278:
to record court proceedings and criminal confessions. These records were used to create more formal transcripts. One cornerstone of imperial court proceedings was that all confessions had to be acknowledged by the accused's signature, personal seal, or thumbprint, requiring fast writing. Versions of
576:
Prior to the Meiji era, Japanese did not have its own shorthand (the kanji did have their own abbreviated forms borrowed alongside them from China). Takusari Kooki was the first to give classes in a new
Western-style non-ideographic shorthand of his own design, emphasis being on the non-ideographic
536:
had mastered the Graham system and even corresponded with Graham in Graham. Throughout his life Wilson continued to develop and employ his own Graham system writing, to the point that by 1950s, when the Graham method had all but disappeared Wilson scholars had trouble interpreting his shorthand. In
572:
The two
Japanese syllabaries are themselves adapted from the Chinese characters: both of the syllabaries, katakana and hiragana, are in everyday use alongside the Chinese characters known as kanji; the kanji, being developed in parallel to the Chinese characters, have their own idiosyncrasies, but
557:
There are several other pen shorthands in use (Ishimura, Iwamura, Kumassaki, Kotani, and
Nissokuken), leading to a total of nine pen shorthands in use. In addition, there is the Yamane pen shorthand (of unknown importance) and three machine shorthands systems (Speed Waapuro, Caver and Hayatokun or
338:
One drawback of
Shelton's system was that there was no way to distinguish long and short vowels or diphthongs; so the b-a-t sequence could mean "bat", or "bait", or "bate", while b-o-t might mean "boot", or "bought", or "boat". The reader needed to use the context to work out which alternative was
585:
The new sokki were used to transliterate popular vernacular story-telling theater (yose) of the day. This led to a thriving industry of sokkibon (shorthand books). The ready availability of the stories in book form, and higher rates of literacy (which the very industry of sokkibon may have helped
205:
in his "Life of Cato the
Younger" (95–46 BC) records that Cicero, during a trial of some insurrectionists in the senate, employed several expert rapid writers, whom he had taught to make figures comprising numerous words in a few short strokes, to preserve Cato's speech on this occasion. The
109:
Many forms of shorthand exist. A typical shorthand system provides symbols or abbreviations for words and common phrases, which can allow someone well-trained in the system to write as quickly as people speak. Abbreviation methods are alphabet-based and use different abbreviating approaches. Many
817:– Expression of the vowels by the width of the joining stroke that leads to the following consonant sign, the height of the following consonant sign in relation to the preceding one, and the line pressure of the following consonant sign (e.g., most German shorthand systems).
218:). The original Tironian notes consisted of about 4,000 signs, but new signs were introduced, so that their number might increase to as many as 13,000. In order to have a less complex writing system, a syllabic shorthand script was sometimes used. After the
723:
Non-stenographic systems often supplement alphabetic characters by using punctuation marks as additional characters, giving special significance to capitalised letters, and sometimes using additional non-alphabetic symbols. Examples of such systems include
581:
are written alongside kanji, or
Chinese characters, to indicate their pronunciation especially in juvenile publications. Furigana are usually written using the hiragana syllabary; foreign words may not have a kanji form and are spelled out using katakana.
167:, stating that Oxyrhynchos gives the "semeiographer" Apollonios for two years to be taught shorthand writing. Hellenistic tachygraphy consisted of word stem signs and word ending signs. Over time, many syllabic signs were developed.
861:
method described above, which has been adapted for 15 languages. Although Pitman's method was extremely popular at first and is still commonly used, especially in the UK, in the U.S., its popularity has been largely superseded by
455:
1948:
Munson's system of phonography. The phrase-book of practical phonography, containing a list of useful phrases, printed in phonographic outlines; a complete and thorough treatise on the art of phraseography ...
547:
Major pen shorthand systems are Shuugiin, Sangiin, Nakane and Waseda . Including a machine-shorthand system, Sokutaipu, we have 5 major shorthand systems now. The Japan Shorthand Association now has 1,000 members.
803:– Expression of an initial vowel by the height of the word in relation to the line, no necessary expression of subsequent vowels (e.g., Pitman, which can optionally express other vowels by detached diacritics).
490:
sounds are optional when only consonants are needed to determine a word. The availability of a full range of vowel symbols, however, makes complete accuracy possible. Isaac's brother Benn Pitman, who lived in
537:
1960 an 84-year-old anachronistic shorthand expert Clifford Gehman managed to crack Wilson's shorthand, demonstrating on a translation of Wilson's acceptance speech for the 1912 presidential nomination.
517:
Andrew J. Graham was a notable phonotypist operating in the period between the emergence of Pitman's and Gregg's systems. In 1854 he published a short-lived (only 9 issues) phonotypy journal called
708:
The semi-script philosophy gained popularity in Italy in the first half of the 20th century with three different systems created by Giovanni Vincenzo Cima, Erminio Meschini, and Stenital Mosciaro.
609:
shorthands are based on circles, parts of circles, and straight lines placed strictly horizontally, vertically or diagonally. The first modern shorthand systems were geometric. Examples include
603:
shorthands, contrasting with alphabetic shorthands, below. Stenographic shorthands can be further differentiated by the target letter forms as geometric, script, and semi-script or elliptical.
330:
Shelton's system became very popular and is well known because it was used by Samuel Pepys for his diary and for many of his official papers, such as his letter copy books. It was also used by
826:
Traditional shorthand systems are written on paper with a stenographic pencil or a stenographic pen. Some consider that strictly speaking only handwritten systems can be called shorthand.
881:, and Gregg. Teeline is also the most common shorthand method taught to New Zealand journalists, whose certification typically requires a shorthand speed of at least 80 words per minute.
849:
in the UK; Grandjean Stenotype, used extensively in France and French-speaking countries; Michela Stenotype, used extensively in Italy; and Stenokey, used in Bulgaria and elsewhere.
444:
1838:
La sténographie Duployé adaptée aux langues des sauvages de la Baie d'Hudson, des Postes Moose Factory, de New Post, d'Albany, de Waswanipi & de Mékiskan, Amérique du Nord /
441:. Gabelsberger based his shorthand on the shapes used in German cursive handwriting rather than on the geometrical shapes that were common in the English stenographic tradition.
1882:
Stenography, or, Universal European shorthand (on Gabelsberger's principles) : as already introduced in Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Russia, Greece, Italy &c
159:, where a mid-4th century BC inscribed marble slab was found. This shows a writing system primarily based on vowels, using certain modifications to indicate consonants.
1194:
874:
126:
correspondence. Shorthand notes were typically temporary, intended either for immediate use or for later typing, data entry, or (mainly historically) transcription to
1216:
163:
tachygraphy is reported from the 2nd century BC onwards, though there are indications that it might be older. The oldest datable reference is a contract from
2156:
2128:
884:
In Nigeria, shorthand is still taught in higher institutions of learning, especially for students studying Office Technology Management and Business Education.
1572:
474:, and improved many times since. Pitman's system has been used all over the English-speaking world and has been adapted to many other languages, including
716:
Some shorthand systems attempted to ease learning by using characters from the Latin alphabet. Such non-stenographic systems have often been described as
303:
which introduced a system with 500 arbitrary symbols each representing one word. Bright's book was followed by a number of others, including Peter Bales'
1391:
877:
with an overall speed of 100 words per minute necessary for certification. Other less commonly used systems in the UK are Pitman 2000, PitmanScript,
1338:
756:. Early editions of Speedwriting were also adapted so that they could be written on a typewriter, and therefore would possess the same advantage.
1355:
1232:
526:
1128:
110:
journalists use shorthand writing to quickly take notes at press conferences or other similar scenarios. In the computerized world, several
2498:
2059:
Biography of the father of stenography, Marcus Tullius Tiro. Together with the Latin letter, "De notis," concerning the origin of shorthand
114:
programs, standalone or integrated in text editors, based on word lists, also include a shorthand function for frequently used phrases.
2149:
937:(German Unified Shorthand), which is based on the ideas of systems by Gabelsberger, Stolze, Faulmann and other German system inventors
1549:
222:, the Tironian notes were no longer used to transcribe speeches, though they were still known and taught, particularly during the
1250:
565:
Japanese also has its own variously cursive form of writing kanji characters, the most extremely simplified of which is known as
422:
797:– Expression of vowels by the use of detached signs (such as dots, ticks, and other marks) written around the consonant signs.
339:
meant. The main advantage of the system was that it was easy to learn and to use. It was popular, and under the two titles of
1670:
1202:
1650:
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systems. The first such system was that of George Carl Märes in 1885. However, the most successful system of this type was
2420:
2142:
1592:
1405:
316:
1615:
635:
shorthands are based on the motions of ordinary handwriting. The first system of this type was published under the title
2503:
2460:
1492:
Graham's Business Shorthand. An Arrangement of Graham's Standard or American Phonography for High and Commercial Schools
934:
614:
495:, Ohio, was responsible for introducing the method to America. The record for fast writing with Pitman shorthand is 350
414:
773:– Expression by "normal" vowel signs that are not fundamentally different from consonant signs (e.g., Gregg, Duployan).
219:
1103:
McCay, Kelly Minot. " All the World Writes Short Hand": The Phenomenon of Shorthand in Seventeenth-Century England."
2488:
1771:
1629:
791:– No expression of the individual vowels at all except for indications of an initial or final vowel (e.g., Taylor).
783:
where vowels are expressed by upward or sideway strokes and consonants and consonant clusters by downward strokes).
749:
566:
250:
2120:
1274:
893:
1565:
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Chinese and Japanese ideograms are largely comprehensible, even if their use in the languages are not the same.
702:
434:
160:
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professions into the modern day and, influenced by Western shorthand methods, some new methods were invented.
2251:
1366:
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223:
1522:
811:– Expression of a vowel by the shape of a stroke, with the consonant indicated by orientation (e.g., Boyd).
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928:
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238:
1387:
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1424:
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779:– Expression of vowels and consonants by different kinds of strokes (e.g., Arends' system for German or
2108:
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alphabetic characters. These have the added advantage that they can also be typed—for instance, onto a
643:
of 1834. This class of system is now common in all more recent German shorthand systems, as well as in
2508:
2241:
740:, SuperWrite, Easy Script Speed Writing, Keyscript Shorthand and Yash3k which limit their symbols to
486:, meaning "sound writing" in Greek. One of the reasons this system allows fast transcription is that
479:
371:
71:
is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to
2303:
1370:
1229:
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2358:
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1507:
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1028:
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175:
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1708:
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737:
618:
1860:
Cross's eclectic short-hand: a new system, adapted both to general use and to verbatim reporting
1452:
1145:
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is now more commonly taught and used than Pitman, and Teeline is the recommended system of the
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2276:
2221:
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2018:
1996:
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673:, shorthands are based on the ellipse. Semi-script can be considered a compromise between the
511:
275:
118:
41:
529:; even as late as 1918 his company Andrew J. Graham & Co continued to market his method.
291:
An interest in shorthand or "short-writing" developed towards the end of the 16th century in
2328:
2269:
2264:
2231:
1700:
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The Cosmotype: devoted to that which will entertain usefully, instruct, and improve humanity
1083:
1063:
965:
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610:
471:
467:
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in 1786, the first English shorthand system to be used all over the English-speaking world.
418:
331:
75:, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called
46:
764:
Shorthand systems can also be classified according to the way that vowels are represented.
389:
378:. Another notable English shorthand system creator of the 17th century was William Mason (
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1437:
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998:
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507:
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50:
30:"Stenography" redirects here. For the process of concealing information in messages, see
2134:
1904:
Umlernbuch auf die deutsche Einheitskurzschrift : Für Gabelsbergersche Stenographen
1543:
558:
sokutaipu). The machine shorthands have gained some ascendancy over the pen shorthands.
255:
2348:
2216:
1043:
1038:
1004:
983:
626:
533:
475:
296:
234:
187:
156:
80:
61:
2115:
1247:
1134:, Volume I, pp. xlvii–liv (for Thomas Shelton's shorthand system and Pepys' use of it)
2482:
2444:
2338:
2323:
2196:
2186:
1836:
Perrault, Denis R; Duploye, Emile; Gueguen, Jean Pierre; Pilling, James Constantine,
1801:
1527:
622:
503:
363:
31:
2129:
The Louis A. Leslie Collection of Historical Shorthand Materials at Rider University
2437:
2373:
2353:
1018:
1013:
971:
878:
729:
171:
164:
135:
131:
111:
106:(swift, speedy), depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal.
2451:
2425:
1676:
117:
Shorthand was used more widely in the past, before the invention of recording and
1505:
Jackson, James O. (January 21, 1974). "Presidential Papers Snarl Began in 1797".
1292:
1118:
2226:
1656:
1310:
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375:
259:
1586:
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1607:
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639:
by Simon Bordley, in 1787. However, the first practical system was the German
617:, Samuel Taylor's Universal Stenography, the French Prévost-Delaunay, and the
523:"devoted to that which will entertain usefull, instruct, and improve humanity"
492:
406:
1823:
1739:
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1978:
1956:
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1911:
1889:
1845:
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152:
122:
35:
2022:
1867:
2103:
2044:
1740:"Proposal to include Duployan script and Shorthand Format Controls in UCS"
17:
2392:
2236:
2092:
842:
841:. However, there are other shorthand machines used worldwide, including:
769:
745:
578:
179:
1763:
1635:
1169:
374:
chairman of the House of Commons Committee of Secrecy investigating the
2380:
2318:
1712:
1566:"Shorthand Education in Japan - 47th Intersteno Congress, Beijing 2009"
807:
644:
448:
430:
379:
301:
Characterie; An Arte of Shorte, Swifte and Secrete Writing by Character
292:
127:
72:
2057:
Mitzschke, Paul Gottfried; Lipsius, Justus; Heffley, Norman P (1882),
1816:
A manual of current shorthand orthographic and phonetic by Henry Sweet
366:'s system of 1654, which was published under various titles including
1474:
660:
459:
347:, Shelton's book ran to more than 20 editions between 1626 and 1710.
183:
1704:
2084:
1266:
829:
Machine shorthand is also a common term for writing produced by a
787:
648:
487:
454:
443:
388:
271:
254:
241:, long-forgotten manuscripts of Tironian notes were rediscovered.
207:
57:
56:
40:
1800:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
599:
Shorthands that use simplified letterforms are sometimes termed
506:
and some other parts of the world, it was largely superseded by
2138:
226:. After the 11th century, however, they were mostly forgotten.
151:
The earliest known indication of shorthand systems is from the
837:. These are often used for court room transcripts and in live
496:
1793:. New England Historical Publishing Company. pp. 416–18.
736:. However, there are some pure alphabetic systems, including
1691:
Miller, J. Scott (1994), "Japanese Shorthand and Sokkibon",
857:
One of the most widely used forms of shorthand is still the
1479:. London: I. Pitman & Sons – via World catalogue.
1120:
The diary of Samuel Pepys: a new and complete transcription
693:
English systems, but also the German Stolze stenography, a
1297:
Notes and records of the Royal Society, Volume 18, Issue 1
1293:"Short-Writing and the State of Newton's Conscience, 1662"
1117:
Pepys, Samuel; Latham, Robert; Matthews, William (1970),
1146:"The acropolis stone, the earliest example of shorthand"
190:
so that he could write down Cicero's speeches. Plutarch
405:
Modern-looking geometric shorthand was introduced with
1716:, p. 473 for the origins of modern Japanese shorthand.
869:
In the UK, the spelling-based (rather than phonetic)
274:, clerks used an abbreviated, highly cursive form of
266:, an example of cursive writing of Chinese characters
1394:
from the original on 2016-03-06 – via Archive.
362:(1633) which was in its "55th edition" by 1721, and
2411:
2311:
2177:
663:, other Eastern European countries, and elsewhere.
499:during a two-minute test by Nathan Behrin in 1922.
1313:: Deciphering the Shorthand of Sir George Treby."
121:. Shorthand was considered an essential part of
875:National Council for the Training of Journalists
401:shorthand system, with a sample of his shorthand
1791:Sketches of Representative Women of New England
544:
1785:Howe, Julia Ward; Graves, Mary Hannah (1904).
470:, first introduced in 1837 by English teacher
2150:
8:
2458:
2449:
2435:
2378:
1969:Salser, Carl Walter; Yerian, C Theo (1968),
482:. For this reason, it is sometimes known as
1924:Gregg, John Robert; Power, Pearl A (1901),
1215:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2157:
2143:
2135:
1309:McKenzie, Andrea. "Secret Writing and the
866:, developed by John Robert Gregg in 1888.
1328:"New World's Record for Shorthand Speed"
689:in 1888. Gregg had studied not only the
1356:"Guide to the John Robert Gregg Papers"
1096:
853:Common modern English shorthand systems
510:, which was first published in 1888 by
313:An abbreviation of writing by character
1725:
1494:. New York: Andrew J. Graham & Co.
1433:
1422:
1208:
1170:"Apprenticeship to a Shorthand Writer"
1468:
1466:
1464:
178:(103–4 BC), a slave and later a
130:. Longer-term uses do exist, such as
64:stenography using the "System Groote"
53:and a variety of 19th-century systems
7:
1195:"(原创)漢語速記的發展及三個高潮的出現 - 阿原的日志 - 网易博客"
429:in the mid-18th century. In 1834 in
214:) and of word ending abbreviations (
90:(to write). It has also been called
2015:Speedwriting, the natural shorthand
892:For a more comprehensive list, see
712:Systems resembling standard writing
27:Abbreviated symbolic writing method
697:shorthand. Other examples include
466:Taylor's system was superseded by
370:(1669). Rich's system was used by
237:in the course of the 16th-century
25:
2039:, London, Heinemann Educational,
2037:Teeline: a method of fast writing
1862:, Chicago, S.C. Griggs and Co. ,
1655:, OCN, p. 60, archived from
1363:Manuscripts and Archives Division
986:(Marcus Tullius Tiro), 63 BC
760:Varieties of vowel representation
595:Geometric and script-like systems
2302:
2114:
2102:
1795:
1774:from the original on 2011-05-15.
1699:(4), Sophia University: 471–87,
1618:from the original on 2016-03-03.
1575:from the original on 2023-02-10.
1344:from the original on 2018-09-26.
1277:from the original on 2016-02-08.
997:
2017:, Brief English systems, inc.,
1595:from the original on 2016-03-03
1552:from the original on 2016-03-04
1299:, Royal Society, pp. 10–16
34:. For machine stenography, see
1369:. 27 July 2011. Archived from
368:The penns dexterity compleated
1:
2421:Barchowsky Fluent Handwriting
2119:The dictionary definition of
1946:Munson, James Eugene (1880),
1768:pitmanshorthand.homestead.com
1764:"The Joy of Pitman Shorthand"
1564:Kaneko, Tsuguo (2009-08-16).
1476:The Bibliography of Shorthand
621:system, adapted to write the
193:
2461:Vereinfachte Ausgangsschrift
1738:Anderson, Van (2010-09-24).
1473:Westby-Gibson, John (1887).
1457:. New York – via NYPL.
1315:Huntington Library Quarterly
935:Deutsche Einheitskurzschrift
350:Shelton's chief rivals were
323:in 1626 (later re-issued as
206:Tironian notes consisted of
2499:Transcription (linguistics)
980:(James Hill (stenographer))
279:this technique survived in
220:decline of the Roman Empire
2525:
1926:Gregg shorthand dictionary
1317:84, no. 4 (2021): 783-824.
1253:December 28, 2010, at the
931:(Franz Xaver Gabelsberger)
891:
251:Cursive script (East Asia)
248:
29:
2300:
2013:Dearborn, Emma B (1927),
1951:, New York, J.E. Munson,
1634:, JP: OCN, archived from
1490:Sexton, Chandler (1916).
1451:Graham, Andrew J. (ed.).
894:List of shorthand systems
888:Notable shorthand systems
822:Machine shorthand systems
781:Melin's Swedish Shorthand
615:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
478:. Pitman's system uses a
382:1672–1709) who published
311:in 1602, Edmond Willis's
305:The Writing Schoolemaster
210:word stem abbreviations (
2131:– materials for download
1906:(in German), Eigenverl,
1787:"MARY ALDERSON ATHERTON"
903:(Mary Chandler Atherton)
703:Thomas Natural Shorthand
435:Franz Xaver Gabelsberger
287:Europe and North America
138:) are a common example.
134:: diaries (like that of
1880:Geiger, Alfred (1860),
1675:, Nifty, archived from
1367:New York Public Library
1107:24, no. 1 (2021): 1-36.
1069:Speech-to-text reporter
411:New Universal Shorthand
307:in 1590, John Willis's
264:Treatise on Calligraphy
224:Carolingian Renaissance
2459:
2450:
2436:
2379:
1745:. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2
1432:Cite journal requires
1419:– via Abe books.
1150:History of information
929:Gabelsberger shorthand
641:Gabelsberger shorthand
555:
463:
452:
439:Gabelsberger shorthand
402:
267:
239:Protestant Reformation
65:
54:
2082:Keyscript Shorthand:
1991:Isaac Pitman (1937),
1902:Czerny, Karl (1925),
1814:Sweet, Henry (1892),
1337:. December 30, 1922.
953:(James Eugene Munson)
458:
447:
392:
258:
60:
44:
2111:at Wikimedia Commons
2035:Hill, James (1968),
1973:, National Book Co,
1388:"Script phonography"
1123:, Bell & Hyman,
959:, originally called
480:phonemic orthography
2504:Western calligraphy
2359:Technical lettering
2093:keyscriptshorthand2
1858:Cross, J G (1879),
1693:Monumenta Nipponica
1531:. February 8, 1960.
1508:The Chicago Tribune
1289:Richard S. Westfall
1029:Captioned telephone
352:Theophilus Metcalfe
176:Marcus Tullius Tiro
147:Classical antiquity
2431:Getty-Dubay Italic
2397:Ukrainian skoropys
2085:keyscriptshorthand
1971:Personal shorthand
1728:, pp. 471–87.
1335:The new York times
1235:2009-11-12 at the
1144:Norman, Jeremy M,
1049:Interpreting notes
957:Personal Shorthand
923:Eclectic shorthand
917:Duployan shorthand
901:Chandler shorthand
738:Personal Shorthand
629:) writing system.
464:
453:
403:
309:Art of Stenography
276:Chinese characters
268:
119:dictation machines
66:
55:
2489:Shorthand systems
2476:
2475:
2107:Media related to
2061:, Brooklyn, N.Y,
1928:, Gregg Pub. Co,
1130:978-0-7135-1551-0
1034:Closed captioning
978:Teeline Shorthand
945:John Robert Gregg
907:Current Shorthand
871:Teeline shorthand
734:Forkner shorthand
699:Teeline Shorthand
687:John Robert Gregg
637:Cadmus Britanicus
527:Rosedale Cemetery
512:John Robert Gregg
16:(Redirected from
2516:
2464:
2455:
2441:
2413:Teaching scripts
2384:
2306:
2265:Serbian Cyrillic
2159:
2152:
2145:
2136:
2118:
2106:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2086:
2070:
2069:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1993:Pitman shorthand
1988:
1982:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1943:
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1545:Pitman Shorthand
1539:
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1519:
1513:
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1396:
1395:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1376:on 27 July 2011.
1375:
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1227:
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1220:
1214:
1206:
1201:. Archived from
1190:
1184:
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1180:
1166:
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1159:
1158:
1156:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1114:
1108:
1101:
1084:Transcript (law)
1064:Shavian alphabet
1007:
1002:
1001:
966:Pitman shorthand
951:Munson Shorthand
859:Pitman shorthand
833:, a specialized
801:Positional abjad
777:Mixed alphabetic
685:, introduced by
677:systems and the
667:Script-geometric
611:Pitman shorthand
553:
472:Sir Isaac Pitman
468:Pitman shorthand
397:, inventor of a
384:Arts Advancement
332:Sir Isaac Newton
204:
202:
198:
195:
186:, developed the
21:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2518:
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2515:
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2478:
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2407:
2388:Russian cursive
2307:
2298:
2179:
2173:
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2091:
2083:
2079:
2074:
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2056:
2055:
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2034:
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2012:
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2007:
1990:
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1968:
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1737:
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1705:10.2307/2385259
1690:
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1669:
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1649:
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1644:
1628:
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1623:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1591:, Okoshi Yasu,
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1449:
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1431:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1406:"The Cosmotype"
1404:
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1264:
1260:
1255:Wayback Machine
1248:迎接中国速记110年(颜廷超)
1246:
1242:
1237:Wayback Machine
1228:
1224:
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1192:
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1116:
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1111:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1003:
996:
993:
974:(Emma Dearborn)
941:Gregg shorthand
919:(Émile Duployé)
897:
890:
864:Gregg shorthand
855:
824:
762:
714:
683:Gregg shorthand
597:
592:
554:
551:
543:
508:Gregg shorthand
395:Heinrich Roller
289:
253:
247:
233:libraries were
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149:
144:
39:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
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5:
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2284:
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2260:
2257:
2252:Early Cyrillic
2249:
2244:
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2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:Insular script
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
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2161:
2154:
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2126:
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2100:
2078:
2077:External links
2075:
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2027:
2005:
1983:
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1894:
1872:
1850:
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1443:
1434:|journal=
1397:
1379:
1347:
1319:
1302:
1280:
1258:
1240:
1222:
1205:on 2016-03-04.
1185:
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1109:
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1081:
1076:
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1044:Internet slang
1041:
1039:Court reporter
1036:
1031:
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1021:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1005:Writing portal
992:
989:
988:
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984:Tironian notes
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968:(Isaac Pitman)
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627:Chinook Jargon
596:
593:
591:
590:Classification
588:
549:
542:
539:
534:Woodrow Wilson
532:In his youth,
519:The Cosmotype,
437:published his
419:similar system
317:Thomas Shelton
299:published his
297:Timothy Bright
288:
285:
246:
245:Imperial China
243:
188:Tironian notes
157:Ancient Greece
148:
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26:
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9:
6:
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3:
2:
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2497:
2495:
2494:Stenographers
2492:
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2146:
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2140:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2125:at Wiktionary
2124:
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1854:
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1847:
1843:
1840:(in French),
1839:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:, Clarendon,
1817:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1802:public domain
1792:
1788:
1781:
1778:
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1769:
1765:
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1722:
1719:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1679:on 2016-03-04
1678:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1659:on 2013-05-22
1658:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:on 2013-05-22
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1551:
1548:, Homestead,
1547:
1546:
1538:
1535:
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1529:
1528:Time Magazine
1524:
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1510:
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815:Mixed abugida
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623:Kamloops Wawa
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583:
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552:Tsuguo Kaneko
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423:Thomas Gurney
420:
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415:Samuel Taylor
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396:
393:Tombstone of
391:
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381:
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373:
369:
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364:Jeremiah Rich
361:
360:Short Writing
357:
353:
348:
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341:Short Writing
336:
333:
328:
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322:
321:Short Writing
318:
315:in 1618, and
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265:
261:
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201: 120 AD
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115:
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107:
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102:, from Greek
101:
98:(short), and
97:
94:, from Greek
93:
89:
86:(narrow) and
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
63:
59:
52:
48:
47:Lord's Prayer
43:
37:
33:
32:steganography
19:
2468:Zaner-Bloser
2438:Grundschrift
2402:
2180:and medieval
2121:
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2014:
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1767:
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1733:
1721:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1677:the original
1671:
1665:
1657:the original
1651:
1645:
1636:the original
1630:
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1587:
1581:
1559:
1544:
1537:
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1517:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1485:
1475:
1453:
1446:
1425:cite journal
1414:. Retrieved
1409:
1400:
1382:
1371:the original
1362:
1350:
1334:
1322:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1261:
1243:
1225:
1203:the original
1198:
1188:
1177:. Retrieved
1173:
1164:
1153:, retrieved
1149:
1139:
1119:
1112:
1105:Book History
1104:
1099:
1019:Autocomplete
1014:Abbreviation
972:Speedwriting
960:
925:(J.G. Cross)
883:
879:Speedwriting
868:
856:
828:
825:
814:
806:
800:
795:Marked abjad
794:
786:
776:
768:
763:
741:
730:Speedwriting
722:
717:
715:
707:
694:
690:
678:
674:
670:
666:
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605:
601:stenographic
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172:Ancient Rome
169:
165:Middle Egypt
150:
136:Samuel Pepys
132:encipherment
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112:autocomplete
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92:brachygraphy
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2509:Occupations
2364:Copperplate
2227:Blackletter
2212:Carolingian
2207:Merovingian
2167:handwritten
1995:, Toronto,
1884:, Dresden,
1726:Miller 1994
1612:Okoshi-yasu
1311:Popish Plot
1271:sina.com.cn
1267:"教授弋乂_新浪博客"
1054:Modi script
1024:Breviograph
911:Henry Sweet
726:Stenoscript
671:semi-script
657:Netherlands
653:Scandinavia
484:phonography
376:Popish Plot
356:Stenography
345:Tachygraphy
325:Tachygraphy
295:. In 1588,
260:Sun Guoting
235:secularized
161:Hellenistic
123:secretarial
100:tachygraphy
79:, from the
77:stenography
2483:Categories
2369:Spencerian
2289:Court hand
2277:Glagolitic
2222:Beneventan
2202:Visigothic
1749:2024-06-25
1416:2022-11-08
1179:2021-12-07
1155:24 October
1091:References
1059:Quikscript
839:subtitling
770:Alphabetic
718:alphabetic
625:(used for
521:subtitled
493:Cincinnati
425:published
407:John Byrom
249:See also:
229:When many
199: – c.
18:Short Hand
2452:Sütterlin
2426:D'Nealian
2403:Shorthand
2349:Secretary
2329:Johannine
2294:Lombardic
2270:Bosančica
2259:Poluustav
2169:European
2165:Types of
2122:shorthand
2109:Shorthand
2095:.website3
1824:250138117
1542:"Books",
1230:中国速记的发展简史
1079:Stenotype
1074:Stenomask
961:Briefhand
847:Palantype
831:stenotype
754:cellphone
691:geometric
675:geometric
607:Geometric
462:shorthand
451:shorthand
413:of 1720.
386:in 1682.
231:monastery
197: 46
153:Parthenon
69:Shorthand
36:stenotype
2393:Skoropis
2334:Humanist
2324:Chancery
2242:Georgian
2237:Bastarda
2067:11943552
2001:35119343
1979:11720787
1957:51625624
1934:23108068
1912:72106122
1890:41010411
1846:35787900
1772:Archived
1652:Sokkidou
1631:Sokkidou
1616:Archived
1608:"速記文字文例"
1593:archived
1573:Archived
1550:archived
1523:"People"
1392:Archived
1339:Archived
1291:(1963),
1275:Archived
1251:Archived
1233:Archived
1211:cite web
991:See also
843:Velotype
835:keyboard
746:computer
742:a priori
579:Furigana
550:—
281:clerical
180:freedman
128:longhand
88:graphein
73:longhand
2381:Kurrent
2354:Library
2319:Cursive
2282:Angular
2232:Rotunda
2178:Ancient
2171:scripts
2023:4791648
1868:2510784
1713:2385259
1588:Housiki
1199:163.com
808:Abugida
645:Austria
619:Duployé
502:In the
449:Yiddish
431:Germany
293:England
216:titulae
142:History
96:brachys
2445:Palmer
2339:Italic
2312:Modern
2197:Uncial
2192:Rustic
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2065:
2045:112342
2043:
2021:
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1174:Papyri
1127:
695:script
679:script
661:Russia
655:, the
633:Script
460:Hebrew
399:German
184:Cicero
104:tachys
84:stenos
2374:Ronde
2344:Round
2256:Ustav
2247:Greek
2187:Roman
1743:(PDF)
1709:JSTOR
1672:Steno
1569:(PPT)
1412:(1–9)
1374:(PDF)
1359:(PDF)
1342:(PDF)
1331:(PDF)
788:Abjad
752:, or
669:, or
649:Italy
567:Sōsho
541:Japan
488:vowel
476:Latin
272:China
212:notae
208:Latin
81:Greek
62:Dutch
51:Gregg
2087:.com
2063:OCLC
2041:OCLC
2019:OCLC
1997:OCLC
1975:OCLC
1953:OCLC
1930:OCLC
1908:OCLC
1886:OCLC
1864:OCLC
1842:OCLC
1820:OCLC
1438:help
1217:link
1157:2023
1125:ISBN
732:and
701:and
343:and
45:The
2097:.me
1949:etc
1701:doi
750:PDA
497:wpm
409:'s
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