74:, known as the short-seller, borrows shares and immediately sells them, hoping to buy them back later ("covering") at a lower price. As the shares were borrowed, the short-seller must eventually return them to the lender (plus interest and dividend, if any), and therefore makes a profit if they spend less buying back the shares than they received when selling them. However, an unexpected piece of favorable news can cause a jump in the stock's share price, resulting in a loss rather than a profit. Short-sellers might then be triggered to buy the shares they had borrowed at a higher price, in an effort to keep their losses from mounting should the share price rise further.
189:. By the end of business on May 7, 1901, the two parties controlled over 94% of outstanding Northern Pacific shares. The resulting runup in share price was accompanied by frenetic short selling of Northern Pacific by third parties. On May 8, it became apparent that uncommitted NP shares were insufficient to cover the outstanding short positions, and that neither Hill and Morgan nor Harriman were willing to sell. This triggered a sell-off in the rest of the market as NP "shorts" liquidated holdings in an effort to raise cash to buy NP shares to meet their obligations. The ensuing stock market crash, known as the
20:
236:
them. As a result, his total exposure exceeded the entire issue of the MAAX bonds. Falcone then stopped lending the bonds, so that short-sellers could not liquidate their positions anymore. The price of the bonds rose dramatically. The short-sellers could only liquidate their positions by contacting
Falcone directly.
235:
with market manipulation in relation to a short squeeze on a series of high-yield bonds issued by MAAX Holdings. After hearing that a firm was shorting the bonds, Falcone purchased the entire issue of bonds. He also lent the bonds to the short-sellers, and then bought them back when the traders sold
286:
forced
Guangda make significant purchases to cover his position, causing LME nickel prices to rise by around 250 percent. On paper this would've caused Guangda billions of dollars of losses, but the LME halted all trading on nickel contracts and reversed many of the trades which occurred during the
109:
to prepare for this possibility. Alternatively, short sellers simply deciding to cut their losses and get out (rather than lacking collateral funds to meet their margin) can cause a squeeze. Short squeezes can also occur when the demand from short sellers outweighs the supply of shares to borrow,
100:
that they cannot (or choose not to) meet, triggering them to purchase stock to return to the owners from whom (via a broker) they had borrowed the stock in establishing their position. This buying may proceed automatically, for example if the short sellers had previously placed
85:; i.e., there is increasing demand. This dynamic can result in a cascade of stock purchases and an even bigger jump of the share price. Borrow, buy and sell timing can lead to more than 100% of a company's shares sold short. This does not necessarily imply
130:. Squeezes can, however, involve large stocks and billions of dollars. Short squeezes may also be more likely to occur when a large percentage of a stock's float is short, and when large portions of the stock are held by people not tempted to sell.
92:
Short squeezes tend to happen in stocks that have expensive borrow rates. Expensive borrow rates can increase the pressure on short sellers to cover their positions, further adding to the reflexive nature of this phenomenon.
243:
orchestrated a short squeeze on failed biotech KaloBios (KBIO) that caused its share price to rise by 10,000% in just five trading days. KBIO had been perceived by short sellers as a "no-brainer near-term zero".
840:
807:
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Short squeezes can also be facilitated by the availability of inexpensive call options on the underlying security because they add considerable leverage. Typically,
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options with a short time to expiration are used to maximize the leverage and the impact of the squeezer's actions on short sellers.
77:
Short squeezes result when short sellers of a stock move to cover their positions, purchasing large volumes of stock relative to the
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472:
326:
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406:
687:
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89:, since shorted shares are put back onto the market, potentially allowing the same share to be borrowed multiple times.
212:
210.85 to over €1000 in less than two days, briefly making it the most valuable company in the world. Then-Porsche CEO
1554:
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volume. Purchasing the stock to cover their short positions raises the price of the shorted stock, thus triggering
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263:. This squeeze led to the share price reaching an all-time intraday high of US$ 483 on January 28, 2021 on the
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556:
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863:
422:
122:
Short squeezes are more likely to occur in stocks with relatively few traded shares and commensurately small
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1543:
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are also less expensive and more impactful. (A successful short squeeze will dramatically increase implied
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44:
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23:
Chart showing the price movement and volume during the 2008 short squeeze of
Volkswagen shares.
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831:"GameStop mania explained: How the Reddit retail trading crowd ran over Wall Street pros"
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Buying by short sellers can occur if the price has risen to a point where shorts receive
114:. This sometimes happens with companies that are on the verge of filing for bankruptcy.
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267:. This squeeze caught the attention of many news networks and social media platforms.
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1538:
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1198:
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1136:
977:"Xiang Guangda, the metals 'visionary' who brought the nickel market to a standstill"
282:
took a large short position on LME nickel, but a rise in nickel prices following the
279:
201:
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82:
63:
40:
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165:, especially in agricultural commodities, for which supply is inherently limited.
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944:"'Dumb Money' Is on GameStop, and It's Beating Wall Street at Its Own Game"
16:
Rapid increase in the price of a stock owing primarily to technical factors
975:
Hume, Neil; Lockett, Hudson; Olcott, Eleanor; Li, Gloria (11 March 2022).
1637:
1273:
252:
193:, was partially ameliorated by a truce between Hill/Morgan and Harriman.
71:
55:
because short sellers have to buy stock to cover their short positions.
1481:
769:"Short Squeeze Sends GameStop Shares to 2007 Levels. What Happens Next"
495:"Options Helped Fuel the GameStop Stock Squeeze. Here's How That Works"
251:, starting in January 2021, was a short squeeze occurring on shares of
197:
196:
In
October 2008, a short squeeze triggered by an attempted takeover by
67:
893:
1224:
925:"GameStop, AMC Entertainment Shares Soar as Meme Stock Rally Returns"
612:
256:
106:
1073:
1147:
1069:"Porsche crashes into controversy in the ultimate 'short squeeze'"
576:"Porsche makes more VW stock available to desperate short-sellers"
36:
18:
835:
800:"GameStop shares soar 50% as massive short squeeze forges ahead"
209:
1077:
83:
more short sellers to cover their positions by buying the stock
609:"How Porsche hacked the financial system and made a killing"
1035:""Big Shot's" Nickel Short Squeeze: Who is Xiang Guangda?"
440:"This Is the Most Shorted Stock in the Market Right Now"
742:"How Martin Shkreli caused a 10,000% squeeze on KBIO"
688:"In Case Against Philip Falcone, a Warning to Others"
407:
Yes, a Stock Can Have Short
Interest Over 100 Percent
110:
which results in the failure of borrow requests from
1615:
1490:
1389:
1309:
1217:
1184:
1145:
1111:
157:The opposite of a short squeeze is the less common
923:McCabe, Caitlin; Ostroff, Caitlin (May 26, 2021).
864:"A Fight Over GameStop's Soaring Stock Turns Ugly"
374:
287:squeeze, shielding Guangda from much of the loss.
304:– a short squeeze is effectively a reverse crash
272:short squeeze was initiated on nickel contracts
1089:
942:Phillips, Matt; Lorenz, Taylor (2021-01-27).
8:
710:
708:
526:"A Short Squeeze In Corn May Hit The Market"
1003:"Opinion | A Chinese Nickel Market Mystery"
1096:
1082:
1074:
278:(LME). In the months prior, industrialist
634:"Freispruch für Wiedeking rechtskräftig"
314:
229:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
536:from the original on 27 September 2020
35:is a rapid increase in the price of a
904:from the original on January 19, 2021
843:from the original on January 27, 2021
7:
874:from the original on 24 January 2021
810:from the original on 25 January 2021
779:from the original on 24 January 2021
557:"The Northern Pacific Panic of 1901"
347:Constable, Simon (6 December 2015).
662:"Freispruch fĂĽr die Porsche-Zocker"
588:from the original on 4 January 2021
1001:The Editorial Board (2022-03-22).
686:Henning, Peter J. (28 June 2012).
524:Thomas, John (13 September 2010).
505:from the original on 24 April 2021
475:from the original on 8 August 2018
43:of a stock rather than underlying
14:
373:Powell, Jamie (25 January 2021).
1352:Electronic communication network
715:Levine, Matt (26 January 2021).
660:Böcking, David (18 March 2016).
423:What Exactly Is a Short Squeeze?
200:temporarily drove the shares of
161:. A squeeze can also occur with
39:owing primarily to an excess of
894:"NYSE GAMESTOP CORPORATION GME"
607:Krstić, Ivan (7 January 2009).
387:from the original on 2022-12-10
329:from the original on 2010-09-18
574:Gow, David (29 October 2009).
376:"GameStop can't stop going up"
47:. A short squeeze occurs when
1:
1346:Multilateral trading facility
563:. Museum of American Finance.
438:Planes, Alex (9 March 2020).
255:, primarily triggered by the
1769:Returns-based style analysis
1565:Post-modern portfolio theory
1471:Security characteristic line
829:Li, Yun (January 27, 2021).
141:on securities that have low
1523:Efficient-market hypothesis
1427:Capital asset pricing model
1364:Straight-through processing
284:Russian invasion of Ukraine
1891:
1340:Alternative Trading System
1058:External links and sources
349:"What Is a Short Squeeze?"
118:Targets for short squeezes
51:has increased relative to
717:"GameStop Is Just a Game"
1404:Arbitrage pricing theory
421:Sizemore, Charles Lewis
187:Northern Pacific Railway
1683:Initial public offering
1544:Modern portfolio theory
1439:Dividend discount model
1322:List of stock exchanges
1064:What is a Squeeze Play?
220:but was acquitted by a
1571:Random walk hypothesis
862:D'Anastasio, Cecilia.
249:GameStop short squeeze
24:
1709:Market capitalization
1518:Dollar cost averaging
469:Investors Underground
276:London Metal Exchange
124:market capitalization
70:practice in which an
22:
1529:Fundamental analysis
1513:Contrarian investing
1476:Security market line
1381:Liquidity aggregator
1358:Direct market access
1269:Quantitative analyst
297:Short interest ratio
185:over control of the
1774:Reverse stock split
1719:Market manipulation
1643:Dual-listed company
1503:Algorithmic trading
1433:Capital market line
1235:Inter-dealer broker
1007:Wall Street Journal
555:Low, Peter (2010).
353:Wall Street Journal
218:market manipulation
87:naked short selling
1814:Stock market index
1653:Efficient frontier
1592:Technical analysis
1550:Momentum investing
1372:(private exchange)
1262:Proprietary trader
1204:Shares outstanding
1194:Authorised capital
948:The New York Times
428:, January 28, 2021
302:Stock market crash
239:In November 2015,
214:Wendelin Wiedeking
143:implied volatility
25:
1862:
1861:
1663:Flight-to-quality
1415:Buffett indicator
1105:Financial markets
721:Bloomberg Opinion
561:Financial History
270:In March 2022, a
216:was charged with
163:futures contracts
1882:
1779:Share repurchase
1491:Trading theories
1376:Crossing network
1334:Over-the-counter
1171:Restricted stock
1127:Secondary market
1098:
1091:
1084:
1075:
1051:
1050:
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748:. August 1, 2018
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623:
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611:. Archived from
604:
598:
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571:
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546:
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541:
521:
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465:"Short Squeezes"
461:
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135:out of the money
103:stop-loss orders
1890:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1849:Voting interest
1759:Public offering
1694:Mandatory offer
1668:Government bond
1648:DuPont analysis
1611:
1607:Value investing
1602:Value averaging
1597:Trend following
1582:Style investing
1577:Sector rotation
1492:
1486:
1465:Net asset value
1391:Stock valuation
1385:
1305:
1213:
1180:
1166:Preferred stock
1141:
1107:
1102:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1041:. 10 March 2022
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981:Financial Times
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941:
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922:
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846:
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828:
827:
823:
813:
811:
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792:
782:
780:
767:Smith, Connor.
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739:
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723:
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706:
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448:
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444:The Motley Fool
437:
436:
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420:
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410:The Motley Fool
405:Caplinger, Dan
404:
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372:
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346:
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323:"Short Squeeze"
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1809:Stock exchange
1806:
1804:Stock dilution
1801:
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1776:
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1756:
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1729:Mean reversion
1726:
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1716:
1711:
1706:
1704:Market anomaly
1701:
1696:
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1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
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1655:
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1623:Bid–ask spread
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1450:Earnings yield
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1445:Dividend yield
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1361:
1355:
1349:
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1337:
1336:(off-exchange)
1331:
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1324:
1313:
1311:
1310:Trading venues
1307:
1306:
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1298:
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1215:
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1212:
1211:
1209:Treasury stock
1206:
1201:
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1190:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1176:Tracking stock
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1143:
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1134:
1129:
1124:
1122:Primary market
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934:
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821:
790:
759:
733:
704:
692:New York Times
678:
652:
639:Spiegel Online
625:
599:
566:
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516:
486:
456:
430:
414:
398:
365:
339:
313:
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310:
307:
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305:
299:
292:
289:
261:WallStreetBets
241:Martin Shkreli
233:Philip Falcone
183:E. H. Harriman
170:
167:
154:
151:
119:
116:
60:
57:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1887:
1876:
1875:Short selling
1873:
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1800:
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1784:Short selling
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1679:
1676:
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1673:Greenspan put
1671:
1669:
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1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Financial law
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
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1639:
1636:
1634:
1633:Cross listing
1631:
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1626:
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1618:
1616:Related terms
1614:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:Swing trading
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:Mosaic theory
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:Market timing
1537:
1535:
1532:
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1359:
1356:
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1341:
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1328:
1327:Trading hours
1325:
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1308:
1302:
1299:
1295:
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1834:Tender offer
1754:Public float
1724:Market trend
1714:Market depth
1534:Growth stock
1508:Buy and hold
1417:(Cap-to-GDP)
1257:Floor trader
1247:Market maker
1230:Floor broker
1218:Participants
1161:Golden share
1156:Common stock
1132:Third market
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156:
153:Long squeeze
139:Call options
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45:fundamentals
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29:stock market
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1819:Stock split
1799:Squeeze-out
1794:Speculation
1739:Open outcry
1628:Block trade
1560:Pairs trade
1039:finews.asia
929:www.wsj.com
908:January 28,
847:January 27,
752:January 26,
746:Mox Reports
671:25 February
479:11 November
105:with their
1844:Volatility
1824:Stock swap
1744:Order book
1495:strategies
1421:Book value
1289:Arbitrager
1284:Speculator
1020:2022-11-16
961:2021-04-06
878:25 January
814:25 January
783:25 January
726:29 January
697:29 January
646:2017-10-25
619:2010-11-25
592:25 January
540:25 January
449:1 February
412:, Jan 2021
391:29 January
358:29 January
333:2010-09-17
309:References
147:volatility
1460:Fed model
1455:EV/EBITDA
1370:Dark pool
1301:Regulator
1146:Types of
1112:Types of
1015:0099-9660
956:0362-4331
426:Kiplinger
222:Stuttgart
206:Xetra DAX
1869:Category
1789:Slippage
1749:Position
1734:Momentum
1638:Dividend
1317:Exchange
1274:Investor
1045:12 March
986:12 March
902:Archived
872:Archived
841:Archived
808:Archived
777:Archived
586:Archived
534:Archived
503:Archived
499:Barron's
473:Archived
385:Archived
327:Archived
291:See also
253:GameStop
231:charged
169:Examples
72:investor
59:Overview
1678:Haircut
1482:T-model
1294:Scalper
1114:markets
773:Barrons
666:Spiegel
274:on the
224:court.
204:on the
198:Porsche
107:brokers
68:finance
27:In the
1699:Margin
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1279:Hedger
1252:Trader
1225:Broker
1148:stocks
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509:6 June
259:forum
257:Reddit
79:market
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1854:Yield
1829:Trade
1764:Rally
1685:(IPO)
1573:(RMH)
1546:(MPT)
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1478:(SML)
1467:(NAV)
1441:(DDM)
1435:(CML)
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1399:Alpha
1366:(STP)
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868:Wired
208:from
128:float
66:is a
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1689:Long
1493:and
1423:(BV)
1410:Beta
1047:2022
1011:ISSN
988:2022
952:ISSN
910:2021
880:2021
849:2021
836:CNBC
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785:2021
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728:2021
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265:NYSE
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