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symptoms begin with small (1/10-1/4”) reddish or purplish-brown spots with light green or yellow ring around them. As the disease progresses the damaged areas become slightly larger and then dry up and fall away, leaving BB-sized holes behind. As the fungus spreads, more leaf tissue is damaged until the leaf falls. Significant infections can reduce the amount of
124:) are dispersed in spring when moisture levels increase or as a result of overhead watering. Spores are pigmented and remain viable, in a dormant state, for months. Infection can occur any time moisture is present for at least 24 hours, as long as temperatures are above 36 °F (2 °C). At higher temperatures, infection occurs more quickly.
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genera. Almond, apricot, nectarine, peach, plum and cherry trees can be affected. Both edible and ornamental varieties are vulnerable to infection. Almost all over-ground parts of the plants are affected including the fruits, buds and the stems, but the damage is most noticeable on the leaves. The
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may occur (both on the fruits and the stems as well). These lesions leave toughened spots on the skin, and in some cases the fruit may be lost. Infected buds may appear darker than normal. Branches may develop concentric lesions when infected. These lesions may girdle a twig and kill it.
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can remain viable for several months and spores are often airborne. Since the fungi thrive in wet conditions, overhead watering should be avoided. Remove and dispose of any infected buds, leaves, fruit and twigs. In fall, fixed copper or
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crop may be infested with shot hole disease, resulting in a potential yield loss of 50-75%. In the 1930s, it was found that applications of
Bordeaux mixture reduces shot hole disease on peaches from 80% to 9%.
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tree leaves displaying various stages of the shot hole disease: brown spots on the leaf with conidium holders in the middle (center) that eventually fall off, leaving BB-sized holes behind (left)
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that can occur, weakening the plant, and decreasing fruit production. The infection on the fruits in turn begins as small purple spots that develop into gray to white lesions.
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52:-sized holes in leaves, rough areas on fruit, and concentric lesions on branches. The pathogen that causes shot hole disease is
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211:"Managing Pests in Gardens: Fruit: Diseases: Shot hole disease—UC IPM"
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180:"extension.usu.edu/files/publications/factsheet/coryneum-blight08.pdf"
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For the other fungal plant disease called 'shothole disease', see
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infection takes only 6 hours at 77 °F (25 °C).
246:. Crop Protection Research Institute. September 2005
217:. UC Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
237:"The Value of Fungicides In U.S. Crop Production"
33:leaves with a mild shot hole disease infection
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152:Shot hole disease is a major concern of the
156:industry. It is estimated that 80% of the
116:overwinters in infected buds and in twig
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81:Shot hole disease of apricot leaves
272:Fungal tree pathogens and diseases
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187:Utah State University Extension
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277:Stone fruit tree diseases
178:Evans, Kent; et al.
87:Wilsonomyces carpophilus
55:Wilsonomyces carpophilus
16:Fungal disease of plants
89:affects members of the
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48:disease that creates
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85:The fungal pathogen
244:CropLife Foundation
120:. Asexual spores (
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62:Hosts and symptoms
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158:California almond
38:Shot hole disease
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248:. Retrieved
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154:stone fruit
266:Categories
165:References
148:Importance
132:Management
250:27 April
221:27 April
192:27 April
102:Gummosis
122:conidia
118:cankers
215:UC IPM
92:Prunus
46:fungal
31:Cherry
240:(PDF)
183:(PDF)
71:Peach
252:2016
223:2016
194:2016
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