Shōjo manga - Knowledge

755: 797: 733: 243: 3139: 1202: 6695: 3759:, readers are invited to submit their opinions on current manga serials through letters and polls. Often, a random survey respondent will receive a prize. Publishers use insights collected from these polls to change plotlines, highlight a secondary character, or end a series that is unpopular. These polls are also used when determining which manga to adapt into derivative works, such as anime and video games. 2788: 2450: 486: 2962:("panel encapsulations"), refers to the use of layouts that break from the traditional comic approach of a series of sequential boxes. In this style, elements extend beyond the borders of panels, or the panel border is removed entirely. Intervals between panels are also were modified, with sequential panels that depicted the same event from different angles or perspectives. Second is 1667: 40: 6683: 1907: 3278: 184:, the emergence and eventual dominance of female artists beginning in the 1960s and 1970s led to significant creative innovation and the development of more graphically and thematically complex stories. Since the 1980s, the category has developed stylistically while simultaneously branching into different and overlapping subgenres. 1186:. To satisfy the need for weekly editorial content, magazines introduced contests in which readers could submit their manga for publication; female artists dominated these contests, and many amateur artists who emerged from these contests went on to have professional manga careers. The first artist to emerge from this system was 3050:

manga artists, especially Macoto Takahashi. Takahashi incorporated Nakahara's style of drawing eyes into his own manga – large, doll-like eyes with highlights and long lashes – while gradually introducing his own stylistic elements, such as the use of dots, stars, and multiple colors to represent the

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In addition to survey responses, letters from readers are used as a means to gauge audience opinion and develop a sense of community. These letters are sent to publishers, but addressed directly at the authors themselves. The content of these letters ranges from questions for the author, anecdotes

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Japanese society also recurs as a motif, such as a curse or vengeful ghost that originates from a murdered woman or a victim of harassment. In these stories, the curse is typically resolved by showing compassion for the ghost, rather than trying to destroy it. Stories about Japanese urban legends

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manga magazines of the era: in addition to publishing manga by renowned female authors, it featured contributions from celebrities in media, illustration, and design; the magazine also operated a website that published music and additional stories. The magazine was a commercial failure and folded

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manga reflect the fashion trends of the era in which the series was produced. Nevertheless, some common traits recur across eras: clothing adorned with ribbons or frills, and outfits that are especially feminine and child-like. Cute and ostentatious outfits are generally more common than outfits

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manga has continued to develop stylistically while simultaneously branching out into different but overlapping subgenres. This development began with a shift in characters and settings: while foreign characters and settings were common in the immediate post-war period, stories began to be set in

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With the end of the war, Japan entered into a period of large-scale artistic production in cinema, radio, and publishing. Fiction novels enjoyed a surge of popularity, while the number of published magazines grew from 41 in 1945 to 400 by 1952; the number of publishing companies grew from 300 to

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manga, with features such as elongated eyelashes, the use of concentric circles of different shades, and the deformation of the iris to create a glittering effect. This focus on hyper-detailed eyes led manga artists to frame panels on close-ups of faces, to draw attention to the emotions being

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manga has evolved in tandem with the evolution of Japanese society, especially in terms of the place of women, the role of the family, and romantic relationships. She notes how family dramas with a focus on mother-daughter relationships were popular in the 1960s, while stories about romantic

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manga was able to develop this distinct style because the category was seen as marginal by editors, who consequently allowed artists to draw stories in whatever manner they wished so long as reader response remained positive. Stylistic elements that were developed by the Year 24 Group became

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in 1937, censorship and paper rationing hindered the development of magazines, which either folded or were forced to merge to survive. The magazines that continued to published were reduced to a few pages of black and white text, with few or no illustrations. 41 total magazines remained in

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from their daily lives, and drawings; some letters are published in the magazines themselves. Meetings between readers and authors also occur regularly. These may be organized by the publisher, who select a group of readers to bring to their offices on a prize trip, or as a

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as a genre that permits its audience to avoid adult female sexuality by distancing sex from their own bodies, as well as creating fluidity in perceptions of gender and sexuality by rejecting socially mandated gender roles. Parallels have also been drawn between

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manga began to focus on adolescents over children beginning in the 1970s, romantic relationships generally become more important than family relationships; these romantic relationships are most often heterosexual, though they are occasionally homosexual.

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publishing, where publishers survived market shifts away from book rental by offering collected volumes of manga that had not been previously serialized in magazines. Hibari Shōbo and Rippū Shōbo were among the publishing companies that began to publish

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magazines continued their focus on fashion by publishing works featuring characters in elaborate outfits, or through promotional campaigns that offered clothes worn by manga characters as prizes. Notable manga artists associated with this trend include

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before transitioning into drawing manga themselves. Rather than following Matsumoto's trajectory of moving away from the visual conventions of lyrical painting, Tani and Takahashi imported them into their manga, with works defined by a strong sense of

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manga was published in general magazines aimed at teenagers in the early 1900s and began a period of creative development in the 1950s as it began to formalize as a distinct category of manga. While the category was initially dominated by male

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in the middle of sentences, the lattermost of which were scattered across pages in a manner resembling verses of poetry. Prose is accompanied by illustrations by lyrical painters, which are characterized by a sentimental style influenced by

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By the 1960s, the ubiquity of television in Japanese households and the rise of serialized television programs emerged as a significant competitor to magazines. Many monthly magazines folded and were replaced by weekly magazines, such as

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such as stickers, posters, and pens decorated with manga characters, are also used to attract readers, with the items placed in plastic bags that are attached to the magazines themselves. Larger novelty items are occasionally offered by

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Manga publishers often discover new authors through their readership, who are actively encouraged to submit stories and receive feedback from the magazine's editors. This system of talent discovery and development is not unique to

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magazines typically have readers and artists who are of a similar age. By developing a system the authors of manga in a magazine were formerly readers, the distance between the two is reduced and a sense of community is fostered.

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magazines, where artists such as Jun'ichi Nakahara illustrated fashion catalogs that included written instructions on how readers could make the depicted garments themselves. As manga grew in popularity in the post-war period,

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manga; for example, stories where mothers take on the appearance of demons or ghosts, daughters of demons who are themselves transformed into demons, impious pregnancies resulting from incestuous rape, and mothers who commit

507:. While these magazines were ostensibly unisex, in practice the editorial content of these magazines largely concerned topics that were of interest to boys. Faced with growing demand for magazines aimed at girls, the first 314:(1868–1912) of girls and young women at the age between childhood and marriage. Generally this referred to school-aged adolescents, with whom an image of "innocence, purity and cuteness" was associated; this contrasted the 815:

roughly 2000 during the same period. While not all of theses magazines and companies published children's literature, publications for children constituted a significant percentage of publishing output. Contemporaneously,

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manga's authorship and readership, as the category shifted from being created primarily by men for an audience of young girls, to being created by women for an audience of teenaged and young adult women; since the 1970s,

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featuring female figures with slender bodies, fashionable clothing, and large eyes. Japanese artists who studied in France at the time were influenced by the methods of expression of Art Nouveau and early pin-up artists.

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manga, with the primary distinguishing exception of a focus on adult protagonists rather than teenaged or younger protagonists. Sexuality is also depicted more openly, though these depictions in turn came to influence

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representations of fashion between works that depicted realistic everyday fashions, and those that depicted fantastical outfits that could be cosplayed. The fashion world itself began to take an interest in

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stories, with a focus on doomed relationships that end in separation or death, as representing a fear of female sexuality on the part of female readers, which she sees as also explaining the interest of

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manga gained and maintained popularity by depicting scenarios that allow female readers to freely explore feelings of jealousy, anger, and frustration, which are typically not depicted in mainstream

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stories of this era were typically focused on tragic and passive heroines who bravely endured adversity. Beside Toshiko Ueda, several female manga artists started working during the 1950s, notably

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manga, with the distinguishing exception of the age of the protagonists, who are typically in their late teens and early twenties. Teens' love magazines proliferated at smaller publishers, such as

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magazines, in some case prompting accusations of obscenity and lawsuits by citizens' associations. These publishing houses folded by the end of the 1980s as they became replaced with mainstream

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similarly created manga based on American romantic comedy films, or which were broadly inspired by western actresses and models and featured western settings. Contemporaneously, artists such as

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layouts, highly detailed eyes) and narrative (a focus on human relations and emotions; characters that defy traditional roles and stereotypes surrounding gender and sexuality; depictions of

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manga magazine operations in response, folding certain magazines and launching new publications. The majority of the newly launched magazines during this period were commercial failures.

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manga focused on the ordinary lives of teenaged Japanese protagonists. The genre waned in popularity by the end of the decade, but its narrative and visual style made a lasting impact on

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between girls. By the post-war period, these works had largely declined in popularity in favor of works focused on male-female romances. Yukari Fujimoto posits that as the readership of

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began developing new manga for their formerly child-aged readers who were now adults. Although their attempts were commercially unsuccessful, with short-lived magazines such as

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represents the synthesis of these two archetypes, wherein a princess who is raised as a prince comes to face her enemies in combat. These archetypes were generally popular in

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manga, particularly those of friendship, affection, and love. Narratives often focus on the interiority of their protagonists, wherein their emotions, feelings, memories, and

1270:(literally "love comedy") manga, focused on protagonists who were ordinary Japanese teenaged girls, with a narrative focus on themes of friendship, family, school, and love. 3767:

organized by schools. In both cases, these visits strengthen the bond between reader and publisher, while also providing the publisher with insights into their readership.

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manga: the imaginative use of flowers, ribbons, fluttering dresses, girls with large sparkling eyes, and words that string across the page, which Honda describes using the

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manga emerged as the most popular category of manga among English-language readers. Nevertheless, every major English-language manga publisher maintains a robust line of

1039:. From this combination of light-hearted stories inherited from the pre-war era, dramatic narratives introduced by the Tokiwa-sō, and cerebral works developed on the 6341: 3784:

magazines develop this system from a young age with the aim of having adult artists one day publish manga in the magazines they read when they were children, while

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expressed by the eyes of the characters. Eyes also came to serve as a marker of gender, with female characters typically having larger eyes than male characters.

3097:, which refers to interpersonal relationships between characters and the interaction of their emotions. Relationships between characters are central to most 2618:, which distinguished themselves by publishing a diversity of narrative genres such as fantasy and science fiction, saw new competitors emerge in the 2000s: 2577:, all of which were alternately adapted into films, television dramas, anime series, video games, and series-branded music CDs. Older manga series, such as 1170:

manga creators, the editorial departments of magazines noted that their works were more popular with female readers than works created by their male peers.

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in 2007. Magazines in this category publish manga aimed at a male readership, but which use a visual style that draws significantly from the aesthetics of

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manga were including by covering characters having sex with bed sheets to circumvent codes that specifically only forbade depictions of genitals and

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manga. This shift was brought about in part by literalist interpretations of manga censorship codes: for example, the first sex scenes in

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Did you know that in the early 20th century France was born "Shōjo Art," a form of expression said to be linked to Japanese shoujo manga?

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manga, though the practice originates in pre-war girls' magazines, where female readers were invited to submit novels and short stories.

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declined, so too did their manga anthologies; most folded, with their artists and writers typically migrating to manga magazines. Most

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Fraser, Lucy; Monden, Masafumi (2017). "The Maiden Switch: New Possibilities for Understanding Japanese Shōjo Manga (Girls' Comics)".

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manga found early success by targeting a then-unreached audience of female comic book readers; English translations of titles such as

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manga, particularly the teens' love genre, had largely abandoned printed formats in favor of the Internet, in response to the rise of

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manga conventions emerged in the 1980s, particularly in the horror and erotica genres. This occurred in the context of the decline of

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as the first manga magazine aimed at an audience of adult women. It was quickly followed by a wave of similar magazines, including

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manga took the form of short, humorous stories with ordinary settings (such as schools and neighborhoods) and which often featured

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of the protagonist. Narration is often punctuated with non-verbal elements that express the feelings of the protagonists; writer

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manga were created by the same, mostly male, artists. During the pre-war period, these artists were especially influenced by the

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were particularly popular in the 1970s, and typically focus on stories that were popular among Japanese teenaged girls, such as

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manga; large eyes have been drawn in manga since the early 20th century, notably by Osamu Tezuka, who drew inspiration from the

885:(1953–1956) by Tezuka is credited with introducing this type of narrative, along with Tezuka's innovative and dynamic style, to 2998:

manga is its depiction of characters with very large, detailed eyes that have star-shaped highlights, sometimes referred to as

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manga in the 1970s, but its portrayals of gay male relationships used and further developed bisexual themes already extant in

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manga was almost invariably simple and conventional love stories, over time and through the works of manga artists such as

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manga inherited some of these influences, the unique style that emerged at the end of the 1950s which came to distinguish

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manga, which itself began to depict sexuality more openly in the 1990s. Several manga magazines blur distinctions between

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manga: a term describing an expression of cuteness focused on feelings of affection and excitement that is distinct from

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manga; the series was groundbreaking in its portrayal of gender and sexuality, and was influential in its depiction of

566:"girls' novel", a term for illustrated novels and poems aimed at an audience of girls) and only incidentally on manga. 2378: 320:("modern girl", young unmarried working women), with whom a more self-determined and sexualized image was associated. 3160:

Characters that defy traditional roles and stereotypes surrounding gender and sexuality have been a central motif of

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to create more languid and relaxed sequences. Oftentimes in compositions without panel borders, text is removed from

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protagonists in fantastical environments, and which deliberately played with the visual and narrative conventions of

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anthologies beginning to publish horror manga, laying the groundwork for what would become a significant subgenre of

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continued to be associated with an image of youth and innocence after the end of the Meiji era, but took on a strong

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manga, such as the use of non-rigid panel layouts and highly detailed eyes that express the emotions of characters.

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Ueno, Chizuko (1989). "Jendaaresu waarudo no "ai" no jikken" ("Experimenting with "love" in a Genderless World")".

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over printed of entertainment, and the manga market generally had slowed. Many major publishers restructured their

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occurs, the most common medium of exchange is dialogue and conversation, as opposed to physical combat typical in

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magazines had in effect became manga magazines, and several companies launched magazines dedicated exclusively to

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relationships became more popular in the 1970s, and stories about father figures became popular in the 1990s. As

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magazines now specialized in manga, and no longer published their previous prose literature and articles. As the

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artistic conventions by depicting female characters who were ugly, frightening, and grotesque in his 1965 series

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manga were also heavily influenced by the illustrations published in these magazines, with works by illustrators

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manga is primarily female and heterosexual, female homosexuality is rarely addressed. Fujimoto sees the largely

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and spread across the page, especially in instances where the dialogue communicates the thoughts, feelings, and

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manga of the 1990s depicted emotional bonds between women as stronger than the bonds between a man and a woman.

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manga through their focus on stories of love and friendship. Among the most significant authors of this era was

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followed this trend with the appearance of stories centered on the careers of clothing designers. Manga in the

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Mother-daughter conflict, as well as the fear or rejection of motherhood, appear as major motif in paranormal

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manga became more graphically and thematically complex, as it came to reflect the prevailing attitudes of the

1129:. Though some creators (notably Tezuka, Ishinomori, and Umezu) created works focused on active heroines, most 1118: 1007:

magazines began to increase. For example, while manga represented only 20 percent of the editorial content of

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manga is typically defined as manga marketed to an audience of adolescent girls and young adult women, though

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attributes to advancements in gender equality marked by the enshrinement of the equality of the sexes in the

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manga artists were women, and the category had developed a unique visual identity that distinguished it from

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are expressed visually through techniques such as panel arrangement and the rendering of eye details. When

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influenced the development of female characters "who fight to protect the destiny of a community", such as

1320:(1968–1970), began to depict physically active rather than passive female protagonists. In 1969, the first 1003:

As manga became generally more popular over the course of the decade, the proportion of manga published by

270: 5074: 2967: 2620: 2454: 2283: 1946: 1471: 31: 6243: 3055:– one of the most popular manga artists at the time – which led to its widespread adoption by mainstream 3440: 3227: 2650:(male-male romance) fans by publishing manga that closely resembled the visual style of anime, featured 2537: 2265: 2205: 1926: 1631: 671:

culture and the artistic culture of the United States. Having grown tired of depicting typical innocent

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Fujimoto, Yukari (2014). "Where Is My Place in the World? Early Shōjo Manga Portrayals of Lesbianism".

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By the end of the 1960s, sexuality – both heterosexual and homosexual – began to be freely depicted in

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manga has been a focus on human relations and the emotions that accompany them. Some critics, such as

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subjects in his illustrations, he pivoted to drawing manga in the 1920s, where he was able to depict

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connotation beginning in the 1980s as it developed into a distinct marketing category for girls; the

285:(少女) translates literally to "girl", but in common Japanese usage girls are generally referred to as 158: 6687: 6349:

McLelland, Mark (2010). "The Beautiful Boy in Japanese Girl's Manga". In Johnson-Woods, Toni (ed.).

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and a focus on the emotions rather than the actions of their protagonists. Takahashi's manga series

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stores) experienced a boom in popularity. These stores rented books for a modest fee of five to ten

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and teens' love manga. The genre gradually migrated from small publishers to larger ones, such as

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developed the style significantly. According to manga artist, academic, and Year 24 Group member

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became best-selling books. The English manga market crashed in the late 2000s as a result of the

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manga throughout the decade attracted the attention of manga critics, who had previously ignored

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protagonists. These works began to develop in the 1930s through the influence of artists such as

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Takeuchi, Kayo (October 2010). "The Genealogy of Japanese Shōjo Manga (Girls' Comics) Studies".

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In the 2000s, publishers who produced manga aimed at a female audience faced a changing market:

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manga, these conventions have changed and evolved over time, and none are strictly exclusive to

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manga. This archetype has two primary variants: the "fighting girl" (as in Katsuji Matsumoto's

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Natsume, Fusanosuke; Holt, Jon; Teppei, Fukuda (2020). "Panel Configurations in Shōjo Manga".

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manga originated from Japanese girls' culture at the turn of the twentieth century, primarily

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manga, and maintained this dominant position in the decades that followed. The innovation of

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identifies and names the three major aspects of panel construction that came to distinguish

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Japan more frequently as the country began to re-assert an independent national identity.

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and tomboys more freely. His style, likely influenced by American comic book artists like

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Masuda, Nozomi (2020). "少女マンガ黎明期における作家と編集者:「少女マンガを語る会」記録より (Authors and Publishers Behind

6100: 5513: 3685: 3515: 3374: 3199: 3117: 3102: 2860: 2638: 2574: 1606: 1425: 1255: 1223: 1142: 1114: 881: 857:. During this period, Matsumoto developed his art into a style that began to resemble the 806: 601: 585: 358: 247: 209:

manga. Nonetheless, several concepts and themes have come to be typically associated with

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manga had entered its "golden age". This critical attention attracted a male audience to

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and American cinema of the era, introduced sophisticated and avant-garde innovations in

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market is segmented by target readership, with the major categories divided by gender (

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emerged in tandem with the militarization of Japan in the 1930s, while an emphasis on

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by Motoko Fujita, an autobiography chronicling the author's pregnancy at the age of 43

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culture, and laid the foundations for what would become the major recurrent themes of

451:. This definition accounts for works that exist outside the boundaries of traditional 6711: 6638: 6605:(38). Josai University Educational Corporation, University of Hawai'i Press: 81–112. 6517:

Straight from the Heart: Gender, Intimacy, and the Cultural Production of Shōjo Manga

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Age of Shojo: The Emergence, Evolution, and Power of Japanese Girls' Magazine Fiction

3722:. Magazines seek to appeal to this young readership by publishing content related to 3601: 3190: 2906: 2746: 2168: 2163: 2158: 1817:

publishers was typically more gory and grotesque than the horror manga of mainstream

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manga artists who had been active prior to the war returned to the medium, including

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targeting an audience of adolescent females and young adult women. It is, along with

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manga. While works of the Year 24 Group were defined by their narrative complexity,

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manga: finer and lighter lines, beautiful faces that bordered on exaggeration, and

1316: 1307: 941:-influenced style eclipsing Tezuka's dynamic style as the dominant visual style of 864: 846: 841: 657: 445: 385: 220: 181: 120: 6103:(1991). "A Life-Size Mirror : Women's Self-Representation in Girls' Comics". 6083:(Current State of Yuri Culture). Translated by Shiina, Yukari. Seidosha: 143–147. 6059: 4068: 3373:

culture and female-female romance dates to the pre-war period with stories in the

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International Perspectives on Shojo and Shojo Manga The Influence of Girl Culture

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artists who emerged in the 1960s, while in the 1970s artists associated with the

197:. While certain aesthetic, visual, and narrative conventions are associated with 3727: 3706: 3627: 3592: 3539: 3519: 3472: 3315: 3310: 3052: 2877: 2734: 2696: 2662: 2652: 2436: 2401: 2355: 2299: 2212: 2125: 1658: 1637: 1542: 1526: 1503: 1490: 1485: 1138: 1122: 379: 327: 316: 257: 129: 44: 3369:

and has been published across manga demographic groups. A relationship between

937:(1958) was a major success upon its release, and marked the beginnings of this 6165: 6163:

Fujimoto, Yukari (2012). "Takahashi Macoto: The Origin of Shōjo Manga Style".

3764: 3736: 3523: 3481: 3242: 3189:, where a girl takes up arms to defend the peasants of her village), and the " 3046:

Contemporaneously, the art of Jun'ichi Nakahara was significantly influencing

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artists. Hideko Mizuno was the first to introduce romantic comedy elements to

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aesthetic that would emerge several decades later. New manga artists, such as

684: 224: 39: 4087:"The roots of Shōjo manga? Early 20th Century Parisian illustrated magazines" 3471:

out of jealousy or insanity. The social pressure and oppression borne from a

2587:, found renewed success after being relaunched with cross-media adaptations. 1208:

manga of the 1960s was influenced by American romantic comedy films, such as

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manga of this period was divided by publishers into three major categories:

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in the mid-1950s, by the end of the decade it composed more than half. Many

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manga does not refer to a specific style or a genre, but rather indicates a

311: 17: 6448:

Women's Manga in Asia and Beyond: Uniting Different Cultures and Identities

6292:

University of Trier Department of Linguistics, Literature and Media Studies

193:

manga does not refer to a specific style or a genre but rather indicates a

137:(targeting adult women), one of the primary editorial categories of manga. 6682: 6381: 6211: 6182: 1805:

horror manga in this format, typically as volumes that contained a mix of

3530: 3468: 3435: 3423: 2868: 2859:

is characterized by a "flowery and emotional" prose style focused on the

2226: 2027: 1758: 1614: 1557: 1549: 1384:

manga magazines remained male-dominated. Over the course of the decade,

1030: 1020: 988: 982: 905: 692: 170: 6610: 6116: 6015: 1721:

at Shueisha. This category of manga, referred to as "ladies' comics" or

6446:

Ogi, Fusami; Suter, Rebecca; Nagaike, Kazumi; Lent, John, eds. (2019).

3646:

manga in the 2000s, with fashion shows showcasing pieces influenced by

3618: 3386: 2882: 2412: 2336: 2193: 2041: 1693: 1548:

By the end of the 1970s, the three largest publishing houses in Japan (

1429: 875:

manga: the "story manga", which depicted multi-chapter narratives with

6320: 5966:

Girls and Their Comics: Finding a Female Voice in Comic Book Narrative

5225: 5223: 5221: 3277: 2724:

manga were first published in North America in the late 1990s. As the

1906: 1113:

manga was a genre that was created primarily by male authors, notably

6584:

Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime

6582:

Takahashi, Mizuki (2008). "Opening the Closed World of Shōjo Manga".

5699: 5409: 4331:

Manga Come From? Testimonies on the Establishment of the Genre].

4163: 4161: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4098: 4096: 3681: 3680:, who is often invoked by Japanese manga, magazines and brands – and 3549: 3165: 2672: 2394: 2175: 2018: 1956: 1951: 1613:

manga became concerned with self-fulfillment. She intimates that the

1517: 1234:

manga through her manga adaptions of American romantic comedy films:

859: 637: 81: 6206:. Translated by Fraser, Lucy. University of Minnesota Press: 25–42. 5886:

Shōjo Across Media: Exploring "Girl" Practices in Contemporary Japan

2540:, where works are published across multiple mediums simultaneously. 3739:

in exchange for coupons that readers can clip out of the magazine.

3035:

in the mid-1950s, though these details generally trended towards a

1451:

manga during the 1970s. Takemiya and Hagio originated a new genre,

1303:

artists depicting darker and taboo subject material in their work.

4307: 4305: 4303: 3723: 3633: 3563: 3276: 3137: 3024: 2786: 2643: 2385: 2348: 2219: 1898: 1894: 1665: 1360: 1200: 1035: 795: 484: 362: 332: 241: 107: 38: 6280:

Beautiful and Innocent: Female Same-Sex Intimacy in the Japanese

3561:

aesthetic was later adopted by women's fashion magazines such as

3214:

arose from the popularity of the cross-dressing actresses of the

900:

market developed its own distinct style through the influence of

515:

magazines came to target boys exclusively. The first exclusively

6561:

Passionate Friendship: The Aesthetics of Girl's Culture in Japan

3301: 3283: 3263: 3152:

came from the popularity of the cross-dressing actresses of the

3051:

iris. At the end of the 1950s, Takahashi's style was adopted by

2872: 2647: 2642:

in 2010. These new magazines explicitly targeted an audience of

1453: 660:, though they were significantly less common than male artists. 5909:

Le manga au féminin: Articles, chroniques, entretiens et mangas

5723: 5721: 2770:

manga under its Shojo Beat imprint, which it also published as

2504:

manga had declined in popularity, girls increasingly preferred

992:. Its success with female readers resulted in other generalist 879:

rather than a succession of essentially independent vignettes.

438:, emphasize certain graphic elements when attempting to define 310:

is used to designate a social category that emerged during the

5884:

Berndt, Jaqueline; Nagaike, Kazumi; Ogi, Fusami, eds. (2019).

3625:

manga in the 1990s, leading to the development of titles like

3429: 2728:

market was largely oriented towards male readers at the time,

2532:

after six issues, but came to be emblematic of a new trend in

1825:

manga magazines dedicated to the horror genre, beginning with

826: 5695:"The Intimate Relationship between "Shōjo" Manga and Fashion" 5362: 5360: 3529:

By the 1970s, consumer trends shifted from making clothes to

3459:

manga focused on cute characters and melodramatic scenarios.

1576:

manga or regarded it as unserious, but who now declared that

5039: 5037: 4234: 4232: 3571:. Some women's fashion magazines began to publish their own 2660:

manga. In sum, the magazines represented the integration of

5825: 5823: 5109: 5107: 3666:

which are sexualized or modest. Major inspirations include

2942:

manga developed a new and distinct style. In his 1997 book

1545:

before the category's formal emergence in the early 1980s.

853:(1957–1962), and Katsuji Matsumoto resuming publication of 457:

magazine publishing but which nonetheless are perceived as

5279: 5277: 5094: 5092: 3299:

stories overall, male-male romance manga – referred to as

3197:, where a princess is raised as a prince). Osamu Tezuka's 3062:

From this point on, experimental eye design flourished in

3023:

when drawing eyes. A large central star that replaces the

1479:

became the first major critical and commercial success in

1218:

The emergence of female artists led to the development of

340:

as the archetypical independent woman during this period.

5928:

Manga, Histoire et univers de la bande dessinée japonaise

5320: 5318: 5316: 5208: 5206: 4635: 4633: 4620: 4618: 4616: 952:

conformed to this lyrical style: one of the most popular

5810: 5808: 5511:(1993). ""Josei wa gei ga suki!?" (Women Like Gays!?)". 5347: 5345: 5240: 5238: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4071:[The Birth of Shōjo Manga in the 20th Century]. 4014: 4012: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3222:

grew in popularity in the post-war period, which critic

2754:, and when the medium regained popularity in the 2010s, 1845:. The genre shares many common traits with pornographic 1380:

manga artists were women, though editorial positions at

715:

publication in 1945, two of which were shōjo magazines:

572:

nevertheless played an important role in establishing a

6351:

Manga: An Anthology of Global and Cultural Perspectives

4952: 4950: 4948: 4788: 4786: 4722: 4720: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4483: 4481: 4468: 4466: 4429: 4427: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4219: 4217: 4192: 4190: 4188: 2944:

Why Is Manga So Interesting? Its Grammar and Expression

2815:

until the late 1950s, a function of the fact that both

6330:"Why are Japanese Girls' Comics full of Boys Bonking?" 4773: 4771: 4290: 4288: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3344:, with the genre having been called a form of "female 2410: 2402: 2392: 2383: 2356: 2346: 2310: 2300: 2291: 2243: 2224: 2210: 2191: 2182: 2173: 2150: 2126: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2039: 2025: 2016: 497:

As the Japanese publishing industry boomed during the

210: 204: 198: 188: 174: 164: 156: 150: 138: 130: 121: 112: 98: 90: 62: 6229:"Visual Kei Otaku Identity—An Intercultural Analysis" 4815: 4813: 4390: 4388: 3746:

and magazines aimed at older readers, referred to as

2886:. Particular attention is paid to representations of 2547:

manga successes in this cross-media approach include

3439:(spirits), or which are otherwise structured around 3305:

or "boys' love" (BL) – is a significant subgenre of

3254:

manga has been written almost exclusively by women.

2835:

became the primary reference point for manga. While

2831:, while in the post-war period the dynamic style of 2527:. The magazine was unconventional compared to other 1564:

established themselves as the largest publishers of

1226:) manga, historically an unpopular genre among male 5434: 4167: 4152: 4123: 4102: 3881: 3879: 3650:manga or which were drawn from costumes in popular 3357:, has been historically and thematically linked to 3287:or "boys' love" (BL), is a significant subgenre of 2893:This narrative and visual style began to influence 1882:

2000s–present: Restructuring and influence of anime

1588:readers, remained as an audience for the category. 738:A four-panel manga from the November 1910 issue of 663:Among the most influential artists of this era was 596:between girls and women. The visual conventions of 5688: 5686: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5256: 5229: 5763: 5751: 5739: 4843: 4311: 3909: 3858: 3822: 1742:, and publish works that aesthetically resemble 532:, first published in 1902. This was followed by 3361:manga since its emergence in the 1970s, though 2690:manga through the emergence of so-called "boys 1214:(1954), which was adapted into a manga in 1963. 4445: 4250: 3752: 3715: 3661:Generally, the clothing worn by characters in 3174: 3090: 3004: 2922:manga; many of these elements later spread to 1746:manga but which deal with the adult themes of 1515:manga, particularly the emergent aesthetic of 1447:Numerous artists contributed to innovation in 1159: 1090: 1072: 1054: 965: 766: 556:in 1923. These magazines focused primarily on 458: 452: 439: 418: 412: 407:manga is traditionally published in dedicated 396: 390: 366: 352: 321: 305: 299: 291: 280: 251: 143:manga is traditionally published in dedicated 71: 48: 6031:] (in French). Custom Publishing France. 5947:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Japanese Culture 5028: 4750: 4663: 4406: 3309:manga. Works in the genre typically focus on 3039:style rather than the emotive style of later 2867:in particular made extensive use of multiple 2472: 1444:that overlapped or were entirely borderless. 8: 6353:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 6334:Refractory: A Journal of Entertainment Media 5727: 4711: 3962: 2982:("break"), referring to the symbolic use of 30:"Shōjo" redirects here. For other uses, see 6469:Pinon, Matthieu; Lefebvre, Laurent (2015). 6407:in Ladies' Comics and Young Ladies' Comics" 5070:"Shoujo Manga: Let's Hear It for the Girls" 3351:Female-female romance manga, also known as 1096: 1078: 1060: 971: 563: 463:, such as works published on the Internet. 401:manga is also read by men and older women. 128:(targeting young adult and adult men), and 77: 6541:Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics 2479: 2465: 1905: 1885: 1584:manga who, although a minority of overall 1254:. Other artists, such as Masako Watanabe, 773:by Jihei Ogawa, in the July 1920 issue of 27:Manga aimed at a teenage female readership 6126:"Japanese Contemporary Manga (Number 1): 5991:(38). University of Hawai'i Press: 59–80. 5539: 5527: 5458: 5161: 5113: 2847:manga was primarily derived from pre-war 1541:in 1972, their works were the origins of 1489:(literally "beautiful boys"), a term for 6500:] (in French). Editions Tallandier. 5930:(in French). Editions Philippe Piquier. 5587: 5575: 5551: 5366: 5307: 5283: 5185: 4867: 4831: 4804: 4675: 4367: 4238: 3281:Male-male romance manga, referred to as 1809:reissues and original creations. Horror 1400:artists collectively referred to as the 6471:Histoire(s) du manga moderne: 1952–2012 5705:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 5635: 5623: 5611: 5599: 5415:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 5390: 5378: 5324: 5268: 5212: 5173: 5137: 5125: 4699: 4687: 4639: 4624: 4595: 4564: 4540: 4516: 4355: 4325:"少女マンガはどこからきたの？web展～ジャンルの成立期に関する証言より～" 4262: 4208: 4042: 4030: 4018: 3991: 3974: 3933: 3870: 3815: 1893: 1853:, which published a wide range of both 1194:("Portrait of Pia", 1964) published in 1190:, who at the age of 16 had debut manga 1166:. While they constituted a minority of 728: 57:imprint at a bookstore in Tokyo in 2004 6475:Historie(s) of Modern Manga: 1952–2012 6441:from the original on November 4, 2019. 6105:Review of Japanese Culture and Society 5865: 5853: 5841: 5829: 5814: 5799: 5787: 5775: 5671: 5659: 5647: 5470: 5446: 5351: 5336: 5244: 5197: 5098: 5055: 5043: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4879: 4792: 4762: 4738: 4726: 4651: 4607: 4583: 4528: 4499: 4487: 4472: 4433: 4418: 4379: 4294: 4279: 4223: 4196: 4179: 4140: 4054: 3950: 3921: 3897: 3846: 3834: 3027:dot began to appear at key moments in 3011:. This technique did not originate in 1725:manga, shares many common traits with 1641:(1991–1997). Fujimoto opines that the 804:dressed as the titular character from 427:curator Kayoko Kuramochi and academic 6087:from the original on January 15, 2021 6075:Friedman, Erica (November 27, 2014). 5964:Danziger-Russell, Jacqueline (2012). 5563: 4552: 4457: 3885: 3500:culture and fashion dates to pre-war 3421:elements, such as stories focused on 2966:("release"), referring to the use of 2897:manga towards the end of the 1950s; 2808:manga was largely similar to that of 2791:Cover of the September 1926 issue of 1592:1980s and 1990s: Subgenre development 1457:(male-male romance), with Takemiya's 1368:, a major figure associated with the 411:that are directed at a readership of 7: 5295: 5149: 4819: 4777: 4394: 4069:"20世紀の美少女誕生「ガーリー・アート」～少女漫画はこの子たちから～" 4003: 3705:before being published as books and 3331:manga. Japanese critics have viewed 1609:writes that beginning in the 1990s, 6303:Manga: Minutes from the Seminar on 6236:Intercultural Communication Studies 5068:Alverson, Brigid (March 10, 2021). 4855: 3637:readership. This led to a split in 2918:established as visual hallmarks of 1841:manga emerged under the genre name 1792:publications that eschewed typical 1149:, most of them debuted within the 5983:Dollase, Hiromi Tsuchiya (2010). " 5485:Kikan Toshi II (Quarterly City II) 4085:Kyoto International manga museum. 3295:Though they compose a minority of 3156:(actress Sueko Takigawa pictured). 3080:Among the most common concepts in 2797:, with art by the lyrical painter 1105:1960s: Emergence of female artists 867:and other artists associated with 792:1950s: Formalization as a category 667:, a lyrical painter influenced in 25: 6403:(Girls) Manga (Japanese Comics): 6254:Koyama-Richard, Brigitte (2007). 5996:Dollase, Hiromi Tsuchiya (2019). 2871:("..."), exclamation points, and 2720:English-language translations of 1324:manga sex scene was published in 703:(1934), and his most famous work 6693: 6681: 6627:Manga – Something for the Girls" 3701:Manga in Japan is serialized in 3677:Alice's Adventures in Wonderland 3377:genre, which focused on intense 3323:emerged as a formal subgenre of 2994:A defining stylistic element of 2694:", beginning with the magazines 2448: 753: 731: 472:Before 1945: Context and origins 425:Kyoto International Manga Museum 6173:. Translated by Thorn, Rachel. 6077:"Yuri: A Genre Without Borders" 5487:. Tokyo: Kawade Shobō Shinsha. 5257:Natsume, Holt & Teppei 2020 5230:Natsume, Holt & Teppei 2020 1337:By the end of the decade, most 6415:The Journal of Popular Culture 5764:Berndt, Nagaike & Ogi 2019 5752:Berndt, Nagaike & Ogi 2019 5740:Berndt, Nagaike & Ogi 2019 4844:Berndt, Nagaike & Ogi 2019 3910:Berndt, Nagaike & Ogi 2019 3859:Berndt, Nagaike & Ogi 2019 3823:Berndt, Nagaike & Ogi 2019 3181:, appear regularly in pre-war 3120:considers that the content of 2686:was additionally expressed in 2515:In 2008, the publishing house 800:An ambassador for the city of 648:; this period saw some female 511:magazines were published, and 215:manga, both visual (non-rigid 1: 6698:The dictionary definition of 6175:University of Minnesota Press 6060:10.1080/10357823.2017.1370436 5926:Bouissou, Jean-Marie (2014). 3697:Marketing and reader feedback 3631:that directly appealed to an 3365:is not strictly exclusive to 3193:girl" (as in Eisuke Ishida's 3168:protagonists, referred to as 2752:financial crisis of 2007–2008 2716:In the English-speaking world 1469:(1971). The historical drama 916:drew cover illustrations for 119:(targeting adolescent boys), 6538:Schodt, Frederik L. (1983). 6143:. p. 12. Archived from 6023:Fasulo, Fausto, ed. (2021). 5405:"The Origins of Shōjo Manga" 3575:manga in the 1980s, such as 2783:Context and general elements 1863:and Shogakukan's mainstream 1691:In 1980, Kodansha published 489:Cover of the first issue of 106:is an editorial category of 6723:Anime and manga terminology 6521:University of Hawaiʻi Press 5907:Brient, Hervé, ed. (2010). 3670:for girls – as embodied by 3076:Interpersonal relationships 2774:in the mid- to late-2000s. 2772:a serialized manga magazine 2411: 2403: 2393: 2384: 2357: 2347: 2311: 2301: 2292: 2244: 2225: 2211: 2192: 2183: 2174: 2151: 2127: 2118: 2109: 2100: 2040: 2026: 2017: 1394:women's liberation movement 742:(artist unknown). Note the 588:genre whose novels such as 459: 453: 440: 419: 413: 397: 391: 367: 353: 322: 306: 300: 281: 252: 250:, portraying an archetypal 211: 205: 199: 189: 175: 165: 157: 151: 139: 131: 122: 113: 99: 91: 63: 49: 6754: 6565:University of Hawaii Press 6544:. Kodansha International. 6477:] (in French). Ynnis. 6242:(1): 87–99. Archived from 6227:Hashimoto, Miyuki (2007). 5989:U.S.-Japan Women's Journal 5987:Spirits in Horror Manga". 5693:Kuramochi, Kayoko (2022). 3261: 2946:, manga artist and critic 2455:Anime and manga portal 2432:Anime-influenced animation 1781: 1677:Kōrei Shussan Don to Koi!! 1670:Cover illustration to the 1656: 920:manga anthologies such as 163:(girls' prose novels) and 29: 6603:.S.-Japan Women's Journal 6559:Shamoon, Deborah (2012). 6515:Prough, Jennifer (2011). 6399:"Female Subjectivity and 6124:Fujimoto, Yukari (2008). 5700:Google Arts & Culture 5410:Google Arts & Culture 5403:Iwashita, Housei (2022). 5029:Pinon & Lefebvre 2015 4751:Pinon & Lefebvre 2015 4664:Pinon & Lefebvre 2015 4407:Pinon & Lefebvre 2015 3753: 3716: 3496:The relationship between 3342:lesbianism in pornography 3175: 3164:manga since its origins. 3091: 3005: 2978:of the speaker. Third is 1870:By the 2000s, this niche 1834:In the 1990s, a genre of 1376:By the early 1970s, most 1160: 1091: 1073: 1055: 966: 767: 710:With the outbreak of the 292: 72: 6370:US-Japan Women's Journal 6328:McLelland, Mark (2006). 5945:Buckley, Sandra (2002). 5728:Fraser & Monden 2017 4712:Fraser & Monden 2017 3963:Fraser & Monden 2017 3095:, "human relationships") 2934:Beginning in the 1970s, 2766:in particular publishes 1942:Original video animation 1750:manga; examples include 912:artists Yukiko Tani and 787:1945–1970: Post-war rise 712:Second Sino-Japanese War 584:, a major figure in the 6432:10.1111/1540-5931.00045 5517:. Bungei shunjū: 82–83. 6492:Poupée, Karen (2010). 6277:Maser, Verena (2013). 5075:School Library Journal 3441:Japanese urban legends 3340:and the popularity of 3292: 3157: 2801: 2621:Monthly Comic Zero Sum 1947:Original net animation 1876:mobile phones in Japan 1688: 1472:The Rose of Versailles 1466:The November Gymnasium 1373: 1215: 811: 699:(1930), the cinematic 494: 377:for boys) and by age ( 276: 58: 32:Shojo (disambiguation) 6733:Women's entertainment 6650:Toku, Masami (2015). 6645:on February 19, 2007. 6382:10.1353/jwj.2020.0005 6212:10.1353/mec.2014.0007 6183:10.1353/mec.2012.0000 4312:Danziger-Russell 2012 3804:British girls' comics 3684:costumes, especially 3413:manga often features 3280: 3228:Constitution of Japan 3141: 2790: 2538:cross-media marketing 1836:softcore pornographic 1669: 1632:Magic Knight Rayearth 1364: 1204: 799: 760:The third chapter of 488: 245: 42: 6690:at Wikimedia Commons 6424:Blackwell Publishing 6397:Ogi, Fusami (2003). 6141:The Japan Foundation 6048:Asian Studies Review 4610:, pp. 195–196.. 3742:In the case of both 3611:Teke Teke Rendezvous 3553:fashion inspired by 3379:romantic friendships 3134:Gender and sexuality 3031:manga by Tezuka and 3019:of actresses in the 2804:The visual style of 2002:International market 1649:"Ladies comics" and 1299:, which led to more 1273:While early romance 855:Kurukuru Kurumi-chan 705:Kurukuru Kurumi-chan 594:romantic friendships 6631:The Japan Quarterly 5968:. Scarecrow Press. 5742:, pp. 209–210. 5554:, pp. 143–147. 5473:, pp. 100–101. 5046:, pp. 142–143. 4995:, pp. 134–135. 4983:, pp. 131–132. 4846:, pp. 359–360. 4702:, pp. 104–105. 4543:, pp. 193–194. 4502:, pp. 191–192. 4446:Koyama-Richard 2007 4251:Koyama-Richard 2007 3654:franchises such as 3621:began to influence 3313:men referred to as 2726:American comic book 2069:Best-selling series 1889:Part of a series on 1813:manga published by 1707:at Shogakukan, and 1501:led a new trend of 1463:(1970) and Hagio's 1357:1970s: "Golden age" 1266:became popular for 980:stories focused on 748:in the final panel. 691:manga, such as the 351:Strictly speaking, 304:. Rather, the term 187:Strictly speaking, 6452:Palgrave Macmillan 6344:on April 15, 2008. 6256:Mille Ans de Manga 6137:Japanese Book News 6025:Le Manga D'Horreur 5890:Palgrave Macmillan 3771:Talent development 3720:, "little sister") 3293: 3224:Yoshihiro Yonezawa 3158: 3033:Shotaro Ishinomori 2976:internal monologue 2958:manga. The first, 2948:Fusanosuke Natsume 2802: 2633:Comic Blade Avarus 2088:Demographic groups 1972:Longest franchises 1778:Horror and erotica 1689: 1493:male characters. 1374: 1216: 1119:Shōtarō Ishinomori 892:At the same time, 812: 495: 359:target demographic 336:also replaced the 279:The Japanese word 277: 195:target demographic 59: 6686:Media related to 6593:978-0-7656-1601-2 6574:978-0-82483-542-2 6530:978-0-8248-3457-9 6507:979-10-210-0216-6 6494:Histoire du Manga 6484:979-10-93376-22-6 6461:978-3-319-97229-9 6360:978-0-8264-2937-7 6321:10.14993/00002074 6269:978-2-08-120063-0 6260:Groupe Flammarion 6038:978-2-490308-29-3 5975:978-0-8108-8376-5 5937:978-2-8097-0996-4 5918:978-2-9531781-4-2 5844:, pp. 76–79. 5832:, pp. 74–75. 5802:, pp. 66–67. 5674:, pp. 78–81. 5662:, pp. 78–79. 5638:, pp. 67–70. 5626:, pp. 62–66. 5449:, pp. 45–46. 5369:, pp. 53–54. 5232:, pp. 68–69. 5152:, pp. 24–25. 5101:, pp. 48–49. 4834:, pp. 83–84. 4598:, pp. 61–62. 4241:, pp. 69–70. 4182:, pp. 16–17. 4057:, pp. 12–13. 4006:, pp. 25–26. 3707:collected volumes 3668:Victorian fashion 3599:(which published 3581:Tokyo Girls Bravo 3579:(which published 3547:manga emphasized 3445:Japanese folklore 3084:manga is that of 3059:manga magazines. 3017:theatrical makeup 2741:Boys Over Flowers 2584:Boys Over Flowers 2506:television dramas 2489: 2488: 2342:Anime music video 1851:Ohzora Publishing 1828:Monthly Halloween 1768:at Shueisha, and 1635:(1993–1996), and 1596:Since the 1970s, 1422:adventure fiction 1404:, which included 1390:sexual revolution 1264:Yoshiko Nishitani 665:Katsuji Matsumoto 652:artists, such as 606:Jun'ichi Nakahara 263:in the 1939 film 171:lyrical paintings 45:collected volumes 16:(Redirected from 6745: 6697: 6685: 6669: 6646: 6641:. Archived from 6614: 6597: 6578: 6555: 6534: 6511: 6498:History of Manga 6488: 6465: 6442: 6440: 6411: 6393: 6364: 6345: 6340:. Archived from 6324: 6309:武庫川女子大学生活美学研究所紀要 6295: 6289: 6273: 6250: 6249:on June 7, 2011. 6248: 6233: 6223: 6194: 6159: 6157: 6155: 6150:on June 22, 2021 6149: 6139:. Vol. 56. 6134: 6120: 6101:Fujimoto, Yukari 6096: 6094: 6092: 6071: 6042: 6019: 5992: 5979: 5960: 5941: 5922: 5903: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5818: 5812: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5690: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5355: 5349: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5233: 5227: 5216: 5210: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5102: 5096: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4781: 4775: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4628: 4622: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4476: 4470: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4334:Meiji University 4321: 4315: 4309: 4298: 4292: 4283: 4277: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4227: 4221: 4212: 4206: 4200: 4194: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4127: 4121: 4106: 4100: 4091: 4090: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3721: 3719: 3718: 3512:Macoto Takahashi 3216:Takarazuka Revue 3180: 3178: 3177: 3154:Takarazuka Revue 3096: 3094: 3093: 3021:Takarazuka Revue 3010: 3008: 3007: 2899:Macoto Takahashi 2799:Kashō Takabatake 2570:Nodame Cantabile 2481: 2474: 2467: 2453: 2452: 2416: 2406: 2398: 2389: 2360: 2352: 2314: 2304: 2295: 2249: 2230: 2216: 2197: 2188: 2179: 2154: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2045: 2031: 2022: 1909: 1886: 1685: 1603:Meiji University 1525:artists such as 1434:historical drama 1279:Machiko Satonaka 1252:Akage no Scarlet 1188:Machiko Satonaka 1165: 1163: 1162: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1057: 975: 974:"Ghost Stories") 973: 969: 968: 959:anthologies was 914:Macoto Takahashi 906:lyrical painting 837:Shosuke Kurakane 772: 770: 769: 757: 735: 654:Machiko Hasegawa 646:Shosuke Kurakane 618: 610:Kashō Takabatake 565: 530: 462: 456: 443: 437: 422: 416: 400: 394: 389:for men). Thus, 370: 356: 325: 309: 303: 297: 295: 294: 284: 274: 266:Hana Tsumi Nikki 255: 214: 208: 202: 192: 178: 173:). The earliest 168: 162: 154: 142: 134: 125: 116: 105: 102: 94: 79: 75: 74: 66: 53:manga under the 52: 21: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6708: 6707: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6666: 6649: 6617: 6600: 6594: 6581: 6575: 6558: 6552: 6537: 6531: 6514: 6508: 6491: 6485: 6468: 6462: 6445: 6438: 6409: 6396: 6367: 6361: 6348: 6327: 6311:(in Japanese). 6298: 6287: 6276: 6270: 6253: 6246: 6231: 6226: 6197: 6162: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6132: 6123: 6099: 6090: 6088: 6074: 6045: 6039: 6022: 6008: 5995: 5982: 5976: 5963: 5957: 5944: 5938: 5925: 5919: 5906: 5900: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5848: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5750: 5746: 5738: 5734: 5726: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5692: 5691: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5634: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5509:Takemiya, Keiko 5507: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5435:Ogi et al. 2019 5433: 5429: 5419: 5417: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5393:, pp. 6–8. 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5358: 5350: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5323: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5290: 5282: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5236: 5228: 5219: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4902: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4838: 4830: 4826: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4784: 4776: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4737: 4733: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4638: 4631: 4623: 4614: 4606: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4506: 4498: 4494: 4486: 4479: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4338: 4327:[Where did 4323: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4301: 4293: 4286: 4278: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4195: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4168:Ogi et al. 2019 4166: 4159: 4153:Ogi et al. 2019 4151: 4147: 4139: 4130: 4124:Ogi et al. 2019 4122: 4109: 4103:Ogi et al. 2019 4101: 4094: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3949: 3940: 3932: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3837:, pp. 7–8. 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3795: 3773: 3757:, "big sister") 3750: 3713: 3703:manga magazines 3699: 3694: 3516:Masako Watanabe 3494: 3408: 3275: 3262:Main articles: 3260: 3200:Princess Knight 3195:Kanaria Ōjisama 3187:Nazo no Kurōbaa 3172: 3136: 3118:Yukari Fujimoto 3103:inner monologue 3088: 3078: 3073: 3002: 2992: 2972:speech balloons 2932: 2861:inner monologue 2785: 2780: 2718: 2600: 2575:Tomoko Ninomiya 2573:(2001–2010) by 2563:(2001–2006) by 2553:(2000–2009) by 2523:manga magazine 2498: 2485: 2447: 2442: 2441: 2374: 2366: 2365: 2286: 2276: 2275: 2271:Anime directors 2261: 2253: 2252: 2145: 2135: 2134: 2089: 2081: 2080: 1987: 1979: 1978: 1917: 1884: 1786: 1780: 1774:at Shogakukan. 1679: 1664: 1655: 1607:Yukari Fujimoto 1594: 1475:(1972–1973) by 1426:science fiction 1359: 1256:Chieko Hosokawa 1224:romantic comedy 1157: 1143:Masako Watanabe 1115:Leiji Matsumoto 1107: 1088: 1070: 1052: 963: 945:manga. Not all 882:Princess Knight 807:Princess Knight 794: 789: 784: 783: 782: 779: 764: 758: 749: 736: 630: 612: 602:Yumeji Takehisa 590:Hana Monogatari 524: 483: 474: 469: 431: 409:manga magazines 361:. The Japanese 349: 289: 268: 248:Hideko Takamine 240: 233: 145:manga magazines 108:Japanese comics 69: 55:Margaret Comics 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6751: 6749: 6741: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6728:Women in Japan 6725: 6720: 6710: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6691: 6677: 6676:External links 6674: 6671: 6670: 6664: 6647: 6615: 6598: 6592: 6579: 6573: 6556: 6550: 6535: 6529: 6512: 6506: 6489: 6483: 6466: 6460: 6443: 6394: 6365: 6359: 6346: 6325: 6296: 6274: 6268: 6251: 6224: 6195: 6160: 6130:(Girls Manga)" 6121: 6097: 6072: 6054:(4): 544–561. 6043: 6037: 6020: 6007:978-1438473918 6006: 6000:. SUNY Press. 5993: 5980: 5974: 5961: 5955: 5942: 5936: 5923: 5917: 5911:. Éditions H. 5904: 5899:978-3030014841 5898: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5819: 5804: 5792: 5780: 5768: 5766:, p. 216. 5756: 5754:, p. 211. 5744: 5732: 5730:, p. 553. 5717: 5676: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5628: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5580: 5568: 5556: 5544: 5540:Hashimoto 2007 5532: 5528:McLelland 2006 5520: 5500: 5493: 5475: 5463: 5461:, pp. 82. 5459:McLelland 2010 5451: 5439: 5437:, p. 221. 5427: 5395: 5383: 5381:, p. 109. 5371: 5356: 5341: 5329: 5312: 5300: 5288: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5234: 5217: 5202: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5164:, p. 122. 5162:Takahashi 2008 5154: 5142: 5130: 5118: 5116:, p. 115. 5114:Takahashi 2008 5103: 5088: 5060: 5058:, p. 141. 5048: 5033: 5031:, p. 124. 5021: 5019:, p. 137. 5009: 5007:, p. 134. 4997: 4985: 4973: 4971:, p. 139. 4961: 4944: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4858:, p. 781. 4848: 4836: 4824: 4809: 4797: 4782: 4780:, p. 169. 4767: 4755: 4743: 4731: 4716: 4714:, p. 551. 4704: 4692: 4690:, p. 236. 4680: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4642:, p. 100. 4629: 4627:, p. 328. 4612: 4600: 4588: 4569: 4567:, p. 194. 4557: 4545: 4533: 4521: 4504: 4492: 4477: 4462: 4450: 4448:, p. 139. 4438: 4423: 4421:, p. 195. 4411: 4399: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4348: 4316: 4314:, p. 140. 4299: 4284: 4267: 4265:, p. 145. 4255: 4253:, p. 133. 4243: 4228: 4213: 4201: 4184: 4172: 4170:, p. 209. 4157: 4155:, p. 201. 4145: 4143:, p. 165. 4128: 4126:, p. 208. 4107: 4105:, p. 207. 4092: 4077: 4059: 4047: 4035: 4023: 4008: 3996: 3979: 3967: 3965:, p. 546. 3955: 3938: 3926: 3914: 3912:, p. 357. 3902: 3890: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3827: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3799:Romance comics 3794: 3791: 3772: 3769: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3615:George Asakura 3526:doll in 1967. 3493: 3490: 3478:Kuchisake-onna 3433:(demons), and 3407: 3404: 3259: 3256: 3212:cross-dressing 3150:cross-dressing 3135: 3132: 3116:Manga scholar 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 2991: 2988: 2931: 2928: 2911:Keiko Takemiya 2865:Nobuko Yoshiya 2857:Shōjo shōsetsu 2850:shōjo shōsetsu 2829:George McManus 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2717: 2714: 2599: 2589: 2560:Lovely Complex 2497: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2418: 2417: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2364: 2363: 2353: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2307: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2222: 2217: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2189: 2180: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2146: 2141: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2074:Longest series 2071: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2037: 2032: 2023: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1967:Longest series 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1902: 1901: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1880: 1782:Main article: 1779: 1776: 1657:Main article: 1654: 1647: 1593: 1590: 1499:Mariko Iwadate 1420:manga such as 1410:Keiko Takemiya 1358: 1355: 1260:Michiko Hosono 1109:In the 1950s, 1106: 1103: 1099:"scary manga") 1081:"happy manga") 1029:, followed by 935:Arashi o Koete 793: 790: 788: 785: 781: 780: 762:Mikeko Romance 759: 752: 750: 745:henohenomoheji 737: 730: 727: 726: 725: 701:Nazo no Kurōbā 681:George McManus 629: 622: 582:Nobuko Yoshiya 570:Shōjo shōsetsu 559:shōjo shōsetsu 482: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 348: 342: 298:and rarely as 239: 234: 232: 229: 159:shōjo shōsetsu 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6750: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6704:at Wiktionary 6703: 6702: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6675: 6667: 6665:9781138549036 6661: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6639:Asahi Shimbun 6636: 6632: 6628: 6626: 6620: 6619:Thorn, Rachel 6616: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6586:. ME Sharpe. 6585: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6553: 6551:0-87011-752-1 6547: 6543: 6542: 6536: 6532: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6444: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6417: 6416: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6297: 6294:(PhD thesis). 6293: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6261: 6258:(in French). 6257: 6252: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6167: 6161: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6129: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5958: 5956:0-415-14344-6 5952: 5949:. Routledge. 5948: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5881: 5875: 5868:, p. 87. 5867: 5862: 5859: 5856:, p. 82. 5855: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5817:, p. 61. 5816: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5793: 5790:, p. 66. 5789: 5784: 5781: 5778:, p. 60. 5777: 5772: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5748: 5745: 5741: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5653: 5650:, p. 76. 5649: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5620: 5617: 5614:, p. 59. 5613: 5608: 5605: 5602:, p. 60. 5601: 5596: 5593: 5590:, p. 34. 5589: 5588:Fujimoto 2014 5584: 5581: 5578:, p. 25. 5577: 5576:Fujimoto 2014 5572: 5569: 5566:, p. 46. 5565: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5552:Friedman 2014 5548: 5545: 5542:, p. 91. 5541: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5521: 5516: 5515: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5496: 5494:4-309-90222-7 5490: 5486: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5428: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5367:Fujimoto 1991 5363: 5361: 5357: 5354:, p. 73. 5353: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5339:, p. 29. 5338: 5333: 5330: 5327:, p. 87. 5326: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5310:, p. 52. 5309: 5308:Fujimoto 2012 5304: 5301: 5298:, p. 25. 5297: 5292: 5289: 5286:, p. 49. 5285: 5284:Fujimoto 2012 5280: 5278: 5274: 5271:, p. 82. 5270: 5265: 5262: 5259:, p. 71. 5258: 5253: 5250: 5247:, p. 49. 5246: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5215:, p. 99. 5214: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5200:, p. 21. 5199: 5194: 5191: 5188:, p. 24. 5187: 5186:Fujimoto 2012 5182: 5179: 5176:, p. 84. 5175: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5143: 5140:, p. 79. 5139: 5134: 5131: 5128:, p. 34. 5127: 5122: 5119: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4974: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4959:, p. 85. 4958: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4942:, p. 74. 4941: 4936: 4933: 4930:, p. 54. 4929: 4924: 4921: 4918:, p. 22. 4917: 4912: 4909: 4906:, p. 55. 4905: 4900: 4897: 4894:, p. 54. 4893: 4888: 4885: 4882:, p. 52. 4881: 4876: 4873: 4870:, p. 12. 4869: 4868:Fujimoto 2008 4864: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4832:Takeuchi 2010 4828: 4825: 4822:, p. 27. 4821: 4816: 4814: 4810: 4807:, p. 83. 4806: 4805:Takeuchi 2010 4801: 4798: 4795:, p. 50. 4794: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4768: 4765:, p. 81. 4764: 4759: 4756: 4753:, p. 60. 4752: 4747: 4744: 4741:, p. 26. 4740: 4735: 4732: 4729:, p. 51. 4728: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4693: 4689: 4684: 4681: 4678:, p. 82. 4677: 4676:Takeuchi 2010 4672: 4669: 4666:, p. 66. 4665: 4660: 4657: 4654:, p. 97. 4653: 4648: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4589: 4586:, p. 25. 4585: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4534: 4531:, p. 38. 4530: 4525: 4522: 4519:, p. 89. 4518: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4493: 4490:, p. 47. 4489: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4475:, p. 24. 4474: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4439: 4436:, p. 23. 4435: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4412: 4409:, p. 22. 4408: 4403: 4400: 4397:, p. 26. 4396: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4382:, p. 14. 4381: 4376: 4373: 4370:, p. 47. 4369: 4368:Fujimoto 2012 4364: 4361: 4358:, p. 97. 4357: 4352: 4349: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4282:, p. 17. 4281: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4244: 4240: 4239:Bouissou 2014 4235: 4233: 4229: 4226:, p. 32. 4225: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4211:, p. 56. 4210: 4205: 4202: 4199:, p. 30. 4198: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4048: 4045:, p. 70. 4044: 4039: 4036: 4033:, p. 31. 4032: 4027: 4024: 4021:, p. 58. 4020: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3997: 3994:, p. 19. 3993: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3977:, p. 29. 3976: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3936:, p. 19. 3935: 3930: 3927: 3924:, p. 11. 3923: 3918: 3915: 3911: 3906: 3903: 3900:, p. 10. 3899: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3816: 3809: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3760: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3733: 3732:novelty items 3729: 3725: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3602:Paradise Kiss 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3585:Kyōko Okazaki 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3451:. Paranormal 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3425: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3406:Paranormality 3405: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3389:bent of most 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3303: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3279: 3274: 3272: 3267: 3266: 3258:Homosexuality 3257: 3255: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3191:crossdressing 3188: 3184: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3087: 3086:ningen kankei 3083: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968:decompression 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2907:Year 24 Group 2904: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2747:Fruits Basket 2743: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2636:in 2007, and 2635: 2634: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2597: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2482: 2477: 2475: 2470: 2468: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2445: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2370: 2369: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2289: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2266:Manga artists 2264: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2129: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1837: 1832: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1756:at Kodansha, 1755: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1703:at Kodansha, 1702: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1686: 1683: 1678: 1674:manga series 1673: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1629:(1990–1998), 1628: 1627: 1623:(1995–2002), 1622: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1560:) as well as 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1543:ladies comics 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531:Hideko Mizuno 1528: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414:Yumiko Ōshima 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402:Year 24 Group 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1371: 1370:Year 24 Group 1367: 1363: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1334:(1969–1971). 1333: 1332: 1327: 1326:Hideko Mizuno 1323: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1312:Chikako Urano 1309: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1295:published in 1294: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1283:Yukari Ichijō 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248: 1247:The Quiet Man 1243: 1242:Sutekina Cora 1239: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1171: 1169: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:Eiko Hanamura 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:Hideko Mizuno 1132: 1128: 1127:Tetsuya Chiba 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1102: 1086: 1068: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1033:in 1955 with 1032: 1028: 1027: 1023:in 1954 with 1022: 1019:manga: first 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 990: 985: 984: 979: 962: 958: 955: 951: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 883: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 861: 856: 852: 848: 845:(1949–1955), 844: 843: 838: 834: 830: 828: 824: 820: 819: 809: 808: 803: 798: 791: 786: 778: 777: 763: 756: 751: 747: 746: 741: 734: 729: 724: 722: 721:Shōjo no Tomo 718: 713: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 627: 623: 621: 616: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 561: 560: 555: 554: 550:in 1912, and 549: 548: 543: 542: 541:Shōjo no Tomo 537: 536: 531: 528: 523: 519:magazine was 518: 514: 510: 506: 505: 500: 492: 487: 480: 476: 471: 466: 464: 461: 455: 450: 447: 442: 435: 430: 426: 421: 415: 410: 406: 402: 399: 393: 388: 387: 382: 381: 376: 375: 369: 364: 360: 355: 346: 343: 341: 339: 335: 334: 329: 324: 319: 318: 313: 308: 302: 288: 283: 275: 272: 267: 262: 261: 254: 249: 244: 238: 235: 230: 228: 226: 222: 218: 213: 207: 201: 196: 191: 185: 183: 182:manga artists 177: 172: 167: 161: 160: 153: 148: 146: 141: 136: 133: 127: 124: 118: 115: 109: 103: 101: 95: 93: 87: 83: 68: 65: 56: 51: 46: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6700: 6651: 6643:the original 6637:(3). Tokyo: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6602: 6583: 6560: 6539: 6516: 6497: 6493: 6474: 6470: 6447: 6419: 6413: 6404: 6400: 6373: 6369: 6350: 6342:the original 6337: 6333: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6283: 6279: 6255: 6244:the original 6239: 6235: 6203: 6199: 6170: 6164: 6152:. Retrieved 6145:the original 6136: 6127: 6108: 6104: 6089:. Retrieved 6080: 6051: 6047: 6029:Horror Manga 6028: 6024: 5997: 5988: 5984: 5965: 5946: 5927: 5908: 5885: 5876:Bibliography 5861: 5849: 5837: 5795: 5783: 5771: 5759: 5747: 5735: 5708:. Retrieved 5698: 5667: 5655: 5643: 5636:Dollase 2010 5631: 5624:Dollase 2010 5619: 5612:Dollase 2010 5607: 5600:Dollase 2010 5595: 5583: 5571: 5559: 5547: 5535: 5523: 5512: 5503: 5484: 5478: 5466: 5454: 5442: 5430: 5418:. Retrieved 5408: 5398: 5391:Shamoon 2012 5386: 5379:Shamoon 2012 5374: 5332: 5325:Shamoon 2012 5303: 5291: 5269:Shamoon 2012 5264: 5252: 5213:Shamoon 2012 5193: 5181: 5174:Shamoon 2012 5169: 5157: 5145: 5138:Shamoon 2012 5133: 5126:Dollase 2019 5121: 5079:. Retrieved 5073: 5063: 5051: 5024: 5012: 5000: 4988: 4976: 4964: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4800: 4758: 4746: 4734: 4707: 4700:Shamoon 2012 4695: 4688:Dollase 2010 4683: 4671: 4659: 4647: 4640:Shamoon 2012 4625:Buckley 2002 4603: 4596:Dollase 2010 4591: 4565:Dollase 2010 4560: 4555:, p. 4. 4548: 4541:Dollase 2010 4536: 4524: 4517:Shamoon 2012 4495: 4460:, p. 3. 4453: 4441: 4414: 4402: 4375: 4363: 4356:Shamoon 2012 4351: 4339:. Retrieved 4332: 4328: 4319: 4297:, p. 6. 4263:Dollase 2010 4258: 4246: 4209:Shamoon 2012 4204: 4175: 4148: 4080: 4072: 4062: 4050: 4043:Shamoon 2012 4038: 4031:Dollase 2019 4026: 4019:Shamoon 2012 3999: 3992:Shamoon 2012 3975:Shamoon 2012 3970: 3958: 3953:, p. 2. 3934:Dollase 2019 3929: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3873:, p. 3. 3871:Shamoon 2012 3866: 3861:, p. 7. 3854: 3849:, p. 8. 3842: 3830: 3825:, p. 6. 3818: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3774: 3761: 3747: 3743: 3741: 3710: 3700: 3675: 3662: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3622: 3610: 3600: 3596: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3544: 3543:subgenre of 3538: 3534: 3528: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3463: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3415:supernatural 3410: 3409: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3382: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3352: 3350: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3306: 3300: 3296: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3270: 3264: 3251: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3232: 3219: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3169: 3161: 3159: 3142: 3126: 3121: 3115: 3110: 3098: 3085: 3081: 3079: 3063: 3061: 3056: 3047: 3045: 3040: 3028: 3012: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2979: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2902: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2881: 2856: 2855: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2833:Osamu Tezuka 2820: 2816: 2810: 2805: 2803: 2792: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2729: 2721: 2719: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2700:in 2004 and 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682: 2677: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2582: 2579:Attack No. 1 2578: 2568: 2565:Aya Nakahara 2558: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2514: 2509: 2501: 2499: 2493: 2492:Cross-media 2422:2.5D musical 2201:Magical girl 2107: 2007:Manga artist 1927:Voice acting 1871: 1869: 1864: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1838: 1833: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1692: 1690: 1675: 1671: 1659: 1650: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1618: 1610: 1597: 1595: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1547: 1534: 1522: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1484: 1480: 1477:Riyoko Ikeda 1470: 1464: 1460:Sunroom Nite 1458: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1437: 1417: 1397: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1375: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1336: 1329: 1321: 1317:Attack No. 1 1315: 1308:sports manga 1304: 1300: 1297:Shōjo Friend 1296: 1290: 1286: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1251: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1219: 1217: 1209: 1205: 1196:Shōjo Friend 1195: 1192:Pia no Shōzō 1191: 1181: 1177:Shōjo Friend 1175: 1172: 1167: 1154: 1150: 1130: 1110: 1108: 1084: 1066: 1063:"sad manga") 1048: 1044: 1040: 1034: 1024: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1002: 997: 993: 987: 981: 978:supernatural 960: 956: 953: 949: 946: 942: 938: 934: 925: 921: 917: 909: 901: 897: 893: 891: 886: 880: 872: 865:Osamu Tezuka 858: 854: 850: 847:Toshiko Ueda 842:Anmitsu Hime 840: 832: 831: 816: 813: 805: 774: 761: 743: 739: 720: 716: 709: 704: 700: 696: 688: 676: 672: 668: 662: 658:Toshiko Ueda 649: 642:Suihō Tagawa 633: 631: 625: 597: 592:centered on 589: 577: 573: 569: 568: 557: 551: 545: 539: 533: 520: 516: 512: 508: 502: 496: 490: 478: 448: 446:onomatopoeia 429:Masuko Honda 404: 403: 384: 378: 372: 350: 344: 337: 331: 315: 286: 278: 264: 259: 236: 221:supernatural 186: 149: 97: 89: 61: 60: 36: 18:Shoujo manga 6718:Shōjo manga 6426:: 780–803. 6154:November 3, 6091:January 19, 5866:Prough 2011 5854:Prough 2011 5842:Prough 2011 5830:Prough 2011 5815:Prough 2011 5800:Prough 2011 5788:Prough 2011 5776:Prough 2011 5672:Fasulo 2021 5660:Fasulo 2021 5648:Fasulo 2021 5471:Schodt 1983 5447:Prough 2011 5352:Prough 2011 5337:Brient 2010 5245:Prough 2011 5198:Brient 2010 5099:Prough 2011 5056:Brient 2010 5044:Brient 2010 5017:Brient 2010 5005:Brient 2010 4993:Brient 2010 4981:Brient 2010 4969:Brient 2010 4957:Brient 2010 4940:Fasulo 2021 4928:Fasulo 2021 4916:Fasulo 2021 4904:Prough 2011 4892:Prough 2011 4880:Prough 2011 4793:Prough 2011 4763:Brient 2010 4739:Brient 2010 4727:Prough 2011 4652:Prough 2011 4608:Poupée 2010 4584:Brient 2010 4529:Prough 2011 4500:Poupée 2010 4488:Prough 2011 4473:Brient 2010 4434:Fasulo 2021 4419:Poupée 2010 4380:Fasulo 2021 4295:Brient 2010 4280:Brient 2010 4224:Prough 2011 4197:Prough 2011 4180:Brient 2010 4141:Masuda 2020 4067:Artagenda. 4055:Brient 2010 3951:Prough 2011 3922:Prough 2011 3898:Prough 2011 3847:Prough 2011 3835:Prough 2011 3728:video games 3656:Sailor Moon 3628:Sailor Moon 3593:Moyoco Anno 3589:Jelly Beans 3559:otomechikku 3557:style; the 3540:otomechikku 3535:shōjo manga 3520:Miyako Maki 3473:patriarchal 3398:readers on 3311:androgynous 3208:war fiction 3146:war fiction 3053:Miyako Maki 2984:white space 2954:manga from 2938:layouts in 2878:Art Nouveau 2843:manga from 2735:Sailor Moon 2702:Comic Yell! 2697:Comic High! 2692:shōjo manga 2437:MyAnimeList 2322:Conventions 2239:Teens' love 2213:Otomechikku 2049:Iconography 2012:Alternative 1867:magazines. 1843:teens' love 1784:Teens' love 1680: [ 1638:Sailor Moon 1527:Miyako Maki 1509:otomechikku 1504:otomechikku 1491:androgynous 1250:in 1966 as 1240:in 1963 as 1139:Miyako Maki 1123:Kazuo Umezu 889:magazines. 851:Fuichin-san 823:book rental 613: [ 535:Shōjo Sekai 525: [ 477:Origins of 432: [ 383:for women, 371:for girls, 328:consumerist 269: [ 231:Terminology 227:subjects). 43:Shelves of 6712:Categories 6290:(Thesis). 6200:Mechademia 6166:Mechademia 5564:Maser 2013 4553:Thorn 2001 4458:Thorn 2001 3886:Thorn 2001 3810:References 3765:field trip 3737:mail order 3555:Ivy League 3533:for them; 3524:Licca-chan 3482:Hanako-san 3427:(ghosts), 3243:pubic hair 2990:Large eyes 2794:Shōjo Gahō 2648:boys' love 2606:magazines 2427:Anime song 2159:Boys' love 2059:Manga cafe 2054:Scanlation 1997:Publishers 1719:Office You 1700:Feel Young 1653:for adults 1605:professor 1562:Hakusensha 1554:Shogakukan 1537:(パピヨン) at 1521:. 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