619:
treatment to help ease the pain and muscle spasm. After about four weeks range of motion exercises can be started. Passive exercises are done which the shoulder joint is moved but the muscles stay relaxed. After about six to eight weeks active therapy is started. Such exercises can include isometric strengthening which works the muscles without straining the healing of the joint. After about three months, more active strengthening will be incorporated which focus on improving the strength and control of the rotator cuff muscles and the muscles around the shoulder blade. The exercises that the therapist gives the patient to be done at home should be done to be able to get a better recovery in the long run.
615:, which involves cutting off the end of the clavicle portion, partially sacrificing the coracoacromial ligament and suturing the displaced acromial end to the lateral aspect of the clavicle for stabilization, then often some form of additional support is introduced to replace the coracoclavicular ligament(s). Variations of this support includes grafting of tendons from the leg or the use of synthetic sutures or suture anchors. Other surgeries have used a Rockwood screw that is inserted initially and then removed after 12 weeks. Physical therapy is always recommended after surgery, and most patients get flexibility back, although possibly somewhat limited.
467:
527:
515:
503:
491:
479:
317:. The separation is classified into 6 types, with 1 through 3 increasing in severity, and 4 through 6 being the most severe. The most common mechanism of injury is a fall on the tip of the shoulder or also a fall on an outstretched hand. In falls where the force is transmitted indirectly, often only the acromioclavicular ligament is affected, and the coracoclavicular ligaments remain unharmed. In ice hockey, the separation is sometimes due to a lateral force, as when one gets forcefully checked into the side of the rink.
643:
48:
655:
326:
631:
667:
249:
604:
do receive it, and avoid the added risks that surgery may present. Those with type III injuries who opt out of surgery often have faster recovery times, avoid hospitalization, and are able to return to work or sports sooner. Some studies suggest early surgical treatment of type III separation may benefit laborers and athletes who perform overhead motions. The potential benefit of surgical treatment for type III remains unproven.
397:
618:
After one does have surgery, a sling should be worn to support and protect the shoulder for a few days. For the first couple physical therapy visits, the treatment will focus on controlling the pain and swelling. Type of treatment can include, ice and electrical stimulation, massage, or other hand on
607:
There have been many surgeries described for complete acromioclavicular separations, including arthroscopic surgery. There is no consensus on which is best. There has been a focus on attempting to restore horizontal, as well as vertical, instability. A review found that although horizontal stability
570:
Once the pain has eased, range-of-motion exercises can be started followed by a strength training program. The strength training will include strengthening of the rotator cuff, and shoulder blade muscles. With most cases, the pain goes away after three weeks. Although full recovery can take up to six
455:
of the scapula. The distal clavicle is found in 2 orientations, either subacromial or subcoracoid. With the subcoracoid dislocation, the clavicle becomes lodged behind the intact conjoined tendon. The posterior superior AC ligaments, which often remain attached to the acromion, get displaced into the
603:
Type IV, V, and VI shoulder separations are very uncommon but require surgery. There is some debate among orthopedic surgeons, however, about the treatment of type III shoulder separation. Many with type III shoulder separation who do not undergo surgical treatment recover just as well as those who
574:
Those who do have a separated shoulder will most often return to having full function, although some may have continued pain in the area of the AC joint. With the continued pain there are some things that maybe causing it. It may be due to an abnormal contact between the bone ends when the joint is
686:
Acromioclavicular joint dislocation is a common injury to the shoulder and is occurs most often in athletes. This injury has a higher prevalence in men compared to women and approximately 5 men for every 1 women experience this type of injury. Amongst women, the most common sport that lead to this
387:
A Type II AC separation involves complete tearing of the acromioclavicular ligament, as well as a partial tear (but not a full tear) of the coracoclavicular ligaments. This often causes a noticeable bump on the shoulder and partial or incomplete dislocation. This bump is permanent. The clavicle is
333:
The acromion of the scapula is connected to the clavicle by the superior acromioclavicular ligament. The coracoclavicular ligaments connect the clavicle to the coracoid process. The two ligaments that form the coracoclavicular ligaments are the trapezoid and conoid ligaments. These three ligaments
359:
Diagnosis is based on physical examination and an x-ray. A physical examination can identify point tenderness, pain at the AC joint with cross-arm adduction, and pain relief with an injection of a local anesthetic. The cross-arm adduction will produce pain specifically at the AC joint and will be
566:
Literature regarding long-term follow-up after surgical repair of type III injuries is scarce, and those treated nonoperatively generally do quite well. Many studies have come to the conclusion that non-surgical treatment is as good as or better than surgical treatment, or that anything attained
677:
Some physical therapy exercises that can be performed to help rehab the shoulder are: While standing and using a theraband you can perform Y, T, and I’s, Internal shoulder rotation, External shoulder rotation, Shoulder extensions, and
Scapula squeezes While lying on your side you can perform
433:
stripped off of the acromion as well as the clavicle. This is type III but with exaggeration of the vertical displacement of the clavicle from the scapula. Distinguishing between Type III and Type V separations based on radiographs is difficult and often unreliable between surgeons. Type V is
408:. A significant bump, resulting in some shoulder deformity, is formed by the lateral end of the clavicle. This bump, caused by the clavicle's dislocation, is permanent. The clavicle can be moved in and out of place on the shoulder. A radiographic examination will show the results as abnormal.
388:
unstable to direct stress examination. On radiographs, the lateral end of the clavicle may be slightly elevated by pressing on the sternal aspect of the clavicle forcing the acromial end down, and by releasing, it may pop back up eliciting a piano key sign due to the tearing of the AC.
416:
This is a type III injury with avulsion of the coracoclavicular ligament from the clavicle, with the distal clavicle displaced posteriorly into or through the trapezius and may tent the posterior skin. A displaced clavicle is easily seen on a radiograph. It is important to evaluate the
678:
internal rotation and external rotation with a light weight. The light weight can be any type of object such as a 1-5 lb dumbbell weight, or a soup can. Also you can foam roll the pectorals. With the foam roller you can also lie on your back on top of it and do snow angels.
211:
It is most commonly due to a fall onto the front and upper part of the shoulder when the arm is by the side. They are classified as type I, II, III, IV, V, or VI with the higher the number the more severe the injury. Diagnosis is typically based on physical examination and
252:
Acromion-clavicle disjunction (left shoulder) — note that the shoulder is lower and the "piano key"; the scar on the photograph and the screws on the radiography are ostheosynthesis material from a former trauma repair, without any connection with the present
446:
This is type III with inferior dislocation of the distal end of the clavicle below the coracoid. This injury is associated with severe trauma and frequently accompanied by multiple other injuries. The mechanism is thought to be severe hyperabduction and
567:
because of surgery is quite limited. It appears that after a while, the body "remodels" the joint, either expanding the distal clavicle or causing it to atrophy. There may also be the potential that surgical repair may be less painful in the long run.
378:
A Type I AC separation involves direct trauma to the shoulder causing the injury to ligaments that form the joint, but no severe tearing or fracture. It is commonly referred to as a sprain. For a type 1 AC separation, the joint does not lose stability.
1613:
1598:
562:
Most non-surgical treatment options include first immobilizing the arm with a sling for approximately 2 weeks followed by gradually improving shoulder movement using physical therapy to build up the muscles and help stabilize the joint.
1219:
Kraeutler MJ, Williams GR Jr, Cohen SB, Ciccotti MG, Tucker BS, Dines JS, Altchek DW, Dodson CC (October 2012). "Inter- and intraobserver reliability of the radiographic diagnosis and treatment of acromioclavicular joint separations".
699:
1.8 out of 10,000 people are estimated to experience an acromioclavicular joint discolation per year, and this type of injury is the most common in injury experienced by adults who participate in sports that include body contact.
239:
among those who play hockey, football, and rugby. Those affected are typically 20 to 30 years old. Males are more often affected than females. The injury was initially classified in 1967 with the current classification from 1984.
208:. Symptoms include non-radiating pain which may make it difficult to move the shoulder. The presence of swelling or bruising and a deformity in the shoulder is also common depending on how severe the dislocation is.
360:
done by elevating the arm to a 90° angle, flexing the elbow to a 90° angle, and adducting the arm across the chest. The pain in the shoulder is hard to pinpoint due to the shared innervation of the AC joint and the
542:
Treatment of a separated shoulder depends on the severity of the injury. When beginning treatment, the first steps should be to control inflammation, and to rest and ice the joint. Anti-inflammatories such as
583:
Surgical interventions including repositioning of the shoulder joint and repairing torn ligaments may be necessary for severe injuries in which the shoulder is dislocated. Medical device implants including
223:
Generally types I and II are treated without surgery, while type III may be treated with or without surgery, and types IV, V, and VI are treated with surgery. For type I and II treatment is usually with a
608:
can be more reliably restored with additional acromioclavicular joint reconstruction (in addition to coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction), there is no clear advantage with respect to outcomes.
434:
manifested by a 2- to 3-fold increase in the coracoclavicular distance. The shoulder manifests as a severe droop, secondary to downward displacement of the scapula and humerus due to loss of the
555:
Type I and type II shoulder separation are the most common types and rarely need surgery. However, the risk of arthritis with type II separations is greatly increased. If it becomes severe, the
1684:
1389:"Acromioclavicular joint augmentation at the time of coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction fails to improve functional outcomes despite significantly improved horizontal stability"
588:
screws, a hook plate, fixation pins, and surgical wire may be necessary for repair of the joint. Most of these devices need to be surgically removed after the shoulder has healed.
456:
AC interval, making anatomic reduction difficult. The tissue needs to be surgically cleared and then reattached after reduction. Most patients with type VI injuries have
1514:
1677:
687:
injury type is cycling. Amongst men, accidents or hits in sports such as boxing, football, ice hockey, and martial arts are the most common cause of this injury.
466:
2038:
1670:
460:
that resolves after relocation of the clavicle It is extremely rare and generally only involved with motor vehicle collisions. This requires surgery.
1289:
Press J, Zuckerman JD, Gallagher M, Cuomo F (1997). "Treatment of grade III acromioclavicular separations. Operative versus nonoperative management".
404:
In a Type III AC separation both acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments are torn without significant disruption of the deltoid or trapezial
1496:
228:
and pain medications for a week or two. In type III injuries surgery is generally only done if symptoms remain following treatment without surgery.
526:
514:
575:
in motion, the development of arthritis, or an injury to a piece of the cushioning cartilage that is found between the bone ends of this joint.
1348:
364:. An injury to the AC joint will result in pain over the AC joint, in the anterolateral neck and in the region in the anterolateral deltoid.
642:
502:
490:
478:
654:
934:
630:
1872:
1134:
928:
666:
999:
Tamaoki, Marcel Js; Lenza, Mário; Matsunaga, Fabio T.; Belloti, João Carlos; Matsumoto, Marcelo H.; Faloppa, Flávio (2019-10-11).
1919:
1510:
1373:
1545:
1268:
752:
Willimon SC, Gaskill TR, Millett PJ (February 2011). "Acromioclavicular joint injuries: anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment".
1098:
367:
X-ray indicates a separated shoulder when the acromioclavicular joint space is widened (it is normally 5 to 8 mm).
1176:
Mazzocca AD, Arciero RA, Bicos J (February 2007). "Evaluation and treatment of acromioclavicular joint injuries".
547:
may also relieve pain and inflammation. The joint should be iced every four hours for fifteen minutes at a time.
1001:"Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating acromioclavicular dislocation of the shoulder in adults"
585:
712:, an estimated 41% of football players at the collegiate level and 40% of quarterback football players from the
713:
452:
216:. In type I and II injuries there is minimal deformity while in a type III injury the deformity resolves upon
2008:
2003:
1776:
189:
158:
1468:
418:
130:
1317:
612:
1823:
874:
Bishop JY, Kaeding C (December 2006). "Treatment of the acute traumatic acromioclavicular separation".
1882:
421:
and posterior dislocation of the AC joint. This injury is generally acknowledged to require surgery.
325:
1770:
1744:
1617:
589:
135:
1766:
1739:
1662:
1565:
1427:
1245:
1201:
899:
777:
361:
217:
84:
77:
248:
47:
41:
Acromioclavicular joint injury, acromioclavicular separation, AC joint separation, AC separation
2043:
1959:
1913:
1693:
1538:
1488:
1419:
1411:
1340:
1298:
1237:
1193:
1130:
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1079:
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1020:
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891:
845:
769:
725:
556:
448:
258:
236:
139:
120:
68:
337:
There are four types of soft tissue disruptions that may cause acromioclavicular separation:
1981:
1887:
1867:
1557:
1480:
1403:
1388:
1332:
1229:
1185:
1069:
1028:
1012:
918:
883:
837:
761:
266:
1845:
1705:
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1909:
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1650:
1626:
1622:
1074:
1057:
1033:
1000:
887:
302:
290:
286:
232:
828:
Stucken C, Cohen SB (January 2015). "Management of acromioclavicular joint injuries".
2032:
1877:
709:
298:
282:
1569:
1431:
1249:
1205:
781:
2013:
1818:
1786:
1365:
1336:
1099:"Acromioclavicular Separation in Ice Hockey, Typical injury...different mechanism!"
1016:
903:
310:
294:
231:
A separated shoulder is a common injury among those involved in sports, especially
55:
An Xray showing a separated shoulder. Notice the separation between the end of the
17:
1573:
1387:
Jordan, Robert W.; Malik, Shahbaz; Bentick, Kieran; Saithna, Adnan (2018-09-28).
1264:
1233:
417:
sternoclavicular joint also, because there can be an anterior dislocation of the
1697:
597:
457:
429:
This is a more severe form of a type III injury, with the trapezial and deltoid
213:
110:
73:
1446:
1318:"Long-term results of conservative treatment for acromioclavicular dislocation"
1727:
1607:
1561:
1407:
1102:
841:
435:
396:
56:
1415:
1189:
1024:
765:
220:. In type IV, V, and VI the deformity does not resolve with lifting the arm.
1995:
1951:
1859:
1791:
1758:
1645:
1484:
1469:"Treatment of acromioclavicular joint separation: suture or suture anchors?"
600:-assisted coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction may also be considered.
544:
344:
The lateral clavicle may ride upward after being avulsed from its periosteum
314:
257:
Separated shoulders often occur in people who participate in sports such as
1492:
1423:
1241:
1197:
1083:
1042:
895:
849:
773:
1344:
1302:
1947:
1754:
1718:
274:
201:
197:
1590:
1810:
1546:"Injuries of the acromioclavicular joint and current treatment options"
306:
278:
225:
205:
60:
1938:
1933:
1701:
1602:
593:
430:
405:
270:
262:
193:
1467:
Breslow MJ, Jazrawi LM, Bernstein AD, Kummer FJ, Rokito AS (2002).
1973:
1897:
1837:
1806:
1713:
696:
395:
324:
247:
350:
The conoid-trapezoid ligament origin may avulse from the coracoid
1991:
1901:
1855:
1731:
1666:
1969:
1833:
1539:
Wheeless Online online orthopedic resource (for orthopedists)
1447:"Acromioclavicular Injuries: New Management Options Emerge"
341:
The conoid and trapezoid ligaments may tear at any location
1372:. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. October 2007.
571:
weeks for type II and up to twelve weeks for type III.
1129:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 255.
1325:
The
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
1580:
1990:
1968:
1946:
1932:
1896:
1854:
1832:
1805:
1753:
1726:
1712:
1636:
1584:
1297:(2). New York: Hospital for Joint Diseases: 77–83.
170:
145:
129:
119:
109:
101:
93:
83:
67:
37:
32:
716:level experience acromioclavicular dislocations.
1123:Marincek, Borut; Dondelinger, Robert F. (2007).
1544:Rollo J, Raghunath J, Porter K (October 2005).
438:strut. This injury generally requires surgery.
1396:Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
559:or distal clavicle excision can be performed.
551:Non-surgical (conservative treatment approach)
1678:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1126:Emergency Radiology: Imaging and Intervention
472:Classification type 1 is the most common type
8:
1149:An examination using radiography (a type of
920:Current Orthopedic diagnosis & treatment
1005:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
347:The acromioclavicular ligaments may be torn
1943:
1723:
1685:
1671:
1663:
1581:
747:
745:
743:
741:
611:A common surgery is some form of modified
89:Pain, deformity, decreased range of motion
46:
29:
1073:
1032:
917:Heckman J, Agarwal A, Schenck RC (2013).
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
400:Type 3 AC joint separation on plain X ray
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
737:
626:
462:
876:Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review
1473:Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery
1265:"Acromioclavicular Joint Separations"
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
964:
923:. Current Medicine Group. p. 4.
7:
1511:"Acromioclavicular Joint Separation"
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
1178:American Journal of Sports Medicine
830:Orthopedic Clinics of North America
648:Passively moving the shoulder joint
370:It can be classified into 6 types.
334:add support to the shoulder joint.
1263:Prybyla D, Owens BD (2005-03-15).
1058:"Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries"
888:10.1097/01.jsa.0000212330.32969.6e
660:Side-lying external rotation start
25:
2039:Dislocations, sprains and strains
1873:Anterior cruciate ligament injury
636:Strengthening the shoulder joint.
192:. The AC joint is located at the
1499:from the original on 2000-03-01.
1376:from the original on 2012-06-06.
1354:from the original on 2017-10-10.
937:from the original on 2017-10-12.
754:The Physician and Sportsmedicine
672:Side-lying external rotation end
665:
653:
641:
629:
525:
513:
501:
489:
477:
465:
329:Right shoulder with AC ligaments
1517:from the original on 2010-05-27
1271:from the original on 2007-02-27
1337:10.1302/0301-620X.78B3.0780410
1017:10.1002/14651858.CD007429.pub3
186:acromioclavicular joint injury
1:
532:Classification type 6 is rare
520:Classification type 5 is rare
161:and surgery if still symptoms
1234:10.3928/01477447-20120919-16
1062:Journal of Athletic Training
235:. It makes up about half of
188:, is a common injury to the
152:: Sling and pain medication
2060:
1316:Rawes ML, Dias JJ (1996).
451:of the arm, combined with
97:Type I, II, III, IV, V, VI
1562:10.1191/1460408605ta349oa
1408:10.1007/s00167-018-5152-7
1153:) will show up as normal.
842:10.1016/j.ocl.2014.09.003
200:where it attaches to the
54:
45:
1190:10.1177/0363546506298022
766:10.3810/psm.2011.02.1869
714:National Football League
2009:Achilles tendon rupture
2004:Patellar tendon rupture
1485:10.1067/mse.2002.123904
726:Other shoulder problems
218:lifting the arm upwards
190:acromioclavicular joint
159:Conservative management
419:sternoclavicular joint
401:
330:
254:
131:Differential diagnosis
1366:"Shoulder Separation"
1056:Beim GM (July 2000).
613:Weaver-Dunn procedure
508:Classification type 4
496:Classification type 3
484:Classification type 2
399:
328:
251:
105:Trauma such as a fall
1883:Patellar dislocation
1771:Dislocated shoulder
1445:Mirzayan R (2005).
136:Dislocated shoulder
125:Examination, X-rays
18:Shoulder separation
1824:Gamekeeper's thumb
1781:Separated shoulder
1740:Dislocation of jaw
1637:External resources
402:
362:glenohumeral joint
331:
255:
182:separated shoulder
78:emergency medicine
33:Separated shoulder
2026:
2025:
2022:
2021:
1960:Rotator cuff tear
1928:
1927:
1914:High ankle sprain
1660:
1659:
1402:(12): 3747–3763.
1267:. eMedicine.com.
594:biological grafts
557:Mumford procedure
449:external rotation
237:shoulder injuries
178:
177:
174:Relatively common
140:clavicle fracture
121:Diagnostic method
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2051:
1982:Pulled hamstring
1944:
1888:Knee dislocation
1868:Tear of meniscus
1724:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1582:
1577:
1572:. Archived from
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1393:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1322:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1173:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1101:. Archived from
1094:
1088:
1087:
1077:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1011:(10): CD007429.
996:
939:
938:
914:
908:
907:
871:
854:
853:
825:
786:
785:
749:
669:
657:
645:
633:
623:Physical therapy
586:coracoclavicular
529:
517:
505:
493:
481:
469:
267:horseback riding
184:, also known as
50:
30:
21:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2018:
1986:
1964:
1937:
1924:
1892:
1850:
1846:Hip dislocation
1828:
1801:
1749:
1717:
1708:
1691:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1632:
1631:
1593:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1520:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1449:. eMedicine.com
1444:
1443:
1439:
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1386:
1385:
1381:
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1351:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1274:
1272:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1228:(10): e1483-7.
1218:
1217:
1213:
1175:
1174:
1157:
1151:medical imaging
1148:
1144:
1137:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1055:
1054:
1050:
998:
997:
942:
931:
916:
915:
911:
873:
872:
857:
827:
826:
789:
751:
750:
739:
734:
722:
706:
693:
684:
673:
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661:
658:
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637:
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625:
581:
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473:
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444:
427:
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376:
357:
323:
246:
162:
153:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2057:
2055:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1988:
1987:
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2014:Shin splints
1819:Pulled elbow
1787:ALPSA lesion
1780:
1698:subluxations
1694:Dislocations
1651:orthoped/462
1644:
1612:
1597:
1574:the original
1553:
1549:
1519:. Retrieved
1505:
1479:(3): 225–9.
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1451:. Retrieved
1440:
1399:
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1331:(B): 410–2.
1328:
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1273:. Retrieved
1258:
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1107:. Retrieved
1103:the original
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836:(1): 57–66.
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295:snowboarding
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154:
149:
111:Risk factors
1222:Orthopedics
458:paresthesia
196:end of the
74:Orthopedics
38:Other names
2033:Categories
1521:2010-05-05
1453:2006-11-11
1275:2006-11-01
1109:2006-11-01
1097:Bushee S.
732:References
590:Allografts
453:retraction
436:clavicular
57:collarbone
1952:upper arm
1792:SLAP tear
1759:upper arm
1719:ligaments
1646:eMedicine
1513:. ISOST.
1416:0942-2056
1370:OrthoInfo
1025:1469-493X
545:ibuprofen
538:Treatment
355:Diagnosis
321:Mechanism
315:wrestling
171:Frequency
166:: Surgery
146:Treatment
69:Specialty
2044:Shoulder
1948:Shoulder
1920:Turf toe
1755:Shoulder
1745:Whiplash
1570:71546763
1515:Archived
1497:Archived
1493:12070493
1432:52883355
1424:30267185
1374:Archived
1349:Archived
1291:Bulletin
1269:Archived
1250:13873712
1242:23027484
1206:21473317
1198:17251175
1084:16558638
1043:31604007
935:Archived
896:17135974
850:25435035
782:10180712
774:21378494
720:See also
579:Surgical
392:Type III
275:lacrosse
259:football
202:acromion
198:clavicle
155:Type III
85:Symptoms
59:and the
1939:tendons
1934:Muscles
1811:forearm
1706:strains
1702:sprains
1345:8636176
1303:9220095
1075:1323387
1034:6788812
904:7806559
708:In the
442:Type VI
412:Type IV
383:Type II
307:cycling
279:parkour
253:trauma.
206:scapula
204:of the
61:scapula
1714:Joints
1627:831.14
1623:831.04
1568:
1550:Trauma
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780:
772:
596:, and
431:fascia
425:Type V
406:fascia
374:Type I
287:rowing
271:hockey
263:soccer
214:X-rays
102:Causes
1974:thigh
1898:Ankle
1838:thigh
1807:Elbow
1608:S43.1
1566:S2CID
1428:S2CID
1392:(PDF)
1352:(PDF)
1321:(PDF)
1246:S2CID
1202:S2CID
900:S2CID
778:S2CID
697:Italy
691:Italy
291:rugby
244:Cause
226:sling
194:outer
94:Types
1994:and
1992:Knee
1972:and
1950:and
1902:foot
1900:and
1858:and
1856:Knee
1836:and
1809:and
1757:and
1732:neck
1730:and
1728:Head
1704:and
1618:9-CM
1489:PMID
1420:PMID
1412:ISSN
1341:PMID
1299:PMID
1238:PMID
1194:PMID
1131:ISBN
1080:PMID
1039:PMID
1021:ISSN
925:ISBN
892:PMID
846:PMID
770:PMID
313:and
1996:leg
1970:Hip
1936:and
1860:leg
1834:Hip
1716:and
1614:ICD
1599:ICD
1558:doi
1481:doi
1404:doi
1333:doi
1230:doi
1186:doi
1070:PMC
1029:PMC
1013:doi
884:doi
838:doi
762:doi
695:In
309:,
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1777:AC
1767:GH
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840::
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20:)
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