441:
763:
605:
3026:
48:
391:
In analyzing the structure of characters and defining the words represented by them, Xu strove to clarify the meaning of the pre-Han classics, so as to ensure order and render their use in governance unquestioned. Xu's motives also included a pragmatic and political dimension: according to Boltz, the
1146:
Xu Xuan's textual criticism has been especially vital for all subsequent scholarship, since his restoration of the damage done by Li
Yangbing resulted in the closest version we have to the original, and the basis for all later editions. Xu Kai, in turn, focused on exegetical study, analyzing the
1181:
has historically been very valuable to scholars and was the most important early source regarding the structure of
Chinese characters, much of its analysis and many of its definitions have been superseded by later scholarship, in particular that resulting from the late 19th-century discovery of
474:
The dictionary includes a preface and 15 chapters. The first 14 chapters are character entries; the 15th and final chapter is divided into two parts: a postface and an index of section headers. Xu Shen states in his postface that the dictionary has 9,353 character entries, plus 1,163 graphic
356:
featured the first comprehensive analysis of characters in terms of their structure, and attempted to provide a rationale for their construction. It was also the first to organize its entries into sections according to shared components called
753:
in the late Han, and then in modern standard script in the centuries to follow, the small seal characters continued to be copied in their own seal script to preserve their structure, as were the ancient and Zhou-script characters.
520:
Xu's choice of sections appears in large part to have been driven by the desire to create an unbroken, systematic sequence among the headers themselves, such that each had a natural, intuitive relationship (e.g. structural,
475:
variants, with a total length of 133,441 characters. The transmitted texts vary slightly in content, owing to the omissions and emendations of later commentators. Modern editions have 9,831 characters and 1,279 variants.
1054:
was educational. Since Han studies of writing are attested to have begun by pupils of 8 years old, Xu Shen's categorization of characters was proposed to be understood as a mnemonic methodology for juvenile students.
404:
Now, as for writing systems and their offspring characters, these are the root of the classics, the origin of kingly government, what former men used to hand down to posterity, and what later men use to remember
665:
Individual entries can also include graphical variants, secondary definitions, information regarding their regional use, citations from pre-Han texts, and further phonetic information, typically provided in a
1182:
oracle bone script. It is no longer seen as authoritative for definitions and graphical analysis. Xu lacked access to the earlier oracle bone inscriptions, as well as bronzeware inscriptions from the
887:
had been mentioned by earlier authors, Xu Shen's postface was the first work to provide definitions and examples. However, only the first four of these principles occur in the body of the dictionary.
742:
would have used the oldest characters to best convey the meaning of the texts. However, Wang Guowei and other scholars have shown that they were regional variant forms in the eastern areas during the
730:
argue for the original dating. The ancient characters were based on the characters used in pre-Qin copies of the classics recovered from the walls of houses where they had been hidden to escape the
2913:
569:
radicals have no characters under them, while 159 have only one. From a modern lexicographical perspective, Xu's 540 radicals can seem "enigmatic" or "illogical". For instance, he included
1067:
text has been lost, it was transmitted through handwritten copies for centuries. The oldest extant manuscript currently resides in Japan, and consists of a six-page fragment dating to the
565:
characters, that is, the ten
Heavenly Stems and twelve Earthly Branches. As a result, unlike modern dictionaries which attempt to maximize the number of characters under each radical, 34
428:
were limited, with entries loosely organized into semantic categories, and merely listing synonymous characters. This layout was comparatively unsuited for looking up characters. In the
432:, Xu instead organized characters by their apparent shared graphical components. Boltz calls this "a major conceptual innovation in the understanding of the Chinese writing system".
493:" in English: these may be entire characters or simplifications thereof, which also serve as components shared by all the characters in that section. The first section header was
1565:
Bottéro, Françoise (1996), "Sémantisme et classification dans l'écriture chinoise: les systèmes de classement des caractères par clés du "Shuowen jiezi" au "Kangxi zidian"",
2464:
2119:
1750:, translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry, Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California,
2853:
2843:
978:), meaning that element B plays a semantic role in A, while C has a similar pronunciation. In his 10th-century edition, Xu Xuan removed the phonetic marker
2721:
396:"cannot be held to have arisen from a purely linguistic or lexicographical drive". During the Han era, the prevalent theory of language was the Confucian
2883:
463:
characters that evolved slowly and organically throughout the mid-to-late Zhou dynasty in the state of Qin, and which were then standardized during the
731:
1283:
materials, clipped and arranged them in the original dictionary order, and photo-lithographically printed a colossal edition. Notable advances in
2112:
1788:
1755:
1734:
1556:
1534:
384:
in 100 CE. However, due to an unfavorable imperial attitude towards scholarship, he waited until 121 before his son Xu Chong presented it to
2893:
2833:
1086:
902:) are named explicitly in the dictionary by labelling character entries in the typical formula "A is B ... (is) simple indicative" (A B
2923:
1914:
The
Extreme of Typographic Complexity: Character Set Issues Relating to Computerization of The Eastern Han Chinese Lexicon Shuowenjiezi
1311:
1623:
1574:
2863:
2105:
884:
3063:
726:
and Tang Lan argued that the structure and style of these characters suggested a later date, but some modern scholars such as
679:
In addition to the seal script form, two other variant styles were included if they differed in form—called 'ancient script' (
3053:
484:
198:
74:
3058:
1614:[Research on the Qin Lineage of Writing: An Examination from the Perspective of the History of Chinese Writing],
267:
90:
3029:
2873:
2519:
1729:, Budapest monographs in East Asian Studies, vol. 1, Department of East Asian Studies, Eötvös Loránd University,
490:
358:
144:
1081:
section header. The earliest post-Han scholar known to have researched and emended this dictionary was Li
Yangbing (
400:, a line of thinking revolving around the use the correct names to ensure proper governance. The postface explains:
3068:
3048:
2754:
1850:
661:
In the case of compound graphs, analysis of the character's structure in terms of semantic or phonetic components.
2798:
2063:
2765:
1024:) are not new characters, but rather new uses of existing characters, and are never labelled in the dictionary.
440:
2903:
1584:
1132:
1551:, Early China Special Monograph Series, vol. 2, Berkeley: University of California, pp. 429–442,
2817:
1135:
ordered Xu Xuan and other editors to publish an authoritative edition of the dictionary, which became the
397:
998:) are rarely labelled directly, but more commonly identified by the formula "A ... from X from Y" (A ...
743:
2094:
by Alain Lucas & Jean-Louis Schott and with "集韻 Jiyun" and "玉篇 Yupian" texts by Jean-Louis Schott.
1912:
489:
Xu Shen sorted the
Chinese lexicon into 540 sections, under section headers generally referred to as "
2977:
2701:
2497:
1954:
2097:
1864:, vol. 1, Department of East Asian Languages and Literature, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
97:
81:
2565:
1632:
332:
1797:
O'Neill, Timothy (2013), "Xu Shen's
Scholarly Agenda: A New Interpretation of the Postface of the
253:
3006:
2486:
2382:
2132:
2128:
1599:
318:
234:
226:
533:. In the process, he included many section headers that are not considered ones today, such as
2967:
2393:
2371:
2360:
2327:
1892:
1865:
1814:
1784:
1751:
1730:
1709:
1683:
1619:
1570:
1552:
1530:
1305:
712:
618:
385:
336:
182:
174:
1783:, Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 6 (3rd ed.), Cambridge University Press,
2987:
2776:
2664:
1961:
1806:
1657:
562:
514:
123:
1569:(in French), vol. 37, Paris: Collège de France, Institut des hautes études chinoises,
1010:
Y), indicating that character A is obtained through the graphical juxtaposition of X and Y.
2743:
2587:
2534:
2508:
2404:
1920:, STEDT Project, Linguistic Department, University of California, Berkeley, pp. 28–29
750:
1161:; 1788–1858), followed the textual criticism model of Xu Xuan, while others like Gui Fu (
158:
2710:
2415:
1776:
424:
288:
281:
1826:
1098:
of studies, owing to his idiosyncratic and somewhat capricious editing of the text".
3042:
2272:
1810:
1720:
1112:
1047:
373:
711:, an early copybook traditionally attributed to "Historian Zhou", from the court of
2686:
2675:
2653:
2642:
1969:
1187:
1120:
1116:
1068:
735:
698:
243:
130:
53:
2631:
1272:) is particularly notable, and the most common edition still in use by students.
792:
The title of the work draws a basic distinction between two types of characters:
2997:
2349:
2294:
2195:
2166:
1876:
723:
707:
604:
464:
460:
449:
377:
1726:
Orthography of early
Chinese writing: evidence from newly excavated manuscripts
1694:
1668:
1276:
1261:
1183:
1896:
1818:
17:
2250:
2206:
1743:
1713:
1687:
1527:
Character
Studies: The World of Explanation and Interpretation of Characters
934:) are similarly labelled with the formula "A is B ... (is) pictograph" (A B
739:
727:
656:
530:
191:
1616:中央研究院歷史語言研究所專刊 Academia Sinica Institute of History and Philology Monograph
1219:'tiger'). However, early forms of the character attested on bronzes have a
1190:
periods, which often provide valuable insight. For example, Xu categorized
806:, characters consisting of a single graphic element (such as the character
738:. Xu believed that these were the most ancient characters available, since
467:
and promulgated empire-wide. Thus, Needham et al. (1986: 217) describe the
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1869:
1661:
762:
2598:
2543:
1287:
research have been made by
Chinese and Western scholars like Ma Zonghuo (
1147:
meaning of Xu Shen's text, appending supplemental characters, and adding
642:
526:
522:
212:
1603:
2620:
2576:
2305:
2239:
2228:
1275:
20th-century scholarship offered new understandings and accessibility.
1123:. The most important Northern Song scholars were the brothers Xu Xuan (
648:
637:
369:
322:
250:
1071:, amounting to about 2% of the entire text. The fragment concerns the
966:) are implicitly defined by the formula "A ... from B, C sound" (A...
529:) with the ones before and after, as well as by the desire to reflect
2943:
2554:
2453:
2283:
1149:
1938:
1891:] (in Chinese), Taipei: The Commercial Press, pp. 239–295,
621:
form (top right), with the ancient and Zhou-script forms on the left
1724:
47:
2609:
2475:
2338:
2261:
761:
603:
439:
1237:'a musical pitch') phonetic—which is also seen in early forms of
1092:), who according to Boltz is "usually regarded as something of a
293:
2316:
2177:
1635:(1978), "The initials of Xu Shen's language as reflected in the
411:
341:
2101:
1169:; 1784–1834) followed the analytical exegesis model of Xu Kai.
2068:
272:
258:
588:'stamen')—instead of listing the character under the common
2059:
749:
Even as copyists transcribed the main text of the book in
984:
in cases where the pronunciations were no longer similar.
231:
217:
203:
1708:] (in Chinese), Hanjing wenhua shiye youxiangongsi,
2914:
Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
1476:
1474:
1472:
746:, from only slightly earlier than the Qin seal script.
1529:] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Tōkai daigaku shuppankai,
1435:
1433:
1360:
1358:
825:, characters composed from multiple elements (such as
471:
as "a paleographic handbook as well as a dictionary".
1583:———; Harbsmeier, Christoph (2008),
1252:
1242:
1232:
1214:
1195:
1153:
pronunciation glosses for each entry. Among Qing-era
1028:
1014:
988:
956:
924:
892:
873:
864:
858:
852:
846:
815:
796:
784:
689:
680:
667:
612:
583:
561:
heading. He also included as section headers all the
548:
538:
508:
498:
179:
163:
149:
135:
57:
2959:
2936:
2825:
2816:
2790:
2735:
2700:
2533:
2429:
2146:
2139:
636:A short definition, usually consisting of a single
287:
280:
266:
249:
242:
225:
211:
197:
190:
173:
157:
143:
129:
122:
117:
105:
89:
73:
34:
2062:– comparative database of different editions from
1567:Mémoires de l'institut des hautes études chinoises
766:Page from a copy of a Song dynasty edition of the
553:'bear'), which modern dictionaries list under the
2465:Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary
1844:, vol. 55, Academia Sinica, pp. 651–754
1781:Biology and Biological Technology, Part 1: Botany
920:)), where B is a definition for the character A.
705:characters were taken from the no-longer extant
1805:, vol. 133, no. 3, pp. 413–440,
402:
1889:The Collected works of Wang Jing'an of Haining
1598:, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 249–271,
845:Thus, the work's title means "commenting on" (
655:The character's pronunciation, indicated by a
2854:A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language
2113:
1855:: The First Comprehensive Chinese Dictionary"
1682:] (in Chinese), Taiwan Commercial Press,
1656:, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 176–187,
1038:) are identified by their definitions in the
1033:
1019:
1005:
999:
993:
979:
973:
967:
961:
947:
941:
935:
929:
915:
909:
903:
897:
878:
836:
830:
820:
807:
801:
779:
95:
79:
8:
1883:[Commentary on the Shi Zhou Pian],
1549:Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide
1093:
2722:Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects
1779:; Lu, Guizhen; Huang, Hsing-Tsung (2008) ,
1589:dictionary and the human sciences in China"
1349:
3025:
2933:
2822:
2143:
2120:
2106:
2098:
114:
109:Explaining graphs and analyzing characters
2844:Medhurst's Chinese and English Dictionary
335:(25–206 CE). While prefigured by earlier
1922:– List of the 540 radicals in Xiaozhuan.
1803:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1492:
1111:scholarship improved greatly during the
27:2nd-century Chinese character dictionary
1330:
1119:dynasties, as well as during the later
409:Previous Chinese dictionaries like the
1400:
1200:'be concerned', 'consider') under the
233:
181:
31:
1654:International Journal of Lexicography
1504:
1480:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1376:
1364:
1337:
633:The seal script form of the character
7:
2894:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
2834:A Dictionary of the Chinese Language
885:traditional character classification
578:as a radical indexing only the rare
2884:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
1424:
1412:
1388:
1771:(PhD thesis). Columbia University.
1157:scholars, some like Zhu Junsheng (
1063:Although the original Han dynasty
25:
1652:and Textual Criticism in China",
3024:
1811:10.7817/jameroriesoci.133.3.0413
1547:說文解字", in Loewe, Michael (ed.),
1209:radical, noting its phonetic as
46:
1648:Creamer, Thomas B. I. (1989), "
1521:Atsuji Tetsuji (阿辻哲次) (1986),
1220:
1201:
1059:Textual history and scholarship
872:Although the "six principles" (
771:
717:
697:), not to be confused with the
589:
570:
554:
294:
273:
259:
232:
218:
204:
52:Cover of a modern reprint of a
2924:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
2442:
2437:
2433:
2155:
1641:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
1077:
770:, showing characters with the
485:List of Shuowen Jiezi radicals
180:
164:
150:
136:
96:
80:
1:
2184:
1610:Chen Zhaorong (陳昭容) (2003),
629:character entry consists of:
513:), the last character of the
444:The 540 radicals used by the
416:
346:
325:
3030:List of Chinese dictionaries
2874:The Five Thousand Dictionary
2864:A Chinese–English Dictionary
1825:Serruys, Paul L.-M. (1986),
1643:, no. 6, pp. 27–75
1618:(in Chinese), 中央硏究院歷史語言硏究所,
1173:Later and contemporary study
380:. He finished compiling the
2520:Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian
1764:Miller, Roy Andrew (1953).
1677:A Forest of Glosses on the
1543:Boltz, William G. (1993), "
1253:
1243:
1233:
1215:
1196:
1165:; 1736–1805) and Wang Yun (
1029:
1015:
989:
957:
925:
893:
874:
865:
863:'separate', 'analyze') the
859:
853:
847:
816:
797:
785:
690:
681:
668:
613:
584:
549:
539:
509:
499:
58:
3085:
2755:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Xuanying)
955:Phono-semantic compounds (
851:'comment', 'explain') the
503:'first') and the last was
482:
3022:
2799:Zhongguo Renming Dacidian
2150:
2072:online text version with
2064:Beijing Normal University
1766:Problems in the study of
1703:Explanatory Notes on the
1292:
1288:
1269:
1248:
1238:
1228:
1210:
1191:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1140:
1128:
1124:
1082:
1072:
1034:
1020:
1006:
1000:
994:
980:
974:
968:
962:
948:
942:
936:
930:
916:
910:
904:
898:
879:
837:
831:
826:
821:
808:
802:
780:
694:
685:
673:
609:
579:
544:
534:
504:
494:
388:, along with a memorial.
339:reference works like the
305:
113:
62:
45:
41:
2766:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin)
1960:Scanned editions at the
1942:
1884:
1880:
1841:
1698:
1672:
1615:
1611:
1522:
1279:collected all available
676:'read as if') notation.
640:—occasionally through a
75:Traditional Chinese
2904:Grammata Serica Recensa
2092:définitions and glosses
1133:Emperor Taizong of Song
1127:; 916–991) and Xu Kai (
1027:No derived characters (
91:Simplified Chinese
3064:History of linguistics
2972:(Tangut; 12th century)
2172:(first millennium BCE)
1911:Cook, Richard (2001),
1862:Wisconsin China Series
1827:"On the System of the
1094:
1050:, the function of the
987:Compound indicatives (
789:
622:
452:
420: 3rd century BCE
407:
398:Rectification of Names
350: 3rd century BCE
3054:Chinese classic texts
2188: 3rd century BC
1849:Thern, K. L. (1966),
1247:'vessel', 'hut') and
1137:Shuowen Jiezi Xichuan
1103:Shuowen Jiezi Xichuan
765:
744:Warring States period
688:) and 'Zhou script' (
617:'child', showing the
607:
483:Further information:
443:
372:was a scholar of the
56:'veritable edition' (
3059:Chinese dictionaries
2978:Pentaglot Dictionary
2498:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian
1955:Chinese Text Project
1315:(television program)
1131:; 920–974). In 986,
891:Simple indicatives (
829:itself, composed of
646:pun, as seen in the
219:Syut3-man4 gaai2-zi6
2566:Kanmiu Buque Qieyun
2010:Siku Quanshu Huiyao
1662:10.1093/ijl/2.3.176
1454:, pp. 432–433.
857:, and "analyzing" (
778:radical, including
758:Structural analysis
722:827–782 BCE).
392:compilation of the
333:Eastern Han dynasty
3007:Han-Han Dae Sajeon
2960:In other languages
2487:Zhongwen Da Cidian
2383:Zhonghua Da Zidian
2133:Chinese characters
2131:for scripts using
1853:Shuo-wen Chieh-tzu
1833:Shuo-wen chieh-tzu
1768:Shuo-wen chieh-tzu
1545:Shuo wen chieh tzu
790:
623:
453:
319:Chinese dictionary
205:Syut-màhn gáai-jih
166:Shuo-wen chieh-tzŭ
3069:2nd-century books
3049:Han dynasty texts
3036:
3035:
3018:
3017:
2968:Pearl in the Palm
2955:
2954:
2812:
2811:
2648:(c. 12th century)
2394:Xinhua Dictionary
2372:Shuowen Jiezi Zhu
2361:Kangxi Dictionary
2322:(c. 11th century)
1851:"Postface of the
1790:978-0-521-08731-5
1757:978-1-557-29071-7
1736:978-963-463-811-7
1633:Coblin, W. South.
1558:978-1-557-29043-4
1536:978-4-486-00841-5
1495:, pp. 54–61.
1427:, pp. 82–83.
1415:, pp. 72–77.
1306:Kangxi Dictionary
1266:Shuowen Jiezi Zhu
1260:The Qing scholar
713:King Xuan of Zhou
386:Emperor An of Han
337:Chinese character
309:
308:
301:
300:
295:Syiwet-mɨun Kedzi
199:Yale Romanization
124:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
3076:
3028:
3027:
3011:
3003:
2993:
2992:(Japanese; 1960)
2988:Dai Kan-Wa Jiten
2983:
2973:
2948:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2909:
2899:
2889:
2879:
2869:
2859:
2849:
2839:
2823:
2805:
2783:
2777:Longkan Shoujian
2772:
2761:
2750:
2728:
2717:
2716:(c. 1st century)
2693:
2682:
2671:
2665:Zhongyuan Yinyun
2660:
2649:
2638:
2627:
2616:
2605:
2594:
2583:
2572:
2561:
2550:
2526:
2515:
2504:
2493:
2482:
2471:
2460:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2422:
2411:
2400:
2389:
2378:
2367:
2356:
2345:
2334:
2323:
2312:
2301:
2300:(c. 7th century)
2290:
2279:
2278:(c. 4th century)
2268:
2257:
2246:
2235:
2224:
2213:
2202:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2173:
2157:
2152:
2144:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2099:
2058:
1962:Internet Archive
1957:
1952:
1951:
1921:
1919:
1899:
1872:
1859:
1845:
1839:
1821:
1793:
1772:
1760:
1739:
1716:
1690:
1669:Ding Fubao (丁福保)
1664:
1644:
1639:duruo glosses",
1628:
1612:秦系文字研究：从漢字史的角度考察
1606:
1593:
1579:
1561:
1539:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1294:
1291:) and Ma Xulun (
1290:
1271:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1142:
1130:
1126:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
992:
983:
982:
977:
976:
971:
970:
965:
964:
960:
951:
950:
945:
944:
939:
938:
933:
932:
928:
919:
918:
913:
912:
907:
906:
901:
900:
896:
882:
881:
877:
868:
862:
856:
850:
840:
839:
834:
833:
828:
824:
823:
819:
811:
810:
805:
804:
800:
788:
783:
782:
777:
773:
732:burning of books
721:
719:
696:
693:
687:
684:
675:
671:
616:
611:
595:
591:
587:
581:
577:
576:
572:
563:sexagenary cycle
560:
556:
552:
546:
542:
536:
515:Earthly Branches
512:
506:
502:
496:
448:in the original
421:
418:
351:
348:
330:
327:
297:
296:
276:
275:
262:
261:
238:
237:
236:
221:
220:
207:
206:
186:
185:
184:
169:
168:
167:
153:
152:
151:Shuowen jieetzyh
139:
138:
115:
101:
100:
85:
84:
64:
61:
50:
32:
21:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3014:
3009:
3001:
2991:
2981:
2971:
2951:
2946:
2932:
2927:
2917:
2907:
2897:
2887:
2877:
2867:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2826:Chinese–English
2808:
2803:
2786:
2781:
2770:
2759:
2748:
2744:Jingdian Shiwen
2731:
2726:
2715:
2696:
2691:
2680:
2669:
2658:
2647:
2636:
2625:
2614:
2603:
2592:
2588:Yunhai jingyuan
2581:
2570:
2559:
2548:
2529:
2524:
2513:
2509:Hanyu Da Cidian
2502:
2491:
2480:
2469:
2458:
2431:
2425:
2420:
2409:
2405:Hanyu Da Zidian
2398:
2387:
2376:
2365:
2354:
2343:
2332:
2321:
2310:
2299:
2288:
2277:
2266:
2255:
2244:
2233:
2222:
2211:
2200:
2187:
2182:
2171:
2148:
2135:
2126:
2056:
2053:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1917:
1910:
1907:
1905:Further reading
1902:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1857:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1824:
1796:
1791:
1777:Needham, Joseph
1775:
1763:
1758:
1748:Chinese Writing
1744:Qiu Xigui (裘锡圭)
1742:
1737:
1719:
1700:
1693:
1674:
1667:
1647:
1631:
1626:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1591:
1582:
1577:
1564:
1559:
1542:
1537:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1301:
1224:
1205:
1204:
1175:
1106:
1089:
1061:
775:
760:
751:clerical script
716:
602:
593:
574:
573:
558:
487:
481:
438:
419:
367:
349:
328:
274:Suat-bûn kái-jī
260:Soat-bûn kái-jī
165:
145:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
106:Literal meaning
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3082:
3080:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3004:
3002:(French; 2001)
2998:Le Grand Ricci
2994:
2984:
2982:(Manchu; 1794)
2974:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2940:
2938:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2910:
2900:
2890:
2880:
2870:
2860:
2850:
2840:
2829:
2827:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2773:
2762:
2751:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2718:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2683:
2681:(17th century)
2672:
2661:
2659:(14th century)
2650:
2639:
2628:
2617:
2606:
2595:
2584:
2573:
2562:
2551:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2516:
2505:
2494:
2483:
2472:
2461:
2449:
2447:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2423:
2416:Zhonghua Zihai
2412:
2401:
2390:
2379:
2368:
2357:
2346:
2335:
2324:
2313:
2302:
2291:
2280:
2269:
2258:
2247:
2236:
2225:
2214:
2203:
2192:
2174:
2162:
2160:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2066:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2006:
1958:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:External links
1925:
1924:
1923:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1873:
1846:
1822:
1794:
1789:
1773:
1761:
1756:
1740:
1735:
1721:Galambos, Imre
1717:
1691:
1665:
1645:
1629:
1624:
1607:
1580:
1575:
1562:
1557:
1540:
1535:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1507:, p. 435.
1497:
1485:
1483:, p. 433.
1468:
1466:, p. 436.
1456:
1444:
1442:, p. 432.
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1367:, p. 431.
1354:
1352:, p. 436.
1342:
1340:, p. 430.
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1309:
1300:
1297:
1174:
1171:
1105:
1100:
1090: 765–780
1060:
1057:
1044:
1043:
1025:
1011:
985:
953:
921:
843:
842:
813:
759:
756:
663:
662:
659:
653:
634:
601:
598:
480:
477:
437:
434:
366:
363:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
291:
289:Middle Chinese
285:
284:
282:Middle Chinese
278:
277:
270:
264:
263:
256:
247:
246:
240:
239:
229:
223:
222:
215:
209:
208:
201:
195:
194:
192:Yue: Cantonese
188:
187:
177:
171:
170:
161:
155:
154:
147:
141:
140:
133:
127:
126:
120:
119:
118:Transcriptions
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
93:
87:
86:
77:
71:
70:
51:
43:
42:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3081:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
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3057:
3055:
3052:
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3031:
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3008:
3005:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2989:
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2970:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2945:
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2941:
2939:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2637:(before 1161)
2634:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2428:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2256:(3rd century)
2253:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2223:(2nd century)
2220:
2219:
2218:Shuowen Jiezi
2215:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1945:
1941:
1940:Shuowen Jiezi
1936:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1916:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1847:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:Shuowen jiezi
1795:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1705:Shuowen Jiezi
1704:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1679:Shuowen Jiezi
1678:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:Shuowen Jiezi
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1625:957-671-995-X
1621:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1587:Shuowen Jiezi
1581:
1578:
1576:2-857-57055-4
1572:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1493:Galambos 2006
1489:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1391:, p. 73.
1390:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1313:Shuowen Jiezi
1310:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1264:'s annotated
1263:
1258:
1255:
1245:
1235:
1227:signific and
1217:
1198:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1179:Shuowen Jiezi
1172:
1170:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1134:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:Southern Tang
1110:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1080:
1070:
1066:
1065:Shuowen Jiezi
1058:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:Imre Galambos
1046:According to
1041:
1031:
1026:
1017:
1012:
991:
986:
959:
954:
927:
922:
895:
890:
889:
888:
886:
876:
870:
867:
861:
855:
849:
818:
814:
799:
795:
794:
793:
787:
769:
764:
757:
755:
752:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
714:
710:
709:
704:
700:
692:
683:
677:
670:
660:
658:
654:
651:
650:
645:
644:
639:
635:
632:
631:
630:
628:
627:Shuowen Jiezi
620:
615:
606:
599:
597:
586:
568:
564:
551:
543:'flame') and
541:
532:
528:
524:
518:
516:
511:
501:
492:
486:
478:
476:
472:
470:
469:Shuowen Jiezi
466:
462:
458:
457:Shuowen Jiezi
455:Xu wrote the
451:
447:
446:Shuowen Jiezi
442:
435:
433:
431:
430:Shuowen Jiezi
427:
426:
414:
413:
406:
401:
399:
395:
389:
387:
383:
382:Shuowen Jiezi
379:
375:
374:Five Classics
371:
364:
362:
360:
355:
354:Shuowen Jiezi
344:
343:
338:
334:
331:, during the
329: 100 CE
324:
320:
316:
315:
314:Shuowen Jiezi
304:
292:
290:
286:
283:
279:
271:
269:
265:
257:
255:
252:
248:
245:
241:
235:
230:
228:
224:
216:
214:
210:
202:
200:
196:
193:
189:
183:
178:
176:
172:
162:
160:
156:
148:
146:
142:
137:Shuōwén jiězì
134:
132:
128:
125:
121:
116:
112:
108:
104:
99:
94:
92:
88:
83:
78:
76:
72:
68:
67:Shuowen Jiezi
60:
55:
49:
44:
40:
37:
36:Shuowen Jiezi
33:
30:
19:
18:Shuowen jiezi
2996:
2986:
2976:
2966:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2892:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2852:
2842:
2832:
2797:
2791:Biographical
2775:
2764:
2753:
2742:
2720:
2709:
2687:Peiwen Yunfu
2685:
2676:Qi Lin Bayin
2674:
2663:
2654:Menggu Ziyun
2652:
2643:Pingshui Yun
2641:
2630:
2619:
2608:
2597:
2586:
2575:
2564:
2553:
2542:
2518:
2507:
2496:
2485:
2474:
2463:
2452:
2441:
2414:
2403:
2392:
2381:
2370:
2359:
2348:
2337:
2326:
2315:
2304:
2293:
2282:
2271:
2260:
2249:
2238:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2205:
2194:
2176:
2165:
2154:
2129:Dictionaries
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:"說文解字注", 釋名
2073:
2069:
2057:(in Chinese)
2009:
1970:Siku Quanshu
1968:
1953:– via
1948:, retrieved
1946:(in Chinese)
1939:
1913:
1888:
1877:Wang, Guowei
1861:
1852:
1832:
1831:(部首) in the
1828:
1802:
1798:
1780:
1769:
1765:
1747:
1725:
1706:
1702:
1680:
1676:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1595:
1586:
1566:
1548:
1544:
1526:
1500:
1488:
1459:
1447:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1379:, p. 4.
1372:
1350:O'Neill 2013
1345:
1333:
1312:
1304:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1257:'captive').
1188:Western Zhou
1178:
1176:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1136:
1121:Qing dynasty
1108:
1107:
1102:
1076:
1069:Tang dynasty
1064:
1062:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1013:Loangraphs (
923:Pictograms (
871:
844:
812:itself), and
791:
767:
748:
736:Qin Shihuang
706:
702:
699:Zhou dynasty
678:
664:
647:
641:
626:
624:
566:
519:
488:
473:
468:
456:
454:
445:
429:
423:
410:
408:
403:
393:
390:
381:
368:
353:
340:
321:compiled by
313:
312:
310:
244:Southern Min
131:Hanyu Pinyin
66:
54:Song dynasty
35:
29:
2769:一切經音義 (慧琳)
2758:一切經音義 (玄英)
2350:Zhengzitong
2295:Ganlu Zishu
2201:(c. 220 BC)
2196:Cangjiepian
2167:Shizhoupian
2140:Monolingual
2012:: chapters
1973:: chapters
1695:Duan, Yucai
1523:漢字学―説文解字の世界
1401:Coblin 1978
734:ordered by
724:Wang Guowei
708:Shizhoupian
465:Qin dynasty
461:seal script
459:to analyze
450:seal script
378:Han dynasty
376:during the
3043:Categories
2736:Exegetical
2725:現代漢語方言大詞典
2212:(c. 40 BC)
2147:Characters
2074:Duàn Yùcái
1950:2024-03-02
1697:(1980) ,
1671:(1959) ,
1596:Asia Major
1505:Boltz 1993
1481:Boltz 1993
1464:Boltz 1993
1452:Boltz 1993
1440:Boltz 1993
1377:Thern 1966
1365:Boltz 1993
1338:Boltz 1993
1321:References
1277:Ding Fubao
1262:Duan Yucai
1184:Late Shang
1177:While the
1095:bête noire
625:A typical
619:small seal
608:Entry for
405:antiquity.
365:Background
159:Wade–Giles
2818:Bilingual
2702:Varieties
2632:Qiyin lüe
2523:现代汉语规范词典
2251:Xiao Erya
2207:Jijiupian
2060:數字化《說文解字》
2051:Databases
2008:from the
1967:from the
1897:551302706
1885:海寧王靜安先生遺書
1879:(1979),
1819:0003-0279
1746:(2000) ,
1326:Citations
958:xíngshēng
926:xiàngxíng
740:Confucius
728:Qiu Xigui
657:homophone
531:cosmology
436:Structure
65:) of the
3010:(Korean)
2802:中國人名大辭典
2771:(c. 807)
2760:(c. 649)
2749:(c. 583)
2599:Guangyun
2549:(c. 230)
2544:Shenglei
2468:教育部國語辭典
2289:(c. 543)
2267:(c. 350)
2245:(c. 230)
2234:(c. 200)
2090:Guangyun
1723:(2006),
1714:31788379
1688:21118625
1604:41649948
1425:Qiu 2000
1413:Qiu 2000
1389:Qiu 2000
1299:See also
1221:⼼
1030:zhuǎnzhù
776:'SPEECH'
772:⾔
643:shengxun
590:⼼
555:⽕
527:phonetic
523:semantic
491:radicals
479:Sections
359:radicals
213:Jyutping
2711:Fangyan
2621:Yunjing
2577:Tangyun
2569:刊謬補缺切韻
2501:现代汉语词典
2306:Leipian
2240:Guangya
2229:Shiming
2086:Fangyan
2078:Shiming
2070:Shuowen
1835:(說文解字)"
1829:Pu Shou
1637:Shuowen
1514:Sources
1285:Shuowen
1281:Shuowen
1225:'HEART'
1223:
1206:'THINK'
1155:Shuowen
1109:Shuowen
1052:Shuowen
1040:Shuowen
774:
768:Shuowen
720:
701:. The
691:Zhòuwén
649:Shiming
638:synonym
600:Entries
594:'HEART'
592:
575:'DOUBT'
567:Shuowen
557:
425:Fangyan
394:Shuowen
370:Xu Shen
352:), the
323:Xu Shen
251:Hokkien
59:zhēnběn
2947:(1997)
2944:CEDICT
2937:Online
2928:(1996)
2918:(1972)
2908:(1957)
2898:(1947)
2888:(1931)
2878:(1926)
2868:(1892)
2858:(1874)
2848:(1842)
2838:(1823)
2804:(1921)
2727:(2002)
2692:(1711)
2670:(1324)
2626:(1161)
2615:(1037)
2604:(1008)
2555:Qieyun
2525:(2004)
2514:(1994)
2512:漢語大詞典
2503:(1978)
2492:(1968)
2490:中文大辭典
2481:(1938)
2470:(1926)
2459:(1915)
2454:Ciyuan
2421:(1994)
2410:(1989)
2408:漢語大字典
2399:(1957)
2388:(1915)
2386:中華大字典
2377:(1815)
2375:說文解字注
2366:(1716)
2355:(1627)
2344:(1615)
2333:(1254)
2328:Zitong
2311:(1066)
2284:Yupian
2273:Ziyuan
1895:
1870:654390
1868:
1817:
1787:
1754:
1733:
1712:
1686:
1673:說文解字詁林
1622:
1602:
1573:
1555:
1533:
1150:fanqie
1141:説文解字繫傳
1016:jiǎjiè
894:zhǐshì
875:liùshū
559:'FIRE'
422:) and
268:Tâi-lô
2782:(997)
2780:龍龕手鑒
2747:經典釋文
2690:佩文韻府
2679:戚林八音
2668:中原音韻
2657:蒙古字韻
2610:Jiyun
2593:(780)
2591:韻海鏡源
2582:(732)
2571:(706)
2560:(601)
2476:Cihai
2430:Words
2419:中华字海
2397:新华字典
2364:康熙字典
2339:Zihui
2298:干祿字書
2262:Zilin
2221:說文解字
2088:, 廣韻
2084:, 方言
2080:, 爾雅
2042:14–15
2038:12–13
2034:10–11
2003:14–15
1999:12–13
1995:10–11
1918:(PDF)
1887:[
1881:史籀篇敘錄
1858:(PDF)
1842:史語所集刊
1838:(PDF)
1701:[
1699:說文解字注
1675:[
1600:JSTOR
1592:(PDF)
1585:"The
1525:[
1270:說文解字注
990:huìyì
972:B, C
883:) of
682:gǔwén
669:dúruò
652:, and
550:xióng
317:is a
2646:平水韻
2635:七音略
2535:Rime
2353:正字通
2317:Piya
2254:小爾雅
2210:急就篇
2199:倉頡篇
2178:Erya
2170:史籀篇
2082:Erya
2040:and
2001:and
1943:說文解字
1932:Text
1893:OCLC
1866:OCLC
1815:ISSN
1785:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1710:OCLC
1684:OCLC
1620:ISBN
1571:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1186:and
1117:Song
1115:and
848:shuō
835:and
786:shuō
703:Zhou
412:Erya
342:Erya
311:The
98:说文解字
82:說文解字
2714:方言
2624:韻鏡
2613:集韻
2602:廣韻
2580:唐韻
2558:切韻
2547:聲類
2479:辭海
2457:辭源
2342:字彙
2331:字通
2320:埤雅
2309:類篇
2287:玉篇
2276:字苑
2265:字林
2243:廣雅
2232:釋名
2181:爾雅
2030:8–9
2026:6–7
2022:4–5
2014:1–2
1991:8–9
1987:6–7
1983:4–5
1979:2–3
1840:,
1807:doi
1801:",
1658:doi
1295:).
1293:馬敘倫
1289:馬宗霍
1159:朱駿聲
1143:).
1087:fl.
1083:李陽冰
952:)).
940:...
908:...
860:jiě
854:wén
798:wén
585:ruǐ
540:yán
525:or
510:hài
254:POJ
227:IPA
175:IPA
3045::
2443:cí
2440:;
2185:c.
2156:zì
2153:;
2036:,
2032:,
2028:,
2024:,
2020:,
2016:,
1997:,
1993:,
1989:,
1985:,
1981:,
1977:,
1964::
1860:,
1813:,
1594:,
1471:^
1432:^
1357:^
1254:lǔ
1244:lǔ
1234:lǚ
1216:hǔ
1197:lǜ
1167:王筠
1163:桂馥
1129:徐鍇
1125:徐鉉
1085:;
1078:mù
1075:;
1035:轉注
1021:假借
1004:X
995:會意
963:形聲
943:象形
931:象形
911:指事
899:指事
880:六書
869:.
866:zì
841:).
817:zì
718:r.
695:籀文
686:古文
674:讀若
614:zǐ
596:.
517:.
500:yī
417:c.
361:.
347:c.
326:c.
63:真本
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2438:词
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2434:詞
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2190:)
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2159:)
2151:字
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2121:e
2114:t
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1975:1
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1660::
1403:.
1268:(
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1241:(
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1211:虍
1202:思
1194:(
1192:慮
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1007:從
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975:聲
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580:繠
571:惢
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545:熊
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535:炎
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