20:
82:
While no archaeological or historical evidence exists for the construction of any temples to
Kassite gods in Babylonia, or of their integration into mainstream Babylonian religion, Šuqamuna and Šumaliya appear in several historical texts, inscriptions, and theophoric names, mostly from the middle
165:
Theophoric personal names in the
Kassite period did sometimes include Šuqamuna (twelve cases) and Šumaliya (three cases); these frequencies are much lower than that of another Kassite divine name, Saḫ (forty-three cases). However, unlike Saḫ or any other Kassite divine name, theophoric names of
102:. In the same inscription, Agum claimed to be King of Babylon by the will of the major Babylonian gods, therefore using his descent from Šuqamuna to mark himself as a king outside of the traditional Babylonian aristocracy while fully integrating himself into the religious system. Likewise,
118:("the begetter gods"). This text also refers to a 'temple of Šumaliya and Šuqamuna, the great gods', though this may have been a cultic room or shrine in the palace rather than an independent temple building. This marked a departure from the tradition of investiture at the Temple of
87:
stones. Despite their importance to the ruling dynasty, neither of these deities appear in the names of any of the
Kassite kings or in Babylonian god lists, and they are not mentioned in any of the known dedicatory inscriptions left by Kassite rulers on their building projects.
122:, as the new dynastic gods now conferred kingship upon Babylon's rulers, bringing this source of legitimacy under palace control. However, the Kassite kings certainly did not reject Enlil as a major deity; when Kurigalzu founded his new capital of
109:
Text MAH 15922 from the reign of
Kurigalzu I centres on the role of Šuqamana and Šumaliya in kingship. The two gods exalt him during his accession, and grant him the rites of kingship; here, as in a fragment from
130:
there in the god's honour. Further evidence of the importance of Enlil to the
Kassite kings comes from the many dedicatory inscriptions they made to Enlil and their choice to use the title 'governor of Enlil'.
193:
in the 12th-century BCE mentions Šumaliya as 'the lady of the bright mountains, who dwells upon the summits, who treads beside the springs'. A small Late
Babylonian godlist (CT 24 50) refers to Šuqamuna as
362:
Bartelmus, A. (2017). "Die Götter der
Kassitenzeit. Eine Analyse ihres Vorkommens in zeitgenössischen Textquellen". Karduniaš: Babylonia under the Kassites 1 (pp. 245-312). De Gruyter.
19:
213:, found in a set of clay tablets from Nineveh, describes how he restored a number of tutelary deities to their sanctuaries, including 'the gods Ḫumḫumiya, Šuqamuna, (and) Šimaliya
23:
Detail from a
Kudurru of Ritti-Marduk, from Sippar, Iraq, 1125-1104 BCE. A perching bird, symbolic of Šuqamuna and Šumaliya, can be seen at the lower right. British Museum
397:
138:, Šuqamuna and Šumaliya appear as part of a formulaic curse inscription. Their names come after those of many of the major Babylonian gods such as
236:). These names likely refer to Šuqamana and Šumaliya, who may have become stereotyped as a result of increasing marginalisation of the Kassites.
428:
Another attempt at two
Kassite royal inscriptions: the Agum-Kakrime inscription and the inscription of Kurigalzu the son of Kadashmanharbe
549:
468:
98:, describes himself as being of the 'pure seed' of (i.e., a descendant of) Šuqamuna in an inscription known from two late copies at
189:
Occasional references to Šuqamuna and Šumaliya continue to appear after the end of the dynasty. A Kudurru-stone from the reign of
381:
589:
106:
claimed to have the support of all the gods in his empire, but maintained Šuqamana and Šumaliya as his personal deities.
584:
83:
Kassite period. They were represented iconographically by a bird on a high perch, a symbol which often appeared on
415:
54:. They had a close association with the royal family; the pair of gods are referred to as 'the gods of the king' (
70:
personal names and some poorly preserved glossaries, and they are the only ones to consistently receive a divine
181:
on the same line. In the same text, Šumaliya is written as Šumaliya in
Akkadian, but as Šugurra in Kassite.
158:. In column iv lines 21–23, they are described as 'Šuqamuna and Šumaliya, the gods who love each other' (
228:) begins to appear alone and in theophoric names after the Kassite period, along with a female deity
485:
The elevation of Marduk revisited: Festivals and sacrifices at Nippur during the High Kassite period
528:
170:
500:
391:
594:
545:
464:
377:
431:
190:
67:
66:). Šuqamuna and Šumaliya are the only two Kassite gods known to be referenced outside of
524:
135:
578:
123:
71:
564:
Shelley, N. (2017). "Kaššû: Cultural Labels and Identity in Ancient Mesopotamia."
328:
155:
103:
43:
210:
323:
51:
374:
Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary
151:
127:
111:
99:
95:
91:
84:
47:
442:
Heinz, M. (2012). "The Ur III, Old Babylonian, and Kassite Empires."
214:
199:
174:
147:
430:. In Babel und Bibel 6 (pp. 225-268). Penn State University Press.
414:. Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 104(1), 99-130.
542:
The royal inscriptions of Esarhaddon, king of Assyria (680-669 BC)
178:
143:
119:
18:
412:
A New Boundary Stone of the Reign of Nabû-mukīn-apli (978-943 BC)
321:
Krebernik, M., and Seidl, U. (2012). "Šuqamuna und Šu/imalija."
529:
https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1882-0522-1800
169:
In a Kassite-Akkadian glossary of names postdating the reign of
487:. Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 68(1), 153-180. Pg 154 note 4.
324:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie
139:
126:, he chose Enlil as its patron deity and erected a large
444:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
166:Šuqamuna and Šumaliya use the divine determinative.
150:, but prior to several other regional gods such as
454:
452:
134:On a 13th-century BCE Kudurru-stone erected by
8:
396:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
58:), with Šuqamuna being the 'king's god' (
566:Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites 1
358:
356:
354:
352:
346:. Archiv für Orientforschung, 32, 1-22.
338:
336:
314:
245:
42:) were a pair of deities introduced to
389:
376:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
7:
62:) and Šumaliya his patron goddess (
14:
301:), see Krebernik & Seidl 2012
268:), see Krebernik & Seidl 2012
527:collection, Museum number 90858
372:Black, J. and Green, A. (1992).
217:-Aruru' in the 7th-century BCE.
544:. Penn State University Press.
463:. Penn State University Press.
173:, Šuqamuna is glossed as both
1:
94:, a king of 16th-century BCE
16:Pair of Kassite royal deities
344:Der Kurigalzu-Text MAH 15922
446:, 706-721. Wiley-Blackwell.
611:
114:, they are referred to as
461:Babylonian creation myths
78:During the Kassite Period
513:Die Sprache der Kassiten
497:Archival view of P498314
185:After the Kassite Period
459:Lambert, W. G. (2013).
342:Sommerfeld, W. (1985).
568:, 196-208. De Gruyter.
483:Tenney, J. S. (2016).
196:marūtuk šá pi-sa-an-nu
24:
22:
590:Mesopotamian deities
540:Leichty, E. (2011).
410:Weszeli, M. (2010).
511:Balkan, K. (1954).
426:Oshima, T. (2021).
220:A male deity named
515:. Kassitenstudien.
25:
585:Mythological duos
602:
569:
562:
556:
555:
537:
531:
522:
516:
509:
503:
494:
488:
481:
475:
474:
456:
447:
440:
434:
424:
418:
408:
402:
401:
395:
387:
369:
363:
360:
347:
340:
331:
319:
302:
275:
269:
250:
202:of the basket'.
191:Nebuchadnezzar I
171:Šagarakti-Šuriaš
610:
609:
605:
604:
603:
601:
600:
599:
575:
574:
573:
572:
563:
559:
552:
539:
538:
534:
523:
519:
510:
506:
499:, available at
495:
491:
482:
478:
471:
458:
457:
450:
441:
437:
432:At academia.edu
425:
421:
409:
405:
388:
384:
371:
370:
366:
361:
350:
341:
334:
320:
316:
311:
306:
305:
276:
272:
251:
247:
242:
207:Aššur-Babylon A
187:
80:
17:
12:
11:
5:
608:
606:
598:
597:
592:
587:
577:
576:
571:
570:
557:
550:
532:
525:British Museum
517:
504:
489:
476:
469:
448:
435:
419:
403:
382:
364:
348:
332:
313:
312:
310:
307:
304:
303:
277:Alternatively
270:
252:Alternatively
244:
243:
241:
238:
186:
183:
79:
76:
56:ilu (šá) šarri
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
607:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
580:
567:
561:
558:
553:
551:9781575062099
547:
543:
536:
533:
530:
526:
521:
518:
514:
508:
505:
502:
498:
493:
490:
486:
480:
477:
472:
470:9781575068619
466:
462:
455:
453:
449:
445:
439:
436:
433:
429:
423:
420:
417:
416:At cairn.info
413:
407:
404:
399:
393:
385:
379:
375:
368:
365:
359:
357:
355:
353:
349:
345:
339:
337:
333:
330:
326:
325:
318:
315:
308:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
274:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
249:
246:
239:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
192:
184:
182:
180:
176:
172:
167:
163:
161:
160:ilānu murtâmū
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:Nazi-Maruttaš
132:
129:
125:
124:Dur-Kurigalzu
121:
117:
113:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
86:
77:
75:
73:
72:determinative
69:
65:
64:lamassi šarri
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
565:
560:
541:
535:
520:
512:
507:
496:
492:
484:
479:
460:
443:
438:
427:
422:
411:
406:
373:
367:
343:
322:
317:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
233:
229:
225:
221:
219:
206:
204:
195:
188:
168:
164:
159:
133:
115:
108:
92:Agum-Kakrime
90:
81:
63:
59:
55:
39:
35:
31:
27:
26:
266:šu-qa-mu-nu
258:šu-ga-mu-na
104:Kurigalzu I
50:dynasty of
46:during the
44:Mesopotamia
40:šu-ma-li-ia
32:šu-qa-mu-na
579:Categories
383:0292707940
329:p. 323-325
309:References
283:šu-ma-ni-a
211:Esarhaddon
68:theophoric
392:cite book
291:šu-gur-ra
234:kaš-ši-tu
52:Babylonia
595:Kassites
327:vol 13,
262:Šuqamunu
254:Šugamuna
226:kaš-šu-ú
209:text of
152:Ishtaran
128:ziggurat
116:ilu bānû
112:Boğazköy
60:il šarri
36:Šumaliya
28:Šuqamuna
287:Šugurra
279:Šumania
230:Kaššitu
100:Nineveh
96:Babylon
85:Kudurru
48:Kassite
548:
467:
380:
299:šu-gab
293:, or
215:Sippar
200:Marduk
175:Nergal
148:Ishtar
146:, and
34:) and
295:Šugab
260:) or
240:Notes
222:Kaššu
179:Nusku
144:Enlil
120:Enlil
546:ISBN
501:CDLI
465:ISBN
398:link
378:ISBN
205:The
177:and
285:),
198:, '
162:).
156:Der
154:of
140:Anu
581::
451:^
394:}}
390:{{
351:^
335:^
142:,
74:.
554:.
473:.
400:)
386:.
297:(
289:(
281:(
264:(
256:(
232:(
224:(
38:(
30:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
