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340:. "That same night, about 100 armed men led by Nerses Azbekian slipped into the city to disarm the Azerbaijani garrison in the Armenian quarter. But everything went wrong. The Varanda militiamen spent most of the night eating and drinking and were late in taking up their assigned positions, whereas Azbekian's detachment, failing to link up with the militia, began firing on the Azerbaijani fort from afar, awakening the troops and sending them scurrying to arms." This jolted the Varanda militiamen from their initial dormancy, as they "began seizing Azerbaijani officers quartered in Armenian homes. The confusion on both sides continued until dawn, when the Azerbaijanis learned that their garrison at Khankend had held and, heartened, began to spread out into the Armenian quarter. The fighting took the Armenians of Shusha by surprise."
852:"Помимо лидеров младотурок руководство операции "Немезис" приняло решение о ликвидации некоторых деятелей мусаватистского правительства Азербайджана, виновных, по их мнению, в организации резни армян в Баку в сентябре 1918 г. – бывшего премьер-министра Фатали хана Хойского (июнь 1920 г.), а также бывшего министра Бехбуд хана Дживаншира (июль 1921 г.), организатора резни армян в Шуши (Карабах)."
297:
1101:
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wealthy
Armenians. Bishop Vahan (Ter-Grigorian), who had sought a policy of accommodation with the Azerbaijani authorities, was murdered and beheaded, his "head paraded through the streets on a spike." Chief of police Avetis Ter-Ghukasian was "turned into a human torch," while hundreds of others were similarly murdered with impunity.
692:
provisional and conditional
Azerbaijani jurisdiction. The twenty-six conditions strictly limited the Azerbaijani administrative and military presence in the region and underscored the internal autonomy of Mountainous Karabagh. Violations of those conditions by Azerbaijan culminated in an abortive rebellion in March 1920."
1080:
324:
were massacred after an unidentified body was discovered, believed to be that of an
Azerbaijani soldier. Two weeks later, that soldier reportedly returned to his company, having been a deserter. In March 1920, Sultanov began prohibiting Armenians from leaving Shusha without special permission, forced
251:
quarters of Shusha and demanded that the inhabitants to surrender the fortress. Shots were fired, but by virtue of
British mediation, the Armenians agreed to surrender to them instead. According to Colonel J.C. Rhea, acting Allied high commissioner, Sultanov "countenanced a polity of extermination of
287:
until its final status was decided at the Peace
Conference in Paris. As the historian Richard Hovhannisyan points out, the agreement concluded in August 1919 strictly limited the Azerbaijani administrative and military presence in the region and established the internal autonomy of Nagorno-Karabakh.
491:
wrote, "in this town, which formerly, of course, was healthy and endowed with every amenity, the picture of catastrophe and massacres was terribly vivid ... They say after the massacres all the wells were full of corpses.... We didn't see anyone in the streets or on the mountain. Only in the centre
304:
The August agreement for
Armenian autonomy and Azerbaijani demilitarization was violated by the Azerbaijani authorities almost immediately. Sultanov received orders from Baku to annex both Karabakh and Syunik. The Azerbaijani garrison was reinforced and troops were deployed without the required
348:
Immediately after the quelling of the uprising, Azerbaijani troops, along with city's
Azerbaijani inhabitants, turned their wrath on Shusha' Armenian population. The city's churches were put to the flame, as were cultural institutions, schools, libraries, the business section, and the homes of
691:
The
Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. — Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. — Vol. II. Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century. — P. 318. — 493 p. — ISBN 0312101686, ISBN 9780312101688. "Finally, in August 1919, the Karabagh National Assembly yielded to
207:. Shusha—the territory's largest settlement, its centre for social and cultural life, and with a mixed population consisting mostly of ethnic Armenians and Azerbaijanis—found itself at the heart of the dispute. The government of Azerbaijan proclaimed in
47:
282:
The
Seventh Congress of the Armenians of Karabakh was convened in Shusha on 13 August 1919. It concluded with the agreement of 22 August, according to which Nagorno-Karabakh would consider itself to be provisionally within the borders of the
377:
187:
223:
had a small detachment of troops stationed in Shusha and acceded to
Sultanov's appointment as provisional governor, but insisted that a final decision on the territory's ownership could only be decided at a future peace conference.
1630:
417:
states that the Armenian quarter of Shusha was "wiped off the face of the earth", indicated by 25 of 1,700 homes surviving the pogrom; also adding that 8,000 Armenians were massacred during the pogrom. Soviet historian
492:
of town, in the market-square, there were a lot of people, but there wasn't any Armenian among them, they were all Muslims." Numerous other communist officials recalled the destruction of the town, including,
369:. By 11 April 1920, some thirty villages in Nagorno-Karabakh had been "devastated" by Azerbaijani forces as a result of the uprising, leaving 25,000 homeless (including nearly 6,000 refugees from Shusha).
309:
had a leading role in Azerbaijani militarization and recruiting Muslim partisans. The Armenian population was forcibly disarmed. Azerbaijan imposed an economic blockade on Karabakh, which Armenian PM
946:(in Russian) Шатуновская О. Г . Об ушедшем веке. Рассказывает Ольга Шатуновская / сост.: Д. Кутьина, А. Бройдо, А. Кутьин. – La Jolla (Calif.) : DAA Books, 2001. – 470 с., c. 71
1523:
255:
On 4 and 5 June 1919, armed clashes occurred in Shusha between the two communities and Sultanov began a blockade of the town's Armenian quarters. American nurses working in Shusha for
413:
Citing a contemporary Armenian government report, Hovannisian places the death toll of the massacre at 500 Armenians and the destruction of many buildings in Shusha. German historian
191:
Shusha's Armenian quarters in the aftermath of their destruction by Azerbaijani army in March 1920. In the background: defiled Cathedral of the Holy Savior and Aguletsots church.
1590:
288:
Armenians remained divided on their response and a stock of arms was built up on both sides and the Armenians decided to deter a Tatar attack by staging an abortive uprising.
1258:"Letter from Avetis Aharonian, president of the delegation of the Republic of Armenia, addressed to the presidents of the delegations of Italy, France, England, and the U.S."
316:
Several incidences of Armenian travelers outside of Shusha being beaten, robbed, or killed occurred. On 22 February, up to 400 Armenians (per Armenian sources) in
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of 700 of the Christian inhabitants of the town." A cease-fire was quickly organised after the Armenian side agreed to Sultanov's condition that members of the
39:
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220:
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from 22–26 March 1920. The number of deaths vary across sources, with the most conservative estimate being 500, and the highest estimates reaching 20,000.
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231:), meeting in Shusha from 10–21 February, issued a message stating that it "denies Azerbaijani authority in any form whatsoever." On 23 April 1919, the
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955:"Here during the 3 days in March 1920, 7000 houses were destroyed and burnt, and the people are marking different numbers of that who were
1051:] (in Russian). Moscow: Rossiyskaya politicheskaya entsiklopediya (ROSSPEN) Fond «Prezidentskiy tsentr B. N. Yeltsina». p. 171.
555:
Hovannisian also writes of a "Melkumian report" that claims that 5,000–6,000 were "left behind" during the massacre whilst 8,000 escaped.
1620:
971:
854:
I. P. Dobaev, V. I. Nemchina: И.П.Добаев, В.И.Немчина. Новый терроризм в мире и на Юге России: сущность, эволюция, опыт противодействия
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Armenian residents to quarter Azerbaijani soldiers, and began dismissing Armenians who had served as officers in the Russian army.
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On 20 March 2000, a memorial stone was laid in Shusha on the site of the planned monument to the victims of the pogrom. The
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Ruins of the Armenian part of Shusha after the 1920 pogrom. In back is the church of the Holy Mother of God (Kanach Zham).
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wrote that 3–4 thousand or more than 12 thousand Armenians were killed and 7,000 homes were destroyed in three-days. The
267:
leave the town. However, a new wave of violence then swept through neighbouring Armenian-populated villages: in mid-June
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militia entered Shusha...supposedly to receive its pay and to felicitate Governor-General Sultanov on the occasion of
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508:, Russian-Georgian writer Anaida Bestavashvili drew a comparison between the burning of Shusha to the destruction of
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199:, the ownership of the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh was disputed between the newly established republics of the
76:
466:, who visited Shusha in 1930, wrote the poem "The Phaeton Driver" (1931) in memory of the massacre and burning:
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The total death toll of the Shusha massacre is unknown, with figures ranging from several hundred, to 20,000.
157:
57:
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1507:
1445:
1246:] (in Russian) (72nd ed.). Tiflis: Tipografiya kantselyarii Ye.I.V. na Kavkaze, kazenny dom. 1917.
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after the city's destruction by the Azerbaijani army in March 1920. In the center: the defaced Armenian
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The Armenian quarter of Shusha after the massacre, with the Holy Saviour cathedral in the background.
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Explaining ethnic conflict in the South Caucasus: Mountainous Karabagh, Abkhazia, and South Ossetia
493:
488:
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entry for Shusha writes that "up to 20 percent of the population died" when the city was burned.
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Nagornyy Karabakh marks 80th anniversary of 1920 Armenian pogroms, Noyan Tapan, 24 Mar. 2000
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In response to Sultanov's appointment, the General Assembly of the Armenians of Karabakh (
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Ethnic Belonging, Gender, and Cultural Practices Youth Identities in Contemporary Russia
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362:
329:
868:"Мандельштам Осип | Классика.ру – электронная библиотека классической литературы"
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333:
959:...". (in Russian) Marietta Shaginyan, "Soviet Transcaucasus", Armgiz, 1947, p. 254
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268:
27:
1920 mass killing of Armenian civilians by Azerbaijani forces in Nagorno-Karabakh
317:
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1083:[Three unsolved circumstances of the massacre of Armenians in Shushi].
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accused of being intended to starve the Armenian population into submission.
17:
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two-thirds consent of the Karabakh administration council. Turkish general
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to establish 23 March as a day of memorial for the victims of the pogrom.
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108:
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53:
1214:
The Republic of Armenia: From London to Sèvres, February–August 1920
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1153:
The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity
712:
710:
376:
366:
295:
186:
279:, just outside Shusha, and approximately 600 Armenians lay dead.
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People visiting Nagorno Karabakh banned from entering Azerbaijan
460:
391:, there were 43,869 residents in Shusha on 14 January [
208:
1418:
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1286:
Terrible Fate Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe
328:
Matters came to a head on the evening of 22 March, when "the
215:
of the disputed territory and, on 15 January 1919, appointed
792:
235:
convened in Shusha and again rejected Azerbaijan's claim of
915:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), pp. 41–42.
357:
Five to six thousand Armenians managed to escape by way of
1318:
Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926
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395:
1 January] 1916—the city was composed of 23,396
828:
621:
619:
617:
162:
1631:
Massacres of the Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
969:
Anaida Bestavashvili, Lyudi i pamyatniki (in Russian)
840:
399:
who formed 53.3 percent of the population and 19,091
629:, revised 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 1990), p. 270.
609:
1508:
Deportation of Armenians from Azerbaijan of 1988–94
1452:
1081:"Три нераскрытых обстоятельства резни армян в Шуши"
126:
118:
102:
91:
83:
64:
32:
1518:Ban of entry for citizens of Armenia in Azerbaijan
1186:The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919
1049:The enemy is everywhere. Stalinism in the Caucasus
436:Former minister of internal affairs of Azerbaijan
1117:. Vol. 3. Berkeley: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
600:
1430:
407:) who formed 43.5 percent of the population.
8:
780:
753:
728:
716:
1591:Persecution of Oriental Orthodox Christians
1150:Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (2005).
768:
638:
1437:
1423:
1415:
1348:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
816:
271:mounted "irregulars", about 2,000 strong,
29:
650:
902:. 2 vols. (Moscow, 1990) 1: pp. 517–519.
523:government introduced a proposal to the
1288:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
1005:[The Shushi Massacre of 1920].
937:Partizdat TsK VKP (b), 1936, pp. 60–63.
928:. Paris: YMCA-Ргess, 1987, pp. 162–164.
568:
548:
219:, as governor-general of Karabakh. The
1536:2020 Ghazanchetsots Cathedral shelling
1502:Destruction of Armenian part of Shusha
1341:
701:
479:Are visible there from all directions,
1250:from the original on 4 November 2021.
1091:from the original on 14 November 2022
1044:Враг есть везде. Сталинизм на Кавказе
804:
229:Armenian National Council of Karabakh
133:and Azerbaijani inhabitants of Shusha
7:
1596:Persecution of Christians by Muslims
1065:from the original on 8 October 2022.
40:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
1586:History of the Republic of Artsakh
1115:Contested States in World Politics
577:"Глава 3. Шуша. Рассказ о соседях"
25:
1581:Massacres committed by Azerbaijan
1079:Bagdasaryan, Gegam (March 2015).
1013:from the original on 19 July 2022
978:// Армянский вестник, # 1–2, 2000
865:Osip Mandelstam, "Faetonshchik,"
627:Armenia: The Survival of a Nation
446:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
385:According to the 1917 edition of
1307:Shoushi: The City of Tragic Fate
1239:Кавказский календарь на 1917 год
924:(in Russian) N. Ya. Mandelstam.
793:Кавказский календарь на 1917 год
46:
1263:from the original on 2007-09-14
537:List of massacres in Azerbaijan
1550:List of massacres of Armenians
1218:University of California Press
1190:University of California Press
1003:"1920 թվականի Շուշիի կոտորածը"
239:, insisting on their right of
171:, was the mass killing of the
73:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
52:Ruins of the Armenian half of
1:
1484:Place name changes in Turkey
1284:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013).
913:Mandelstam: The Later Poetry
829:1920 թվականի Շուշիի կոտորածը
601:Herzig & Kurkchiyan 2005
514:The People and the Monuments
1316:Smele, Jonathan D. (2015).
1305:Mkrtchʻyan, Shahen (2008).
1244:Caucasian calendar for 1917
1156:. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
1087:(in Russian). Stepanakert.
487:Visiting Shusha with Osip,
481:The cocoon of soulless work
477:Forty thousand dead windows
163:
1647:
1621:Military history of Shusha
1530:Armenian cemetery in Julfa
1139:. Vol. 17. New York:
275:a large Armenian village,
273:attacked, looted and burnt
1397:Columbia University Press
1374:. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
1372:Transcaucasian Boundaries
1216:. Vol. 3. Berkeley:
1188:. Vol. 1. Berkeley:
1136:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1113:Geldenhuys, Deon (2009).
841:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
521:Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
483:Buried in the mountains.
425:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
292:Persecutions and uprising
265:Armenian National Council
247:detachment encircled the
152:
77:First Republic of Armenia
45:
37:
1466:Armenian–Tatar massacres
1104:14 November 2022 at the
440:was assassinated during
259:wrote of a massacre "by
58:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral
1601:Massacres in Azerbaijan
1446:Anti-Armenian sentiment
1391:Ziemer, Ulrike (2014).
1210:Hovannisian, Richard G.
1182:Hovannisian, Richard G.
625:Walker, Christopher J.
1359:Welt, Cory D. (2004).
1070:8 October 2022 at the
382:
338:Richard G. Hovannisian
301:
285:Republic of Azerbaijan
243:. After this, a local
192:
1626:Anti-Armenian pogroms
1496:Khaibalikend massacre
1370:Wright, John (2003).
438:Behbud Khan Javanshir
380:
299:
190:
167:), also known as the
1320:. Lanham, Maryland.
1309:. Yerevan: Gasprint.
1143:. 1973. p. 301.
1026:19 July 2022 at the
1007:Republic.Mediamax.am
664:Nurses Stuck to Post
336:," writes historian
217:Khosrov bek Sultanov
122:500–20,000 Armenians
1513:1990 Dushanbe riots
856:(Ростов н/Д., 2005)
795:, pp. 190–192.
783:, pp. 157–158.
719:, pp. 137–143.
679:, 4 September 1919.
494:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
489:Nadezhda Mandelstam
475:These were my fears
388:Kavkazskiy kalendar
311:Alexander Khatisian
1576:1920 in Azerbaijan
1460:Hamidian massacres
1275:2007-09-14 at the
974:2022-11-29 at the
911:Baines, Jennifer.
886:2007-08-13 at the
676:The New York Times
669:2021-08-15 at the
506:Marietta Shaginyan
498:Olga Shatunovskaya
444:by members of the
420:Marietta Shaginyan
383:
302:
241:self-determination
195:At the end of the
193:
71:(disputed between
1616:Massacres in 1920
1611:March 1920 events
1606:Conflicts in 1920
1556:
1555:
1478:Armenian genocide
1327:978-1-4422-5281-3
1085:theanalyticon.com
1058:978-5-8243-1435-9
898:Osip Mandelstam.
781:Hovannisian 1996a
754:Hovannisian 1996a
729:Hovannisian 1996a
717:Hovannisian 1996a
689:Hovannisian R. G.
525:National Assembly
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1057:
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990:
989:
980:
961:
948:
939:
930:
917:
904:
891:
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845:
833:
821:
819:, p. 171.
809:
807:, p. 137.
797:
785:
773:
758:
756:, p. 152.
733:
731:, p. 147.
721:
706:
694:
681:
655:
651:Lieberman 2013
643:
641:, p. 164.
631:
613:
605:
603:, p. 105.
593:
567:
566:
564:
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541:
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468:
456:The prominent
453:
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430:
374:
371:
361:(Karintak) to
354:
351:
345:
342:
293:
290:
221:United Kingdom
184:
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175:population of
135:
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128:
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1428:
1426:
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1406:9783838261522
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1383:
1377:
1373:
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1367:
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1333:
1329:
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1291:
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905:
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874:on 2007-08-13
873:
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746:
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742:
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734:
730:
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722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
704:, p. 98.
703:
698:
695:
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685:
682:
678:
677:
672:
668:
665:
659:
656:
653:, p. 56.
652:
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372:
370:
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352:
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343:
341:
339:
335:
334:Novruz Bairam
331:
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314:
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308:
298:
291:
289:
286:
280:
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222:
218:
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210:
206:
202:
198:
189:
182:
180:
178:
174:
170:
169:Shusha pogrom
165:
159:
153:Շուշիի ջարդեր
150:
146:
142:
132:
129:
125:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
101:
97:
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82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
18:Shusha pogrom
1558:
1526:(since 2005)
1501:
1486:(since 1913)
1392:
1371:
1360:
1317:
1306:
1285:
1265:. Retrieved
1243:
1238:
1213:
1185:
1152:
1135:
1114:
1093:. Retrieved
1084:
1048:
1043:
1032:
1015:. Retrieved
1006:
995:Bibliography
983:
964:
951:
942:
933:
926:Kniga tretia
925:
920:
912:
907:
899:
894:
876:. Retrieved
872:the original
861:
848:
836:
824:
812:
800:
788:
776:
724:
697:
688:
684:
674:
658:
646:
634:
626:
608:
596:
585:. Retrieved
583:. 2005-07-06
580:
571:
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513:
486:
469:
455:
435:
423:
412:
409:
405:Azerbaijanis
401:Shia Muslims
386:
384:
356:
347:
327:
315:
303:
281:
277:Khaibalikend
254:
252:Armenians".
226:
194:
168:
164:Šušii ǰarder
144:
140:
138:
127:Perpetrators
38:Part of the
1480:(1914–1923)
1468:(1905–1907)
1095:15 November
1017:19 November
900:Sochineniia
702:Wright 2003
432:Retribution
269:Azerbaijani
245:Azerbaijani
237:sovereignty
104:Attack type
1565:Categories
1267:2008-01-24
878:2007-08-29
805:Smele 2015
587:2024-05-10
563:References
373:Death toll
213:annexation
205:Azerbaijan
183:Background
87:March 1920
1344:cite book
1336:923010906
1212:(1996a).
1172:229988654
1141:Macmillan
957:massacred
581:bbc.co.uk
397:Armenians
353:Aftermath
307:Halil Kut
158:romanized
98:civilians
1545:See also
1273:Archived
1261:Archived
1248:Archived
1184:(1971).
1102:Archived
1089:Archived
1068:Archived
1063:Archived
1041:(2010).
1024:Archived
1011:Archived
972:Archived
884:Archived
667:Archived
531:See also
403:(mainly
359:Dashalty
344:Massacre
318:Khankend
249:Armenian
173:Armenian
149:Armenian
109:Massacre
96:Armenian
65:Location
512:in her
510:Pompeii
458:Russian
363:Varanda
330:Varanda
261:Tartars
201:Armenia
160::
1532:(2006)
1520:(1991)
1504:(1920)
1498:(1919)
1492:(1918)
1474:(1909)
1462:(1894)
1453:Events
1403:
1378:
1334:
1324:
1292:
1224:
1196:
1170:
1160:
1121:
1055:
500:, and
470:So in
452:Memory
322:Aghdam
177:Shusha
141:Shusha
119:Deaths
113:pogrom
92:Target
54:Shusha
1242:[
1047:[
543:Notes
367:Dizak
1401:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1350:link
1332:OCLC
1322:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1168:OCLC
1158:ISBN
1119:ISBN
1097:2022
1053:ISBN
1019:2022
504:and
461:poet
393:O.S.
365:and
320:and
211:the
209:Baku
203:and
139:The
84:Date
75:and
673:,"
143:or
1567::
1399:.
1395:.
1346:}}
1342:{{
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1192:.
1166:.
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1174:.
1127:.
1099:.
1021:.
881:.
843:.
831:.
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662:"
611:.
590:.
147:(
79:)
20:)
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