Siberian tiger - Knowledge (XXG)

756: 1612:, China, near the borders of Russia and North Korea. He suffered compound fractures but managed to survive. When he sought medical attention, his story raised suspicions as Siberian tigers seldom attack humans. An investigation of the attack scene revealed that raw venison carried by the man was left untouched by the tiger. Officials suspected the man to be a poacher who provoked the attack. The following morning, tiger sightings were reported by locals along the same road, and a local TV station did an on-site coverage. The group found tiger tracks and blood spoor in the snow at the attack scene and followed them for approximately 2,500 meters, hoping to catch a glimpse of the animal. Soon, the tiger was seen ambling slowly ahead of them. As the team tried to get closer for a better camera view, the tiger suddenly turned and charged, causing the four to flee in panic. About an hour after that encounter, the tiger attacked and killed a 26-year-old woman on the same road. Authorities retrieved the body with the help of a bulldozer. By then, the tiger was found lying 20 meters away, weak and barely alive. It was successfully tranquilized and taken for examination, which revealed that the tiger was anemic and gravely injured by a poacher's snare around its neck, with the steel wire cutting deeply down to the vertebrae, severing both trachea and esophagus. Despite extensive surgery by a team of veterinarians, the tiger died of wound infection. Subsequent investigation revealed that the first victim was a poacher who set multiple snares that caught both the tiger and a deer. The man was later charged for poaching and harming 1198:, where until the beginning of the 20th century, very few wolves were sighted. Wolf numbers may have increased in the region after tigers were largely eliminated during the Russian colonisation in the late 19th century and early 20th century. This is corroborated by native inhabitants of the region claiming that they had no memory of wolves inhabiting Sikhote-Alin until the 1930s, when tiger numbers decreased. Today, wolves are considered scarce in tiger habitat, being found in scattered pockets, and usually seen travelling as loners or in small groups. First hand accounts on interactions between the two species indicate that tigers occasionally chase wolves from their kills, while wolves will scavenge from tiger kills. Tigers are not known to prey on wolves, though there are four records of tigers killing wolves without consuming them. Tigers recently released are also said to hunt wolves. 966: 1107: 770: 215: 1333:, illegal deforestation and bribery of park rangers facilitated poaching of Siberian tigers. Local hunters had access to a formerly sealed off lucrative Chinese market, and this once again put the region's tiger population at risk of extinction. While improvement in the local economy has led to greater resources being invested in conservation efforts, an increase in economic activity has led to an increased rate of development and deforestation. The major obstacle in preserving the tiger is the enormous territory individual tigers require; up to 450 km (170 sq mi) is needed by a single female and more for a single male. 1573:. Numerous cases of attacks on humans were recorded in the 19th century, occurring usually in central Asia excluding Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and the Far East. Tigers were historically rarely considered dangerous unless provoked, though in the lower reaches of the Syr-Darya, a tiger reportedly killed a woman collecting firewood and an unarmed military officer whilst passing through reed thickets. Attacks on shepherds were recorded in the lower reaches of Ili. In the Far East, during the middle and late 19th century, attacks on people were recorded. In 1867 on the Tsymukha River, tigers killed 21 men and injured 6 others. In China's 1535:, and was meant to build a Siberian tiger gene pool to ensure the genetic diversity of the tiger. The Park and its existing tiger population would be further divided into two parts, one as the protective species for genetic management and the other as the ornamental species. It was discovered that when the Heilongjiang Northeast Tiger Forest Park was founded it had only 8 tigers, but according to the current breeding rate of tigers at the park, the worldwide number of wild Siberian tigers will break through 1,000 in late 2010. South Korea expected to receive three tigers pledged for donation in 2009 by Russia in 2011. 1232: 723: 1660: 633:

presence of authors. Their comparison with historical data indicates that up to the first half of the 20th century both male and female Siberian tigers were on average heavier than post-1970 ones. The average historical wild male Siberian tiger weighed 215.3 kg (475 lb) and the female 137.5 kg (303 lb); the contemporary wild male Siberian tiger weighs 176.4 kg (389 lb) on average with an asymptotic limit being 222.3 kg (490 lb); a wild female weighs 117.9 kg (260 lb) on average. Historical Siberian tigers and

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outlines. The summer fur on the back is 15–17 mm (0.59–0.67 in) long, 30–50 mm (1.2–2.0 in) along the top of the neck, 25–35 mm (0.98–1.38 in) on the abdomen, and 14–16 mm (0.55–0.63 in) on the tail. The winter fur on the back is 40–50 mm (1.6–2.0 in), 70–110 mm (2.8–4.3 in) on the top of the neck, 70–95 mm (2.8–3.7 in) on the throat, 60–100 mm (2.4–3.9 in) on the chest and 65–105 mm (2.6–4.1 in) on the abdomen. The whiskers are 90–115 mm (3.5–4.5 in).

1099: 1397: 698:, are very high and strong in old males, and often much more massive than usually observed in the biggest skulls of Bengal tigers. The size variation in skulls of Siberian tigers ranges from 331 to 383 mm (13.0 to 15.1 in) in nine individuals measured. A female skull is always smaller and never as heavily built and robust as that of a male. The height of the sagittal crest in its middle part reaches as much as 27 mm (1.1 in), and in its posterior part up to 46 mm (1.8 in). 289:, but partial surveys conducted after 2005 indicate that the Russian tiger population was declining. An initial census held in 2015 indicated that the Siberian tiger population had increased to 480–540 individuals in the Russian Far East, including 100 cubs. This was followed up by a more detailed census which revealed there was a total population of 562 wild Siberian tigers in Russia. As of 2014, about 35 individuals were estimated to range in the international border area between Russia and China. 340: 490: 49: 1513: 1194:) numbers, either to the point of localized extinction or to such low numbers as to make them a functionally insignificant component of the ecosystem. Wolves appear capable of escaping competitive exclusion from tigers only when human pressure decreases tiger numbers. In areas where wolves and tigers share ranges, the two species typically display a great deal of dietary overlap, resulting in intense competition. Wolf and tiger interactions are well documented in 70: 654:

tail measures 99 cm (39 in) in males and 91 cm (36 in) in females. The longest male measured 309 cm (122 in) in total length including a tail of 101 cm (40 in) and with a chest girth of 127 cm (50 in). The longest female measured 270 cm (110 in) in total length including tail of 88 cm (35 in) and with a chest girth of 108 cm (43 in). A male captured by members of the

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tigers, with a maximum recorded condylobasal length of 342 mm (13.5 in). The biggest skull of a Siberian tiger from northeast China measured 406 mm (16.0 in) in length, which is about 20–30 mm (0.79–1.18 in) more than the maximum skull lengths of tigers from the Amur region and northern India, with the exception of a skull of a northern Indian tiger from the vicinity of

755: 592:: the northern clade comprises the Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and the southern clade all remaining continental tiger populations. A study published in 2018 was based on 32 tiger specimens using a whole-genome sequencing for analysis. Results support six monophyletic tiger clades and indicate that the most recent common ancestor lived about 110,000 years ago. 1581: 3537: 738:

populations was brighter and more uniform than that of the Far Eastern populations. The summer coat is coarse, while the winter coat is denser, longer, softer, and silkier. The winter fur often appears quite shaggy on the trunk and is markedly longer on the head, almost covering the ears. Siberian and Caspian tigers had the thickest fur amongst tigers.

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following tiger tracks to scavenge tiger kills and to potentially prey on tigers. Despite the threat of predation, some brown bears actually benefit from the presence of tigers by appropriating tiger kills that the bears may not be able to successfully hunt themselves. Brown bears generally prefer to contest the much smaller female tigers. During

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Luo, S.-J.; Kim, J.-H.; Johnson, W. E.; van der Walt, J.; Martenson, J.; Yuhki, N.; Miquelle, D. G.; Uphyrkina, O.; Goodrich, J. M.; Quigley, H. B.; Tilson, R.; Brady, G.; Martelli, P.; Subramaniam, V.; McDougal, C.; Hean, S.; Huang, S.-Q.; Pan, W.; Karanth, U. K.; Sunquist, M.; Smith, J. L. D. &

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population estimated in 1993 reached 0.3 tigers in 100 km (39 sq mi), with a sex ratio of averaging 2.4 females per male. These density values were much lower than what had been reported for other subspecies at the time. In 2004, dramatic changes in land tenure, population density, and

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The fur of the Siberian tiger is moderately thick, coarse and sparse compared to that of other felids living in the former Soviet Union. Compared to the extinct westernmost populations, the Siberian tiger's summer and winter coats contrast sharply with other subspecies. Generally, the coat of western

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relationships of tiger subspecies and observed a remarkable similarity between Caspian and Siberian tigers, indicating that the Siberian tiger is the genetically closest living relative of the Caspian tiger, which strongly implies a very recent common ancestry. Based on phylogeographic analysis, they

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and Hebrew University of Jerusalem collected tissue samples from 20 of 23 Caspian tiger specimens kept in museums across Eurasia. They sequenced at least one segment of five mitochondrial genes and found a low amount of variability of the mitochondrial DNA in Caspian tigers as compared to other tiger

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were found in several tiger scat samples. Tigers attack black bears less often than brown bears, as the latter live in more open habitats and are not able to climb trees. In the same time period, four cases of brown bears killing female tigers and young cubs were reported, both in disputes over prey

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and monitored for more than 15 months in the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin mountain range. Results of this study indicate that their distribution is closely associated with distribution of Manchurian wapiti, while distribution of wild boar was not such a strong predictor for tiger distribution.

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in January 1954 had a greatest skull length of 385 mm (15.2 in), which is considerably more than the known maximum for this population and slightly exceeds that of most Siberian tigers. However, its condylobasal length was only 305 mm (12.0 in), smaller than those of the Siberian

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with the Iranian government, as conservation groups of both countries agreed on reintroducing these animals into the wild within the next five years. This issue is controversial since only 30% of such releases have been successful. In addition, the Siberian tiger is not genetically identical to the

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and tigers to abstract their prey. In the Sikhote-Alin reserve, 35% of tiger kills were stolen by bears, with tigers either departing entirely or leaving part of the kill for the bear. Some studies show that bears frequently track down tigers to usurp their kills, with occasional fatal outcomes for

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The whiskers and hair on the back of the head and the top of the neck are also greatly elongated. The background colour of the winter coat is generally less bright and rusty compared to that of the summer coat. Because of the winter fur's greater length, the stripes appear broader with less defined

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The ground colour of Siberian tigers' pelage is often very pale, especially in winter coat. However, variations within populations may be considerable. Individual variation is also found in form, length, and partly in colour, of the dark stripes, which have been described as being dark brown rather

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Cho, Y. S.; Hu, L.; Hou, H.; Lee, H.; Xu, J.; Kwon, S.; Oh, S.; Kim, H. M.; Jho, S.; Kim, S.; Shin, Y. A.; Kim, B. C.; Kim, H.; Kim, C. U.; Luo, S. J.; Johnson, W. E.; Koepfli, K. P.; Schmidt-Küntzel, A.; Turner, J. A.; Marker, L.; Harper, C.; Miller, S. M.; Jacobs, W.; Bertola, L. D.; Kim, T. H.;

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Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O’Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.;

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in the Sikhote-Alin range from 178 to 208 cm (70 to 82 in) in head and body length measured in straight line, with an average of 195 cm (77 in) for males; and for females ranging from 167 to 182 cm (66 to 72 in) with an average of 174 cm (69 in). The average

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structure analyses clearly identified two populations separated by a development corridor in Russia. Despite their well-documented 20th century decline, the researchers failed to find evidence of a recent population bottleneck, although genetic signatures of a historical contraction were detected.

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province. Park officials reported that the bus driver violated safety guidelines by leaving the vehicle to check on the condition of the bus. In September 2013, a tiger mauled a zookeeper to death at a zoo in western Germany after the worker forgot to lock a cage door during feeding time. In July

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In recent years, captive breeding of tigers in China has accelerated to the point where the captive population of several tiger subspecies exceeds 4,000 animals. Three thousand specimens are reportedly held by 10–20 "significant" facilities, with the remainder scattered among some 200 facilities.

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and forms a large wetland of about 8,000 km (3,100 sq mi). Until 1948, the delta was a refuge of the extinct Caspian tiger. Reintroduction of the Siberian tiger to the delta has been proposed. Large populations of wild boar inhabit the swamps of the delta. The reintroduction of the

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bore evidence of predation by a Siberian tiger. The tiger apparently ambushed, pursued, and killed the lynx but only consumed it partially. This incident marks one of the first documented cases of a tiger preying on a lynx, and indicates that the tiger might have been more intent on eliminating a

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In 2005, the number of Amur tigers in China was estimated at 18–22, and 331–393 in the Russian Far East, comprising a breeding adult population of about 250, fewer than 100 likely to be sub-adults, more than 20 likely to be less than 3 years of age. More than 90% of the population occurred in the

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in December 2007, a tiger escaped and killed a visitor, and injured two others. The animal was shot by the police. The zoo was widely criticized for maintaining only a 12.5 ft (3.8 m) fence around the tiger enclosure, while the international standard is 16 ft (4.9 m). The zoo

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According to the Japanese Police Bureau in Korea, in 1928 a tiger killed one human, whereas leopards killed three, wild boars four and wolves killed 48. Six cases were recorded in 20th century Russia of unprovoked attacks leading to man-eating behaviour. Provoked attacks are however more common,

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In 2005, a group of Russian, American and Indian zoologists published an analysis of historical and contemporary data on body weights of wild and captive tigers, both female and male across all subspecies. The data used include weights of tigers that were older than 35 months and measured in the

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Delta was suggested as a potential site for such a project. A feasibility study was initiated to investigate if the area is suitable and if such an initiative would receive support from relevant decision makers. A viable tiger population of about 100 animals would require at least 5,000 km

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was founded, with the aim of providing a comprehensive picture of the ecology of the Amur tiger and the role of tigers in the Russian Far East through scientific studies. By capturing and outfitting tigers with radio collars, their social structure, land use patterns, food habits, reproduction,

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and are left alone when the female leaves to hunt for food. Cubs are divided equally between sexes at birth. However, by adulthood there are usually two to four females for every male. The female cubs remain with their mothers longer, and later they establish territories close to their original

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Results of a three-year study on Siberian tigers indicate that the mean interval between their kills and estimated prey consumption varied across seasons: during 2009 to 2012, three adult tigers killed prey every 7.4 days in summer and consumed a daily average of 7.89 kg (17.4 lb); in

1437:(1,900 sq mi) of large tracts of contiguous habitat with rich prey populations. Such habitat is not presently available in the delta and so cannot be provided in the short term. The proposed region is therefore unsuitable for the reintroduction, at least at this stage of development. 945:

with their daughters once the daughters reached maturity. By 2007, population density of tigers was estimated at 0.8±0.4 tigers in 100 km (39 sq mi) in the southern part of Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik, and 0.6±0.3 tigers in 100 km (39 sq mi) in the central part of the

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The effect the presence of tigers has on brown bear behavior seems to vary. In the winters of 1970–1973, Yudakov and Nikolaev recorded two cases of bears showing no fear of tigers and another case of a brown bear changing path upon crossing tiger tracks. Other researchers have observed bears

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in 1943, reportedly measured 350 cm (140 in) "over the curves", with a tail length of about 1 m (3 ft 3 in). It weighed about 300 kg (660 lb). Dubious sources mention weights of 318 and 384 kg (701 and 847 lb) and even 408 kg (899 lb).

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Qi, J.; Gu, J.; Ning, Y.; Miquelle, D. G.; Holyoak, M.; Wen, D.; Liang, X.; Liu, S.; Roberts, N.; Yang, E.; Lang, J.; Wang, F.; Li, C.; Liang, Z.; Liu, P.; Ren, Y.; Zhou, S.; Zhang, M.; Ma, J.; Chang, J. & Jiang, G. (2021). "Integrated assessments call for establishing a sustainable

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Although they prey on both Siberian roe deer and sika deer, overlap of these ungulates with tigers was low. Distribution of moose was poorly associated with tiger distribution. The distribution of preferred habitat of key prey species was an accurate predictor of tiger distribution.

442:. In 2015, morphological, ecological and molecular traits of all putative tiger subspecies were analysed in a combined approach. Results support distinction of the two evolutionary groups: continental and Sunda tigers. The authors proposed recognition of only two subspecies: namely 1310:. Further exacerbating the problem is that more than 90% of the population occurred in the Sikhote Alin mountain region. Tigers rarely move across the development corridor, which separates this sub-population from the much smaller sub-population in southwest Primorye province. 1377:, which responds to all tiger-human conflicts; by continuing to enhance the large database on tiger ecology and conservation with the goal of creating a comprehensive Siberian tiger conservation plan; and training the next generation of Russian conservation biologists. 411:

of several tiger subspecies was questioned in 1999. Most putative subspecies described in the 19th and 20th centuries were distinguished on the basis of fur length and colouration, striping patterns and body size – characteristics that vary widely within populations.

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Caspian tiger. Another difference is the climatic, with temperatures higher in Iran than in Siberia. Introducing exotic species into a new habitat could inflict irreversible and unknown damage. In December 2010, one of the tigers exchanged died in Eram Zoo in

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In the 1980s, the typical weight range of wild Siberian tigers was indicated as 180 to 306 kg (397 to 675 lb) for males and 100 to 167 kg (220 to 368 lb) for females. Exceptionally large individuals were targeted and shot by hunters.

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Siberian Tiger Project were detected, suggesting that when tigers are well protected from human-induced mortality for long periods, the adult female population density increases significantly. When more adult females survived, the mothers shared their

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This competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used by Russian conservationists to convince hunters in the Far East to tolerate the big cats, as they limit ungulate populations less than wolves, and are effective in controlling wolf numbers.

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were the largest ones, whereas contemporary Siberian tigers are on average lighter than Bengal tigers. The reduction of the body weight of today's Siberian tigers may be explained by concurrent causes, namely the reduced abundance of prey because of

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Fauna Japonica sive Descriptio animalium, quae in itinere per Japoniam, jussu et auspiciis superiorum, qui summum in India Batava imperium tenent, suscepto, annis 1825–1830 collegit, notis, observationibus et adumbrationibus illustravit Ph. Fr. de

1158:. Predation by tigers on denned brown bears was not detected during a study carried between 1993 and 2002. Ussuri brown bears, along with the smaller black bears constitute 2.1% of the Siberian tiger's annual diet, of which 1.4% are brown bears. 1317:. Poaching of tigers and their wild prey species is considered to be driving the decline, although heavy snows in the winter of 2009 could have biased the data. In northern China’s Huang Ni He National Nature Reserve, poachers set up foremost 1250: 284:

in the Russian Far East. In 2005, there were 331–393 adult and subadult Siberian tigers in this region, with a breeding adult population of about 250 individuals. The population had been stable for more than a decade because of intensive

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In August 2010, China and Russia agreed to enhance conservation and cooperation in protected areas in a transboundary area for Amur tigers. China has undertaken a series of public awareness campaigns including celebration of the first

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located in the vicinity of the international borders with Russia and North Korea. Camera-trap surveys carried out in the spring seasons of 2013 and 2014 revealed between 27 and 34 tigers along the China-Russian border. In April 2014,

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Inspired by findings that the Amur tiger is the closest relative of the Caspian tiger, there has been discussion whether the Amur tiger could be an appropriate subspecies for reintroduction into a safe place in Central Asia. The

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mortality patterns and their relation with other inhabitants of the ecosystem, including humans is studied. These data compilations will hopefully contribute toward minimizing poaching threats because of traditional hunting. The

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is not specifically studied. Numerous publications on these species there are mainly episodic and survey data on this issue are collected by different authors in selected areas which do not give a complete picture of the nature.

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Xiao, W.; Feng, L.; Mou, P.; Miquelle, D. G.; Hebblewhite, M.; Goldberg, J. F.; Robinson, H. S.; Zhao, X.; Zhou, B.; Wang, T. & Ge, J. (2016). "Estimating abundance and density of Amur tigers along the Sino–Russian border".

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Samples of 95 wild Amur tigers were collected throughout their native range to investigate questions relative to population genetic structure and demographic history. Additionally, targeted individuals from the North American

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Wang, T.; Feng, L.; Mou, P.; Wu, J.; Smith, J. L.; Xiao, W.; Yang, H.; Dou, H.; Zhao, X.; Cheng, Y. & Zhou, B. (2016). "Amur tigers and leopards returning to China: direct evidence and a landscape conservation plan".

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makeup of the Siberian tiger and its relationship to other populations. One of the most important outcomes has been the discovery of low genetic variability in the wild population, especially when it comes to maternal or

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almost completely dominates the maternal lineages of wild Siberian tigers. On the other hand, captive tigers appear to show higher mtDNA diversity. This may suggest that the subspecies has experienced a very recent

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and countries with consumer markets have banned domestic trade as well. At the 14th Conference of the Parties to CITES in 2007, stronger enforcement measures were called for, as well as an end to tiger farming.

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The tiger is reddish-rusty, or rusty-yellow in colour, with narrow black transverse stripes. The body length is not less than 150 cm (59 in), condylobasal length of skull 250 mm (9.8 in),

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was collected along the international border between Russia and China between November 2014 and April 2015; 115 scat samples of nine tigers contained foremost remains of wild boar, sika deer and roe deer.

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less than 10,000 years ago via the Gansu−Silk Road region from eastern China, and subsequently traversed eastward to establish the Siberian tiger population in the Russian Far East. The events of the

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This makes China home to the second largest captive tiger population in the world, after the U.S., which in 2005 had an estimated 4,692 captive tigers. In a census conducted by the U.S.-based

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The Siberian tiger once inhabited much of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria and other parts of north-eastern China, the eastern part of Siberia and the Russian Far East, perhaps as far west as

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had a maximum length of 297.0 to 365.8 mm (11.69 to 14.40 in), while that of females measured 195.7 to 255.5 mm (7.70 to 10.06 in). A tiger killed on the Sumbar River in

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dispersed westwards between 2003 and 2016. Camera trap surveys between 2013 and 2018 revealed about 55 Siberian tigers in four forested landscapes in northeastern China: Laoyeling,

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Yang, H.; Zhao, X.; Han, B.; Wang, T.; Mou, P.; Ge, J. & Feng, L. (2018). "Spatiotemporal patterns of Amur leopards in northeast China: Influence of tigers, prey, and humans".

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Wilting, A.; Courtiol, A.; Christiansen, P.; Niedballa, J.; Scharf, A. K.; Orlando, L.; Balkenhol, N.; Hofer, H.; Kramer-Schadt, S.; Fickel, J. & Kitchener, A. C. (2015).

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the tiger. A report from 1973 describes twelve known cases of brown bears killing tigers, including adult males; in all cases the tigers were subsequently eaten by the bears.

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Russello, M. A.; Gladyshev, E.; Miquelle, D. & Caccone, A. (2005). "Potential genetic consequences of a recent bottleneck in the Siberian tiger of the Russian Far East".

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The average lifespan for Siberian tigers ranges from 16–18 years. Wild individuals tend to live between 10–15 years, while in captivity individuals may live up to 25 years.

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This disparity in signal may be due to several reasons, including historical paucity in population genetic variation associated with postglacial colonisation and potential

1213:) and occasionally kill and eat them. Eurasian lynx remains have been found in the stomach contents of Siberian tigers in Russia. In March 2014, a dead lynx discovered in 4243: 2836:

Slaght, J. C.; Miquelle, D. G.; Nikolaev, I. G.; Goodrich, J. M.; Smirnov, E. N.; Traylor-Holzer, K.; Christie, S.; Arjanova, T.; Smith, J. L. D.; Karanth, K. U. (2005).

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usually the result of botched attempts at capturing them. In December 1997, an injured Amur tiger attacked, killed and consumed two people. Both attacks occurred in the

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When Amur tigers prey on brown bears, they usually target young and sub-adult bears, besides small female adults taken outside their dens, generally when lethargic from

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from Caspian tigers and living tiger populations indicate that the common ancestor of the Siberian and Caspian tigers colonized Central Asia from eastern China, via the

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from an extirpated Chinese population. The extent and distribution of genetic variation in captive and wild populations were similar, yet gene variants persisted

3538:"Глава 19. Взаимоотношения амурского тигра с бурым и гималайским медведями [Chapter 19. Relationship of Amur tigers with brown and Himalayan black bear]" 5311: 5227: 316:

eastward to establish the Siberian tiger population in the Russian Far East. The Caspian and Siberian tiger populations were the northernmost in mainland Asia.

1254: 2838:"Chapter 6. Who's king of the beasts? Historical and contemporary data on the body weight of wild and captive Amur tigers in comparison with other subspecies" 2604: 4918:"Mammals collected in the Maritime Province of Siberia by the Morden-Graves North Asiatic Expedition: with the description of a new hare from the Amur River" 1663: 2028: 1874: 769: 2291:

Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I

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Gurumurthy, S.; Yu, L.; Zhang, C.; Jin, Y.; Li, W.; Zhang, X.; Fang, F. (2018). "Exploiting Data and Human Knowledge for Predicting Wildlife Poaching".

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Siberian Tiger Project: Long-Term Research, Training, and Tiger-Human Conflict Mitigation in the Russian Far East. Final Report to 21st Century Tiger

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Liu, Y.-C.; Sun, X.; Driscoll, C.; Miquelle, D. G.; Xu, X.; Martelli, P.; Uphyrkina, O.; Smith, J. L. D.; O’Brien, S. J. & Luo, S.-J. (2018).

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may have been the critical factor in the reciprocal isolation of Caspian and Siberian tigers from what was likely a single contiguous population.

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Kerley, L.; Goodrich, J.; Smirnov, E.; Miquelle, D.; Nikolaev, I; Arjanova, T.; Slaght, J.; Schleyer, B.; Kuigli, H. & Hornocker, M. (2005).

911:, urine and hair was used to genetically identify 30 tigers in this region. However, only Laoyeling is thought to support a breeding population. 5296: 5021: 4811: 4261: 3681: 927:

Siberian tigers are known to travel up to 1,000 km (620 mi) over ecologically unbroken country. In 1992 and 1993, the maximum total

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The Ecology of the Amur Tiger based on Long-Term Winter Observations in 1970–1973 in the Western Sector of the Central Sikhote-Alin Mountains

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caused by human pressure, with the founders of the captive population having been captured when genetic variability was higher in the wild.

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Asian big cat conservation and trade control in selected range States: evaluating implementation and effectiveness of CITES Recommendations

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Goodrich, J. M.; Kerley, L. L.; Smirnov, E. N.; Miquelle, D. G.; McDonald, L.; Quigley, H. B.; Hornocker, M. G. & McDonald, T. (2008).

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The skull of the Siberian tiger is characterized by its large size. The facial region is very powerful and very broad in the region of the

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in 1844 were tiger skins with long hairs and dense coats sold in Japan, which originated in Korea, most likely from animals killed in the

3826: 1426: 4354: 1469:, which was once an important prey, is under consideration. The Ili delta is therefore considered as a suitable site for introduction. 1275:

on trees. She will spend 5 or 6 days with the male, during which she is receptive for three days. Gestation lasts from 3 to 3½ months.

828:, which crosses into Russia from China at several places in southwest Primorye. This region represents a merger zone of the East Asian 5321: 3162:

Wang, T.M.; Yang, H.T.; Xiao, W.H.; Feng, L.M.; Mou, P. & Ge, J.P. (2014). "Camera traps reveal Amur tiger breeding in NE China".

1679: 871:

are associated with the conifer forests and are near the southern limits of their distribution in the central Sikhote-Alin mountains.

4951: 4585: 4027: 3914: 3753: 3469:

Miller, C. S.; Hebblewhite, M.; Petrunenko, Y. K.; Seryodkin, I. V.; DeCesare, N. J.; Goodrich, J. M. & Miquelle, D. G. (2013).

1935:

Goodrich, J.; Wibisono, H.; Miquelle, D.; Lynam, A.J.; Sanderson, E.; Chapman, S.; Gray, T.N.E.; Chanchani, P.; Harihar, A. (2022).

4808: 4053:"Relationships between humans and ungulate prey shape Amur tiger occurrence in a core protected area along the Sino-Russian border" 3945: 3506:

Seryodkin, I. V.; Kostyria, A. V.; Goodrich, J. M.; Miquelle, D. G.; Smirnov, E. N.; Kerley, L. L. & Hornocker, M. G. (2003).

5301: 4850: 3536:

Seryodkin, I. V.; Goodrich, J. M.; Kostyrya, A. V.; Schleyer, B. O.; Smirnov, E. N.; Kerley, L. L. & Miquelle, D. G. (2005).

4828: 4519: 1284:

ranges. Males, on the other hand, travel unaccompanied and range farther earlier in their lives, making them more vulnerable to

1090:

winter they killed more large-bodied prey, made kills every 5.7 days and consumed a daily average of 10.3 kg (23 lb).

722: 620:

tooth over 26 mm (1.0 in) long. It has an extended supple body standing on rather short legs with a fairly long tail.

4238: 4177: 2568: 2166: 1619: 1330: 1231: 883: 561: 1577:, tigers reportedly attacked woodsmen and coachmen, and occasionally entered cabins and dragged out both adults and children. 5219: 3577: 1525: 535: 384: 5193: 3098:

Miquelle, D. G.; Smirnov, E. N.; Merrill, T. W.; Myslenkov, A. E.; Quigley, H.; Hornocker, M. G. & Schleyer, B. (1999).

3240:

Ning, Y.; Kostyria, A.V.; Ma, J.; Chayka, M.I.; Guskov, V.Y.; Qi, J.; Sheremetyeva, I.N.; Wang, M. & Jiang, G. (2019).

1875:"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" 4483: 4328: 1706: 1648: 1264:

Three orphaned Siberian tigers rescued after their mothers were killed by poachers are released back to the wild in Russia

477:

In 2017, the Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and now recognizes all the tiger populations in mainland Asia as

2098:"Mitochondrial Phylogeography Illuminates the Origin of the Extinct Caspian Tiger and Its Relationship to the Amur Tiger" 3734:"Tigers and Wolves in the Russian Far East: Competitive Exclusion, Functional Redundancy, and Conservation Implications" 3584:. Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far-Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Archived from 1642:

were attacked and killed in 2010. In January 2011, a tiger attacked and killed a tour bus driver at a breeding park in

1627:

subsequently erected a taller barrier topped by an electric fence. One of the victims admitted to taunting the animal.

643: 5214: 5175: 5031: 1823: 1167: 937: 836:, resulting in a mosaic of forest types that vary in elevation and topography. Key habitats of the Siberian tiger are 5101: 5005: 581:

events, and support a previous study suggesting that the captive population may be a reservoir of gene variants lost

3732:

Miquelle, D. G.; Stephens, P. A.; Smirnov, E. N.; Goodrich, J. M.; Zaumyslova, O. J. & Myslenkov, A. E. (2005).

2096:

Driscoll, C. A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Bar-Gal, G. K.; Roca, A. L.; Luo, S.; Macdonald, D. W. & O'Brien, S. J. (2009).

1659: 5291: 1616:. He served two years in prison. After being released from prison, he worked in clearing the forest of old snares. 1532: 1288:

and other tigers. A Siberian tiger family comprising an adult male, a female and three cubs were recorded in 2015.

931:

of the Sikhote-Alin tiger population was estimated at 0.62 tigers in 100 km (39 sq mi). The maximum

888: 588:

In 2013, the whole genome of the Siberian tiger was sequenced and published. Tigers in mainland Asia fall into two

5232: 4917: 3556: 3428:"Prey selection of Amur tigers in relation to the spatiotemporal overlap with prey across the Sino–Russian border" 5286: 4218:

Siberian Tiger Project: Long-Term Research, Training, and Tiger-Human Conflict Mitigation in the Russian Far East

1983: 1830: 1816: 1701:

considered the Siberian tiger as Hu Lin, the king. Since the tiger has a mark on its foreheads that looks like a

1337: 1237:

A tiger at the Rehabilitation and Reintroduction Center for Amur (Siberian) Tigers in the village of Alekseevka,

701:

Female skulls range from 279.7 to 310.2 mm (11.01 to 12.21 in). The skulls of male Caspian tigers from

69: 57: 4137:

Jo, Y. S. & Baccus, J. T. (2016). "Are large cats compatible with modern society on the Korean Peninsula?".

5306: 4100:

Goodrich, J. M.; Miquelle, D. G.; Smirnov, E. M.; Kerley, L. L.; Quigley, H. B. & Hornocker, M. G. (2010).

1504:, Russia, provided the herbivore population has reached a size warranting the introduction of large predators. 1098: 358:

in 1758 for the tiger. In the 19th century, several tiger specimens were collected in East Asia and described:

4996: 4994:

Amur Leopard and Tiger Alliance (ALTA) – Conserving Amur leopards and tigers in the Russian Far East and China

3242:"Dispersal of Amur tiger from spatial distribution and genetics within the eastern Changbai mountain of China" 825: 4458:

Taming the tiger trade: China's markets for wild and captive tiger products since the 1993 domestic trade ban

2005: 4940:"Sacred Places and Masters of Hunting Luck in the Forest Worlds of the Udege People of the Russian Far East" 4456: 366: 5063: 4988: 4194: 3048:

Cooper, D. M.; Dugmore, A. J.; Gittings, B. M.; Scharf, A. K.; Wilting, A. & Kitchener, A. C. (2016).

1747: 1457: 1279:

size is normally two or four cubs but there can be as many as six. The cubs are born blind in a sheltered

868: 256: 192: 4535: 3701:"Survival rates and causes of mortality of Amur tigers on and near the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik" 2330:

Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe

3561:(PhD) (in Russian). Vladivostok, Russia: Far Eastern National University. pp. 1–252. Archived from 1671: 1517: 1422: 1214: 882:

In August 2012, a Siberian tiger with four cubs was recorded for the first time in northeastern China's

855:, and wild boar being the most common throughout the Sikhote-Alin mountains but rare in higher altitude 776: 560:

population were sampled to assess the genetic representation found in captivity. Population genetic and

549: 524: 435: 286: 5046: 4300: 1291:

At 35 months of age, tigers are sub-adults. Males reach sexual maturity at the age of 48 to 60 months.

1118:

Following a decrease of ungulate populations from 1944 to 1959, 32 cases of Amur tigers attacking both

5136: 5110: 3392: 3309: 3253: 3187: 3134: 3065: 2772: 2707: 2651: 2634:

Henry, P.; Miquelle, D.; Sugimoto, T.; McCullough, D. R.; Caccone, A. & Russello, M. A. (2009). "

2466: 2237: 2109: 1902:

A survey of tigers and leopards and prey resources in the Paektusan area, North Korea, in winter 1998

531: 413: 408: 4773: 4268: 3123:

in the Russian Far East: the role of protected areas and landscape matrix in population persistence"

2306:"Aperçu général et spécifique sur les Mammifères qui habitent le Japon et les Iles qui en dépendent" 1959: 489: 4898: 4516: 3626: 2609: 2248:]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 95–202. 1849: 1396: 1336:

The Siberian tiger was once common in the Korean Peninsula. It was eradicated during the period of

1272: 896: 3978: 2881: 2282: 1531:

In 1986, the Chinese government established the world's largest Siberian tiger breeding base, the

1512: 957:), but in the Changbai Mountains have been recorded more often in lower elevations than leopards. 5026: 4154: 4033: 4005: 3778: 3625:

Seryodkin, I. V.; Goodrich, J. M.; Kostyria, A. V.; Smirnov, E. N. & Miquelle, D. G. (2011).

3439: 3408: 3203: 3013: 2675: 2585: 2191: 1779: 1613: 1285: 1042: 994: 928: 892: 864: 856: 843:

The faunal complex of the region is represented by a mixture of Asian and boreal life forms. The

430: 64: 5115: 4002:

Compass '18. Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCAS Conference on Computing and Sustainable Societies

3607: 2949: 2162: 1844: 339: 4431: 4051:

Xiao, W.; Hebblewhite, M.; Robinson, H.; Feng, L.; Zhou, B.; Mou, P.; Wang, T.; Ge, J. (2018).

891:

personnel captured a video of a tigress with cubs in inland China. The tiger population in the

812:

Today, its range stretches south to north for almost 1,000 km (620 mi) the length of

5253: 5123: 4947: 4939: 4581: 4405: 4386: 4082: 4023: 3910: 3902: 3862: 3805: 3749: 3733: 3281: 2961: 2926: 2816: 2790: 2741: 2667: 2548: 2492: 2430: 2398: 2348: 2325: 2137: 2071: 1772: 1762: 1702: 1689:

considered the tiger a near-deity and often referred to it as "Grandfather" or "Old man". The

1623: 1303: 1127: 1119: 1018: 1002: 986: 904: 875:

Sikhote Alin mountain region. An unknown number of tigers survive in the reserve areas around

852: 848: 802: 515: 455: 451: 380: 301: 4580:

Vaillant, J. (2010) The Tiger: A True Story of Vengeance and Survival. Knopf Canada, Toronto

4262:

Pre-Feasibility Study on the Possible Restoration of the Caspian Tiger in the Amu Darya Delta

3653:Биоразнообразие и роль животных в экосистемах: Материалы IV Международной научной конференции 2419: 2390: 4500: 4395: 4358: 4146: 4117: 4072: 4064: 4015: 3741: 3712: 3486: 3449: 3400: 3317: 3271: 3261: 3195: 3142: 3073: 3005: 2780: 2731: 2723: 2715: 2659: 2577: 2538: 2528: 2482: 2474: 2305: 2181: 2127: 2117: 2063: 1954: 1686: 1552: 1493: 1486: 1349: 1135: 837: 794: 273: 261: 31: 5258: 5206: 3049: 2911: 2761:"Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers" 2455:"Planning tiger recovery: Understanding intraspecific variation for effective conservation" 1732:

The Siberian tiger is used in heraldic symbols throughout the area where it is indigenous.

919: 5281: 5240: 5000: 4854: 4835: 4815: 4542: 4523: 4487: 4465: 4247: 4225: 4203: 4181: 1481:. Nevertheless, the project has its defenders, and Iran has successfully reintroduced the 1473: 1276: 1082: 876: 817: 659: 370: 351: 265: 175: 5039: 3627:"Intraspecific relationships between brown bears, Asiatic black bears and the Amur tiger" 2896: 3558:

The ecology, behavior, management and conservation status of brown bears in Sikhote-Alin

3396: 3313: 3257: 3191: 3138: 3069: 2960:] (Nachdruck der 3. Auflage 2004 ed.). Hohenwarsleben: Westarp Wissenschaften. 2776: 2711: 2655: 2470: 2113: 1369:

has been productive in increasing local capacity to address human-tiger conflict with a

1302:

Results of genetic analysis of 95 wild Siberian tiger samples from Russia revealed that

4729: 4685: 4641: 4077: 4052: 3276: 3241: 2736: 2695: 2487: 2454: 2132: 2097: 1799: 1726: 1674:

in the 1830s. The name 'Amur tiger' was used in 1933 for Siberian tigers killed by the

1574: 1501: 1497: 1482: 1418: 1238: 1179: 813: 727: 691: 665:

The Siberian tiger is often considered to be the largest tiger. A wild male, killed in

613: 605: 600: 493:

Phylogenetic relationship of tiger populations Note the close relationship between the

471: 297: 281: 48: 4847: 3932:

The Way of the Tiger : natural history and conservation of the endangered big cat

2543: 2512: 1936: 1143:

and in self-defense. Tigers mainly feed on the bear's fat deposits, such as the back,

5275: 5201: 3717: 3700: 3475:) kill rates and potential consumption rates using global positioning system collars" 3147: 3118: 2663: 1945: 1789: 1767: 1757: 1594: 1466: 1461: 1453: 1206: 670: 540: 494: 447: 424:. Therefore, it was proposed to recognize only two tiger subspecies as valid, namely 355: 293: 5040:

The Amur Tiger Programme : Two Adult Tigers Tagged in the Ussuri Nature Reserve

4172: 4158: 4037: 3412: 3207: 3017: 2679: 2589: 1975: 1271:

Siberian tigers mate at any time of the year. A female signals her receptiveness by

420:

between populations in those regions is considered to have been possible during the

5128: 4899:"Distribution of the species comprised in the most numerous families of quadrupeds" 3884:"Siberian Tiger Family Caught On Film — Adult Female, Adult Male, & Three Cubs" 3745: 3223:"Siberian tiger video suggests species is returning to China, conservationists say" 1839: 1752: 1690: 1643: 1564: 1543: 1440: 1195: 1171: 950: 806: 683: 634: 545: 328: 277: 4294:

Feasibility Study on the Possible Restoration of the Caspian Tiger in Central Asia

3585: 2837: 1725:), or a similar character meaning "Great Emperor", it is revered by the Udege and 3855: 3404: 3321: 3032: 2533: 2122: 5162: 5095: 3508:"Denning ecology of brown bears and Asiatic black bears in the Russian Far East" 1794: 1694: 1401: 1353: 1155: 790: 463: 421: 269: 151: 4478: 4332: 3100:"Hierarchical spatial analysis of Amur tiger relationships to habitat and prey" 3009: 397:

proposed by Charles Dode in 1871 was based on tiger skins from the Amur region.

4751: 4707: 4663: 4619: 4597: 4004:. Menlo Park and San Jose: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. 1–8. 3199: 2785: 2760: 2696:"The tiger genome and comparative analysis with lion and snow leopard genomes" 2581: 1784: 1604:

In January 2002, a man was attacked by a tiger on a remote mountain road near

1318: 1111: 1050: 942: 879:, on the border between China and North Korea, based on tracks and sightings. 821: 617: 578: 467: 320: 252: 131: 17: 1081:

Between January 1992 and November 1994, 11 tigers were captured, fitted with

5180: 4400: 4381: 4122: 4101: 4019: 3491: 3470: 2246:

Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)

2067: 1570: 1449: 1433: 1163: 1034: 1026: 900: 860: 706: 702: 666: 566: 519: 439: 417: 324: 309: 121: 81: 5086: 4409: 4329:"Russia, Iran exchange tigers for leopards but some experts express doubts" 4086: 3285: 2794: 2745: 2671: 2552: 2496: 2478: 2141: 2075: 5245: 4795: 3337:"Population dynamics of the Amur tiger in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik, Russia" 2326:"Revision der zur natürlichen Familie der Katzen (Feles) gehörigen Formen" 1580: 5080: 3736:. In Ray, J. C.; Redford, K. H.; Steneck, R. S. & Berger, J. (eds.). 3636:. International Association for Bear Research and Management. p. 64. 1639: 1635: 1492:

In 2005, re-introduction was planned as part of the rewilding project at

1314: 982: 844: 798: 786: 639: 510: 161: 101: 4979: 4970: 4150: 3426:

Dou, H.; Yang, H.; Smith, J.L.; Feng, L.; Wang, T. & Ge, J. (2019).

1647:

2020, a female tiger attacked and killed a 55-year-old zookeeper at the

642:

and that the individuals were usually sick or injured and captured in a

5154: 3802:

Wildlife Science: Linking Ecological Theory and Management Applications

3562: 3343:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 61–70. Archived from 2719: 2429:(Second ed.). London, Burlington: Academic Press. pp. 53–84. 2195: 1605: 1528:, 2,884 tigers were documented as residing in 468 American facilities. 1405: 970: 695: 313: 141: 5167: 4556:"Devils in the Darkness: The Korean Gray Wolf was a terror for miners" 3454: 3427: 3266: 3078: 2727: 2293:(decima, reformata ed.). Holmiae: Laurentius Salvius. p. 41. 1711: 1444:

Comparison of the distribution of all tiger subspecies (1900 vs. 1990)

4905:. Vol. 1. London: Sherwood, Gilbert & Piper. pp. 85–94. 2925:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. pp. 55–64. 1716: 1698: 1478: 1070: 1062: 711: 544:

suggested that the ancestor of Caspian and Siberian tigers colonized

111: 91: 5057: 4068: 2186: 2029:"Sex imbalance as endangered Siberian tigers show signs of recovery" 1280: 4993: 4010: 3971:"Amur Tiger Factfile - Panthera tigris altaica - ALTA Conservation" 3540:. In Miquelle, D. G.; Smirnov, E. N. & Goodrich, J. M. (eds.). 3444: 3099: 2990:(Temminck, 1844), with a remark on Temminck's mammal volume of the 863:

are restricted to the southern half of the Sikhote-Alin mountains.

3341:

Riding the Tiger. Tiger Conservation in Human-dominated Landscapes

3104:

Riding the Tiger. Tiger Conservation in Human-dominated Landscapes

3034:

Jungle trails in northern India: reminiscences of hunting in India

2395:

Riding the Tiger: Tiger Conservation in Human-Dominated Landscapes

2391:"Tiger distribution, phenotypic variation and conservation issues" 2376:

Nutzbare Tiere Ostasiens. Pelz- und Jagdtiere, Haustiere, Seetiere

1742: 1658: 1631: 1609: 1585: 1579: 1542: 1511: 1439: 1395: 1148: 1105: 1097: 1074: 1010: 964: 918: 908: 833: 721: 687: 599: 589: 488: 338: 305: 249: 4260:

Jungius, H.; Chikin, Y.; Tsaruk, O. & Pereladova, O. (2009).

331:

tiger", depending on the region where individuals were observed.

30:"Amur tiger" redirects here. For the leopard cat subspecies, see 5141: 2865:. In Miquelle, D.G.; Smirnov, E.N. & Goodrich, J.M. (eds.). 2694:

Lee, S.; Zhou, Q.; Jung, H. J.; Xu, X. & Gadhvi, P. (2013).

1675: 1307: 1187: 1144: 1139: 1066: 1058: 5061: 3634:

20th International Conference on Bear Research & Management

3339:. In Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S. & Jackson, P. (eds.). 3102:. In Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S. & Jackson, P. (eds.). 2424:

Tigers of the World: The Science, Politics and Conservation of

793:, where the Caspian tiger also reportedly occurred. During the 2308:. In Siebold, P. F. v.; Temminck, C. J.; Schlegel, H. (eds.). 714:, which measured 413 mm (16.25 in) "over the bone". 4536:"Russia to donate three rare Siberian tigers to South Korea." 1601:

investigated both deaths, tracked down and killed the tiger.

4355:"Iran, world, political, sport, economic news and headlines" 2897:"Two long-term resident tigers in the Ussuri Nature Reserve" 3649:"Роль бурого медведя в экосистемах Дальнего Востока России" 3542:

Tigers of Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation

3050:"Predicted Pleistocene–Holocene range shifts of the tiger ( 2867:

Tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation

2845:

Tigers in Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation

1387:

International Forum on Tiger Conservation and Tiger Culture

509:

Several reports have been published since the 1990s on the

292:

The Siberian tiger is genetically close to the now-extinct

3909:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 343–371. 3827:"Battle of the big cats sees tiger hunt and devour a lynx" 2843:. In D. G. Miquelle; E. N. Smirnov; J.M. Goodrich (eds.). 2393:. In Seidensticker, J.; Christie, S.; Jackson, P. (eds.). 1472:

In 2010, Russia exchanged two captive Siberian tigers for

3946:"About the Siberian tiger - Russian Geographical Society" 3544:(in Russian). Vladivostok, Russia: PSP. pp. 156–163. 2420:"What is a Tiger? Biogeography, Morphology, and Taxonomy" 1900:

Rak, K. C.; Miquelle, D. G. & Pikunov, D. G. (1998).

1448:

A second possible introduction site in Kazakhstan is the

2605:"Rare Siberian tigers face potential genetic bottleneck" 2242:

Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola

5027:

Amur.org.uk: Preserving leopards and tigers in the wild

4517:"S Korea to Welcome Three Siberian Tigers from Russia." 3368:

Miquelle, D.; Goodrich, J. & Seryodkin, I. (2008).

2863:"Chapter 7. Morphological indicators of the Amur tiger" 2847:(in Russian). Vladivostok, Russia: PSP. pp. 25–35. 530:

At the start of the 21st century, researchers from the

5022:

Wildlife Conservation Society's Siberian Tiger Project

2869:(in Russian). Vladivostok, Russia: PSP. pp. 1–15. 4382:"Pleistocene Park: Return of the Mammoth's Ecosystem" 3738:

Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity

2923:

Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan

2006:"Happy tigers: Siberian population continues to grow" 616:

width 180 mm (7.1 in), and length of upper

383:

in 1868 was based on a long-haired tiger skin in the

4829:"Siberian tiger attacks, kills bus driver in China." 4798:. The Associated Press, 17 January 2008. 2008-01-18. 4322: 4320: 1306:

is low, only 27–35 individuals contributed to their

5070: 4558:. English.ohmynews.com, 23 May 2007. Archived from 3578:"Hunting Behavior and Success of the Tigers' Hunts" 3300:meta-population of Amur tigers in Northeast Asia". 658:weighed 206 kg (454 lb), and the largest 63: 41: 4250:. Global Tiger Initiative Secretariat, Washington. 3854: 3093: 3091: 3089: 2262:Loukashkin, A. S. (1938). "The Manchurian Tiger". 840:forests with a complex composition and structure. 403:by Emil Brass in 1904 was a tiger skin from Korea. 4796:"Tiger attack victim admits taunting, police say" 4215:Miquelle, D., Goodrich, J., Seryodkin, I. (2008) 3682:"Brown Bear predation of Amur Tiger 1973 account" 3106:. UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–99. 2448: 2446: 416:, tigers from different regions vary little, and 3031:Hewett, J. P. & Hewett Atkinson, L. (1938). 2856: 2854: 2513:"Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers ( 1670:The English name 'Siberian tiger' was coined by 1178:The relationship between the Amur tiger and the 1110:Taxidermy exhibit portraying a tiger fighting a 4903:Researches into the Physical History of Mankind 4193:Nowell, K., Bauer, H., Breitenmoser, U. (2007) 4106:) on Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Zapovednik, Russia" 2361:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 1960:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T15955A214862019.en 1895: 1893: 1891: 1873:Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z. & Tobe, S. (2017). 1057:). Siberian tigers also take smaller prey like 4102:"Spatial structure of Amur (Siberian) tigers ( 2642:representation of the endangered Amur tiger". 2397:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–39. 2236:Heptner, V. G. & Sludskij, A. A. (1992) . 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2205: 1391:China 2010 Hunchun Amur Tiger Culture Festival 923:A Siberian tiger photographed by a camera trap 847:complex is represented by seven species, with 458:, Siberian and Caspian tiger populations; and 3800:Fulbright, T. E. & Hewitt, D. G. (2007). 3576:Yudakov, A. G. & Nikolaev, I. G. (2004). 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3363: 3361: 3335:Smirnov, E. N. & Miquelle, D. G. (1999). 2257: 2255: 1664:Heraldic arms of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast 8: 5014:National Geographic Animals: Siberian Tiger 3853:Matthiessen, P. & Hornocker, M. (2001). 2979: 2977: 2944: 2942: 1313:The winter of 2006–2007 was marked by heavy 936:reproductive output in the core area of the 809:basin, before humans interrupted gene flow. 4980:IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group : Amur ( 4944:Landscape & Culture in Northern Eurasia 4848:"Tiger kills zookeeper during feeding time" 3771:"'Putin's Tigers' are Thriving in the Wild" 2422:. In Tilson, R. & Nyhus, P. J. (eds.). 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 5058: 4868:"Siberian tiger kills zookeeper in Zurich" 3119:"Spatial viability analysis of Amur tiger 2629: 2627: 2418:Kitchener, A. & Yamaguchi, N. (2010). 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2048: 2046: 312:corridor, and then subsequently traversed 213: 47: 38: 4399: 4121: 4076: 4009: 3716: 3490: 3453: 3443: 3275: 3265: 3146: 3077: 2784: 2735: 2542: 2532: 2486: 2185: 2131: 2121: 1958: 1569:The Siberian tiger very rarely becomes a 1352:, banning international trade. All tiger 975:Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 3901:Sunquist, M. & Sunquist, F. (2002). 1273:leaving urine deposits and scratch marks 1102:Siberian tiger. Frame from a camera trap 662:male weighed 212 kg (467 lb). 649:Measurements taken by scientists of the 4240:Global Tiger Recovery Program 2010–2022 4184:. TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK. 3657:Oles Honchar Dnipro National University 3372:. Bronx: Wildlife Conservation Society. 3117:Carroll, C. & Miquelle, D. (2006). 1976:"Russia Announce Tiger Census Results!" 1867: 1865: 1861: 518:lineages. It seems that a single mtDNA 5032:USDA Information Resources on Tigers, 4971:IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group: Tiger ( 4946:. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. 4468:. TRAFFIC East Asia, Hong Kong, China. 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3037:. London: Metheun and Company Limited. 2986:"Notes on Siberian long-haired tiger, 2806: 2804: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1205:Siberian tigers also compete with the 4480:Less than 3,000 Pet Tigers in America 2910:Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). 1597:valley. The anti-poaching task force 1094:Interspecific predatory relationships 7: 5312:Siberian Tiger Re-population Project 4644:. News.sina.com.cn. 13 February 2002 4425:"Mammoth Steppes and Future Climate" 4299:(Report). WWF Russia. Archived from 4267:(Report). WWF Russia. Archived from 2027:The Siberian Times reporter (2015). 1456:. The delta is situated between the 830:temperate broadleaf and mixed forest 805:population through corridors in the 319:The Siberian tiger was also called " 276:, but currently inhabits mainly the 4430:. Science in Russia. Archived from 1946:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1516:A tigress with cub in captivity in 1427:Siberian Tiger Introduction Project 1373:, part of the Russian government's 949:Siberian tigers share habitat with 4752:"走遍中国2009年06月20日C:寻踪东北虎系列之人虎情仇(下)" 4708:"走遍中国2009年06月20日B:寻踪东北虎系列之人虎情仇(下)" 4664:"走遍中国2009年06月20日A:寻踪东北虎系列之人虎情仇(下)" 4620:"走遍中国2009年06月19日C:寻踪东北虎系列之人虎情仇(上)" 4598:"走遍中国2009年06月19日A:寻踪东北虎系列之人虎情仇(上)" 3659:. pp. 502–503. Archived from 1680:American Museum of Natural History 1218:competitor than on catching prey. 981:Prey species of the tiger include 27:Tiger population in Northeast Asia 25: 4838:Associated Press, 5 January 2011. 4237:Global Tiger Initiative. (2011). 3934:. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. 2895:The Amur Tiger Programme (2014). 1588:scroll from the late 18th century 1041:), and even sometimes small size 977:shows a tiger chasing a sika deer 801:, it was likely connected to the 539:subspecies. They re-assessed the 5047:"Amur tigers on 'genetic brink'" 3718:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00458.x 3148:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01237.x 2664:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04266.x 1248: 1230: 768: 754: 272:. It once ranged throughout the 68: 5317:National symbols of South Korea 4515:People's Daily, 21 April 2011. 4505:(in Chinese). SINA Corporation. 4490:. Wildlife Times 5 (37): 12–13. 4228:. Wildlife Conservation Society 3686:International Wildlife Magazine 3227:Guardian News and Media Limited 1678:River for an exhibition in the 1331:dissolution of the Soviet Union 884:Hunchun National Nature Reserve 690:prominences, especially in the 4809:Siberian tiger kills zookeeper 4331:. Payvand News. Archived from 3614:. New York: North Point Press. 1721: 1710: 1526:Feline Conservation Federation 1452:delta at the southern edge of 761:Sikhote-Alin in Primorsky Krai 536:U.S. National Cancer Institute 385:Natural History Museum, Vienna 1: 5297:Fauna of the Russian Far East 4874:. 4 July 2020. Archived from 4857:The Local, 20 September 2013. 1584:A tiger family depicted in a 991:Cervus canadensis xanthopygus 327:tiger", "Korean tiger", and " 280:mountain region in southwest 233: Range in the late 1800s 5006:World Wide Fund for Nature: 4477:Wildlife Watch Group (2011) 4455:Nowell, K., Ling, X. (2007) 3405:10.1016/j.mambio.2018.03.009 3322:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109250 2813:Feline Behaviour and Welfare 2534:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 2313:. Leiden: Lugduni Batavorum. 2123:10.1371/journal.pone.0004125 824:. It also occurs within the 726:A Siberian tiger cub at the 222:Siberian tiger distribution 4818:, TRHK News, 16 August 2010 3825:Blaszczak-Boxe, A. (2016). 3058:Diversity and Distributions 1824:Panthera tigris trinilensis 1748:Mainlaind Asian populations 1634:province and the cities of 1222:Reproduction and life cycle 1168:Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve 5338: 4774:"From hunter to protector" 4686:"先后动了两次手术我国首次抢救重伤野生东北虎纪实" 4357:. MehrNews. Archived from 3127:Journal of Applied Ecology 3010:10.1515/mamm.1967.31.4.537 1884:(Special Issue 11): 66−68. 1562: 1533:Harbin Siberian Tiger Park 1416: 889:World Wide Fund for Nature 604:Captive Siberian tiger at 29: 5322:Mammals described in 1884 4925:American Museum Novitates 4327:Khosravifard, S. (2010). 3647:Seryodkin, I. V. (2007). 3200:10.1007/s10980-015-0278-1 2882:"The Amur tiger: Ecology" 2786:10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.019 2638:population structure and 2582:10.1007/s10592-004-1860-2 2324:Fitzinger, L. J. (1868). 1984:Worldwide Fund for Nature 1831:Panthera tigris acutidens 1817:Panthera tigris soloensis 1556: 1338:Korea under Japanese rule 221: 212: 65:Scientific classification 58:Leipzig Zoological Garden 55: 46: 4534:Reuters, 22 April 2011. 4501: 3606:Matthiessen, P. (2000). 3471:"Estimating Amur tiger ( 2815:. CABI. pp. 72–77. 2304:Temminck, C. J. (1844). 1907:(Report). Archived from 1780:Sunda island populations 746:Distribution and habitat 5302:Fauna of Northeast Asia 5116:Panthera_tigris_altaica 5102:Panthera tigris altaica 5072:Panthera tigris altaica 5016:Panthera tigris altaica 4942:. In Jordan, P. (ed.). 4897:Prichard, J.C. (1836). 4754:. YouTube. 20 June 2009 4710:. YouTube. 20 June 2009 4666:. YouTube. 20 June 2009 4642:"吉林"东北虎吃人"迷雾重重：老虎胃里是空的" 4622:. YouTube. 18 June 2009 4600:. YouTube. 18 June 2009 4401:10.1126/science.1113442 4123:10.1644/09-mamm-a-293.1 4104:Panthera tigris altaica 4020:10.1145/3209811.3209879 3769:Vorontsova, M. (2015). 3492:10.1644/12-mamm-a-209.1 3473:Panthera tigris altaica 3302:Biological Conservation 3121:Panthera tigris altaica 2988:Panthera tigris altaica 2511:O'Brien, S. J. (2004). 2068:10.1111/1749-4877.12210 1557:Осторожно! Тигры рядoм! 1549:Caution! Tigers nearby! 1348:Tigers are included on 1340:between 1910 and 1945. 1134:) were recorded in the 1132:U. thibetanus ussuricus 938:Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik 501:) and Siberian (ALT or 446:comprising the Bengal, 367:Coenraad Jacob Temminck 248:is a population of the 4916:Goodwin, G.G. (1933). 4730:"吉林两男子欲捕东北虎其中一人反被虎咬伤" 4139:Ecological Restoration 3907:Wild Cats of the World 3555:Seryodkin, I. (2006). 2811:Fraser, A. F. (2012). 2479:10.1126/sciadv.1400175 2389:Kitchener, A. (1999). 2378:. Neudamm: J. Neumann. 1953:: e.T15955A214862019. 1667: 1589: 1560: 1520: 1458:Saryesik-Atyrau Desert 1445: 1409: 1367:Siberian Tiger Project 1362:Siberian Tiger Project 1115: 1103: 978: 924: 820:east and south of the 730: 656:Siberian Tiger Project 651:Siberian Tiger Project 608: 506: 428:in mainland Asia, and 426:Panthera tigris tigris 401:Felis tigris coreensis 373:and Pisihan Mountains. 344: 257:Panthera tigris tigris 227: Modern-day range 56:Siberian tiger at the 4380:Zimov, S. A. (2005). 4206:. Cat News 47: 33–34. 4057:Ecology and Evolution 3861:. North Point Press. 3246:Ecology and Evolution 2700:Nature Communications 2603:Platt, J. R. (2009). 2569:Conservation Genetics 2281:Linnaeus, C. (1758). 1672:James Cowles Prichard 1662: 1583: 1546: 1518:DierenPark Amersfoort 1515: 1443: 1423:Species translocation 1417:Further information: 1399: 1215:Bastak Nature Reserve 1124:Ursus arctos lasiotus 1109: 1101: 968: 922: 826:Greater Xing'an Range 777:Bastak Nature Reserve 725: 603: 550:Industrial Revolution 492: 436:Greater Sunda Islands 363:Felis tigris altaicus 342: 4292:Jungius, H. (2010). 4110:Journal of Mammalogy 3975:Altaconservation.org 3930:Karanth, U. (2001). 3748:. pp. 179–207. 3479:Journal of Mammalogy 3221:Vaughan, A. (2014). 2031:. The Siberian Times 1814:Prehistoric tigers: 1697:call it "Amba". The 1114:, Vladivostok Museum 1007:Naemorhedus caudatus 955:P. pardus orientalis 915:Ecology and behavior 532:University of Oxford 287:conservation efforts 5045:Walker, M. (2009). 4776:. Chinadaily.com.cn 4196:Cats at CITES COP14 4151:10.3368/er.34.3.173 3397:2018MamBi..92..120Y 3314:2021BCons.26109250Q 3258:2019EcoEv...9.2415N 3192:2016LaEco..31..491W 3139:2006JApEc..43.1056C 3070:2016DivDi..22.1199C 2880:WCS Russia (2015). 2777:2018CBio...28E3840L 2712:2013NatCo...4.2433C 2656:2009MolEc..18.3173H 2610:Scientific American 2471:2015SciA....1E0175W 2114:2009PLoSO...4.4125D 2056:Integrative Zoology 1974:WWF Russia (2015). 1850:Holocene extinction 1371:Tiger Response Team 1043:Asiatic black bears 999:Moschus moschiferus 897:Zhangguangcai Range 343:Siberian tiger face 4999:2017-03-18 at the 4989:21st Century Tiger 4938:Sasaki, S (2011). 4853:2020-09-15 at the 4834:2015-02-06 at the 4827:Shahid, A. (2011) 4814:2012-08-18 at the 4732:. News.sina.com.cn 4688:. News.sina.com.cn 4541:2019-10-01 at the 4522:2019-10-01 at the 4486:2020-10-03 at the 4464:2012-01-17 at the 4437:on 29 October 2013 4423:Zimov, S. (2007). 4335:on 15 October 2020 4246:2011-08-26 at the 4224:2012-04-25 at the 4202:2020-08-07 at the 4180:2020-10-03 at the 4171:Nowell, K. (2007) 3857:Tigers In The Snow 3705:Journal of Zoology 3688:. 20 October 2009. 3655:. Denpropetrovsk: 3612:Tigers in the Snow 2984:Mazák, V. (1967). 2720:10.1038/ncomms3433 2374:Brass, E. (1904). 2004:Hance, J. (2015). 1911:on 5 December 2020 1668: 1614:endangered species 1590: 1561: 1521: 1500:basin in northern 1446: 1410: 1400:Siberian Tiger at 1385:in July 2010, and 1128:Ussuri black bears 1116: 1104: 1023:Capreolus pygargus 995:Siberian musk deer 979: 929:population density 925: 893:Changbai Mountains 865:Siberian musk deer 857:spruce-fir forests 816:and into southern 731: 644:conflict situation 609: 525:genetic bottleneck 507: 345: 5292:Mammals of Russia 5269: 5268: 5254:Open Tree of Life 5064:Taxon identifiers 4554:Neff, R. (2007). 4394:(5723): 796–798. 3882:Ayre, J. (2015). 3868:978-0-86547-596-0 3811:978-0-8493-7487-6 3781:on August 7, 2020 3455:10.2981/wlb.00508 3385:Mammalian Biology 3267:10.1002/ece3.4832 3180:Landscape Ecology 3079:10.1111/ddi.12484 3064:(11): 1199–1211. 2967:978-3-89432-759-0 2932:978-2-8317-0045-8 2916:(Linnaeus, 1758)" 2822:978-1-84593-926-7 2771:(23): 3840–3849. 2650:(15): 3173–3184. 2644:Molecular Ecology 2436:978-0-08-094751-8 2404:978-0-521-64835-6 2347:Dode, C. (1871). 2264:The China Journal 2178:Mammalian Species 1773:South China tiger 1763:Indochinese tiger 1743:Tiger populations 1703:Chinese character 1624:San Francisco Zoo 1539:Attacks on humans 1304:genetic diversity 1259: 1019:Siberian roe deer 1003:long-tailed goral 987:Manchurian wapiti 905:Khingan Mountains 853:Siberian roe deer 849:Manchurian wapiti 803:South China tiger 516:mitochondrial DNA 381:Leopold Fitzinger 377:Tigris longipilis 302:mitochondrial DNA 282:Primorye Province 238: 237: 193:P. t. tigris 182: 16:(Redirected from 5329: 5287:Mammals of China 5262: 5261: 5249: 5248: 5236: 5235: 5223: 5222: 5210: 5209: 5197: 5196: 5184: 5183: 5171: 5170: 5158: 5157: 5145: 5144: 5132: 5131: 5119: 5118: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5091: 5090: 5089: 5059: 5054: 4958: 4957: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4922: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4864: 4858: 4845: 4839: 4825: 4819: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4726: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4616: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4594: 4588: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4551: 4545: 4532: 4526: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4497: 4491: 4475: 4469: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4436: 4429: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4403: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4312: 4311: 4305: 4298: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4273: 4266: 4257: 4251: 4235: 4229: 4213: 4207: 4191: 4185: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4125: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4080: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4013: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3977:. 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Archived from 3766: 3760: 3759: 3742:Washington, D.C. 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3668: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3631: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3552: 3546: 3545: 3533: 3520: 3519: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3457: 3447: 3432:Wildlife Biology 3423: 3417: 3416: 3380: 3374: 3373: 3365: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3279: 3269: 3252:(5): 2415–2424. 3237: 3231: 3230: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3150: 3133:(6): 1056–1068. 3114: 3108: 3107: 3095: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3028: 3022: 3021: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2920: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2858: 2849: 2848: 2842: 2833: 2827: 2826: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2788: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2739: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2546: 2536: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2490: 2459:Science Advances 2450: 2441: 2440: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2301: 2295: 2294: 2278: 2272: 2271: 2259: 2250: 2249: 2233: 2200: 2199: 2189: 2175: 2159: 2146: 2145: 2135: 2125: 2093: 2080: 2079: 2050: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1980:tigers.panda.org 1971: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1932: 1921: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1906: 1897: 1886: 1885: 1879: 1869: 1723: 1714: 1687:Tungusic peoples 1651:in Switzerland. 1599:Inspection Tiger 1558: 1494:Pleistocene Park 1487:Caspian red deer 1474:Persian leopards 1383:Global Tiger Day 1375:Inspection Tiger 1350:CITES Appendix I 1261: 1260: 1234: 1166:research in the 1136:Russian Far East 1047:Ursus thibetanus 961:Hunting and diet 946:protected area. 795:late Pleistocene 789:and the area of 772: 758: 438:and possibly in 300:study comparing 274:Korean Peninsula 262:Russian Far East 232: 226: 217: 208: 196: 181: 179: 73: 72: 51: 39: 32:Amur leopard cat 21: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5307:Northeast China 5272: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5257: 5252: 5244: 5241:Observation.org 5239: 5231: 5226: 5218: 5213: 5205: 5200: 5192: 5187: 5179: 5174: 5166: 5161: 5153: 5148: 5140: 5135: 5127: 5122: 5114: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5094: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5066: 5044: 5034:Panthera tigris 5001:Wayback Machine 4973:Panthera tigris 4967: 4962: 4961: 4954: 4937: 4936: 4932: 4920: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4878:on July 5, 2020 4866: 4865: 4861: 4855:Wayback Machine 4846: 4842: 4836:Wayback Machine 4826: 4822: 4816:Wayback Machine 4807: 4803: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4735: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4713: 4711: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4669: 4667: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4613: 4603: 4601: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4562:on 5 March 2016 4553: 4552: 4548: 4543:Wayback Machine 4533: 4529: 4524:Wayback Machine 4514: 4510: 4503: 4499: 4498: 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1988: 1986: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1939:Panthera tigris 1934: 1933: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1904: 1899: 1898: 1889: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1863: 1858: 1845:Bergmann's rule 1836: 1808: 1738: 1657: 1567: 1541: 1510: 1429: 1415: 1393:in August 2010. 1346: 1327: 1300: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1235: 1224: 1186:Tigers depress 1096: 963: 917: 877:Baekdu Mountain 818:Khabarovsk Krai 783: 782: 781: 780: 779: 773: 764: 763: 762: 759: 748: 720: 680: 640:illegal hunting 626: 598: 596:Characteristics 573:that were lost 487: 462:comprising the 414:Morphologically 352:scientific name 337: 298:phylogeographic 296:. Results of a 266:Northeast China 234: 230: 228: 224: 204: 190: 180: 173: 67: 42:Siberian tiger 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5335: 5333: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5274: 5273: 5267: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5250: 5237: 5224: 5211: 5198: 5185: 5172: 5159: 5146: 5133: 5120: 5107: 5092: 5076: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5055: 5051:BBC Earth News 5042: 5037: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5011: 5003: 4991: 4986: 4977: 4966: 4965:External links 4963: 4960: 4959: 4952: 4930: 4908: 4889: 4859: 4840: 4820: 4801: 4787: 4765: 4743: 4721: 4699: 4677: 4655: 4633: 4611: 4589: 4573: 4546: 4527: 4508: 4502:黑龙江东北虎林园将打造千虎园 4492: 4470: 4448: 4415: 4372: 4346: 4316: 4284: 4252: 4230: 4208: 4186: 4164: 4145:(3): 173–183. 4129: 4116:(3): 737–748. 4092: 4063:(4): 529–545. 4043: 4028: 3992: 3962: 3937: 3922: 3915: 3893: 3874: 3867: 3836: 3817: 3810: 3792: 3761: 3754: 3724: 3691: 3673: 3639: 3617: 3598: 3568: 3565:on 2013-12-24. 3547: 3521: 3498: 3485:(4): 845–855. 3461: 3418: 3375: 3357: 3327: 3308:(12): 109250. 3291: 3232: 3213: 3186:(3): 491−503. 3169: 3154: 3109: 3085: 3040: 3023: 3004:(4): 537–573. 2992:Fauna Japonica 2973: 2966: 2938: 2931: 2902: 2887: 2872: 2850: 2828: 2821: 2800: 2751: 2685: 2623: 2595: 2576:(5): 707–713. 2558: 2502: 2442: 2435: 2410: 2403: 2381: 2366: 2339: 2316: 2296: 2273: 2251: 2201: 2147: 2081: 2062:(4): 322−332. 2042: 2019: 2008:. Mongabay.com 1996: 1966: 1922: 1887: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1800:Sumatran tiger 1797: 1792: 1787: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1727:Chinese people 1656: 1653: 1630:Zookeepers in 1620:In an incident 1610:Jilin province 1575:Jilin Province 1540: 1537: 1509: 1506: 1483:Persian onager 1419:Reintroduction 1414: 1413:Reintroduction 1411: 1345: 1342: 1326: 1323: 1299: 1296: 1263: 1247: 1246: 1245: 1239:Primorsky Krai 1236: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1223: 1220: 1180:Himalayan bear 1138:, and hair of 1095: 1092: 962: 959: 916: 913: 814:Primorsky Krai 774: 767: 766: 765: 760: 753: 752: 751: 750: 749: 747: 744: 728:Pittsburgh Zoo 719: 716: 692:sagittal crest 679: 676: 660:radio-collared 625: 622: 597: 594: 486: 483: 472:Sumatran tiger 460:P. t. sondaica 431:P. t. sondaica 405: 404: 398: 388: 374: 336: 333: 260:native to the 242:Siberian tiger 236: 235: 229: 223: 219: 218: 210: 209: 206:Siberian tiger 202: 198: 197: 188: 184: 183: 171: 167: 166: 159: 155: 154: 149: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 129: 125: 124: 119: 115: 114: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 89: 85: 84: 79: 75: 74: 61: 60: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 18:Siberian Tiger 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5334: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5260: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5010: 5009: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4982:P. t. altaica 4978: 4976: 4974: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4955: 4953:9781315425658 4949: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4912: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4890: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4849: 4844: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4788: 4775: 4769: 4766: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4687: 4681: 4678: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4586:0-307-26893-4 4583: 4577: 4574: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4504: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4452: 4449: 4433: 4426: 4419: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4376: 4373: 4361:on 2011-07-14 4360: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4306:on 2016-03-04 4302: 4295: 4288: 4285: 4274:on 2016-10-22 4270: 4263: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4190: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4168: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4130: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4105: 4096: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4044: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4029:9781450358163 4025: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3993: 3981:on 2018-01-09 3980: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3923: 3918: 3916:9780226518237 3912: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3859: 3858: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3831:New Scientist 3828: 3821: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3804:. CRC Press. 3803: 3796: 3793: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3765: 3762: 3757: 3755:9781597266093 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3725: 3719: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3663:on 2011-08-17 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3640: 3635: 3628: 3621: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3588:on 2020-02-19 3587: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3559: 3551: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3474: 3465: 3462: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3362: 3358: 3347:on 2012-04-06 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3233: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3170: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3053: 3044: 3041: 3036: 3035: 3027: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2915: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2891: 2888: 2883: 2876: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2832: 2829: 2824: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2628: 2624: 2612: 2611: 2606: 2599: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2506: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2377: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2343: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2320: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2300: 2297: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2277: 2274: 2270:(3): 127–133. 2269: 2265: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2179: 2172: 2170: 2164: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2030: 2023: 2020: 2007: 2000: 1997: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1910: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1876: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1825: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1790:Bornean tiger 1788: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1768:Malayan tiger 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1758:Caspian tiger 1756: 1754: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1566: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1519: 1514: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1463: 1462:Taukum Desert 1459: 1455: 1454:Lake Balkhash 1451: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1360:In 1992, the 1358: 1355: 1351: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1240: 1233: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207:Eurasian lynx 1203: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1172:Amur leopards 1169: 1165: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1113: 1108: 1100: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1083:radio-collars 1079: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031:Cervus nippon 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 976: 972: 967: 960: 958: 956: 952: 951:Amur leopards 947: 944: 939: 934: 930: 921: 914: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 880: 878: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 778: 771: 757: 745: 743: 739: 735: 729: 724: 717: 715: 713: 708: 704: 699: 697: 693: 689: 685: 677: 675: 672: 671:Sungari River 668: 663: 661: 657: 652: 647: 646:with people. 645: 641: 636: 635:Bengal tigers 630: 623: 621: 619: 615: 607: 602: 595: 593: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 559: 553: 551: 547: 542: 537: 533: 528: 526: 521: 517: 512: 504: 503:P. t. altaica 500: 499:P. t. virgata 496: 491: 484: 482: 480: 475: 474:populations. 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 432: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 402: 399: 396: 392: 389: 386: 382: 378: 375: 372: 368: 364: 361: 360: 359: 357: 356:Carl Linnaeus 353: 349: 341: 334: 332: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 294:Caspian tiger 290: 288: 283: 279: 275: 271: 268:and possibly 267: 263: 259: 258: 254: 251: 247: 243: 220: 216: 211: 207: 203: 200: 199: 195: 194: 189: 186: 185: 178: 177: 172: 169: 168: 165: 164: 160: 157: 156: 153: 150: 147: 146: 143: 140: 137: 136: 133: 130: 127: 126: 123: 120: 117: 116: 113: 110: 107: 106: 103: 100: 97: 96: 93: 90: 87: 86: 83: 80: 77: 76: 71: 66: 62: 59: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5071: 5050: 5033: 5015: 5007: 4981: 4972: 4943: 4933: 4927:(681): 1–18. 4924: 4911: 4902: 4892: 4880:. 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