238:"Der SDS hat mich angezogen, weil er Themen diskutiert hat, die sonst nicht an der Uni diskutiert wurden, die aber genau das trafen, wofür ich mich interessierte, also Internationale Politik, Zusammenhänge, Faschismus, autoritäre Persönlichkeitsstrukturen, Demokratie an der Hochschule. Das war zu der gleichen Zeit, zu der ich in den Konvent, also das Studentenparlament, gegangen bin. Ich interessierte mich dafür, was man als Student einbringen konnte, was zu ändern war … Das alles wurde im SDS diskutiert. Das war für mich unheimlich hilfreich. Insofern habe ich die Machtverhältnisse zunächst einmal gar nicht wahrgenommen. Ich war thematisch gebannt. Ein anderer Aspekt hat sicherlich dazu beigetragen, daß ich die Machtverhältnisse nicht so stark wahrgenommen habe, nämlich daß meine Freundin Susanne mich in den SDS geholt hat. Sie war nämlich schon drin, … sie war vor mir in Berlin. Sie hat mich zum SDS mitgenommen … Da war ich also schon in eine Frauenfreundschaft, in eine Frauensolidarität eingebunden und habe mich eher danach ausgerichtet. Häufig war es so, daß Frauen mit ihren Männern in den SDS gegangen sind, ich bin hingegen mit einer Frau dort erschienen, die dort bereits Freundinnen hatte, die wiederum meine Freundinnen wurden."
494:"... I think it is bad to "mystify" any event, individual or movement. Mystification comes with the risk that people will end up thinking that a great big one-off event, by creating an impact, leaves nothing else for concerned individuals to do, and / or that the masses no longer need to do anything else. while others simply draw delight from the creation of a pleasing new myth. ... The new women's movement was overdue and the tomatoes were over-ripe."
498:"... ich glaube daß es schlecht ist, ein Ereignis, Personen oder eine ganze Bewegung zu mystifizieren. Das kann dazu führen, daß viele denken, der große einmalige Wurf bringt es, und man selber braucht nichts dazu zu tun, oder die Masse braucht nichts zu tun, und die anderen sind froh, daß es die Mystifizierung gibt. ... Die neue Frauenbewegung war überfällig und die Tomaten waren überreif"
605:. She was 57. Dorothee Damm, her daughter, subsequently admitted that it was "only on the day of her burial" that the daughter understood just how important her mother's action had been in launching the "new" women's movement. Friends and political comrades from 1968 crowned the ceremony by laying a wreath on the grave that principally featured tomatoes.
234:... which meant I was already part of a group of women friends, and I rather identified with their feminine solidarity. It frequently happened that the women in the SDS joined because their husbands were members, but I was introduced by another woman who already had women friends there, and they became my women friends too."
522:, however: several commentators contend that it was only the 1971 Stern headline that finally dragged the country's "new" feminism beyond the confines of the university campuses. Within the student movement and across the universities sector, the tomato throwing incident galvanised awareness of the demands of the
354:
on 13 September 1968. One of them, young and beautiful, with striking red hair, wearing a green skirt, and by this time very heavily pregnant was Sigrid Rüger. At this point Rüger was affected by a powerful dietary craving: she had a large box filled with tomatoes on the table in front of her.
289:
The amount of time and energy Rüger devoted to her multiple roles in student politics during this period led to her officially taking time out from her elected post as student representative. Sources are silent over whether she ever completed her degree course. However, she continued to engage
471:
speech and Rüger's tomato throwing in some detail. Of the two publications Stern during the 1960s was frequently more ready to publish criticism of the conservative elements in the West German political establishment than
Spiegel: it was Stern that now devoted its own lengthy article to the
330:
the previous year had stated that in West
Germany at this time there was only one nursery place for every 23 children of working mothers: the same ratio also applied to students with children. Rüger herself was not among the leading activists involved with the
777:
In die
Geschichte der 68er-Bewegung sind Tomaten als Wurfgeschosse eingegangen. Auf der Delegiertenkonferenz des Sozialistischen Studentenbundes flogen sie in Richtung des Vorstandes. Damit wollte die Studentin Sigrid Rüger eine Diskussion über die Frauenfrage
538:
As her tomato throwing quickly became a lasting symbol for the confident and autonomous feminist movement which emerged rapidly in West
Germany during the ensuing ten years, Sigrid Rüger herself withdrew into the political background. She took a job with the
1379:
Eine neue Welle des
Frauenprotestes in der BRD: Ein Tomatenwurf war 1968 das Startsignal für eine zweite Welle der Frauenbewegung im Westen. Mit spektakulären Aktionsformen prägten die meist jungen Frauen für viele Jahre das Bild eines neuen
220:, authoritarian personality structures and university democracy. ... I also joined the student parliament. I was keen to find out what the students could bring to the table, what could be changed .... That was all discussed in the
355:
That was the context for the widely publicised tomato throwing incident whereby Sigrid Rüger expressed displeasure over the lack of consideration given to women's issues in the discussions and activities of her fellow
401:
were politicians and other establishment figures perceived by the throwers as more than averagely reactionary. The attention grabbing difference on this occasion was that the thrown tomatoes came from a group of
489:
Sigrid Rüger herself was never happy with the way that her action of throwing a few tomatoes was quickly elevated into a cult event. She said that she favoured "demystification" under almost all circumstances.
190:. The ways in which she reported back to the massed ranks of protestors on the progress of negotiations within the senate were widely seen to have violated hitherto customary principals of confidentiality.
1329:"Feminismus und Spaß .... Linke Studentinnen sahen sich während der Unruhen 1968 von ihren männlichen Mitstreitern unterdrückt. Sie schlossen sich zusammen und begannen, für ihre Rechte zu streiten"
80:. Often seen as a school final exam, the Abitur opens the way in Germany to university-level education. Rüger was working for the exam not as a secondary school pupil, but at the newly opened
510:
The incident acted as a highly effective rallying call for West
Germany's "new" women's movement. Its impact on feminist consciousness was unmatched for nearly three years, until the "
1463:
452:
pressed for an organisation structure that became increasingly autonomous, un encumbered by links to any organisation where power and influence were shared between both women and men.
374:, a rising star of the SDS leadership who was deep in gossip/conversation. It later turned out that she had been aiming not at Krahl, who was gay and the complete opposite of a
958:
1096:
Vorwort zur
Neuauflage von Ute Kätzel. In: Ute Kätzel (Hrsg.): Die 68erinnen. Porträt einer rebellischen Frauengeneration. Ulrike Helmer Verlag, Königstein/Taunus 2008,
417:
to support the women's political agenda, to be followed by the next agenda item without any discussion. Rüger later recalled that even before the conference opened,
322:
of women's relationships. Although the debate was seen as important in its own terms, backers were also hoping for an opportunity to find practical solutions to the
91:, which was designed to open up a route to university admission for older candidates. In or around 1962, after passing her Abitur, Rüger enrolled at the US-backed
34:
111:
even though, as at least one commentator has pointed out, student radicals identified as the "generation of '68" were scathingly scornful of conventional views of
1177:
Die
Veteraninnen der alternativen Politik feierten in der Freien Universität. Mit Humor und Tränen in den Augen würdigten sie den 30. Jahrestag des Tomatenwurfs
685:
887:
Wie weit flog die Tomate? Eine 68erinnen-Gala der
Reflexion. Hrsg. von der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung und dem Feministischen Institut, 1st edition, Berlin 1999,
575:
1468:
772:
216:, but which were nevertheless precisely the things that interested me; things like international politics, political structures and inter-relationships,
530:) were established. These took steps to draw public attention to the social disadvantages that women faced, employing sometimes spectacular tactics.
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An immediate practical result of the tomato throwing was that it prevented the men who were running the conference from letting a powerful speech from
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Das kurze Leben des legendären
Frankfurter Studentenführers und sein langer Weg aus Ludendorffbund und Junger Union in die Revolte des Jahres '68
186:
of 22 June 1966 it was Rüger who several times was sent by the gathering of several thousand protesting students to deliver their demands to the
49:
714:
Feminist Echoes of 1968: Women's Movements in Europe and the United States ... Micro-Mobilization of Feminist Groups within the Context of 1968
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conference with its tomato throwing incident was followed by a slow drifting apart of the Action Council from the SDS. Many women in the
892:
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spokesperson in 1966: Braunbehrens recalled much later that in 1960s Berlin, Sigrid Rüger became "someone of absolute authority".
594:
political working group. Dorothee, the elder of her two daughters was born two weeks after the famous tomato throwing incident.
551:, where she worked for many years, and for which, during her final years, the focus of her work was on "social qualifications" and
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252:. Thirty years later Fichter would recall the initial emergence of the student protests movement in 1965. He described the
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712:
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meant that she was well aware that among the SDS leaders there was a singular absence of empathy with feminist viewpoints.
174:
she became a key figure, confidently relaying student demands against the positions taken by the professor members of the
663:"Ich habe die Tomaten geworfen, um den Mädchen Mut zu emotinaler und aggressiver Artikulierung ihrer Probleme zu machen."
178:. Within the university she thereby quickly became identified as one of the most high-profile student activists in her
1374:
379:
224:. For me that was all incredibly helpful. So much so that in the beginning I did not once notice the power balance
936:
Kleine Chronik der Freien Universität Berlin ... 1961 - 1969 ... Die Zeit nach dem Mauerbau und die Studentenbewegung
910:
Kleine Chronik der Freien Universität Berlin ... 1961 - 1969 ... Die Zeit nach dem Mauerbau und die Studentenbewegung
484:
article: "I threw the tomatoes to make the girls articulate their problems with emotional courage and aggressions".
179:
150:
Rüger quickly engaged in the arguments of those times about the nature and extent of the political mandate of the
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291:
264:
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171:
163:
128:
92:
560:
802:
511:
276:
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Stern: SDS-Mädchen proben den Aufstand/Tomaten für das Lustgefühl. Heft Nr. 39, 29 September 1968, p. 32ff.
319:
436:, and in West German society more generally. She proposed a strategy involving an alliance between the
963:
Vor 50 Jahren kam an der Freien Universität Berlin eine damals neue Protestform aus den USA zum Einsatz
653:"Der Krahl lag abends in der Badewanne und weinte ... Da kam die Sigrid und tröstete ihn. So war sie".
1488:
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602:
556:
272:
81:
42:
1328:
1031:(discussion leader) ; Sylvia Bovenschen, Sigrid Damm-Rüger & Sybille Plogstedt (participants).
406:
women: their target was the (male) leadership circle of their own student socialist organisation.
386:
president at the time. "That evening Krahl sat in the bath and cried", recalled a mutual friend,
314:
members. Action Council members remained, at least initially, closely involved as members of the
371:
366:
Rüger threw several (according to one source, three) tomatoes in the direction of the row of male
326:
challenges facing new mothers keen to be able to continue their university studies. A report in
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742:
323:
283:
256:
135:
931:
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Hans-Jürgen Krahl (1943 - 1970) died young, following a car accident less than two years later.
230:. She was already in it - she had arrived at Berlin before I did. She took me along to the
85:
48:
Several commentators believe that the tomato throwing incident was the event that launched the
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563:, with a particular emphasis on these topics as they relate to women. While employed at the
552:
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among both backers and opponents. In several university cities so-called "Women's Soviets" (
351:
77:
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151:
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delegate to it had been pushed through only in the face of stiff opposition from a group of
1028:
477:
1444:
1313:
1154:
857:
754:
590:
Sigrid Damm-Rüger was married to Uwe Damm. They had met at university as members of the
555:. She became the author and / or producer of a succession of articles and monographs on
394:
187:
175:
167:
159:
139:
100:
905:
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622:"eine der bekanntesten Aktivistinnen des SDS ... Fast bekannter als Rudi Dutschke."
568:
468:
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418:
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in June 1971. West German society had remained strikingly risk-averse since the
1336:
571:
540:
460:
346:
met up on one side of the room at the twenty-third delegates' conference of the
327:
1276:
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men. In her speech Sander addressed the problems encountered both within the
370:
conference organisers, uttering an exclamation as she did it. One of them hit
1067:
1033:"Antiautoritärer Anspruch und Frauenemanzipation - Die Revolte in der Revolte"
280:
253:
132:
545:
Federal (i.e. 'national') Institute for Professional Education and Training (
112:
108:
1266:
123:
within which she belonged to the "Universities' Political Working Group" (
1237:
375:
104:
30:
27:
342:
As part of their promotional activities a small group of women from the
567:
she also established herself as a personal counsellor and worked as an
217:
212:
because it discussed topics which otherwise were not discussed at the
986:"Berlin: Hauptstadt der Revolte .... Das Sit-in vom 22./23. Juni 1966"
598:
426:
275:(who subsequently achieved notability as a musicologist and leading
183:
127:). The focus of her student life became university politics at the
96:
73:
69:
131:. Here she was elected, in 1964, as a student spokeswoman for the
390:; "Then Sigrid came round to comfort him. That's how she was".
1200:"Gespaltenes Gedaechtnis? - "1968 und die Frauen" in Deutschland"
393:
Thrown vegetables or eggs were a much loved protest device for
318:, but they also called for a "feminist debate" to focus on the
33:
who initially came to prominence in September 1968 through a
1172:
1071:
298:
The tomato throwing incident and the "new" women's movement
279:
specialist) was selected by Rüger to take over her role as
1117:
Bis heute noch nicht abgeschlossen: die Befreiung der Frau
578:"Gewerkschaft Öffentliche Dienste, Transport und Verkehr"
248:
One contemporary witness of those times was the academic
1368:
1366:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
502:
Sigrid Damm-Rüger, speaking in 1988 and quoted in 2009
241:
Sigrid Damm-Rüger, speaking in 1988 and quoted in 2009
1206:(in German). Böhlau Verlag Köln Weimar. p. 120.
824:
Karol Kubicki; Siegward Lönnendonker (17 July 2013).
444:. That never happened. Instead, the twenty-third
984:
Tilman Fichter; Siegward Lönnendonker (March 1980).
138:. In 1965 she became a student spokeswoman in the
41:, and subsequently became an author specialising in
1179:. taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH, Berlin. p. 7
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
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335:at this stage, but her leadership role within the
692:. Deutschlandradio (Deutschlandfunk Kultur), Köln
1399:
1397:
959:"Das erste deutsche Sit-in fand in Dahlem statt"
1464:Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund members
487:
476:Women". Rüger's own assessment was quoted by
193:
1356:
1354:
992:. Freie Universität Berlin, Universitätsarchiv
359:leaders when airing their ambitions to change
1382:. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, Bonn
1218:(see also Footnote 11 at the end of the page)
259:spokeswoman as "one of the best known of the
8:
906:"... Proteste bei der Immatrikulationsfeier"
766:
764:
576:Public Services and Transport Trades Union (
290:prominently in the political debates at the
1166:
1164:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
773:"Ein Tomatenwurf als "Funke im Pulverfass""
771:Kirsten Heckmann-Janz (13 September 2018).
397:during this period. Preferred targets in
115:at this time. She became a member of the
1373:Dr. Susanne Hertrampf (8 September 2008).
796:
794:
166:. During the most "heated" phase of the
50:second wave of the German women's movement
990:"APO und soziale Bewegungen" (APO-Archiv)
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
200:"Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund"
146:Student protest movement in the mid-1960s
119:"Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund"
1404:Christina Hodenberg (15 February 2018).
932:"Proteste bei der Immatrikulationsfeier"
459:'s most powerful weekly news magazines,
938:. Freie Universität Berlin. 28 May 1965
912:. Freie Universität Berlin. 28 May 1965
676:
614:
61:University admission and politicisation
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1430:
1309:
1299:
1272:Versuch die richtigen Fragen zu finden
1150:
1140:
965:. Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH, Berlin
853:
843:
805:. Prof. Dr. Luise F. Pusch i.A. Fembio
750:
740:
684:Rebecca Hillauer (12 September 2018).
597:Sigrid Damm-Rüger died from cancer in
304:Action Council on Women's Liberation (
267:, back then "almost better known than
1114:Barbara Streidl (25 September 2019).
690:Der befreiende "Tomatenwurf" von 1968
306:"Aktionsrat zur Befreiung der Frauen"
7:
514:" headline appeared on the cover of
72:. By 1961 she was working for her
633:eine ..."absolute Autoritätsperson"
413:, in which Sander appealed for the
43:professional education and training
1375:"Ein Tomatenwurf und seine Folgen"
1279:, Wiesbaden 2010. pp. 45–68.
1277:VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
547:"Bundesinstitut für Berufsbildung"
302:In January 1968 the women's group
125:"Hochschulpolitische Arbeitskreis"
14:
1171:Barbara Debus (2 November 1998).
1120:. Reclam Verlag. pp. 54–55.
830:. V&R Unipress. p. 269.
686:"Beginn der neuen Frauenbewegung"
226:was the one who got me into the
1494:Free University of Berlin alumni
310:was founded by a group of women
198:German Socialist Student Union (
117:German Socialist Student Union (
84:, using the recently introduced
39:German Socialist Students' Union
1469:German women's rights activists
1327:Elke Schmitter (26 July 2016).
1228:Uwe Wesel (12 September 2002).
1072:"Die Frau, die die Tomate warf"
720:. Berghahn Books. p. 136.
1173:"Neues von den Tomaten-Frauen"
957:Jochen Staadt (11 June 2016).
1:
26:: 1939 - 1995) was a German
1499:German women trade unionists
103:. She quickly switched to
86:alternative education route
37:at the 23rd congress of the
1407:Achtundsechzig war weiblich
1515:
1410:. C.H.Beck. p. 132.
1333:Spiegel Geschichte 4/2016
1202:. In Ingrid Bauer (ed.).
803:"Helke Sander, Biography"
196:First impressions of the
129:Free University of Berlin
711:Kristina Schulz (2014).
561:professional development
297:
35:tomato throwing incident
16:German feminist activist
1479:Politicians from Berlin
1198:Susanne Maurer (2009).
1474:German trade unionists
601:just five years after
569:honorary (i.e. unpaid)
507:
245:
168:1960s student protests
378:, but at the face of
88:"Zweiter Bildungsweg"
827:"'68" und die Folgen
557:vocational education
553:"social competences"
512:We've had abortions!
421:'s acceptance as an
320:exploitative aspects
273:Volkmar Braunbehrens
208:"I was drawn to the
154:"Studierendenschaft"
93:Free University (FU)
1269:(14 October 2010).
1070:(12 January 1996).
895:, pp. 29, 31, 33-34
395:protesting students
263:activists" at the
1417:978-3-406-71972-1
1286:978-3-531-17436-5
1213:978-3-412-20361-0
1204:Gender & 1968
1127:978-3-15-961505-9
1102:978-3-89741-274-3
1029:Halina Bendkowski
837:978-3-8470-0141-6
727:978-1-78238-379-6
565:Federal Institute
478:Manfred Bissinger
372:Hans-Jürgen Krahl
188:university senate
140:university senate
20:Sigrid Damm-Rüger
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182:. During the
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160:democratization
152:"student body (
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101:Theatre studies
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1035:. Infopartisan
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1458:Categories
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672:References
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1267:Ilse Lenz
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