233:. In this the judge defined successive layers of abstraction from the words themselves, which are subject to copyright, up to the most general statement of ideas, which is not. He said that the point where an expression was subject to copyright lay somewhere in between. To help find where that point was, the court defined extrinsic and intrinsic tests. In the extrinsic test the work would be analysed by an expert to determine similarities in factual aspects including, "the type of artwork involved, the materials used, the subject matter, and the setting for the subject". The intrinsic test would decide whether an "ordinary reasonable person" would consider there were substantial similarities in expression. A jury is well fitted to determine this.
31:
249:
Even a dissection of the two works reveals their similarities. The "Living Island" locale of
Pufnstuf and "McDonaldland" are both imaginary worlds inhabited by anthromorphic plants and animals and other fanciful creatures. The dominant topographical features of the locales are the same: trees, caves,
207:
broadcasts, and examples of merchandise based on the shows and commercials. They were instructed that in finding damages they should not consider McDonald's profits, but could consider the value that McDonald's had gained by using the
Kroffts' work. The jury found in favor of the Kroffts and assessed
272:
On damages, the court discussed at some length whether the jury should have been instructed to ignore profits. The court felt that a successful plaintiff should be entitled at least to the greater of the damages or profits, and one of the judges felt they should be entitled to the sum of the two. If
171:
characters. Various telephone conversations followed to discuss the concept, and on 31 August 1970 Needham sent a letter saying it was going ahead, but soon after
Needham telephoned to say the campaign had been cancelled. Needham had in fact won the contract for the campaign, hired former employees
159:
program was launched in
September 1969. The program includes various puppet characters and a boy named Jimmy who live in a fantasy land called "Living Island". The island has walking trees and books that talk. The show was very successful and generated various spin-off products such as toys, games,
281:
Following the remand, the trial court could not decide how much of McDonald's sales had been due to the advertisements, so could not measure the resulting profits. Instead, the court decided to calculate statutory damages using a formula based on the number of copyrights and the number of
250:
a pond, a road, and a castle. Both works feature a forest with talking trees that have human faces and characteristics. The characters are also similar. Both lands are governed by mayors who have disproportionately large round heads dominated by long wide mouths. They are assisted by "
237:
269:, saying that other courts had long ago determined that copyright and the First Amendment were compatible, since copyright protected the form of expression only, while the First Amendment protected the right to present the ideas in some other form of expression.
244:
The court found that both the extrinsic and intrinsic tests showed that there was substantial similarity, rejecting the defendants' detailed list of differences, which the target audience of children would ignore. A footnote said:
282:
infringements, treating each commercial or promotional item as a single infringement, rather than each airing of a commercial or each sale of an item as an infringement. This yielded a total award to the
Kroffts of $ 1,044,000.
262:, since their representatives had visited the Krofft's headquarters to discuss engineering and design work for the commercials even after they had been awarded the McDonald's contract and had decided not to use the Kroffts.
358:"562 F.2d 1157: Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions, Inc. and Sid & Marty Krofft Productions, Inc., Plaintiffs-appellants, v. Mcdonald's Corporation and Needham, Harper & Steers, Inc., defendants"
273:
profits could not be determined accurately, the plaintiff should be entitled to "in lieu" damages. The case was remanded for an accounting, after which the district court could choose to award "in lieu" damages.
2118:
254:" characters. Both lands feature strikingly similar crazy scientists and a multi-armed evil creature. It seems clear that such similarities go beyond merely that of the idea into the area of expression.
743:
163:
Early in 1970, the advertising agency
Needham, Harper and Steers contacted Marty Krofft asking if the Kroffts would be willing to work with Needham on an advertising campaign for the
1115:
217:
41:
240:
McDonald's character Mayor McCheese (left) and Sid and Marty Krofft's character H.R. Pufnstuf both are fictional mayors that possess disproportionately large round heads.
1100:
454:
1352:
133:
Sid & Marty Krofft belong to the fifth generation of a family of puppeteers who had been successfully putting on puppet shows around the country, including
859:
2123:
1766:
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1004:
2103:
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of the
Kroffts to work on the sets and costumes, and hired the person who supplied the H.R. Pufnstuf voices to make the voices for several of the
1063:
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229:
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30:
1977:
1705:
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376:
Intellectual
Property and the National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights
2026:
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775:
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2007:
1816:
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The court rejected the claim that the First
Amendment limited the degree to which copyright could be extended to
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The district court began a three-week trial by jury in
November 1973. The jury was shown episodes of
104:
121:" advertisements. The finding introduced the concepts of extrinsic and intrinsic tests to determine
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TV network asked them to create a Saturday morning TV show, and after a year of development the
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Following launch of the McDonaldland campaign, the Kroffts were unable to license or renew
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characters. The Kroffts filed a suit for copyright infringement in September 1971.
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404:; Frank, Peter B.; Hughes, Christian W.; Wagner, Michael J. (February 9, 2007).
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2015:
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Extrinsic and intrinsic tests may be used to determine substantial similarity
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damages at $ 50,000. Both the plaintiffs and the defendants appealed.
1958:
Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald's Corp.
1041:
1018:
Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald's Corp.
220:
heard the appeal, publishing its lengthy decision on 12 October 1977.
100:
Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald's Corp.
24:
Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald's Corp.
2032:
1674:
1635:
1884:
1504:
235:
113:
children's television program had been infringed by a series of
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commercials, the first of which was broadcast in January 1971.
103:(1977) was a case in which puppeteers and television producers
407:
Litigation Services Handbook: The Role of the Financial Expert
150:
160:
comic books, lunch boxes and Kellogg's cereal commercials.
2119:
United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit cases
744:
The World of Sid & Marty Krofft at the Hollywood Bowl
192:, which had used their characters, even began to use the
139:, an adult puppet show. They had created the puppets for
792:
Kaptain Kool and the Kongs Present ABC All-Star Saturday
258:
The court also noted that Needham clearly had access to
223:
On the question of infringement, the court quoted Judge
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United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
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United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
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800:The Bay City Rollers Meet the Saturday Superstars
768:Jimmy Osmond Presents ABC's Saturday Sneak Peek
360:. United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
247:
1057:
448:
8:
1951:McDonald's Restaurants v. Morris & Steel
1012:The World of Sid and Marty Krofft theme park
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29:
20:
623:Sigmund and the Sea Monsters (web series)
575:Barbara Mandrell and the Mandrell Sisters
1353:World's Largest Entertainment McDonald's
860:Sid & Marty Krofft's Red Eye Express
825:The CBS Saturday Morning Preview Special
1647:The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald
846:Rock 'n' Wrestling Saturday Spectacular
295:
1767:McDonald's sign (Pine Bluff, Arkansas)
327:
302:
1323:McDonald's at the Will Rogers Archway
356:Carter, James M. (October 12, 1977).
7:
373:Lehman, Bruce A. (October 1, 1995).
107:alleged that the copyright in their
230:Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp.
16:1977 copyright infringement lawsuit
1691:McDonald's 1984 Olympics promotion
1623:McDonald's Treasure Land Adventure
760:NBC Saturday Morning Preview Revue
227:'s "abstractions test" defined in
14:
1937:Liebeck v. McDonald's Restaurants
2124:United States copyright case law
2083:List of nicknames for McDonald's
776:The Paul Lynde Halloween Special
1990:Sydney River McDonald's murders
1726:McDonald's Olympic Swim Stadium
1348:Ronald McDonald House Charities
1025:Toby Terrier and His Video Pals
813:Bobby Vinton's Rock 'n' Rollers
2104:1977 in United States case law
1978:San Ysidro McDonald's massacre
1706:McDonald's Championship (golf)
1:
2027:McDonald's Young Entertainers
167:hamburger chain based on the
1696:McDonald's All-American Game
1333:Oldest McDonald's restaurant
1137:Richard and Maurice McDonald
784:The Brady Bunch Variety Hour
503:Sigmund and the Sea Monsters
2045:Statue of a Quarter Pounder
1313:McDonald's Chicago Flagship
1005:Electra Woman and Dyna Girl
874:Electra Woman and Dyna Girl
650:Electra Woman and Dyna Girl
2140:
1984:Taiwan McDonald's bombings
1318:McDonald's #1 Store Museum
1116:International availability
693:Krofft Puppets appearances
658:Kaptain Kool and the Kongs
72:CARTER, GOODWIN, and SNEED
2079:(2020 documentary series)
2008:Magnificent Mile shooting
1903:Maxime, McDuff & McDo
1551:Buttermilk Crispy Tenders
1408:Quarter Pounder (McRoyal)
1358:eCrew Development Program
1101:Countries with franchises
1079:
634:Krofft Supershow segments
559:The Krofft Superstar Hour
410:. John Wiley & Sons.
91:
81:
28:
1711:McDonald's Cycle Center
1701:McDonald's Championship
1455:McDonald's french fries
1031:Tales of the Okefenokee
188:spin-off products. The
1832:Arcos Dorados Holdings
1721:McDonald's Super Smash
1556:Fruit and Walnut Salad
941:Howdy, Mr. Ice of 1950
915:Harry Tracy, Desperado
853:The Patti LaBelle Show
807:The Krofft Komedy Hour
728:Pilots and TV specials
256:
241:
212:Appeals court findings
143:'s children's TV show
123:substantial similarity
92:copyright infringement
2109:McDonald's litigation
1880:McDonald's and unions
1874:McDonald's Video Game
1754:Fast food advertising
1716:McDonald's Gospelfest
1121:McDonald's and unions
239:
2114:Sid and Marty Krofft
1996:Murder of Wu Shuoyan
1288:Hamburger University
948:Les Poupées de Paris
839:The Cracker Brothers
832:Saturday's the Place
701:The Dean Martin Show
551:The Brady Bunch Hour
543:The Krofft Supershow
464:Sid and Marty Krofft
379:. DIANE Publishing.
180:District court trial
136:Les Poupées de Paris
105:Sid and Marty Krofft
2039:Seriously McDonalds
1944:Magee v. McDonald's
1917:Don't Eat This Book
1617:McDonald's Monopoly
1094:marketing campaigns
682:Bigfoot and Wildboy
1837:Westlife Foodworld
1654:Grimace's Birthday
1257:Harry J. Sonneborn
1232:Michael R. Quinlan
819:Anson & Lorrie
567:Pink Lady and Jeff
519:Far Out Space Nuts
242:
2091:
2090:
1780:
1779:
1601:Global Gladiators
1569:
1568:
1429:Chicken McNuggets
1363:Ice cream machine
1217:Chris Kempczinski
1202:Jack M. Greenberg
1182:Steve Easterbrook
1039:
1038:
1008:(2016 web series)
867:Krofft Late Night
709:The Banana Splits
535:Donny & Marie
417:978-0-471-76908-8
386:978-0-7881-2415-0
146:The Banana Splits
96:
95:
2131:
1857:Fast Food Nation
1748:Dreaming in Mono
1578:
1378:
1293:Leaps and Bounds
1247:James A. Skinner
1187:Janice L. Fields
1066:
1059:
1052:
1043:
923:Land of the Lost
901:Middle Age Crazy
615:Mutt & Stuff
599:Land of the Lost
511:Land of the Lost
471:Television shows
457:
450:
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434:
428:
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369:
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343:
342:, p. 20.23.
340:Weil et al. 2007
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64:Court membership
33:
21:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2132:
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2128:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2061:Boom, Like That
2002:Munich shooting
1963:
1924:
1868:McDonaldization
1842:
1826:Vkusno i tochka
1776:
1730:
1659:
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1534:
1443:
1417:
1367:
1343:Ronald McDonald
1276:
1252:Donald N. Smith
1125:
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981:A Broadway Baby
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527:The Lost Saucer
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51:12 October 1977
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1641:Teenie Beanies
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1525:Shamrock Shake
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1272:George T. Yang
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1267:Fred L. Turner
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752:Really, Raquel
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149:. In 1968 the
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69:Judges sitting
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2055:Urban legends
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2024:
2022:
2021:Big Mac Index
2019:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
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1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
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1933:
1931:
1927:
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1911:
1910:Super Size Me
1907:
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1671:Bubba Wallace
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169:H.R. Pufnstuf
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156:H.R. Pufnstuf
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110:H.R. Pufnstuf
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77:Case opinions
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59:562 F.2d 1157
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27:
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1957:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1895:
1872:
1855:
1758:
1746:
1681:Graham Rahal
1664:Sponsorships
1652:
1645:
1628:
1621:
1599:
1592:
1520:Premium line
1465:Filet-O-Fish
1393:Big N' Tasty
1328:McDonaldland
1262:Don Thompson
1222:June Martino
1172:George Cohon
1162:Al Bernardin
1157:Charlie Bell
1111:Product list
1023:
1017:
1016:
1003:
987:Comedy Kings
986:
980:
974:
968:Kaleidoscope
966:
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946:
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680:
672:
664:
656:
648:
642:Dr. Shrinker
640:
621:
613:
605:
597:
591:D.C. Follies
589:
581:
573:
565:
557:
549:
541:
533:
525:
517:
509:
501:
493:
487:The Bugaloos
485:
477:
421:. Retrieved
406:
390:. Retrieved
375:
362:. Retrieved
335:
298:
280:
271:
266:
264:
259:
257:
252:Keystone cop
248:
243:
228:
225:Learned Hand
222:
215:
205:McDonaldland
204:
200:
198:
194:McDonaldland
193:
185:
183:
174:McDonaldland
173:
168:
162:
154:
144:
134:
132:
119:McDonaldland
108:
99:
98:
97:
18:
2071:(2016 film)
2068:The Founder
1929:Legal cases
1817:Philippines
1807:New Zealand
1763:(1988 film)
1742:Burger wars
1612:Mac Tonight
1594:Donald Land
1588:Changeables
1574:Advertising
1546:Arch Deluxe
1470:Georgie Pie
1398:Deluxe line
1212:EikĆ Harada
1106:Legal cases
1089:Advertising
961:Funny World
674:Magic Mongo
328:Carter 1977
303:Lehman 1995
190:Ice Capades
2098:Categories
2076:McMillions
2016:McDelivery
1760:Mac and Me
1490:McGriddles
1475:Happy Meal
1439:Snack Wrap
1403:Kiwiburger
1197:Don Gorske
1192:Den Fujita
1073:McDonald's
975:Fol-de-Rol
934:Live shows
736:Fol-de-Rol
286:References
165:McDonald's
129:Background
115:McDonald's
1890:McRefugee
1848:Criticism
1772:Supersize
1630:M.C. Kids
1581:Campaigns
1434:McChicken
1338:PlayPlace
1207:Lou Groen
1147:Joan Kroc
908:Side Show
666:Wonderbug
495:Lidsville
291:Citations
1974:Attacks
1812:Pakistan
1785:Branches
1561:McAfrika
1515:McVeggie
1495:McMuffin
1485:McFlurry
1480:McArabia
1460:BTS Meal
1413:McDouble
1373:Products
1237:Ed Rensi
1142:Ray Kroc
893:Pufnstuf
423:June 25,
392:June 25,
364:June 24,
267:Pufnstuf
260:Pufnstuf
87:Keywords
56:Citation
2033:McWords
1968:Related
1896:McLibel
1839:(India)
1735:Related
1510:McVegan
1500:McPlant
1422:Chicken
1388:Big Mac
1308:CosMc's
1298:McBarge
1281:Company
1084:History
349:Sources
277:Results
48:Decided
2010:(2022)
2004:(2016)
1998:(2014)
1992:(1992)
1986:(1992)
1980:(1984)
1822:Russia
1802:Israel
1797:France
1792:Canada
1675:NASCAR
1636:McKids
1539:Former
1303:McCafé
1130:People
989:(1988)
983:(1984)
977:(1968)
971:(1968)
963:(1966)
957:(1966)
955:Circus
951:(1961)
943:(1949)
926:(2009)
918:(1982)
910:(1981)
904:(1980)
896:(1970)
877:(2001)
869:(1991)
863:(1988)
855:(1985)
849:(1985)
841:(1984)
835:(1984)
827:(1983)
821:(1981)
815:(1978)
809:(1978)
803:(1978)
795:(1977)
787:(1976)
779:(1976)
771:(1976)
763:(1974)
755:(1974)
747:(1973)
739:(1972)
720:(1972)
712:(1968)
704:(1965)
685:(1977)
677:(1977)
669:(1976)
661:(1976)
653:(1976)
645:(1976)
626:(2017)
618:(2015)
610:(2002)
602:(1991)
594:(1987)
586:(1984)
578:(1980)
570:(1980)
562:(1978)
554:(1977)
546:(1976)
538:(1976)
530:(1975)
522:(1975)
514:(1974)
506:(1973)
498:(1971)
490:(1970)
482:(1969)
414:
383:
1885:McJob
1505:McRib
1448:Other
997:Other
885:Films
38:Court
1862:film
1381:Beef
425:2012
412:ISBN
394:2012
381:ISBN
366:2012
216:The
203:and
151:NBC
2100::
310:^
125:.
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1673:(
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117:"
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