50:
299:
245:
202:
223:
180:
784:
306:
851:
defenders of
Narbonne surrendered to the Frankish forces, proceeding to eliminate the Andalusian garrison after killing the Arab-Berber Muslim troops, and opening the gates of the stronghold to the investing forces of the Carolingian king. Previously, the king Pepin had promised to uphold and respect
556:
defeated the
Umayyad Muslim army and achieved a decisive and significant victory. The surviving Umayyad forces drove away from Aquitaine with immense losses, in which al-Samh was so seriously wounded that he soon died at Narbonne.
809:
was killed by a rival Gothic faction during the besieging operations in 754. The death of the count was followed by a revolt in Nîmes that was put down by Pepin, and a
Frankish governor imposed. Furthermore, the Aquitanian rival
818:
against the
Carolingian king on the rearguard of his siege of Narbonne. The Narbonnese garrison and residents were able to withstand Pepin's siege thanks to the supplies provided by sea by the Andalusian navy.
354:
860:
After the
Frankish conquest of Narbonne in 759, the Muslim Arabs and Berbers were defeated by the Christian Franks and expelled to their Andalusian heartland after 40 years of occupation, and the
1392:, but clearly did not retain it, and advanced to besiege Narbonne, the centre of Arab control in the March. The Frankish chronicles record his victory over a relieving force sent by the governor
347:
805:
finally lay siege to the Gothic-Andalusian
Narbonne in 752 with a view to seizing it with no delay. However, Pepin suffered a major blow when his main local, Gothic ally
697:, now threatened by Umayyad occupation of several cities lying in the lower Rhône, or maybe it provided the excuse he needed to intervene in this territory ruled by
340:
775:, but when Ansemund handed over several cities to Pepin, Miló did not join, probably deterred by the Arab-Berber Muslim garrison stationed in the city.
93:
593:
1360:
1060:
1494:
828:
843:, who defeated him. Northeastern Iberia and the remainder of Septimania was left without any relevant commander in charge. Finally, the
319:
693:. While his reasons for leading a military expedition south remain unclear, it seems that he wanted to seal his newly secured grip on
1489:
1252:
1128:
1107:
975:
298:
49:
485:
480:
and the local
Visigothic and Gallo-Roman nobility, who had concluded different military and political arrangements to oppose the
226:
1479:
733:
545:
132:
1374:
would or those whose primary interests lay in the south would welcome the extension into their region of the authority of the
1185:
505:
1484:
729:
but his forces were unable to take the city. However, when the Arabs sent reinforcements from Muslim-ruled Iberia, the
1044:
560:
Arab and Berber Muslim forces, soundly based in
Narbonne and easily resupplied by sea, struck in the 720s, conquering
510:
383:
852:
the Gothic laws and probably their own government, so garnering the allegiance of the Gothic nobility of
Septimania.
469:
inhabitants since 719. The siege remained as a key battlefield in the context of the
Carolingian expedition south to
1384:. For that matter it was not with any sense of obligation to free formerly Christian lands from Islamic rule that
879:). The submission of Septimania allowed the Frankish king to divert his attention to his only remaining opponent,
1284:
737:
403:
706:
633:
538:
523:
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477:
378:
364:
41:
1474:
1348:
726:
398:
1409:
1389:
1308:
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393:
827:
In 759, Narbonne was not receiving reinforcements from al-Andalus, rife as it was with internal fights.
679:
604:
besieged Narbonne but his forces were unable to take the city, after which the Frankish army marched on
518:, in 719, and subsequently occupied by the Arab and Berber Muslim forces in 720. The region was renamed
585:
191:
1303:
caused him to make an expedition to hold onto that land. Charles Martel had subjected the whole of
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1232:
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868:
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1396:, but their uniform silence makes it clear that despite this he failed to take the city itself.
751:
While the Gothic magnates did not support the Franks formerly, things were changing this time:
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1177:
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1124:
1103:
1056:
1028:
971:
951:
947:
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484:. Umayyad rule collapsed by 750, and Umayyad territories in Europe were ruled autonomously by
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to him on the same terms as Septimania. But his plans were thwarted in the disastrous
1468:
1336:
1173:
1016:
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871:, who had fled the city five years before when it was besieged, and had retreated to
581:
564:
on the north-western fringes of Septimania (725) and penetrating eastwards as far as
549:
783:
1380:
1378:, or that a sense of Christian solidarity should mean more than the dictates of
1052:
848:
717:
stock had concluded different military and political arrangements to oppose the
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came up reinforced. The government of the city was assigned to the Gothic
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205:
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710:
565:
450:
148:
958:. Routledge Library Editions: The Medieval World (1st ed.).
887:) of Aquitaine. In the wake of Narbonne's submission, Pepin took
705:, far off from the Frankish centre in the north of Gaul. In 737,
1437:
The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050
1292:
876:
756:
741:
652:
609:
744:) and achieved a decisive and significant victory, after which
336:
522:
and turned into a military base for future operations by the
1283:
came to relieve Narbonne. Charles marched against them and
1146:
Baker, Patrick S. (2013). "The Battle of the River Berre".
1119:
Holt, P. M., Lambton, Ann K. S. and Lewis, Bernard (1977).
533:, a possession that would open up the bordering region of
663:, Pepin felt free to focus all his might on subduing the
529:
By 721, al-Samh was reinforced and ready to lay siege to
1311:
and Narbonne there. He did not have the time to conquer
725:
attempted to conquer the whole region of Septimania and
147:
Elimination of Arab-Berber Muslim troops by the city's
771:
was at the time ruling in Narbonne as a vassal of the
1229:
The Journal of Medieval Military History: Volume III
580:
by the Franks, was an ally of the Duke of Aquitaine
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
814:is recorded about this period leading an army of
956:A History of Early Medieval Europe: From 476–911
942:
940:
738:intercepted them at the mouth of the River Berre
568:(725). In 731, the Berber lord of the region of
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1007:
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934:
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1388:launched a raid into western Provence in 737.
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1180:, lifted the siege. Eudo's army decimated the
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
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476:The region of Septimania was up to that point
54:Arab and Berber Muslim troops retreating from
27:Frankish expedition and conquest of Septimania
1221:"The Role of the Cavalry in Medieval Warfare"
348:
8:
1141:
1139:
1137:
839:in 756, and immediately head south to fight
763:were handed over to him by the Gothic count
707:the Frankish king went on to attack Narbonne
588:, but the rebel lord was killed by the Arab
478:in the hands of Andalusi military commanders
1287:. Charles still devastated the area around
835:of al-Andalus, had to quash a rebellion in
740:(located in the present-day Département of
1285:defeated them along the banks of the Berre
632:garrison of Arab and Berber Muslim troops
355:
341:
333:
31:
1367:It would be quite anachronistic that the
1123:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
689:directed his attention to Septimania and
1307:, again by battles, and had to besiege
916:
891:, and then directed his effort against
594:Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi
449:stronghold defended by an garrison of
1376:eastern Frankish Mayors of the Palace
7:
794:'s expedition and conquest (752–759)
1440:. Austin: University of Texas Press
1345:The Arab Conquest of Spain: 710–797
1100:Christians in Al-Andalus (711–1000)
746:the Frankish army marched on Nîmes
655:'s recognition and the dignity of
25:
1408:Meadows, Ian (March–April 1993).
1279:and besieged it. Then an army of
1275:. Charles marched afterwards to
1076:Meadows, Ian (March–April 1993).
829:Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
486:Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
473:and Septimania starting in 752.
438:between 752 and 759, led by the
305:
304:
297:
243:
227:Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri
221:
200:
178:
48:
1263:advanced against the nobles in
596:. Following his success at the
1121:The Cambridge History of Islam
584:after he revolted against the
524:Andalusian military commanders
457:Muslim troops who had invaded
1:
1188:and drove the survivors from
903:in Aquitaine, leading to the
823:Frankish conquest of Narbonne
640:in 719 and deposed the local
506:al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani
1154:(2). Karwansaray BV: 44–48.
709:, but the local nobility of
1495:Sieges involving Al-Andalus
1053:10.1007/978-1-349-26924-2_4
1045:University of Toronto Press
767:. Mauguio surrendered too.
682:'s detachment attempt, the
35:Siege of Narbonne (752–759)
18:Siege of Narbonne (752-759)
1511:
1223:. In Rogers, Clifford J.;
1219:Verbruggen, J. F. (2005).
1021:"Italy and Spain, 773–801"
644:in 720. In 752, after the
1267:and placed the region of
883:, the independent ruler (
539:battle of Toulouse in 721
374:
292:
279:
266:
215:
172:
70:
47:
39:
1490:Sieges involving Francia
1458:Lewis, Archibald R. 1965
1410:"The Arabs in Occitania"
1078:"The Arabs in Occitania"
952:"The Later Merovingians"
727:besieged Narbonne in 737
719:expanding Frankish realm
482:expanding Frankish realm
366:Umayyad invasion of Gaul
62:in 759. Illustration by
42:Islamic invasion of Gaul
1349:Chichester, West Sussex
1271:under the authority of
1480:8th century in Francia
1098:Christys, Ann (2002).
795:
659:and deposing the last
514:(governor-general) of
216:Commanders and leaders
1299:, but an uprising in
1102:. London: Routledge,
786:
280:Casualties and losses
210:Septimanian Visigoths
158:Frankish conquest of
1341:"Conquerors Divided"
1245:10.7722/j.ctt81qwd.6
1225:Bachrach, Bernard S.
1172:After three months,
970:. pp. 244–245.
905:battle for Aquitaine
488:and his supporters.
320:class=notpageimage|
1485:History of Narbonne
1432:Lewis, Archibald R.
1233:Woodbridge, Suffolk
384:River Garonne (732)
105: /
1414:Saudi Aramco World
1239:. pp. 55–56.
1082:Saudi Aramco World
1047:. pp. 65–66.
1041:Palgrave Macmillan
948:Deanesly, Margaret
796:
779:Start of the siege
657:King of the Franks
642:Visigothic Kingdom
586:Emirate of Córdoba
463:Visigothic Kingdom
414:Narbonne (752–759)
323:Location in France
206:Kingdom of Francia
192:Emirate of Córdoba
109:43.1836°N 3.0042°E
1362:978-0-631-19405-7
1178:Duke of Aquitaine
1062:978-1-349-26924-2
626:Early Middle Ages
574:Uthman ibn Naissa
554:Duke of Aquitaine
461:and occupied the
422:
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404:River Berre (737)
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60:Frankish conquest
16:(Redirected from
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674:After capturing
661:Merovingian king
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598:siege of Avignon
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865:Pepin the Short
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841:Abd ar-Rahman I
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803:Pepin the Short
781:
678:on the wake of
649:Pepin the Short
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443:Pepin the Short
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114:43.1836; 3.0042
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1386:Charles Martel
1361:
1355:. p. 92.
1337:Collins, Roger
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1261:Charles Martel
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1174:Eudo the Great
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1017:Collins, Roger
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723:Charles Martel
687:Charles Martel
636:the region of
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602:Charles Martel
496:The region of
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434:took place in
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800:Frankish king
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654:
651:obtained the
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582:Odo the Great
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550:Odo the Great
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19:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
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1379:
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1344:
1258:
1228:
1171:
1151:
1147:
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1024:
955:
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859:
832:
826:
797:
750:
673:
623:
577:
559:
548:army led by
528:
519:
509:
495:
475:
445:against the
428:
426:
413:
258:
173:Belligerents
155:inhabitants.
64:Émile Bayard
40:Part of the
1381:realpolitik
1372:aristocracy
1025:Charlemagne
881:duke Waifer
849:Gallo-Roman
812:duke Waifer
773:Andalusians
715:Gallo-Roman
680:Duke Hunald
624:During the
562:Carcassonne
467:Gallo-Roman
409:Nîmes (737)
389:Tours (732)
153:Gallo-Roman
140:Territorial
112: /
1469:Categories
1313:Septimania
1273:his counts
1269:Marseilles
1259:After 734
889:Roussillon
869:count Miló
788:Septimania
769:Count Miló
699:Visigothic
665:Septimania
638:Septimania
630:Andalusian
620:Approaches
592:commander
543:Aquitanian
516:al-Andalus
498:Septimania
492:Background
459:Septimania
184:Al-Andalus
160:Septimania
97:43°11′01″N
58:after the
1369:Provençal
1190:Aquitaine
1184:, killed
1160:2211-5129
968:Routledge
901:Albigeois
856:Aftermath
734:Christian
703:Roman law
576:, called
546:Christian
535:Aquitaine
429:siege of
239:(756–759)
231:(752–756)
133:Christian
128:Decisive
100:3°00′15″E
1444:June 15,
1434:(1965).
1420:: 24–29.
1339:(1995).
1281:Saracens
1277:Narbonne
1265:Burgundy
1227:(eds.).
1168:48578218
1131:, p. 95.
1110:, p. 28.
1088:: 24–29.
1019:(1998).
950:(2019).
897:Rouergue
893:Toulouse
885:princeps
837:Zaragoza
807:Ansemund
765:Ansemund
731:Frankish
695:Burgundy
691:Provence
676:Bordeaux
669:Provence
600:in 737,
570:Cerdagne
531:Toulouse
471:Provence
465:and its
431:Narbonne
312:Narbonne
267:Strength
253:Ansemund
196:(756–59)
188:(752–56)
130:Frankish
88:Narbonne
83:Location
56:Narbonne
1309:Avignon
1297:Béziers
1186:As-Sahm
1037:Toronto
1029:Buffalo
873:Trausse
816:Basques
790:during
761:Béziers
634:invaded
614:Béziers
590:Umayyad
520:Arbūnah
502:invaded
447:Umayyad
288:Unknown
285:Unknown
259:†
142:changes
135:victory
78:752–759
66:, 1880.
1359:
1305:Gallia
1301:Saxony
1295:, and
1251:
1166:
1158:
1127:
1106:
1059:
1035:, and
1033:London
974:
960:London
899:, and
845:Gothic
759:, and
711:Gothic
612:, and
578:Munuza
541:; the
455:Berber
436:France
275:29,000
255:
149:Gothic
125:Result
1394:ʿUqba
1289:Nîmes
1182:Moors
1164:JSTOR
911:Notes
792:Pepin
753:Nîmes
736:army
628:, an
606:Nîmes
566:Autun
272:7,000
1446:2012
1357:ISBN
1293:Agde
1249:ISBN
1156:ISSN
1125:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1057:ISBN
972:ISBN
962:and
877:Aude
847:and
833:wali
798:The
757:Agde
742:Aude
713:and
701:and
667:and
653:Pope
610:Agde
511:wāli
500:was
453:and
451:Arab
427:The
151:and
75:Date
1241:doi
1049:doi
504:by
1471::
1418:44
1416:.
1412:.
1365:.
1351::
1347:.
1343:.
1322:^
1291:,
1257:.
1247:.
1235::
1231:.
1199:^
1176:,
1170:.
1162:.
1150:.
1136:^
1086:44
1084:.
1080:.
1055:.
1039::
1031:,
1027:.
1023:.
986:^
966::
954:.
919:^
907:.
895:,
831:,
755:,
748:.
721:.
671:.
616:.
608:,
572:,
552:,
526:.
508:,
1448:.
1315:.
1243::
1192:.
1152:3
1065:.
1051::
1043:/
980:.
875:(
356:e
349:t
342:v
162:.
20:)
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