1725:
1946:
1785:, threatening the Romanian 4th Army's weaker right flank. Before the Soviets could attack, a formation of 94 Romanian aircraft (32 bombers and 62 fighters) supported by 23 Italian aircraft attacked the Red Army troops as they advanced North. During the ensuing aerial battle, which lasted ten hours, numerous bombing and strafing attacks were carried out against the Soviet bridgehead, as well as numerous dogfights with the Soviet Air Force. The bridgehead was pulverized, with all Soviet troops withdrawing from the area during the night of 4/5 October. Axis air forces destroyed over 20 Soviet aircraft (nine or ten of them during air battles) while losing one Romanian fighter during air combat plus four more either shot down by Soviet flak or destroyed on the ground. One Italian Savoia-Marchetti bomber was also lost.
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355:
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1749:, chief of the German military mission to Romania, informing him of the situation at Odessa and requesting assistance in the form of aircraft and several pioneer battalions. Although the Royal Romanian Air Force enjoyed some success against the Soviets ground and air forces, it was ill-equipped for anti-shipping raids, and the Soviets were being steadily reinforced and resupplied via the Navy.
188:
1721:
of the First World War,' depending upon infantry to make unsupported frontal attacks against Soviet trench line defenses. The
Soviets temporarily retook Kubanka but were driven back by nightfall. Soviet troops in Vakarzhany were encircled and continued to fight until 3 September, when combined German and Romanian infantry successfully stormed the village.
1647:(5 infantry divisions, two cavalry divisions and one motorized brigade), cut off the units of the Maritime Army (two rifle divisions and the 1st Cavalry Division) from the main forces of the Southern Front. Subsequently, it was the 4th Romanian Army that was the main attacking force in the fight for Odessa. In addition to the Romanian troops, the
1745:, who argued that an attack in a single direction would leave the rest of the Romanian line too exposed. Marshal Antonescu subsequently issued a new directive calling for attacks between Tatarka and Dalnik, and Gniliavko and Dalnik, to be made by the 11th and 3rd Corps, respectively. Ioanițiu forwarded a note to Major-General
1892:
as necessary for the restoration of
Romania's territorial integrity. On the other hand, the capture of Odessa enabled Antonescu to surpass Mussolini in prestige, as the latter had no comparable spoils. Odessa was the most important wartime conquest – without substantial German support – by any of the
1887:
The operations at Odessa highlighted significant weaknesses in the
Romanian Army, leading both military and political leaders in the country to call for a discontinuation of military operations against the Soviet Union. Antonescu ignored such objections, regarding continued participation and eventual
1846:
attacked a Soviet convoy south of Odessa, each boat launching her two torpedoes at the closest enemy destroyer. Three of the four torpedoes missed. The fourth torpedo struck and damaged the Soviet destroyer, but failed to detonate. It was one of the few actions the
Romanian Navy undertook to support
1720:
advanced towards
Gnileakovo and Vakarzhany, only to be pushed back in some areas by a strong Soviet counterattack the following day. On 30 August the Romanians retook the initiative, but gained very little ground. Hitler and the German High Command noted that 'Antonescu using at Odessa the tactics
1736:
Antonescu, highlighting the poor condition of the front-line divisions, which were exhausted after nearly a month of continuous fighting. He proposed a reorganization of six divisions (the 3rd, 6th, 7th, 14th, 21st
Infantry and Guard Divisions), which would be split into 2 corps and supported by 8
1764:
On the night of 15 September, Soviet troops broke contact with the
Romanian 1st Corps and retreated toward the southeast. On 16 September, the 1st Corps took the heights northwest of Gross-Liebenthal. Romanian troops also occupied the area south of the Sukhoy bank. Over 3,000 Soviet soldiers were
1708:
By 24 August, despite constant attacks, the
Romanians were bogged down in front of the Soviets' main line of defense. The 4th Army had already suffered 27,307 casualties, including 5,329 killed in action. Nevertheless, the Soviets were also weakened, and thanks to the capture of Kubanka, Romanian
1756:
and comprising one infantry regiment, one assault pioneer regiment and two artillery regiments arrived. Concurrently, the
Soviets also received 15,000 men and ammunition. On 9 September, Ciupercă was replaced by Lieutenant-General Iosif Iacobici, who was expressly ordered to follow the General
1924:
and the subsequent victory at Odessa led to a partial demobilization of the
Romanian army, which was reduced in size from nearly 900,000 personnel on 1 October to 465,000 on 1 January 1942. Politically, the presence of Romanian troops in Odessa and the establishment of the
1692:
The offensive resumed on 16 August, as Romanian troops attacked along the entire line, capturing Odessa's water reservoirs on 17 August. The Soviet forces put up a stubborn resistance, launching repeated counter-attacks, inflicting and taking heavy casualties. The
1638:
On 9 July 1941, the Separate Coastal Army was created from the units of the Coastal Group of Forces. On 22 July 1941, the bombing of Odessa began (groups of bombers twice raided the city on that day). As a result of the breakthrough of the Soviet defense on the
2050:
1327:
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1680:
and joined the 1st Armored Division. At the same time, the 10th Dorobanți Regiment overran the Soviet forces at Lozovaya. The 4th Army gradually closed the circle around Odessa, but the offensive was temporarily stopped by
1655:
units were also involved near Odessa. By early September the total number of German-Romanian troops near Odessa was about 277,000 soldiers and officers, up to 2,200 guns and mortars, 100–120 tanks, and 300 to 400 planes.
1929:
led to a deterioration of Romania's international situation, with the British declaring war on Romania on 6 December, and on 12 December Romania declared war on the United States in solidarity with Germany and Japan.
1945:
1320:
1676:. In the sector of the 5th Corps, the 1st Armored Division broke through Odessa's first line of defense. That evening, the Romanian division reached the second line of defense. The 1st Cavalry Brigade took
1981:, and Sevastopol. Museum of the Heroic Defense of Odessa (411th Coastal Battery Memorial) was opened on the day of the 30th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany, 9 May 1975. Close by is also the
1780:
The Soviet counteroffensive which was meant to break the siege came during the night of 21/22 September 1941, and it was the climax of the battle for Odessa. Red Army troops established a bridgehead at
1757:
Staff's directives without question. The offensive resumed on 12 September, but was again stopped temporarily on September 14 as Romanian and German artillery units were running low on ammunition. Two
1313:
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1643:
by the 11th German and the 4th Romanian Armies, the situation in the Odessa direction became more complicated. In early August 1941 the troops of the 4th Romanian Army, commanded by General
501:
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heavy artillery battalions. These units would then attack in a single area to break through the Soviet line. The memoir however, was rejected by both Antonescu and Brigadier-General
1351:
1728:
Anti-tank platoon commander Lieutenant Vasily Gavrilovich Kabanenko of the 25th Rifle Division gives a command to his gun crew, while repulsing a tank attack in August 1941
2616:
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Defense of Odessa 1941 // Soviet Historical Encyclopedia / ed. by E.M. Zhukov. volume 3. M., State Scientific Publishing House "Soviet Encyclopedia", 1963. pp.472-473
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The defense of Odessa lasted 73 days, from 5 August to 16 October 1941. On 10 August, in the sector of the 3rd Corps, the bulk of the 7th Infantry Division reached
1373:
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and four assaults to take the city. Romanian forces suffered 93,000 casualties, against Red Army casualties estimated to be between 41,000 and 60,000.
823:
487:
828:
538:
818:
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battalions were encircled by Red Army troops near the Hadjibey bank, but were eventually relieved despite Soviet efforts to annihilate them.
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actively supported the ground troops, disrupting Soviet naval traffic to and from Odessa, and also destroying an armored train on 20 August.
663:
528:
1473:
1071:
2138:Я. M. Sternstein. Workers of the Odessa port in the defense of the city in 1941 // Journal "Problems of History", № 6, June 1956. p.99-109
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Odessa Defense // The Great Encyclopedia (in 62 vols.). / editor-in-chief S. A. A. Kondratov. volume 33. Moscow, TERRA, 2006. p.387-388
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889:
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On 28 August, the Romanians resumed their offensive, reinforced by a German assault battalion and ten heavy artillery battalions. The
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of the Wehrmacht (in part), 2 German assault and 4 German engineer battalions, 3 German heavy artillery divisions, and periodically
77:
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Odessa Defense 1941 // Soviet Military Encyclopedia (in 8 vols.) / ed. by N.V. Ogarkov. Vol. 6. Moscow: Voenizdat, 1978. pp.25-26
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20:
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decided to evacuate the defenders of Odessa. On the night of 14–15 October 1941, the Black Sea Fleet evacuated the garrison to
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Meanwhile, the Romanian offensive was halted to wait for reinforcements. A German detachment led by Lieutenant-General
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swiftly counterattacked with her twin 13 mm machine gun, causing the Soviet submarine to submerge and retreat.
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59:
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heavy artillery now threatened the port of Odessa. Over the next three days, there was a lull in the fighting.
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1603:. On 22 June 1941, the Axis powers invaded the Soviet Union. In August, Odessa became a target of the Romanian
1420:
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1985:
in the Odessa Catacombs. The underground museum commemorates the partisan movement in the Odessa region.
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2009:
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Literature on the heroic defense of Odessa. // Voenno-historicheskiy zhurnal. - 1967. - № 5. - С.79-85
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2004:
1978:
1921:
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1733:
1574:
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1437:
1383:
1378:
1222:
1201:
1170:
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1088:
912:
794:
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577:
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167:
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Axworthy, Mark. Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945. p. 58.
285:
1957:
1644:
1125:
989:
955:
900:
303:
113:
1974:
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where most of the units were later destroyed in the bitter fighting that took place there during
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Mareșalul Ion Antonescu: Am făcut "războiul sfânt" împotriva bolșevismului: Campania anului 1941
1700:
2554:
2544:
2520:
2510:
2417:
2217:
1782:
1630:
It is considered to be the "greatest independent success of the war by any minor Axis power".
1541:
1504:
1262:
1233:
1191:
884:
712:
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fought the only submarine vs submarine engagement of the siege. At 12:08 pm, the Soviet
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1934:
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326:
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Veteranii pe drumul omoarei și jertfei (1941–1945): de la Nistru la Marea de Azov, Volume 3
2598:
2585:
1620:
1526:
1043:
950:
812:
777:
702:
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Vice-Admiral N.M. Kulakov. The Trusted Person of the Fleet. M., Voenizdat, 1985. pp.62-65
1876:
1390:
1176:
756:
587:
348:
2610:
1817:
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290:
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223:
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1933:
The Axis forces will eventually be cleared from Odessa on 10 April 1944 during the
1849:
1833:
1770:
1769:, with a strength of 12,600 troops. Also, 18 Soviet companies were brought in from
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707:
466:
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1832:(Vâlcov in Romanian). During the night of 18 September, the motor torpedo boats
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1578:
1800:. The Black Sea Fleet also managed to evacuate 350,000 soldiers and civilians.
2572:
2069:
1879:
seaplanes of the Romanian Naval Aviation captured a Soviet armed merchantman.
1793:
2390:
World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection (5 volumes)
2558:
2524:
2503:
Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945
2414:
Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond
1950:
1652:
1596:
1425:
723:
1969:
Odessa was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of "
1640:
1573:, lasted from 8 August until 16 October 1941, during the early phase of
2592:
Museum of the Heroic Defence of Odessa (411th Coastal Battery Memorial)
1829:
1283:
1056:
1789:
1592:
139:
2647:
Naval battles and operations of the European theatre of World War II
1807:
1723:
1699:
1624:
1847:
the siege, generally limiting itself to patrols of the submarine
2501:
Axworthy, Mark; Scafeș, Cornel I.; Crăciunoiu, Cristian (1995).
479:
1309:
1060:
483:
2348:
The Axis Air Forces: Flying in Support of the German Luftwaffe
2266:
The Axis Air Forces: Flying in Support of the German Luftwaffe
1732:
On 3 September, General Ciupercă submitted a memoir to by-now
27:
1853:. No Western source could be found to confirm this claim.
2297:, Ion Cristoiu Publishing, 2000, pp. 74–75 (in Romanian)
1668:, while the 1st Guard Division arrived on the alignment
2055:Категория:Статьи с ссылкой на БСЭ, без указания издания
1788:
With the advance of Axis forces into the Soviet Union,
1920:
The recapture of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in
1896:
Casualties suffered during the siege of Odessa were:
19:"Siege of Odesa" redirects here. For other uses, see
2537:
When Titans clashed: how the Red Army stopped Hitler
2438:"Museum of Heroic Defense of Odessa(411th Battery)"
1911:
16,578 dead or missing, and 24,690 wounded (Glantz)
130:8 August – 16 October 1941 (2 months, and 8 days)
2295:Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940-1945
1765:captured, but these losses were replaced by the
1685:on 13 August to strengthen the line west of the
2687:Naval battles of World War II involving Romania
2667:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War
2642:Military history of Romania during World War II
2306:Jipa Rotaru, Octavian Burcin, Vladimir Zodian,
1903:17,729 dead, 63,345 wounded, and 11,471 missing
1773:. Partisan fighting continued, however, in the
94:
16:1941 siege on the Eastern Front of World War II
2064:
2062:
2332:Asociația Națională a Veteranilor de Război,
1321:
1072:
495:
8:
1611:. Due to the heavy resistance of the Soviet
1914:60,000 dead, wounded or missing (Axworthy).
2083:
2081:
2079:
1339:Romanian military actions in World War II
1328:
1314:
1306:
1079:
1065:
1057:
502:
488:
480:
91:
2617:Battles of World War II involving Romania
2336:, Vasile Cârlova Publishing, 1997, p. 517
1868:launched a torpedo at her, which missed.
118:Romanian troops in Odessa after the siege
78:Learn how and when to remove this message
1956:
1944:
163:Successful evacuation of Red Army troops
41:This article includes a list of general
2021:
2468:"Museum of Partisan Glory (catacombs)"
1816:In support of the land offensive, the
2682:Amphibious operations of World War II
1623:, it took the Axis forces 73 days of
7:
2323:, Conway Maritime Press, 2001. p. 73
2283:, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012, p. 21
2601:, Odessa Tourism official web site
2588:, Odessa Tourism official web site
2239:"Odessa, o victorie scump plătită"
2099:"Romanian Nightmare at Stalingrad"
1704:A Soviet gun crew during the siege
1464:Western Allied Campaign in Romania
47:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1521:As part of the Allies (1944–1945)
1961:Postage stamp of the USSR 1965 "
1812:Romanian Heinkel He 114 seaplane
1352:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1136:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
578:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
465:
444:
406:
395:
383:
372:
353:
342:
331:
320:
308:
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112:
32:
21:Battle of Odesa (disambiguation)
1875:During the October evacuation,
1368:As part of the Axis (1941–1944)
2652:Romania–Soviet Union relations
2416:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 343–344.
2051:Большой советской энциклопедии
1569:, known to the Soviets as the
1:
2535:; House, Jonathan M. (1995).
2293:Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin,
2097:Chan, Amy (8 February 2017).
2070:"The Battle of Odessa – 1941"
1949:"Map of Odessa Defense" From
1893:minor European Axis powers.
2412:Dowling, Timothy C. (2014).
2281:Rumanian Aces of World War 2
2193:Koltunov G.; Selyanichev A.
1973:" in 1945, the others being
2573:The Battle of Odessa – 1941
1607:and elements of the German
2718:
2541:University Press of Kansas
2214:Cambridge University Press
18:
2392:, ABC-CLIO, 2016, p. 1422
1798:the defence of Sevastopol
1347:
1101:German declaration of war
1098:
519:
437:
418:
365:
242:
224:Fascist Italy (1922-1943)
179:
122:
111:
99:
2672:1941 in the Soviet Union
2662:Sieges involving Germany
2632:Sieges involving Ukraine
2627:Sieges involving Romania
2579:Museum of Partisan Glory
2350:, ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 166
2268:, ABC-CLIO, 2011, p. 165
1995:Transnistria Governorate
1983:Museum of Partisan Glory
1951:Ukrainian Postal Service
1927:Transnistria Governorate
1695:Royal Romanian Air Force
2028:Axworthy (1995), p. 50.
2000:Romania in World War II
1615:and the rapidly formed
424:160,000 men (initially)
62:more precise citations.
2677:Sieges of World War II
2622:Odessa in World War II
2597:5 October 2018 at the
2584:5 October 2018 at the
2310:, p. 180 (in Romanian)
2208:Stahel, David (2012).
1966:
1954:
1813:
1743:Romanian General Staff
1729:
1705:
1649:72nd Infantry Division
243:Commanders and leaders
2697:September 1941 events
2047:Одесская оборона 1941
2037:Glantz (1995), p. 293
2010:Battle of Kiev (1941)
1960:
1948:
1811:
1727:
1703:
1617:Separate Coastal Army
438:Casualties and losses
2657:Operation Barbarossa
2539:. Lawrence, Kansas:
1767:157th Rifle Division
1613:9th Independent Army
1575:Operation Barbarossa
1295:Air war 22 june 1941
1165:Advance on Leningrad
1090:Operation Barbarossa
431:240 artillery pieces
429:34,500 men (initial)
168:1941 Odessa massacre
2702:October 1941 events
2388:Spencer C. Tucker,
2216:. pp. 136–37.
1822:motor torpedo boats
1619:, supported by the
785:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh
686:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya
460:90 artillery pieces
426:340,223 men (total)
2692:August 1941 events
1967:
1965:Odessa 1941–-1945"
1955:
1814:
1739:Alexandru Ioanițiu
1730:
1706:
1595:was a port on the
1515:2nd Jassy–Kishinev
1500:1st Jassy–Kishinev
1490:Dnieper–Carpathian
1158:Roslavl–Novozybkov
980:Western Carpathian
920:2nd Jassy–Kishinev
890:1st Jassy–Kishinev
875:Leningrad–Novgorod
870:Dnieper–Carpathian
433:86,000 men (total)
360:Filipp Oktyabrskiy
315:Erich von Manstein
267:Alexandru Ioanițiu
194:Kingdom of Romania
2478:on 5 October 2018
2472:odessatourism.org
2448:on 5 October 2018
2442:odessatourism.org
2402:Axworthy, page 73
2378:Axworthy, page 58
2369:Axworthy, page 49
2360:Axworthy, page 59
2321:Warship 2001-2002
2223:978-1-107-01459-6
2212:. New York City:
1922:Operation München
1826:recently occupied
1754:René von Courbier
1571:defence of Odessa
1560:
1559:
1303:
1302:
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1053:
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175:
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88:
87:
80:
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2533:Glantz, David M.
2528:
2488:
2487:
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2483:
2474:. Archived from
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2444:. Archived from
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2319:Antony Preston,
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2298:
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2285:
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2250:
2237:Scafeș, Ioan I.
2234:
2228:
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2088:
2085:
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2073:
2066:
2057:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2026:
1935:Odessa Offensive
1775:city's catacombs
1674:Petra Evdokievka
1645:Nicolae Ciupercă
1581:invasion of the
1342:
1340:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1273:Bombing of Gorky
1093:
1091:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1058:
946:Petsamo–Kirkenes
824:Belgorod-Kharkov
790:Voronezh–Kharkov
514:
504:
497:
490:
481:
470:
469:
449:
448:
411:
410:
400:
399:
388:
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358:
357:
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336:
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327:Georgiy Sofronov
325:
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313:
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304:Nicolae Ciupercă
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2480:. Retrieved
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2049:— статья из
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1451:Winter Storm
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669:Air war 1941
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583:1st Smolensk
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539:Arctic Ocean
462:20 aircraft
413:Coastal Army
272:
237:Soviet Union
211:
180:Belligerents
158:
148:Soviet Union
106:World War II
100:Part of the
74:
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46:
25:
2108:28 February
1820:dispatched
1716:, 11th and
1678:Severinovca
1229:1st Kharkov
1217:Sea of Azov
807:Gorky Blitz
802:3rd Kharkov
718:2nd Kharkov
620:1st Kharkov
615:Sea of Azov
452:17,729 dead
338:Ivan Petrov
289: [
166:Subsequent
60:introducing
2611:Categories
2505:. London:
2495:References
2103:HistoryNet
1979:Stalingrad
1864:submarine
1794:Sevastopol
1670:Strassburg
1469:Tidal Wave
1438:Stalingrad
1406:Sevastopol
1268:1st Rostov
1256:Sevastopol
1251:1st Crimea
1202:Petrikowka
1121:1st Baltic
931:2nd Baltic
926:Dukla Pass
913:Doppelkopf
885:2nd Crimea
829:2nd Donbas
819:1st Donbas
796:Polar Star
746:Stalingrad
630:Sevastopol
625:1st Crimea
568:1st Baltic
552:Barbarossa
529:Baltic Sea
43:references
2482:17 August
2210:Kiev 1941
1975:Leningrad
1971:Hero City
1963:Hero City
1900:Romanian
1883:Aftermath
1653:Luftwaffe
1609:11th Army
1597:Black Sea
1474:Bucharest
1432:Edelweiss
1379:Constanța
1374:Bucharest
1212:Leningrad
1126:Raseiniai
956:Gumbinnen
901:Bagration
740:Sinyavino
724:Case Blue
609:Leningrad
534:Black Sea
390:11th Army
68:June 2011
2595:Archived
2582:Archived
2559:32859811
2525:32552622
2249:17 April
2243:Historia
1989:See also
1870:Delfinul
1858:Delfinul
1850:Delfinul
1836:Viscolul
1828:port of
1783:Chebanka
1759:Vânători
1605:4th Army
1542:Budapest
1537:Debrecen
1187:1st Kiev
1153:Smolensk
1001:Solstice
961:Budapest
951:Courland
941:Debrecen
936:Belgrade
858:2nd Kiev
730:Caucasus
703:Demyansk
664:Chechnya
598:1st Kiev
458:19 tanks
419:Strength
402:9th Army
379:4th Army
142:region,
135:Location
2452:20 July
2053:.
1908:Soviet
1862:M-class
1843:Vijelia
1830:Vylkove
1824:to the
1734:Marshal
1634:Prelude
1599:in the
1585:during
1485:Dnieper
1421:Kharkov
1385:München
1362:Treznea
1284:Air war
1263:Tikhvin
1246:Bryansk
1235:Beowulf
1223:Phase 4
1197:Tallinn
1192:Lypovec
1171:Phase 3
1147:Phase 2
1141:Mogilev
1105:Phase 1
995:Breslau
990:Silesia
895:Karelia
847:Dnieper
713:Bamberg
654:Finland
603:Tallinn
471:unknown
273:†
207:Germany
56:improve
2557:
2547:
2523:
2513:
2420:
2220:
1953:, 2011
1790:Stavka
1666:Elssas
1660:Battle
1593:Odessa
1577:, the
1552:Prague
1532:Păuliș
1505:Crimea
1444:Uranus
1411:Rostov
1396:Odessa
1357:Diosig
1278:Moscow
1207:Yelnya
1182:Odessa
1039:Prague
1033:Berlin
1022:Vienna
839:Lenino
681:Lyuban
646:Moscow
635:Rostov
593:Odessa
269:
234:
221:
204:
191:
155:Result
140:Odessa
45:, but
2016:Notes
1625:siege
1527:Turda
1416:Kerch
1131:Brody
1111:Brest
880:Narva
853:Nevel
813:Kursk
779:Iskra
708:Kholm
692:Rzhev
659:Kerch
640:Gorky
573:Brody
558:Brest
293:]
2555:OCLC
2545:ISBN
2521:OCLC
2511:ISBN
2484:2015
2454:2018
2418:ISBN
2251:2022
2218:ISBN
2110:2024
1866:M-33
1841:NMS
1839:and
1834:NMS
1579:Axis
1565:The
1426:Blue
1401:Azov
1391:Uman
1177:Uman
967:1945
864:1944
772:1943
758:Mars
675:1942
588:Uman
545:1941
127:Date
1714:4th
104:of
2613::
2553:.
2543:.
2519:.
2509:.
2470:.
2440:.
2241:.
2101:.
2078:^
2061:^
1977:,
1937:.
1777:.
1689:.
1589:.
1472:,
291:ro
146:,
2561:.
2527:.
2486:.
2456:.
2426:.
2253:.
2226:.
2197:.
2182:.
2168:.
2154:.
2140:.
2126:.
2112:.
1672:–
1476:)
1466:(
1329:e
1322:t
1315:v
1080:e
1073:t
1066:v
503:e
496:t
489:v
81:)
75:(
70:)
66:(
52:.
23:.
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