1623:, and two Imperial commissaries. Luis de Velasco, general of the cavalry, opened the way with 600 cavalry, followed by four battalions of foot: one of Spaniards, one of Germans and Burgundians, and two of Walloons. 600 other horses closed the march. To prevent Aachen from being relieved by the Dutch from Jülich, Spinola detached what remained of his cavalry to block the road between the two cities. Two hours after its departure from Maastricht, the Spanish army appeared before Aachen. The city lacked modern fortifications and was surrounded by a single medieval wall. The Spanish troops took the hills which commanded the city, within musket-shot of the walls, and erected a battery to threaten the inhabitants and the 600-man Brandenburgian garrison. After several days of negotiations, and with little hope of reinforcements, the defenders surrendered the city to the Spanish army, to the great regret of Maurice, who could not arrive in time for relief.
1580:
1513:
1464:
37:
1439:. By the 1570s Aachen's population numbered 12,000 Catholics and 8,000 Protestants. The city council and the Emperor tried to exclude the Protestants from political participation in 1581, but thanks to the economic influence of many of the Protestant citizens, Catholics were forced to allow them access to the city council. As jurisdiction over Aachen was claimed by the
1643:(in 1609) with the Dutch Republic, expected to sack the city, Spinola forbade any looting and Spanish troops did not enter the town. The Catholic city council was restored, and, on 10 September, it issued an edict which gave the Protestant preachers three days to abandon the town, and six weeks for the non-citizen
1596:
Before we think of the
Affairs of Juliers, the vicinity of Aachen ought to engage us to make on that side the first efforts of our army to punish the heretics of that city, and to execute the Imperial Mandate discerned against them, of which the Archduke and the Elector of Cologne are Bearers. Every
1575:
with seven infantry companies, and an additional force of 2,000 men, for a possible siege. The situation was tense for the two sides. Maurice, with additional troops from towns that were not under serious threat, expected to be able to raise an army of 20,000 men, composed of 136 infantry companies
1527:
Rudolf II ordered the princes of
Brandenburg and Palatinate-Neuburg to restore the previous religious and political situation of Aachen under the menace of a ban. The Protestants, however, ignored the command and seriously wounded an Imperial commissary sent to implement the Emperor's edict. In May
1495:
on those inhabitants who attended these services. Five citizens were detained for ignoring the town's decree and banished as they refused to pay the fine. This caused a riot against the council on 5 July. The
Catholic counsellors were expelled and many Catholic buildings were sacked. The rebels
1597:
one knows with what boldness and with what contempt for the
Imperial Mandates, the heretic citizens have dar'd usurp the government of Aachen, which belong'd formerly to the Catholics only. Thus an infinity of reasons oblige us to repress by force so unjust an usurpation.
1652:
and relics when public processions were held. The people who took part in the 1611 rebellion were punished: in 1616 two ringleaders were executed, more than one hundred citizens who participated in the disturbances were exiled, and others were forced to pay a fine.
1647:
and other foreigners to do the same. From then on, only
Catholic schools and schoolmasters were tolerated, books labeled as heretics were banned, meat dishes were not allowed to be eaten in inns on the fast days, and a fitting homage was to be paid to the
1571:, warned Prince Maurice that the Spaniards already had 9,800 men ready for field service, and that they would soon be joined by a further force of 13,200 men. With the imminent Spanish threat, Maurice strongly reinforced the garrison of
1403:. The unexpected arrival of a Spanish army at the gates of the city, however, caused the Protestants to lose courage and surrender Aachen to Spinola. A Catholic garrison was installed and a process of re-Catholicization began.
1500:, smashed the altars and images, and held a mock mass dressed in priestly garments. One priest was injured and eight others dragged to the city council. A new Protestant council was established and appealed for support to
182:
1451:
declared that the city council could not change the religious status of Aachen, and therefore the
Calvinists had to be expelled from the council. When they tried to resist, Rudolf outlawed the city and gave
1447:, both of them Catholics, the Catholic population appealed to the first, who complained to Emperor Rudolf II, claiming that his ecclesiastic rights over Aachen had been violated. In 1593 the
249:
175:
1939:
Relaciones del card. Bentiuollo publicada por Ericio
Puteano cronista de su mag.d en Flandes, y traduzidas por Don Francisco de Mendoza y Cespedes de Italiano en lengua Castellana
168:
2217:
1716:
went to John
Sigismund. Spinola refused to give up the key fortress of Wesel, and further negotiations were necessary, but in the end a shaky peace was maintained.
1611:
and its surroundings and established his camp with an army of 18,000 infantry, 2,500 cavalry, and 11 artillery pieces. From
Maastricht, Spinola's army entered the
2242:
1240:
242:
1584:
1553:
1353:
127:
2207:
1528:
1612, elections were held and
Calvinists took control of the town council. In 1613, as disputes over the Jülich succession continued, one of the claimants,
1693:
1529:
1365:
277:
1567:, who supported John Sigismund of Brandenburg, and knew that the Spanish intervention would destabilize the course of succession. In the middle of June,
1332:
1568:
235:
1649:
1556:
to intervene. Fearing an attack, the town council requested help from the Elector of Brandenburg, who sent several hundred soldiers under general
1750:
1381:
883:
2247:
2237:
1697:
1501:
1456:, governor of the Spanish Netherlands, the task of enforcing his decision. The subsequent re-Catholicization of the city was conducted by the
2167:
2129:
1656:
After the capture of Aachen, Spinola took several towns and castles in the lands disputed by the claimants to the Jülich heritage, including
1328:
388:
1056:
901:
528:
488:
351:
286:
1564:
1103:
953:
273:
1068:
655:
555:
2186:
2093:
2053:
1424:
1208:
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702:
408:
1264:
685:
2212:
2065:
Continuity in the France of Henry IV and Louis XIII: French Foreign Policy 1598-1615. Journal of Modern History. Vol. 45. No. 1
1689:
1483:, the Elector of Brandenburg and the Duke of Palatinate-Neuburg, claimants of the Jülich heirdom in opposition to the Catholic
1480:
1453:
1369:
913:
878:
767:
192:
28:
605:
1484:
1249:
1073:
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1576:
and 40 cavalry companies. Meanwhile, Ambrogio Spinola was ready to start the campaign. His first movement was upon Aachen:
1377:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1230:
1427:
was crowned in Frankfurt in 1562. Since then, Aachen went into a slow decline. A mainly Catholic city at the time of the
1545:
1269:
1098:
600:
475:
423:
328:
303:
101:
1672:, As a consequence, the Protestant position in the Rhineland was weakened despite Spinola deciding not to lay siege to
1579:
1725:
1588:
1286:
928:
438:
343:
2232:
2227:
1400:
1316:
1193:
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837:
742:
540:
105:
1225:
1121:
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995:
943:
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817:
777:
772:
757:
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505:
433:
206:
41:
The siege of Aachen by the Spanish Army of Flanders under Ambrogio Spinola in 1614. Oil on canvas. Attributed to
1735:
1541:
1254:
1078:
978:
737:
717:
545:
515:
465:
373:
1639:. Although the soldiers of the Spanish army, after several years of inactivity following the beginning of the
1115:
2222:
1296:
1188:
1131:
1111:
1093:
983:
832:
792:
712:
707:
610:
565:
470:
1640:
1274:
1023:
1000:
973:
933:
857:
807:
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550:
418:
70:
2105:
History of the German people at the close of the Middle Ages. Vol. X. Leading up to the Thirty Years' War
2046:
Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598-1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars
1705:
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1156:
1141:
1136:
1107:
1083:
1048:
1005:
968:
963:
958:
827:
812:
732:
665:
640:
635:
428:
216:
122:
1631:
The 600 Brandenburg soldiers were allowed to leave Aachen with their flags and were replaced by 1,200
1557:
1730:
1713:
1488:
1259:
1198:
938:
923:
847:
727:
650:
585:
520:
398:
368:
318:
259:
1636:
1745:
1669:
1420:
1388:
population of Aachen had revolted against the Catholic city council and had seized power. When the
1324:
1203:
1183:
1146:
918:
888:
797:
787:
782:
762:
722:
620:
570:
383:
333:
308:
1412:
1389:
1373:
1235:
510:
455:
443:
363:
338:
1520:
1472:
1399:, had ordered the previous state to be restored, the Protestants had allied themselves with the
2179:
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493-1648
2182:
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2125:
2108:
2089:
2068:
2049:
1616:
1533:
1440:
1428:
1396:
747:
660:
460:
1684:, whereupon Spinola and Maurice started negotiations about a neutrality pact, leading to the
1563:
The Spanish preparations to intervene in the succession dispute alarmed the Dutch statholder
1740:
1685:
1632:
1549:
1349:
630:
575:
560:
403:
393:
323:
313:
2122:
The Complete Soldier: Military Books and Military Culture in Early Stuart England 1603-1645
1512:
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1444:
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645:
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with an estimated force of 18,000 men. Spinola subsequently established a position near
1701:
1676:
due to the city's strong defense and large garrison. Maurice of Nassau then marched on
1516:
1492:
893:
869:
378:
110:
2201:
2082:
1677:
1435:
refugees from the Netherlands as a consequence of the Spanish persecution during the
42:
1448:
1436:
802:
298:
36:
1938:
1914:
1560:
to reinforce the local militia. The city gates were manned and partly walled-up.
1709:
1644:
1416:
590:
160:
2072:
1661:
1608:
1432:
1385:
1357:
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227:
1612:
1392:
16:
Spain defeats Aachen and Brandenburg during the War of the Jülich Succession
2112:
1673:
1572:
1620:
1548:
ordered the restoration of Catholic rule in Aachen, allowing the Spanish
1431:, it became religiously divided in the 1560s through the immigration of
1497:
1361:
75:
1681:
1468:
66:
1487:, organized Protestant religious services in the nearby villages of
1964:
The History of the Succession to the Countries of Juliers and Berg
1915:
The History of the Succession to the Countries of Juliers and Berg
1665:
1657:
1537:
1462:
231:
164:
1491:
and Weiden. In response, the city council of Aachen imposed a
1976:
1974:
1972:
1419:
to the 16th century. It was the place of coronation of the
1380:, Neuburg's ally, and then rival, in the battle for the
2160:
The Dutch Army and the Military Revolutions 1588-1688
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
2107:. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Co., Ltd.
2013:
Wesel was captured by Spinola's army on 5 September.
2081:
1950:
1948:
2142:Ambrosio Spínola, Primer Marqués de los Balbases
1801:
1799:
1797:
1594:
1348:took place in 24 August 1614, when the Spanish
21:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
1602:Ambrogio Spinola to his army, Maastricht, 1614
1999:
1997:
1995:
1900:
1898:
1354:Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases
243:
176:
8:
2084:A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation
1861:
1859:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1813:
1811:
1664:, and the important German fortress-city of
1496:assaulted the church and the college of the
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1708:went to Wolfgang Wilhelm of Neuburg, while
1694:Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg
1530:Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg
1366:Wolfgang Wilhelm, Count Palatine of Neuburg
2218:Military history of North Rhine-Westphalia
250:
236:
228:
183:
169:
161:
18:
2088:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1569:William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
1578:
1511:
1761:
1698:John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg
1502:John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg
2124:. Boston: Brill Academic Publishing.
1376:, Aachen was under the protection of
7:
2181:. England: Oxford University Press.
2048:. England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
1751:United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
1668:, whish was garrisoned by troops of
1607:In August 1614, Spinola advanced to
1382:United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
2145:. Madrid: Estab. tip. de Fortanet.
1565:Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange
14:
2162:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
2139:Rodríguez Villa, Antonio (1905).
1918:. London: J. Roberts, 1738, p. 62
1700:, until 1621. The territories of
2208:Battles of the Eighty Years' War
1415:of importance from the times of
35:
2067:. University of Chicago Press.
1544:. On 20 February 1614, Emperor
1504:, the new Duke of Cleves-Mark.
1485:Leopold V, Archduke of Austria
1:
2248:Battles involving Brandenburg
2243:Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)
2238:1614 in the Holy Roman Empire
1378:John Sigismund of Brandenburg
1692:and all hostilities between
1690:War of the Jülich Succession
1481:War of the Jülich Succession
1370:War of the Jülich Succession
194:War of the Jülich Succession
102:Free Imperial City of Aachen
29:War of the Jülich Succession
2158:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2010).
2120:Lawrence, David R. (2009).
2063:Hayden, J. Michael (1973).
1726:League of Evangelical Union
1589:Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt
2264:
2103:Janssen, Johannes (1906).
1542:Catholic League of Germany
1536:and gained the support of
1401:Margraviate of Brandenburg
1372:. Despite its status as a
106:Margraviate of Brandenburg
269:
202:
146:
133:
116:
95:
49:
34:
26:
2177:Whaley, Joachim (2011).
1980:Olaf Van Nimwegen p. 204
1927:Rodríguez Villa, p. 303
2213:Sieges involving Spain
2080:Holborn, Hajo (1982).
1989:Rodríguez Villa p. 302
1942:. Naples: 1631, p. 178
1619:, the papal nuncio at
1605:
1592:
1524:
1476:
117:Commanders and leaders
71:North Rhine-Westphalia
2044:Duerloo, Luc (2012).
1582:
1515:
1466:
1458:Archbishop of Cologne
147:Casualties and losses
1936:Bentivoglio, Guido:
1508:Spanish intervention
1479:In 1611, during the
1209:2nd Cape St. Vincent
1099:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch
1011:1st Cape St. Vincent
954:1st 's-Hertogenbosch
870:1st English Channel
686:Ten Years, 1588–1598
1954:Bentivoglio, p. 179
1791:Van Nimwegen p. 203
1775:Van Nimwegen p. 204
1746:Brandenburg-Prussia
1641:Twelve Years' Truce
1517:Town hall of Aachen
1421:King of the Germans
1199:3rd English Channel
1024:Twelve Years' Truce
1006:2nd English Channel
914:1st Schenckenschans
768:3rd Geertruidenberg
703:2nd Geertruidenberg
409:1st Geertruidenberg
1688:, which ended the
1593:
1525:
1477:
1413:free imperial city
1390:Holy Roman Emperor
1374:free imperial city
1132:2nd Schenkenschans
1074:2nd Bergen op Zoom
698:1st Bergen op Zoom
2233:History of Aachen
2228:Conflicts in 1614
2169:978-1-84383-575-2
2131:978-90-04-17079-7
1731:Thirty Years' War
1617:Guido Bentivoglio
1429:Peace of Augsburg
1397:Peace of Augsburg
1341:
1340:
261:Eighty Years' War
225:
224:
159:
158:
123:George von Pulitz
91:
90:
2255:
2192:
2173:
2154:
2135:
2116:
2099:
2087:
2076:
2059:
2032:
2029:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1863:
1852:
1849:
1836:
1833:
1818:
1815:
1806:
1803:
1792:
1789:
1776:
1773:
1741:Army of Flanders
1686:Treaty of Xanten
1633:Catholic Germans
1603:
1585:Ambrogio Spinola
1583:Spanish General
1558:Georg von Pulitz
1554:Ambrogio Spinola
1550:Army of Flanders
1395:, observing the
1350:Army of Flanders
1307:2nd San Salvador
1302:1st San Salvador
1275:2nd Saint Martin
1250:1st Saint Martin
264:
262:
252:
245:
238:
229:
197:
195:
185:
178:
171:
162:
128:Ambrosio Spinola
51:
50:
39:
19:
2263:
2262:
2258:
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2256:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2176:
2170:
2157:
2138:
2132:
2119:
2102:
2096:
2079:
2062:
2056:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:Janssen, p. 567
2002:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1908:
1904:Janssen, p. 566
1903:
1896:
1892:Duerloo, p. 369
1891:
1887:
1883:Duerloo, p. 347
1882:
1878:
1874:Janssen, p. 565
1873:
1869:
1865:Janssen, p. 564
1864:
1855:
1851:Duerloo, p. 343
1850:
1839:
1834:
1821:
1817:Holborn, p. 288
1816:
1809:
1804:
1795:
1790:
1779:
1774:
1763:
1759:
1736:Catholic League
1722:
1629:
1615:accompanied by
1604:
1601:
1532:, converted to
1521:Matthäus Merian
1519:. Engraving by
1510:
1473:Matthäus Merian
1454:Archduke Albert
1445:Bishop of Liege
1409:
1384:. In 1611, the
1356:, marched from
1346:siege of Aachen
1342:
1337:
1321:
1231:Bay of Matanzas
1168:European waters
1053:
1020:
990:European waters
898:
884:Gulf of Almería
864:European waters
682:
672:European waters
525:
485:
450:European waters
348:
283:
280:
278:List of battles
265:
260:
258:
256:
226:
221:
198:
193:
191:
189:
104:
87:Spanish victory
79:
73:
57:24 August, 1614
40:
22:Siege of Aachen
17:
12:
11:
5:
2261:
2259:
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2250:
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2235:
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2223:1614 in Europe
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2136:
2130:
2117:
2100:
2094:
2077:
2060:
2054:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2017:
2015:Lawrence p. 79
2005:
1991:
1982:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1929:
1920:
1906:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1867:
1853:
1837:
1835:Whaley, p. 537
1819:
1807:
1805:Lawrence p. 79
1793:
1777:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1748:
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1733:
1728:
1721:
1718:
1650:Holy Sacrament
1637:Count of Emden
1628:
1625:
1599:
1509:
1506:
1441:Duke of Jülich
1408:
1405:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1333:Historiography
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1270:Southern Chile
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1165:
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1129:
1124:
1119:
1108:2nd Maastricht
1101:
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1081:
1076:
1071:
1063:Western Europe
1060:
1059:
1052:
1051:
1040:
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1031:Western Europe
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1019:
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908:Western Europe
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904:
897:
896:
891:
886:
881:
879:Bayona Islands
876:
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692:Western Europe
689:
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608:
603:
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583:
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563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
541:1st Maastricht
535:Western Europe
532:
531:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
495:Western Europe
492:
491:
484:
483:
478:
473:
468:
466:Haarlemmermeer
463:
458:
452:
451:
447:
446:
441:
436:
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426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
358:Western Europe
355:
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347:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
293:Western Europe
290:
289:
282:
281:
270:
267:
266:
257:
255:
254:
247:
240:
232:
223:
222:
220:
219:
214:
209:
203:
200:
199:
190:
188:
187:
180:
173:
165:
157:
156:
153:
149:
148:
144:
143:
140:
136:
135:
131:
130:
125:
119:
118:
114:
113:
111:Spanish Empire
108:
98:
97:
93:
92:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
65:
63:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2260:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2188:9780198731016
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2095:9780691007953
2091:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2061:
2057:
2055:9780754669043
2051:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:Maximilian II
1422:
1418:
1414:
1411:Aachen was a
1406:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:, during the
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1174:2nd Gibraltar
1172:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1122:5th Rheinberg
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1089:2nd Oldenzaal
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:1st Gibraltar
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
989:
988:
985:
982:
980:
979:4th Rheinberg
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
944:3rd Rheinberg
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
910:
909:
903:
900:
899:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
873:
868:
867:
863:
862:
859:
856:
854:
853:1st Oldenzaal
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
823:2nd Rheinberg
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
783:2nd Luxemburg
781:
779:
776:
774:
773:2nd Coevorden
771:
769:
766:
764:
763:1st Luxemburg
761:
759:
758:1st Coevorden
756:
754:
753:2nd Steenwijk
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
695:
694:
693:
687:
684:
683:
679:
678:Ponta Delgada
676:
675:
671:
670:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
656:1st Rheinberg
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
556:1st Steenwijk
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
537:
536:
530:
527:
526:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
496:
490:
487:
486:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
449:
448:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
360:
359:
353:
350:
349:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
295:
294:
288:
285:
284:
279:
275:
272:
271:
268:
263:
253:
248:
246:
241:
239:
234:
233:
230:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
201:
196:
186:
181:
179:
174:
172:
167:
166:
163:
154:
151:
150:
145:
141:
138:
137:
132:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
115:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
99:
94:
86:
83:
82:
77:
74:(present-day
72:
68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:Peter Snayers
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
2195:
2178:
2159:
2141:
2121:
2104:
2083:
2064:
2045:
2031:Hayden p. 22
2012:
2008:
1985:
1963:
1959:
1937:
1932:
1923:
1913:
1909:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1655:
1630:
1606:
1595:
1562:
1526:
1478:
1449:Reichshofrat
1437:Dutch revolt
1410:
1345:
1343:
1280:
1279:
1255:2nd Salvador
1242:
1221:1st Salvador
1214:
1213:
1189:Lizard Point
1167:
1166:
1147:2nd Roermond
1116:1st Roermond
1062:
1061:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1029:
996:Dover Strait
964:Hoogstraaten
934:Lekkerbeetje
907:
906:
871:
718:2nd Deventer
691:
690:
546:2nd Mechelen
534:
533:
516:1st Deventer
494:
493:
374:1st Mechelen
357:
356:
304:Valenciennes
299:Beeldenstorm
292:
291:
211:
139:600 regulars
96:Belligerents
1710:Cleves-Mark
1702:Jülich-Berg
1670:Brandenburg
1645:Anabaptists
1540:and of the
1534:Catholicism
1417:Charlemagne
1364:to support
1281:East Indies
1226:Puerto Rico
1094:4th Groenlo
1049:Playa Honda
1043:East Indies
1026:, 1609–1621
984:3rd Groenlo
929:San Andreas
833:2nd Groenlo
793:1st Groenlo
728:Knodsenburg
713:2nd Zutphen
661:1st Zutphen
616:3rd Antwerp
601:Steenbergen
591:2nd Antwerp
501:1st Antwerp
476:Reimerswaal
439:Schoonhoven
429:Mookerheyde
329:Heiligerlee
2202:Categories
2073:4642814626
2038:References
1714:Ravensberg
1706:Ravenstein
1635:under the
1609:Maastricht
1433:Protestant
1407:Background
1386:Protestant
1358:Maastricht
974:2nd Lingen
939:Nieuwpoort
919:Zaltbommel
858:1st Lingen
838:Bredevoort
521:Borgerhout
424:Valkenburg
399:IJsselmeer
389:Middelburg
344:Le Quesnoy
319:Oosterweel
2151:803742214
1627:Aftermath
1613:Rhineland
1393:Rudolf II
1352:, led by
1329:Aftermath
1265:Itamaracá
1241:Trujillo
1204:The Downs
1179:2nd Cádiz
1162:4th Hulst
1157:3rd Hulst
1142:3rd Venlo
1137:4th Breda
1112:2nd Venlo
1084:3rd Breda
1057:1621–1648
1001:2nd Sluis
969:3rd Sluis
959:2nd Grave
902:1599–1609
889:1st Cádiz
848:Ootmarsum
828:1st Meurs
813:2nd Hulst
778:Groningen
733:1st Hulst
708:2nd Breda
666:1st Sluis
641:1st Venlo
636:1st Grave
596:Eindhoven
571:Noordhorn
566:1st Breda
529:1579–1588
489:1576–1579
471:Zuiderzee
444:Zierikzee
434:Oudewater
352:1572–1576
334:Jemmingen
309:Wattrelos
287:1566–1572
1720:See also
1621:Brussels
1600:—
1546:Matthias
1489:Stolberg
1467:View of
1443:and the
1287:Mormugão
1245:Campeche
1236:Abrolhos
1215:Americas
874:Flanders
843:Enschede
818:Turnhout
803:2nd Lier
748:Caudebec
738:Nijmegen
723:Delfzijl
586:1st Lier
511:Rijmenam
506:Gembloux
456:Flushing
339:Jodoigne
134:Strength
62:Location
27:Part of
2113:1520859
1966:, p. 67
1662:Mülheim
1498:Jesuits
1362:Germany
1297:Malacca
1260:Cabañas
1194:Dunkirk
1079:Fleurus
576:Niezijl
461:Borsele
404:Alkmaar
394:Haarlem
384:Naarden
364:Brielle
274:Origins
76:Germany
2185:
2166:
2149:
2128:
2111:
2092:
2071:
2052:
1696:, and
1682:Xanten
1674:Jülich
1573:Jülich
1552:under
1469:Aachen
1423:until
1317:Cavite
1312:Manila
1127:Leuven
1069:Jülich
1037:Aachen
949:Ostend
894:Azores
808:Calais
631:Boksum
621:Arnhem
581:Lochem
561:Kollum
414:Leiden
324:Dahlen
314:Lannoy
212:Aachen
207:Jülich
142:15,000
84:Result
67:Aachen
1757:Notes
1666:Wesel
1658:Neuss
1538:Spain
1325:Peace
1292:Galle
1184:Slaak
1152:Kallo
1104:Meuse
798:Lippe
743:Rouen
651:Neuss
626:Empel
611:Aalst
606:Ghent
551:Diest
481:Lillo
419:Delft
217:Wesel
2183:ISBN
2164:ISBN
2147:OCLC
2126:ISBN
2109:OCLC
2090:ISBN
2069:OCLC
2050:ISBN
1712:and
1704:and
1678:Rees
1493:fine
1344:The
924:Rees
646:Axel
379:Goes
369:Mons
155:None
152:None
54:Date
1587:by
1471:by
1360:to
788:Huy
2204::
2020:^
1994:^
1971:^
1947:^
1897:^
1856:^
1840:^
1822:^
1810:^
1796:^
1780:^
1764:^
1660:,
1460:.
1331:–
1327:–
1114:,
1110:,
276:–
69:,
2191:.
2172:.
2153:.
2134:.
2115:.
2098:.
2075:.
2058:.
1591:.
1523:.
1475:.
1243:·
1118:)
1106:(
872:·
251:e
244:t
237:v
184:e
177:t
170:v
78:)
45:.
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