1846:, 'the goodness of faith', which in turn has become westernised as Saladin. Nur al-Din died in 1174. He was the first Muslim to unite Aleppo and Damascus in the Crusade era. Some Islamic contemporaries promoted the idea that there was a natural Islamic resurgence under Zengi, through Nur al-Din to Saladin, although this was not as straightforward and simple as it appears. Saladin imprisoned all the Caliph's heirs preventing them from having children, as opposed to having them all killed which would have been normal practice, to extinguish the bloodline. Assuming control after the death of his overlord, Nur al-Din, Saladin had the strategic choice of establishing Egypt as an autonomous power or attempting to become the preeminent Muslim in the Eastern Mediterranean—he chose the latter.
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a large-scale attack on the
Christian camp. On 7 July, the city sent an embassy to Saladin asking for assistance one last time, and threatened to surrender if he did not help. On 11 July, there was one final battle, and on 12 July, the city once more offered terms of surrender to the Crusaders, who found their offer acceptable this time. Conrad of Montferrat, who had returned to Tyre because of Richard's support for Guy of Lusignan as king of Jerusalem, was recalled to act as negotiator, at Saladin's request. Saladin was not personally involved in the negotiations, but accepted the surrender. The Christians entered the city and the Muslim garrison was taken into captivity. Conrad raised the banners of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, France, England, and the
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2093:. East of the old part of the city was the port, protected against the open sea, while to the west and south the coast was protected by a strong dyke wall. The peninsula was guarded on the mainland side by double barrier reinforced with towers. As one of Saladin's main garrison nodes and arms depots, the force defending Acre was significant, consisting of several thousand troops. Guy's army consisted of 7,000–9,000 infantry and 400–700 knights. Hattin had left the Kingdom of Jerusalem with few troops left to call upon. In such a scenario, Guy was totally dependent on aid from the plethora of small armies and fleets descending on the Levant from around Europe.
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Richard rejected this because certain Christian nobles were not included. The exchange was broken off and further negotiations were unsuccessful. Richard had also insisted on the handover of Philip's share of the prisoners, whom the French king had entrusted to his kinsman Conrad of Montferrat. Conrad reluctantly agreed, under pressure. On 20 August, Richard thought that Saladin had delayed too much, and had 2,700 of the Muslim prisoners from the garrison of Acre decapitated.
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the exhausted defenders with a new garrison; otherwise, the old garrison would have all died of disease. Conrad of
Montferrat attempted an attack by sea on the Tower of Flies, but adverse winds and rocks below the surface prevented his ship getting close enough to do significant damage. In March, however, when the weather was better and ships could once again unload supplies on the coast, the danger of failure was again averted for the Christians.
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2061:, arrived with 52 ships. Guy succeeded in bringing both contingents over to his side. In August, Conrad again refused him entry to the city, so he broke camp and made his way south to attack Acre; he and his troops travelled along the coast, while the Pisans and Sicilians went by sea. Guy urgently needed a firm base from which he could organize a counterattack on Saladin, and since he could not have Tyre, he directed his plans to Acre,
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2407:. Philip had used the time before Richard's arrival to build siege engines like the trebuchet, and now that stronger leadership from Europe had arrived, it was the city and not the Christian camp that was besieged. When Richard arrived, he sought a meeting with Saladin, and an armistice of three days was agreed upon so that the meeting could take place. However, both Richard and Philip fell ill, and the meeting did not take place.
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2029:, whom he had captured at Hattin. This would have escalated the conflict between Guy, who was blamed for the catastrophe of Hattin, and Conrad, who had successfully defended Tyre from the subsequent invasion. Guy was released and appeared before Tyre, but Conrad would not let him in, claiming that he was administering it until the kings should arrive from across the sea to settle the succession. This was in accordance with
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1840:. When Amalric broke the alliance in a ferocious attack, Shawar again requested military support from Syria and Shirkuh was sent by Nur ad-Din for a second time. Amalric retreated, but the victorious Shirkuh had Shawar executed and was appointed vizier. Barely two months later he died to be succeeded by his nephew, Yusuf ibn Ayyub, who has become known by his honorific
1778:. The siege lasted from August 1189 until July 1191, in which time the city's coastal position meant the attacking Latin force were unable to fully invest the city and Saladin was unable to fully relieve it with both sides receiving supplies and resources by sea. Finally, it was a key victory for the Crusaders and a serious setback for Saladin's ambition to destroy the
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Guy's reserves, who were in the
Christian camp containing the Saracen garrison at Acre, were sent to reinforce the Christian line. The garrison at Acre realized that the Christian camp was undefended, so launched an attack into the Christian left flank's rear. They fell upon the Templars, assisting the Saracen right wing and inflicting heavy casualties.
1832:, in Damascus seeking political and military support. Some historians have considered Nur ad-Din's support as a visionary attempt to surround the Crusaders, but in practice he prevaricated before only responding when it became clear that the Crusaders might gain an unassailable foothold on the Nile. Nur al-Din sent his Kurdish general,
1861:. Despite this setback, Saladin established a domain stretching from the Nile to the Euphrates through a decade of politics, coercion and low level military action. After a life-threatening illness, he determined to make good on his propaganda as the champion of Islam, embarking on heightened campaigning against the Latin Christians.
1857:. In his early ascendency he seized Damascus and much of Syria, but not Aleppo. After the building a defensive force to resist a planned attack by the Kingdom of Jerusalem that never materialised his first contest with the Latin Christians was not a success. His overconfidence and tactical errors led to defeat at the
2537:, was attempting to usurp the throne in England. He arranged for a treaty with Saladin, and the Third Crusade came to an end when Richard left for England in late October. Philip of France meanwhile had come to terms with John and had closed the French harbours; Richard was forced to make his way across the
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contingent, he had demanded the same position as Philip and
Richard, but had been rejected and his flag torn down from the ramparts of Acre. On 31 July, Philip also returned home, to settle the succession in Vermandois and Flanders, and Richard was left solely in charge of the Christian expeditionary
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named God's Own
Catapult and Bad Neighbour (Malevoisine in the original French). On 3 July, a sufficiently large breach was again created in the walls, but the Christian attack was repelled. On 4 July, the city offered its surrender, but Richard rejected the conditions. This time Saladin did not make
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On 31 December, another attempt to breach the walls failed, and on 6 January, the partial collapse of the walls led to many
Christian attempts at overrunning the Muslim garrisons. On 13 February, Saladin succeeded in breaking through the Christian lines and reaching the city, so that he could replace
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But the victors scattered to plunder. Saladin rallied his men, and, when the
Christians began to retire with their booty, let loose his light cavalry upon them. No connected resistance was offered, and the Turks slaughtered the fugitives until checked by the fresh troops of the Christian right flank.
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and
Saladin's right wing. The Crusaders were so successful that the enemy had to send reinforcements from other parts of the field. Thus the steady advance of the Christian centre against Saladin's own corps, in which the crossbows prepared the way for the charge of the men-at-arms, met with no great
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had entrenched himself and had successfully resisted
Saladin's assault at the end of 1187. The sultan then turned his attention to other tasks, but then tried to negotiate the surrender of the city by treaty, as in mid-1188 the first reinforcements from Europe arrived at Tyre by sea. Under the terms
2526:, in which Saladin was defeated. Richard captured Jaffa on 10 September, but throughout the remainder of 1191 and into the summer of 1192, he was unable to realize his ultimate goal of recapturing Jerusalem. The dispute over the kingship of Jerusalem was resolved in April 1192, with the election of
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King Philip was eager to launch a siege on Acre, but King Richard was not ready to go along with the plan because he was still ill and some of his men had not arrived yet due to adverse winds. They hoped that the latter would arrive with the next fleet of ships and would bring material for building
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It was now up to Richard and Saladin to finalize the surrender of the city. The Christians began to rebuild Acre's defenses, and Saladin collected money to pay for the ransom of the imprisoned garrison. On 11 August, Saladin delivered the first of the three planned payments and prisoner exchanges,
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broke through the Christian sea blockade and reinforced the city with the crews of the ships, some 10,000 men, as well as food and weapons. On 17 December, an Egyptian fleet arrived to re-establish control over the port and the road leading to it. In March 1190, when the weather was better, Conrad
2214:, Grand Master of the Templars, was killed. Andrew of Brienne was also killed and Conrad had to be rescued by Guy. In the end, the Crusaders repulsed the relieving army. Christian casualties ranged from 4,000 or 5,000 to 10,000 men. Saladin could not push them back without another pitched battle.
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Saladin's army was now so large that it was impossible for any more Crusaders to arrive by land, and winter meant that no more supplies or reinforcements could arrive by sea. Acre had a garrison of 20,000 men in the winter of 1190–1191. In the Christian camp, the leaders began to succumb to the
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On 20 May, Saladin, who had continued to strengthen his army over the previous months, began an attack on the Christian camp, which lasted eight days before it could be repelled. On 25 July, against the orders of their commanders, the Christian soldiers attacked Saladin's right flank and were
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On 4 October, Saladin moved to the east of the city to confront Guy's camp. The Crusader army had grown to 30,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry through reinforcements by the end of September. A Christian fleet of at least 102 ships blockaded the city. The Muslim army consisted of troops from
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to prevent its capture. Saladin decided on the former option, and historian Hannes Möhring suggested the approach of destroying Acre to prevent it from being used by the crusaders would only have been effective if a similar approach was taken at other cities and ports along the coast.
2347:, as well as Philip, Bishop of Beauvais, who gave their consent to divorce Isabella from Humphrey on 24 November. Conrad withdrew with Isabella to Tyre, but Guy still insisted that he was king: the succession was not settled finally until an election in 1192.
2327:, and Conrad's marital status was uncertain (he had wed a Byzantine princess in 1187, a few months before arriving at Tyre, and it was unclear whether she had annulled the marriage in his absence). Also, Sibylla's first husband had been Conrad's older brother
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Life in the city and the Christian camp quickly became difficult after their containment by Saladin. Food remained limited, the water supply became contaminated with human and animal corpses, and epidemics soon began to spread. Louis of Thuringia, sick with
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Acre was an important port, and Saladin and his advisors considered how to prepare for the possibility that the crusaders would attempt to capture the city. Opinion was split on whether the city's fortification should be reinforced or whether they should
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Tyerman, p. 449: "There may have been only a few thousand fighters within Acre by then, while Saladin's army, despite regular reinforcement, cannot have matched the gathered strength of the Christians, whose army may have numbered by this time 25,000
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epidemics. Theobald of Blois, Stephen of Sancerre and Frederick of Swabia died, on 20 January 1191. Henry of Champagne struggled with sickness for many weeks before recovering. Patriarch Eraclius also died during the siege, but the date is unknown.
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The Muslim nobles amongst the prisoners were not included in the executions. Saladin responded in kind, killing all of the Christian prisoners he had captured. On 22 August, Richard and his army left the city, given in custody to the crusaders
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and one of the king's most important men, died in the camp. This caused a major crisis for the French king, since Philip had no heirs and settling his inheritance was an urgent matter, yet a very difficult one so far away from France.
3192:, Rolls Series, (London: Longmans, 1864) III, 1, 5, 13, 17–18 (pp. 210–211, 214–217, 224–226, 231–234), translated by James Brundage, The Crusades: A Documentary History, (Milwaukee, WI: Marquette University Press, 1962), 175–181
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reached the Crusaders, which not only raised the morale of the Christian soldiers, but also compelled Saladin to bring in so many more troops that he was able to surround both the city and the Crusader camp in two separate sieges.
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The siege machines broke holes into the walls of Acre, but every new breach led to an attack from Saladin's army, giving the garrison of Acre an opportunity to repair the damage while the Christians were distracted. On 1 June,
1870:. Saladin offered the Christians the options of remaining in peace under Islamic rule or taking advantage of 40 days' grace to leave. As a result, much of Palestine quickly fell to Saladin including, after a short 5 day siege,
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responded by raising the largest army that Jerusalem had ever put in the field. However, Saladin lured the force into inhospitable terrain without water, surrounded the Latins with a superior force and routed them at the
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travelled to Tyre on his own ship and soon returned with supplies for the Crusaders, which helped the resistance against the Egyptian fleet on the shore. The building materials brought by Conrad were constructed into
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Initially Guy tried to surprise the garrison with an assault on the walls, but this failed and Guy established his camp outside the city, to wait for reinforcements, which began to arrive by sea a few days later. A
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died, a few days after both of their daughters, Alais and Marie. With her death, Guy lost his claim to the throne of Jerusalem, as Sibylla was the legal heiress. Her rightful heir was her younger half-sister,
2572:. The king was charged with the murder of Conrad, who was Leopold's cousin, and also with insulting the Austrian duke by throwing down his banner at Acre. Richard refused the accusations and was backed by
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and engines. The defending army made diverse ways to make noise and send up smoke from the fires to let Saladin and the outer army know that, as arranged, they were supposed to come to the help of the town.
2515:) fortifications, and instead focused on enhancing the defences of Jerusalem. Möhring suggests the execution of the garrison would have deterred other garrisons from defending against Richard.
2580:; nevertheless, Richard's imminent extradition to Philip of France made him strike a ransom deal. He was released for an enormous price, and did not return to his own territories until 1194.
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also took part in the siege. When Saladin was informed about this development, he gathered his troops and marched to Acre, where he unsuccessfully attacked Guy's camp on 15 September.
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The Kingdom of Jerusalem was now relatively secure, with its new capital at Acre, from which a narrow strip along the Mediterranean coast was ruled. This second incarnation of the
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arrived and took control of the Christian forces. Ships also brought devastating news for Saladin. He had missed his chance to crush the remaining Christians and now
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The barons of the kingdom used this opportunity to rid themselves of Guy, and arranged the marriage of Conrad to Isabella. However, Isabella was already married to
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2311:, made plans to return home when the French arrived, and died in Cyprus on the way back on 16 October. At some point between late July and October, Guy's wife
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legitimised his ascent through positioning himself as a defender of Sunni Islam subservient to both the Caliph of Baghdad and Nur al-Din's son and successor,
2530:, but he was assassinated only days after his victory. The pregnant Queen Isabella was quickly married to Richard and Philip's nephew, Henry of Champagne.
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Pryor, John H. (2015). "A Medieval Siege of Troy: The Fight to the Death at Acre, 1189–1191 or The Tears of Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn". In Halfond, Gregory I. (ed.).
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The capture of Acre and the execution of its garrison led to a change in Saladin's approach. Saladin was more inclined to pre-emptively demolish (
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The Crusader army marched south, with the sea to their right and Saladin's army following them to their left. On 7 September, they met at the
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The Near East, 1190, at the outset of the Third Crusade, showing the location of the Acre, the Battle of Arsuf, and other important sites.
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Leopold of Austria left shortly after the capture of the city, after quarrelling with Richard: as the surviving leader of the German
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During the autumn, more European Crusaders arrived, allowing Guy to blockade Acre by land. News of the imminent arrival of Emperor
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The Muslims lay in a semicircle east of the city facing inwards towards Acre. The Crusader army lay in between, with lightly armed
1812:. From 1121 the system fell into murderous political intrigue and Egypt declined from its previous affluent state. This encouraged
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along the way. Richard arrived with an English fleet of 100 ships (which carried 8,000 men) while Philip II arrived with a
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was sick, and his appointed representative Baldwin of Exeter died suddenly on 19 November. Therefore, it was Archbishop
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also arrived. Louis of Thuringia was able to convince Conrad, his mother's cousin, to send troops from Tyre as well.
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were on their way to the Holy Land, each accompanied by an army. Saladin's chance for victory had slipped away.
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Ibn Al-Athir, XII, 20–26; Chapter four in Arab Historians of the Crusades, ed. and trans. by Francesco Gabrieli
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King Philip II arrived on 20 April, and King Richard I on 8 June, after he had used the opportunity to conquer
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The Siege of Acre, 1189–1191: Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the Battle that Decided the Third Crusade
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siege machinery. Philip continued the project by himself, and on 17 June, fired an attack on Acre with
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Detail of a miniature of Philip II of France arriving in the Eastern Mediterranean (mid-14th century)
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fleet replaced that of the Sicilians, who withdrew when they heard news of the death of William II.
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defeated. Further reinforcements from France arrived in the Crusader camp over the summer, led by
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to the Muslim prophet Mohammad. Governance fell to the caliph's chief administrator called the
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shortly before Christmas, where he was recognized, captured and imprisoned by Duke Leopold at
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to plan an invasion that was only halted by the payment by Egypt of a tribute of 160,000 gold
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The Medieval Way of War: Studies in Medieval Military History in Honor of Bernard S. Bachrach
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the Christians fought coherently; here the battle began with a disjointed combat between the
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3072:"Die muslimische Strategie der Schleifung fränkischen Festungen und Städte in der Levante"
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Hosler, John D. (2018) "The siege of Acre (1189–1191) in the historiographical tradition"
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arrived at the beginning of October with the rest of his father's army, after the
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Burgen und Schlösser: Zeitschrift für Burgenforschung und Denkmalpflege
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and Italians under Archbishop Gerhard of Ravenna and Bishop Adelard of
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1948: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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died of deep sadness on 19 October 1187 on hearing of the defeat.
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1774:. This pivotal siege formed part of what later became known as the
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sent a fleet with 200 knights; on 6 April 1189, Ubaldo Lanfranchi,
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A 19th-century depiction of the Acre's surrender to Philip in 1191
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resistance. Saladin's centre and right flanks were put to flight.
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2069:) to the south. Thus Guy and Conrad were allies against Saladin.
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of the treaty, Saladin would, among other things, release
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rulers in Baghdad and with a rival Shi'ite caliph—that is
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Leopold did not hesitate to gain the support of Emperor
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As Nur al-Din's territories fragmented after his death,
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also arrived, and the Christians had a breakthrough in
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3148:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 111–.
2533:Meanwhile, Richard was informed that his brother,
3272:Battles involving the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
3062:Williams & Norgate, London (1903). (Archived
3060:Saladin and the Fall of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
2909:Sacred Swords: Jihad in the Holy Land, 1097–1291
2033:'s will: he was the nearest paternal kinsman of
1898:that proposed a further Crusade, later numbered
3186:Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi
2320:. Guy, however, refused to step aside for her.
2259:, John of Fontigny, Alain of Saint-Valéry, the
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1906:died en route to Jerusalem, drowning in the
1841:
1891:
1762:was the first significant counterattack by
2545:. Due to the coming winter, crossing the
1601:
1587:
1579:
851:
837:
829:
766:
752:
744:
38:
3267:Sieges involving the Kingdom of Jerusalem
3087:
2482:, ordered by King Richard the Lionheart (
2008:Learn how and when to remove this message
3282:Sieges involving the Knights Hospitaller
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2764:
2752:
2740:
2728:
2716:
1496:End of the Crusader states in the Levant
3172:God's War A New History of the Crusades
2984:The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land
2962:
2860:
2836:
2824:
2595:
3322:Battles involving the Republic of Pisa
3317:Sieges involving the Republic of Genoa
3262:Sieges involving the Holy Roman Empire
2848:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2646:
2631:
2605:
2549:proved to be impossible, and the king
2933:Janin, Hunt; Carlson, Ursula (2014).
2893:
2881:
1824:, visited Zengi's son and successor,
7:
3287:Sieges involving the Knights Templar
2553:passed through the Austrian capital
2354:Richard the Lionheart on his way to
1946:adding citations to reliable sources
2283:on 10 June, and shortly afterwards
2089:lay on a peninsula in the Gulf of
25:
3332:Sieges involving the Papal States
3302:1190s in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
3297:1180s in the Kingdom of Jerusalem
3003:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History
2480:Massacre of the Saracen prisoners
2139:Louis III, Landgrave of Thuringia
3121:and Saladin in the Third Crusade
2193:in the first line and the heavy
1922:
1641:War of the Antiochene Succession
636:
621:
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3207:Battle of Acre – History Avenue
1933:needs additional citations for
1904:Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor
1797:from 969, independent from the
3277:Battles involving the Ayyubids
1957:"Siege of Acre" 1189–1191
1820:. In 1163 the deposed vizier,
32:Siege of Acre (disambiguation)
1:
3170:Tyerman, Christopher (2008).
2587:endured for another century.
73:28 August 1189 – 12 July 1191
3242:Battles of the Third Crusade
2576:, who threatened Henry with
2358:, James William Glass (1850)
2113:soldiers also arrived under
1842:
1770:, leader of the Muslims in
1624:Armenian–Crusader Campaigns
641:Shirkuh ibn Bakhel the Kurd
255:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
27:Battle of the Third Crusade
3353:
3115:Reston, James Jr. (2001).
2468:
2465:Execution of the prisoners
2373:King Richard the Lionheart
1902:, to recapture Jerusalem.
1155:Period post-Second Crusade
29:
3337:Battles involving Bohemia
3089:10.11588/BUS.2009.4.48565
3041:. Yale University Press.
2369:Duke Leopold V of Austria
2230:On 30 October, 50 Muslim
1667:Armenian–Mongol Campaigns
1621:
1366:Period post-Third Crusade
939:Period post-First Crusade
873:
783:
714:
648:
626:Saif ad-Din Meshtub
602:Husam Al-din Abu Al-hayja
293:
131:
65:
54:
46:
3327:Sieges involving Denmark
3312:Sieges involving Armenia
3252:Sieges involving England
3070:Möhring, Hannes (2009).
2986:. Simon & Schuster.
2906:Waterson, James (2010).
2293:Archbishop of Canterbury
2287:Crusaders arrived under
2197:in second. At the later
1876:Benedict of Peterborough
1855:As-Salih Ismail al-Malik
1814:Baldwin III of Jerusalem
3257:Sieges involving France
2912:. Casemate Publishers.
1790:Egypt was ruled by the
1648:Armenian–Byzantine Wars
3307:Sieges of Acre, Israel
3247:Sieges of the Crusades
2487:
2424:
2392:
2359:
2273:Frederick VI of Swabia
2261:Archbishop of Besançon
2082:
2073:Beginning of the siege
1892:
1884:Pope Gregory VIII
515:Aibek al-Akhresh
419:Frederick VI of Swabia
294:Commanders and leaders
30:For other sieges, see
3119:Richard the Lionheart
2541:and went ashore near
2478:
2422:
2390:
2353:
2318:Isabella of Jerusalem
2253:Stephen I of Sancerre
2245:Henry II of Champagne
2080:
2053:In late spring 1188,
1543:Lord Edward's Crusade
715:Casualties and losses
530:Ibn al-Bessarau
3237:Richard I of England
3140:Tyerman, Christopher
3101:. Farnham: Ashgate.
2585:Kingdom of Jerusalem
2528:Conrad of Montferrat
2484:Alphonse de Neuville
2471:Massacre at Ayyadieh
2377:King Philip Augustus
2325:Humphrey IV of Toron
2224:Frederick Barbarossa
2055:William II of Sicily
2022:Conrad of Montferrat
1942:improve this article
1859:Battle of Montgisard
1838:Amalric of Jerusalem
1716:Armenian–Mamluk Wars
592:Baha al-Din Qaraqush
437:Leopold V of Austria
366:Conrad of Montferrat
356:Sibylla of Jerusalem
328:Philip I of Flanders
308:Richard I of England
166:Kingdom of Jerusalem
18:Siege of Acre (1189)
3056:Lane-Poole, Stanley
3001:Chahin, M. (1987).
2295:. In October, the
2279:had drowned in the
2257:Raoul I of Clermont
2249:Theobald V of Blois
1880:Pope Urban III
1533:Krak des Chevaliers
546:Imad ed-Din Sinjari
318:Philip II of France
195:Knights Hospitaller
182:Order Of St Lazarus
104:32.9275°N 35.0817°E
100: /
3292:Battles of Saladin
3029:10.1111/hic3.12451
2803:, pp. 343–357
2779:, pp. 307–308
2755:, pp. 287–288
2743:, pp. 282–286
2731:, pp. 272–275
2719:, pp. 266–268
2574:Pope Celestine III
2488:
2425:
2393:
2360:
2337:Patriarch Eraclius
2277:Holy Roman Emperor
2212:Gerard de Ridefort
2143:Otto I of Guelders
2135:Bishop of Beauvais
2129:, and his brother
2127:Robert II of Dreux
2083:
2059:Archbishop of Pisa
1401:3rd Constantinople
1396:2nd Constantinople
1301:2nd Belvoir Castle
1261:1st Belvoir Castle
1124:1st Constantinople
688:45,000–50,000 men
555:Hossam ad-Din Lulu
376:Gerard de Ridefort
265:Kingdom of Denmark
146:Kingdom of England
3232:Conflicts in 1191
3227:Conflicts in 1190
3222:Conflicts in 1189
3117:Warriors of God:
2501:Stephen Longchamp
2497:Bertram de Verdun
2434:Count of Flanders
2383:The kings at Acre
2341:Ubaldo Lanfranchi
2329:William Longsword
2289:Baldwin of Exeter
2155:Leo II of Cilicia
2123:Andrew of Brienne
2018:
2017:
2010:
1992:
1755:
1754:
1703:Wadi al-Khaznadar
1576:
1575:
863:: battles in the
826:
825:
742:
741:
729:5,000–10,000 dead
500:Emir Mojili
465:Leo II of Armenia
409:Ubaldo Lanfranchi
275:Republic of Genoa
235:Holy Roman Empire
215:Kingdom of Sicily
156:Kingdom of France
127:
126:
16:(Redirected from
3344:
3175:
3174:. Belknap Press.
3166:
3164:
3162:
3112:
3093:
3091:
3052:
3016:
3005:. Curzon Press.
2997:
2980:Asbridge, Thomas
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2827:, pp. 35–36
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2609:
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2451:Duchy of Austria
2430:Philip of Alsace
2218:The double siege
2137:. Germans under
2115:James of Avesnes
2068:
2064:
2047:destroy the city
2013:
2006:
2002:
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1993:
1991:
1950:
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1918:
1897:
1868:Battle of Hattin
1845:
1830:atabeg of Aleppo
1764:Guy of Jerusalem
1616:
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1613:Cilician Armenia
1603:
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669:7,000–10,000 men
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3180:Primary sources
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3035:Hosler, John D.
3033:
3021:History Compass
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2617:Tyerman, p. 436
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2597:
2593:
2578:excommunication
2520:Battle of Arsuf
2509:
2473:
2467:
2453:over the city.
2385:
2265:Bishop of Blois
2237:siege machinery
2220:
2199:Battle of Arsuf
2163:
2131:Philip of Dreux
2075:
2066:
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2014:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1951:
1949:
1939:
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1894:Audita tremendi
1874:. According to
1795:Fatimid dynasty
1788:
1780:Crusader states
1772:Syria and Egypt
1756:
1751:
1617:
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1472:Seventh Crusade
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684:
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611:Ibn Barik
532:
517:
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394:Robert de Sablé
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346:Guy of Lusignan
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177:Knights Templar
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3201:External links
3199:
3197:
3196:
3190:William Stubbs
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3167:
3155:978-1402768910
3154:
3136:
3113:
3108:978-1472419583
3107:
3094:
3082:(4): 211–217.
3067:
3053:
3048:978-0300215502
3047:
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3017:
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2993:978-1849836883
2992:
2975:
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2968:
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2946:978-1476612072
2945:
2925:
2919:978-1848325807
2918:
2898:
2896:, p. 108.
2886:
2884:, p. 104.
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2707:, p. 107.
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2570:Trifels Castle
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2469:Main article:
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2269:Bishop of Toul
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2161:Battle of Acre
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2119:Henry I of Bar
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2965:, p. 213
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2939:. McFarland.
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2815:, p. 367
2814:
2813:Asbridge 2012
2809:
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2801:Asbridge 2012
2797:
2794:
2791:, p. 322
2790:
2789:Asbridge 2012
2785:
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2777:Asbridge 2012
2773:
2770:
2767:, p. 292
2766:
2765:Asbridge 2012
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2753:Asbridge 2012
2749:
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2741:Asbridge 2012
2737:
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2729:Asbridge 2012
2725:
2722:
2718:
2717:Asbridge 2012
2713:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2695:, p. 45.
2694:
2689:
2686:
2683:, p. 54.
2682:
2677:
2674:
2671:, p. 34.
2670:
2665:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2649:, p. 12.
2648:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2634:, p. 19.
2633:
2628:
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2611:
2608:, p. 72.
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2535:John Lackland
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2319:
2314:
2313:Queen Sibylla
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
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2266:
2262:
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2250:
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2233:
2228:
2225:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2153:troops under
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2039:Queen Sibylla
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2012:
2009:
2001:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959: –
1958:
1954:
1953:Find sources:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1931:This section
1929:
1925:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1885:
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1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
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1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:Third Crusade
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:siege of Acre
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
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1636:
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1627:
1626:
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1620:
1615:
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1584:
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1569:
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1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:3rd Jerusalem
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:and aftermath
1443:
1442:Sixth Crusade
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1408:Fifth Crusade
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1373:
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1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:Third Crusade
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:2nd Jerusalem
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1129:2nd Dorylaeum
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
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1058:
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1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
940:
934:
931:
929:
928:1st Jerusalem
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
898:1st Dorylaeum
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
879:
878:
877:First Crusade
872:
866:
862:
854:
849:
847:
842:
840:
835:
834:
831:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
782:
777:
776:Third Crusade
769:
764:
762:
757:
755:
750:
749:
746:
734:
733:Relief force:
731:
728:
725:
724:
722:
719:
718:
713:
705:
702:
701:
700:
699:Relief force:
697:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
681:
677:
674:
671:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
655:
653:
652:
647:
639:
635:
633:
631:
624:
620:
618:
616:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
593:
589:
585:
583:
579:
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
547:
543:
539:
537:
535:
528:
524:
522:
520:
513:
509:
507:
505:
498:
494:
492:
488:
484:
483:
481:
476:
472:
468:
466:
462:
458:
456:
454:
448:
444:
440:
438:
434:
430:
428:
426:
420:
416:
412:
410:
406:
401:
397:
395:
391:
387:
385:
383:
377:
373:
369:
367:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
337:
335:
329:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
300:
298:
297:
292:
289:
285:
281:
276:
272:
268:
266:
262:
258:
256:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
236:
232:
228:
226:
222:
218:
216:
212:
208:
206:
202:
198:
196:
192:
188:
183:
180:
178:
174:
170:
169:
167:
163:
159:
157:
153:
149:
147:
143:
139:
138:
136:
135:
130:
122:
119:
118:
113:
84:
80:
77:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
58:
53:
50:
49:Third Crusade
45:
42:Siege of Acre
40:
37:
33:
19:
3185:
3171:
3159:. Retrieved
3145:The Crusades
3144:
3125:Random House
3116:
3098:
3079:
3075:
3059:
3038:
3020:
3002:
2983:
2972:Bibliography
2963:Möhring 2009
2935:
2928:
2908:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2868:
2861:Tyerman 2008
2856:
2844:
2837:Möhring 2009
2832:
2825:Tyerman 2007
2820:
2808:
2796:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2724:
2712:
2700:
2688:
2676:
2664:
2654:
2613:
2582:
2563:
2550:
2539:Adriatic Sea
2532:
2517:
2510:
2493:
2489:
2455:
2443:
2426:
2409:
2405:Simone Doria
2403:fleet under
2394:
2365:
2361:
2345:papal legate
2322:
2305:
2297:Count of Bar
2281:Saleph River
2241:
2229:
2221:
2208:
2188:
2164:
2095:
2085:The port of
2084:
2052:
2043:
2019:
2004:
1995:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1952:
1940:Please help
1935:verification
1932:
1908:Saleph River
1848:
1843:Salah al-Din
1805:
1789:
1759:
1757:
1728:Sarvandik'ar
1715:
1714:
1679:Mayyafariqin
1666:
1665:
1647:
1646:
1634:
1623:
1494:
1493:
1489:2nd Fariskur
1484:2nd Mansurah
1479:3rd Damietta
1470:
1469:
1440:
1439:
1435:1st Mansurah
1430:1st Fariskur
1425:2nd Damietta
1406:
1405:
1382:
1381:
1365:
1364:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1246:Jacob's Ford
1211:1st Damietta
1154:
1153:
1144:Mount Cadmus
1115:
1114:
965:2nd Heraclea
960:1st Heraclea
938:
937:
875:
797:
732:
726:
698:
692:
687:
672:
666:
657:
629:
614:
563:Moezz ad-Din
533:
518:
503:
475:Simone Doria
452:
424:
381:
333:
225:Papal States
132:Belligerents
47:Part of the
36:
3194:fordham.edu
2849:Chahin 1987
2705:Hosler 2018
2693:Hosler 2018
2681:Hosler 2018
2669:Hosler 2018
2647:Hosler 2018
2632:Hosler 2018
2606:Hosler 2018
2522:, north of
2191:crossbowmen
2184:Mesopotamia
1681:(1259–1260)
1643:(1201–1219)
1637:(1189–1191)
1558:3rd Tripoli
1538:2nd Tripoli
1523:2nd Antioch
1465:3rd Ascalon
1415:Mount Tabor
1345:Philomelion
1206:2nd Bilbeis
1196:1st Bilbeis
1171:2nd Ascalon
1105:Edessa 1146
1100:Edessa 1144
1095:2nd Shaizar
1020:Al-Sannabra
1015:1st Shaizar
980:1st Tripoli
933:1st Ascalon
913:2nd Antioch
903:1st Antioch
867:(1096–1303)
803:Philomelion
720:19,000 dead
107: /
3216:Categories
3133:0385495617
2894:Pryor 2015
2882:Pryor 2015
2591:References
2438:Vermandois
2343:of Pisa a
2267:, and the
2031:Baldwin IV
1968:newspapers
1888:papal bull
1826:Nur ad-Din
1786:Background
1316:Al-Shughur
1241:Marj Ayyun
1226:Montgisard
1221:Alexandria
1176:Lake Huleh
1090:2nd Aleppo
1065:al-Atharib
1050:1st Aleppo
883:Xerigordos
706:50 galleys
703:40,000 men
680:trebuchets
675:25,000 men
667:Initially:
660:59,000 men
95:35°04′54″E
92:32°55′39″N
3161:4 October
2559:Dürnstein
2551:incognito
2507:Aftermath
2446:mangonels
2413:ballistas
2356:Jerusalem
2333:canon law
2176:Turkestan
2035:Baldwin V
2020:In Tyre,
1998:July 2023
1900:the Third
1886:issued a
1872:Jerusalem
1806:successor
1691:Ain Jalut
1503:2nd Arsuf
1420:Machghara
1372:2nd Jaffa
1360:1st Jaffa
1355:1st Arsuf
1281:2nd Kerak
1271:1st Kerak
1201:al-Babein
1186:al-Buqaia
1080:Qinnasrin
1070:Rafaniyya
995:3rd Ramla
975:2nd Ramla
970:1st Ramla
727:Garrison:
693:Garrison:
663:102 ships
572:Al-Adil I
447:Děpolt II
3142:(2007).
3037:(2018).
2982:(2012).
2566:Henry VI
2543:Aquileia
2461:forces.
2458:Imperial
2271:. Duke
2203:Templars
2151:Armenian
2067:31 miles
2027:King Guy
1863:King Guy
1766:against
1654:Mamistra
1610:Wars of
1563:4th Acre
1508:Caesarea
1340:3rd Acre
1306:Laodicea
1296:3rd Tyre
1251:2nd Acre
1149:Damascus
985:1st Acre
955:Mersivan
950:Melitene
908:Samosata
861:Crusades
649:Strength
288:Ayyubids
78:Location
3023:(2018)
2486:, 1883)
2401:Genoese
2309:malaria
2285:English
2232:galleys
2195:cavalry
2111:Flemish
2103:Frisian
1982:scholar
1851:Saladin
1834:Shirkuh
1802:Abbasid
1792:Shi'ite
1768:Saladin
1740:Malatya
1734:Rumkale
1673:Baghdad
1350:Iconium
1321:Bourzey
1276:Cresson
1266:Al-Fule
1256:Red Sea
1181:Butaiha
1134:Ephesus
1075:Antioch
918:Ma'arra
888:Civetot
808:Iconium
630:†
615:†
582:Gökböri
534:†
519:†
504:†
491:Saladin
453:†
425:†
382:†
334:†
3188:, ed.
3152:
3131:
3105:
3045:
3009:
2990:
2943:
2916:
2555:Vienna
2513:slight
2397:Cyprus
2263:, the
2182:, and
2147:Verona
2141:, and
2133:, the
2107:French
2099:Danish
1984:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1890:named
1822:Shawar
1818:dinars
1810:vizier
1748:(1375)
1742:(1315)
1736:(1292)
1730:(1276)
1724:(1266)
1711:(1303)
1705:(1299)
1699:(1281)
1693:(1260)
1687:(1260)
1685:Aleppo
1675:(1258)
1662:(1165)
1660:Tarsus
1656:(1152)
1631:(1125)
1553:Margat
1460:Forbie
1311:Sahyun
1286:Hattin
1236:Banias
1166:Aintab
1085:Ba'rin
1045:Yibneh
1025:Sarmin
1005:Beirut
990:Harran
893:Nicaea
865:Levant
793:Silves
658:Total:
449:
421:
378:
330:
120:Result
2659:men."
2524:Jaffa
2301:Haifa
2180:Syria
2168:Egypt
2091:Haifa
2063:50 km
1989:JSTOR
1975:books
1799:Sunni
1518:Safed
1513:Haifa
1377:Toron
1326:Safed
1191:Harim
1110:Bosra
1010:Sidon
1000:Artah
945:Arsuf
818:Jaffa
813:Arsuf
788:Alvor
735:heavy
3163:2016
3150:ISBN
3129:ISBN
3103:ISBN
3064:here
3043:ISBN
3007:ISBN
2988:ISBN
2941:ISBN
2914:ISBN
2547:Alps
2499:and
2436:and
2375:and
2172:Kurd
2109:and
2101:and
2087:Acre
1961:news
1914:Tyre
1758:The
1722:Mari
1697:Homs
1635:Acre
1629:Azaz
1568:Ruad
1548:Homs
1450:Gaza
1391:Zara
1231:Hama
1216:Ayla
1161:Inab
1055:Azaz
923:Arqa
798:Acre
673:End:
83:Acre
70:Date
3127:,
3084:doi
3025:doi
2335:.
1944:by
1746:Sis
1035:Hab
678:11
3218::
3123:.
3080:50
3074:.
3058:.
2955:^
2639:^
2622:^
2598:^
2561:.
2503:.
2432:,
2291:,
2255:,
2251:,
2247:,
2186:.
2178:,
2174:,
2170:,
2125:,
2121:,
2117:,
1878:,
1828:,
1782:.
3165:.
3135:.
3111:.
3092:.
3086::
3066:)
3051:.
3027::
3015:.
2996:.
2949:.
2922:.
2065:(
2011:)
2005:(
2000:)
1996:(
1986:·
1979:·
1972:·
1965:·
1938:.
1602:e
1595:t
1588:v
852:e
845:t
838:v
767:e
760:t
753:v
34:.
20:)
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