162:
143:
111:
400:. Following the arrest opposition activity and violence increased exponentially, with daily demonstrations, strikes, and boycotts, and increased attacks on Ba'ath Party offices. The Islamist opposition were the biggest threat to the state, as they were the best armed and organized, although the secular opposition threatened the Ba'athist state due to its wide support amongst the middle classes, as well as minority groups opposed to the Islamists.
38:
185:
174:
123:
459:, 11 August 1980, in response to another attack on a government patrol, Special Forces commander Hashem Mualla submitted orders for his men to surround the neighborhood of al-Masharqah, and ordered discharge of random people from their homes. These people were then marched to a nearby cemetery. Near the tomb of
421:
of the Syrian Army were redeployed to Aleppo from
Damascus and Lebanon. The Division was reinforced with Special Forces units as well as additional units of the Defense Brigades. Syrian government forces, comprising some 30,000 men from units considered both elite and loyal, surrounded and sealed off
446:
Government forces had largely regained control of the city by May, although the situation remained tense. However new violence flared in the summer of 1980. In retaliation for an attack on a government patrol, Special Forces units rounded up males at random in the Suq al-Ahad quarter on 1 July. The
383:
Government security forces clamped down on the opposition, raiding opposition centers and meeting places. Government security forces were composed of 5,000 soldiers of the
Defense Brigades, as well as thousands of members of the police and various other state security organizations. In spite of the
379:
in June 1979, and also witnessed running battles and clashes between government security forces and the
Islamist opposition in Autumn 1979. Armed cells of radical Islamist opposition attacked police patrols and government as a result, Syrian's government military and security forces launched a
463:
the units were ordered to fire, killing between 83 and 100 citizens, mostly children. Several hundred more were injured. Later, bulldozers buried the bodies, while some of them were still alive. Reinforcing the random nature of the selection process, some of those killed included Ba'ath party
425:
The
Special Forces units entered the city first, on 1 April 1980. The 3rd Division in turn deployed in force on 6 April. The Division deployed their soldiers alongside hundreds of tanks and armoured vehicles, which engaged in a brutal crackdown, often firing indiscriminately at residential
374:
Aleppo has traditionally been seen as Syria's most important city after
Damascus, and was an important center to members of Syria's democratic and secular opposition as well as the armed Islamist opposition. The city was the scene of the
413:
In early March 1980 the Syrian Muslim
Brotherhood closed down the business district of Aleppo for two weeks. The strikes spurred sympathy strikes in other cities including Hama, Homs, Idlib, Deir ez-Zor, and Hasaka.
433:
The government offensive had resulted in hundreds of civilian deaths by mid April, whilst many more were detained at detention sites spread throughout the city. Special Forces units set up a prison camp in the
497:. At least 8,000 were arrested, with other sources talking of 10,000 prisoners. From 1979 to 1981 Muslim Brotherhood forces killed over 300 people in Aleppo; nearly all of whom were Ba'athist officials of
269:
262:
308:
255:
430:
was reported to have stood on a tank on 5 April, and announced his willingness to "kill a thousand people a day to rid the city of the Muslim
Brother vermins."
447:
units rounded up a random group of 200 males aged fifteen and over, and then proceeded to open fire on them killing 42 and wounding over a hundred and fifty.
530:
820:
800:
795:
765:
493:
An estimated 1,000–2,000 people were killed by the security forces during the siege, either during clashes, at random, or as part of
711:
660:
592:
376:
298:
293:
726:
810:
805:
206:
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properties. Government force would seal off neighborhoods, and then search house to house for suspects and weapons. Gen.
785:
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501:, but also including some clerics who had denounced these killings and the Brotherhood's armed terrorist campaign.
279:
29:
770:
515:
212:
815:
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In response both to the strikes and the general increase in opposition activity, in mid March units of the
393:
780:
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313:
682:
147:
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48:
Marked in green are districts which saw either heavy clampdowns or massacres by government forces.
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heavy government presence large sections of Aleppo fell out of the control of the Syrian state.
703:
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588:
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Violence in the city exploded in
November 1979, after security forces arrested Shaykh
759:
696:
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577:
427:
178:
37:
476:
and the massacre in al-Masharqah neighborhood, the Third
Armored Division occupied
349:
refers to a military operation conducted by forces of the Syrian government led by
396:, a leading voice amongst Islamists and a regular leader of Friday prayers in the
473:
456:
741:
728:
247:
353:
in 1980 during the armed conflict between the Sunni groups, including the
498:
358:
477:
345:
69:
46:, which was utilised as a main base by government forces in the city.
698:
Things Fall Apart: Containing the
Spillover from an Iraqi Civil War
579:
Things Fall Apart: Containing the Spillover from an Iraqi Civil War
627:
Syria Unmasked: The Suppression of Human Rights by the Asad Regime
559:
Syria Unmasked: The Suppression of Human Rights by the Asad Regime
128:
73:
357:, and the Syrian government. Government forces committed several
251:
464:
members, government workers, and other government supporters.
629:. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. p. 15.
561:. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. p. 14.
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and 35 citizens were taken from their homes and shot dead.
702:. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p.
583:. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p.
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History of Syria, Baath Party rule under Hafez al-Assad
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694:Byman, Daniel; Pollack, Kenneth Michael (2008).
575:Byman, Daniel; Pollack, Kenneth Michael (2008).
647:Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East
22:
638:
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679:From Hama to Hamas: Syria's Islamist Policies
309:Syrian President assassination attempt (1980)
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8:
681:inFocus SPRING 2009 • VOLUME III: NUMBER 1,
531:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
651:. University of California Press. p.
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380:crackdown resulting in many casualties.
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92:Syrian Muslim Brotherhood outlawed
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821:20th-century mass murder in Syria
643:Seale, Patrick (1 January 1990).
377:Aleppo Artillery School massacre
361:in the course of the operation.
324:Azbakiah bombing (November 1981)
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172:
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294:Aleppo Artillery School (1979)
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801:Political repression in Syria
314:Tadmor Prison massacre (1980)
796:Massacres committed by Syria
388:Surge in opposition activity
60:1 April 1980 – February 1981
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766:Islamist uprising in Syria
625:Middle East Watch (1991).
557:Middle East Watch (1991).
526:List of massacres in Syria
281:Islamist uprising in Syria
85:Syrian government victory
30:Islamist uprising in Syria
516:Black September in Jordan
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224:Several thousand Fighters
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442:Insurgency and massacres
468:Bustan Al-Qasr massacre
299:Jisr al-Shughour (1980)
742:36.198133°N 37.16328°E
511:2004 Al-Qamishli riots
398:Great Mosque of Aleppo
135:Commanders and leaders
811:1980 murders in Syria
451:Al-Masharqah massacre
394:Zain al-Din Khairalla
370:Protests and violence
239:8,000–10,000 arrested
232:Casualties and losses
42:Marked in red is the
806:1980 crimes in Syria
683:Jewish Policy Center
329:Hama (February 1982)
786:Mass murder in 1980
747:36.198133; 37.16328
738: /
89:Uprising suppressed
791:Massacres in Syria
495:summary executions
472:The day after the
455:On the morning of
355:Muslim Brotherhood
116:Muslim Brotherhood
776:Conflicts in 1980
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319:Hama (April 1981)
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203:Fighting Vanguard
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207:3rd Division
167:`Adnan `Uqla
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103:Belligerents
84:
15:
745: /
474:Eid al-Fitr
457:Eid al-Fitr
760:Categories
733:37°09′48″E
730:36°11′53″N
537:References
489:Casualties
365:Background
237:2,000 dead
148:Husni 'Abo
409:Crackdown
404:Operation
359:massacres
344:siege of
505:See also
499:Alawites
422:Aleppo.
242:300 dead
219:Strength
65:Location
28:Part of
667:Aleppo.
436:Citadel
154:†
44:Citadel
710:
659:
591:
484:Result
478:Aleppo
346:Aleppo
227:30,000
150:
126:
81:Result
70:Aleppo
129:Syria
74:Syria
708:ISBN
657:ISBN
589:ISBN
342:The
57:Date
704:152
585:153
762::
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635:^
603:^
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567:^
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72:,
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653:3
597:.
271:e
264:t
257:v
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