898:
1712:, to this one event; however, such an argument has been criticized as simplistic and lazy. Whereas an oft-quoted description from a 16th-century historian details that so many books from Baghdad's libraries were thrown into the Tigris that "the colour of the river changed into black from their multitude," the historian Michal Biran has shown that large libraries reopened for learning and teaching within two years of the siege. Hulegu and his successors as rulers of the Ilkhanate actively patronized and encouraged musical and literary traditions; it was subsequent sieges like those conducted by
1493:
1607:
239:
1125:
57:
1632:, in which Hulegu subsequently locked al-Musta'sim in a cell surrounded by his treasures, whereupon he starved to death in four days. In reality, on 20 February, after Hulegu had halted the plundering and killing and moved his camp away from the city to escape the increasingly putrid air, al-Musta'sim was executed alongside his whole family and court. To avoid spilling a royal's blood, a great
1172:, Hulegu was dispatched westwards to destroy the Ismaili Assassins and to ensure the submission of the Abbasid caliphs. For this task, he was assigned one fifth of the empire's manpower, a figure which has been variously calculated by modern scholars as between 138,000, nearly 200,000, or 300,000 men. The force contained troops from
1640:
If, as later writers allege, al-Alqami had betrayed
Baghdad to the Mongols, Hulegu would have had him executed—such was the Mongol policy regarding all traitors. Instead, because of his efforts to dissuade the caliph from a foolish path, he was reappointed to the vizierate, although he died less than
1539:
With limited options, al-Musta'sim prepared to surrender. After sending out an embassy led by his son and heir Ahmed, who secured guarantees of safety for his family, the caliph surrendered on 10 February, bringing his family and 3,000 dignitaries. Hulegu asked al-Musta'sim to order the population of
1354:
Al-Musta'sim's reply to Hulegu's letter called the Mongol leader young and ignorant, and presented himself as able to summon armies from all of Islam. Accompanied by disrespectful behaviour towards Hulegu's envoys, who were exposed to taunting and mockery from mobs on
Baghdad's streets, this was just
1535:
and the commander of
Baghdad's garrison were surrendered to the Mongols during the negotiations, and were now put to death. On 7 February, a large number of unarmed soldiers and inhabitants emerged from the city, in the apparent hope that they would be spared and allowed to settle in Syria; instead,
876:
controlled the eastern wall by 4 February. The increasingly desperate al-Musta'sim frantically tried to negotiate, but Hulegu was intent on total victory, even killing soldiers who attempted to surrender. The Caliph eventually surrendered the city on 10 February, and the
Mongols began looting three
1515:
The assault on
Baghdad's walls began on either 29 or 30 January. The Mongol forces arrowed messages containing guarantees of safety into the city—those covered by the guarantees included Christians, certain Muslim figures, and those who had not fought the Mongols or who had surrendered. The first
1636:
for the
Mongols, the caliph was wrapped in a rolled-up carpet and trampled to death by horses. Hulegu had debated whether to put al-Musta'sim to death at all, but eventually decided on doing so to break the myth of the caliphate being an all-powerful, invulnerable, and inviolate entity.
1580:
Two days into the looting, on 15 February, Hulegu visited the caliphal palace and forced al-Musta'sim to reveal his treasures; some was distributed among commanders such as Guo Kan, but most loaded onto wagons and transported either to Möngke Khan in
Karakorum or to
1585:
in
Azerbaijan, where Hulegu would be buried. Having granted the palace to Makkikha to be a church, Hulegu then held a celebratory banquet in which he mockingly played host to the caliph. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, who was likely present, recorded the following dialogue:
1561:, a 13th-century Armenian historian, the Christians in Hulegu's army took special pleasure in Baghdad's sack. It is unknown how many inhabitants were killed: later Muslim writers estimated between 800,000 and two million deaths, while Hulegu himself, in a letter to
1516:
breach was made in the southeast Ajami tower, near Hulegu's camp, on 1 February, but the
Mongols were driven back; further breaches over the next two days enabled them to access and seize control of the east battlements by 4 February. Sensing defeat, the
1371:
Losing patience, Hulegu consulted his advisors on the practicalities of attacking
Baghdad. The astronomer Husam al-Din prophesied doom, stating that all rulers who had attacked Baghdad had afterwards lost their kingdom. Hulegu then turned to the polymath
1761:
fell in late 1257, while Gerdkuh held out for fifteen years, only falling in 1271. Although Hulegu appears to have quite liked Rukn al-Din and honoured his safety, Möngke viewed his continued survival as a waste of resources and ordered him put to
881:; Hulegu later estimated the total at around 200,000. After calling an amnesty for the pillaging on 20 February, Hulegu executed the caliph. In contrast to the exaggerations of later Muslim historians, Baghdad prospered under Hulegu's
825:, attacked the city. Within a few weeks, Baghdad fell and was sacked by the Mongol army—al-Musta'sim was killed alongside hundreds of thousands of his subjects. The city's fall has traditionally been seen as marking the end of the
1271:
to provide troops for the campaign against the Assassins; the caliph had initially assented, but his ministers argued that the real purpose of the request was to empty Baghdad of potential defenders, and so he refused. Later
1363:
minor rulers in Syria were focusing on their own survival. A further exchange of letters brought no progress save the caliph's concession of a small amount of tribute—al-Alqami had argued for sending large amounts, but the
1596:"Then why did you keep it," asked the khan, "and not give it to your soldiers? And why did you not make these iron doors into arrow-heads and come to the bank of the river so that I might not have been able to cross it?"
852:
in 1256. The Mongols had expected al-Musta'sim to provide reinforcements for their army—the Caliph's failure to do so, combined with his arrogance in negotiations, convinced Hulegu to overthrow him in late 1257. Invading
1557:, herself a Christian, had interceded, were deemed worthy and were instructed to mark their doors so their houses would be spared. The rest of the city was subject to pillaging and killing for a full week. According to
301:
1703:
Baghdad's fall was not as era-defining as has been suggested, although the end of the caliphate marked a momentous occasion for the Islamic world. Muslim writers have traditionally ascribed the decline of the
1548:
On 13 February, the sack of Baghdad began. This was not an act of wanton destruction, as it has commonly been presented, but rather a calculated decision to show the consequences of defying the Mongol Empire.
1344:
as "one of the most magnificent dialogues in history". His first message demanded that the caliph peacefully submit and send his three principal ministers—the vizier, the commander of the soldiers, and the
987:
in 1055, by which time the caliphs had only local authority. They focused their attentions on Baghdad itself, which retained its position as one of the preeminent cities of the world—it was joined only by
643:
5896:
1292:
had broken out after a devastating flood, placing Baghdad in a difficult position; however, al-Musta'sim and his ministers were still quite delusional concerning their chances of success.
3679:
1531:, during the next week, but Hulegu was determined on nothing less than unconditional surrender, especially after one of his commanders was wounded by an arrow during a parley. Both the
294:
1432:
and flooded the camp of the celebrating Abbasid army. Many drowned, and the remainder were engaged by Baiju's army the following morning—they were routed and only a few, including the
1211:
Because of the size of his force, Hulegu's progress from Karakorum was extremely leisurely by Mongol standards. Setting out in October 1253, he spent the next years passing through
1540:
the city to leave the city after laying their weapons down; those who obeyed were slaughtered. The caliph and his family were housed near Kitbuqa's forces near the southern gate.
3607:
287:
1420:
in mid-January 1258, whereupon his deputy Sughunchaq pushed the advance party to around 25 miles (40 km) from the city. On 16 January, Sughunchaq was confronted by the
5792:
4625:
5901:
3674:
5657:
5936:
5926:
1479:
across the river on both sides of the city. Despite Baghdad's frailty—the flood-weakened walls were in disrepair and the garrison, at most 50,000 strong before the
636:
5941:
5787:
5839:
5667:
5891:
1528:
5966:
5906:
5586:
1684:, he and his descendants were puppets of the Mamluk state and never gained much recognition in the wider Muslim world; they would later be usurped by the
5662:
4157:
629:
576:
5844:
3925:
3917:
1035:
997:
447:
363:
5951:
1463:
and prepared their ammunition—the Mongols used palm trees and stones previously used in building the suburbs until they found suitable rocks in the
5916:
5700:
3404:
5208:
5104:
4618:
4165:
2955:
Biran, Michal (2016). "Music in the Mongol Conquest of Baghdad: Ṣafī al-Dīn Urmawī and the Ilkhanid Circle of Musicians". In De Nicola, Bruno;
956:: poets, writers, scientists, philosophers, musicians, and scholars of every type thrived in the city. Containing centres of learning like the
581:
4221:
3347:
3297:
3272:
3247:
3221:
3191:
3165:
3112:
3089:
2976:
2945:
2920:
2884:
2860:
1520:
attempted to escape by sailing down the Tigris, but Hulegu's preparations held and forced him back into the city with a loss of three ships.
601:
4796:
1676:
The fall of Baghdad marked the end of the five hundred-year-old Abbasid Caliphate—although a member of the dynasty eventually made it to
1660:) named Ali Ba'atar for the region and stationed 3,000 soldiers in the city, Hulegu gave instructions to rebuild Baghdad and to open its
4248:
4197:
4173:
3972:
3622:
1119:
845:
596:
586:
452:
394:
1688:, who maintained the title of caliph up to the 20th century. It also marked a shift of power away from Baghdad and towards cities like
5886:
5849:
4818:
3956:
3909:
384:
358:
31:
4922:
106:
4611:
4205:
4117:
3033:
1615:
570:
525:
4758:
4133:
520:
4189:
4149:
770:
683:
566:
555:
351:
1443:, while Hulegu himself reached the eastern suburbs on 22 January, where he was welcomed by the local Shi'ites. The Mongols then
5921:
5014:
4213:
4141:
4047:
3883:
1455:
inside this circumvallation; these fortifications were completed within a day. They constructed mounds out of bricks for their
751:
559:
551:
342:
3311:
4264:
4109:
4021:
4013:
3946:
3938:
3617:
3135:
1192:
from all over the empire, and generals from all the branches of the Mongol imperial family, including three princes from the
1164:
on massive military expeditions to subdue rebellious vassals and problematic enemies. While Kublai was sent to vassalize the
979:
During the tenth century, the Abbasids gradually decreased in power. This culminated in Baghdad being occupied, first by the
535:
464:
389:
379:
337:
311:
48:
4320:
3664:
1251:. The new Grand Master attempted to stall for time, but his fortresses steadily fell to the Mongols and he surrendered from
897:
677:
5961:
5829:
5464:
4594:
4291:
4181:
3637:
3632:
873:
591:
4743:
4101:
3899:
3642:
3627:
540:
418:
1351:(keeper of the inkpot)—to the Mongols; all three likely refused, and three less important officials were sent instead.
1106:. They had killed Mongol commanders during the 1240s, and had allegedly dispatched 400 Assassins to the Mongol capital
5834:
4272:
4240:
4091:
4039:
3891:
3397:
1173:
961:
745:
502:
497:
469:
442:
437:
4748:
1340:, to join the Mongol army. In September, Hulegu began a correspondence with al-Musta'sim, described by the historian
1333:
222:
1748:
in 1975; James Chambers estimated close to 200,000 troops in 1979; and Timothy May estimated around 138,000 in 2007.
5931:
5911:
5605:
5024:
3289:
3025:
1376:, who simply replied that none of these disasters would happen, and that Hulegu would rule in place of the caliph.
1277:
5019:
4125:
4083:
4066:
4000:
3980:
3964:
3726:
3143:
1717:
1328:, where he was rejoined by Baiju, who had been subduing restless vassals in the northwest. Baiju brought Seljuk,
1201:
511:
487:
423:
413:
408:
1553:, scholars, merchants who traded with the Mongols, and the Christians in the city on whose behalf Hulegu's wife
5956:
5390:
5386:
5264:
3990:
1424:
with 20,000 infantry and forced to retreat; the caliphal army pursued, but that night Baiju's forces broke the
372:
1413:
1083:
606:
1489:, was untrained and largely incapable—Hulegu meticulously planned his operations to cover all eventualities.
1074:
in 1237 and raiding up to the walls of Baghdad itself the following year. Chormaqan and his 1241 replacement
702:
4031:
1285:
1020:
782:
492:
244:
1094:—Baghdad remained unconquered, and even defeated a Mongol force in 1245. Another problem was the secretive
844:
to secure the region. His massive army of over 138,000 men took years to reach the region but then quickly
5343:
5039:
3669:
3390:
3153:
1628:
This incident is likely the source of a folktale, reproduced in the writings of Christian writers such as
1497:
1400:
in mid-December, his commanders dispersed to carry out different tasks. Baiju returned to the vanguard at
1244:
1139:
1051:
727:
1289:
5348:
5338:
4753:
4412:
4356:
3689:
3264:
3157:
2937:
1444:
862:
739:
721:
671:
5009:
4312:
4304:
972:
from all Eurasia, Baghdad was "the intellectual capital of the planet", in the words of the historian
5946:
3784:
3339:
1373:
1248:
1181:
1095:
1047:
877:
days later. The total number of people who died is unknown, as it was likely increased by subsequent
849:
4550:
5029:
4560:
3514:
3131:
3081:
2956:
1558:
1337:
1177:
733:
217:
1078:
thereafter raided the region nearly every year. Although Mongol rule was secured elsewhere in the
5859:
5155:
4890:
4714:
3436:
3209:
2870:
1705:
1562:
1389:
1329:
1099:
1054:, who was killed the following year. Thereafter, Chormaqan began to establish Mongol hegemony in
1016:
969:
953:
826:
696:
5120:
4382:
3714:
3654:
1492:
1156:
as the most powerful figures in the Mongol Empire. Möngke resolved to send his younger brothers
5170:
5130:
5097:
4671:
4634:
3749:
3343:
3293:
3268:
3243:
3217:
3187:
3161:
3108:
3085:
3029:
3015:
3011:
2972:
2941:
2916:
2880:
2856:
1149:
1055:
933:
929:
810:
182:
5764:
5474:
5279:
5228:
4932:
4296:
3709:
3370:
3077:
3058:
2999:
2968:
2912:
1570:
1501:
1464:
1356:
1341:
1197:
1134:
1087:
965:
776:
654:
4390:
2849:
The House of Wisdom: How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance
5854:
5150:
5140:
5135:
4927:
4873:
4860:
4786:
4731:
3323:
3307:
3053:
1681:
1360:
957:
925:
5355:
1565:, noted that his army had killed 200,000. Figures may have been inflated by a subsequent
1268:
1023:'s 1217 invasion of the Abbasids failed, and his realm was soon invaded by the armies of
814:
233:
1475:. To prevent anyone from using the Tigris to escape, Hulegu ordered the construction of
5744:
5708:
5591:
5514:
5494:
5427:
5160:
5044:
4963:
4953:
4917:
4900:
4868:
4823:
4403:
4377:
3659:
3258:
3231:
3201:
3175:
3104:
2844:
1758:
1685:
1476:
1397:
1145:
1043:
1012:
973:
833:
764:
238:
17:
4603:
5880:
5754:
5739:
5647:
5576:
5561:
5504:
5484:
5452:
5274:
5223:
5186:
5145:
4905:
4885:
4464:
4459:
4395:
3702:
3520:
3413:
3328:
3239:
3044:
2852:
1709:
1288:, of having betrayed the caliph by opening secret negotiations with Hulegu. In 1256,
1169:
1059:
1028:
984:
980:
902:
822:
176:
3283:
2902:
5749:
5499:
5323:
5284:
5259:
5218:
5125:
4808:
4364:
3804:
3721:
3697:
3612:
3546:
3469:
3449:
3315:
1582:
1554:
1468:
1429:
1416:, who also provided supplies, headed southwards towards Baghdad. Baiju reached the
1223:
in November 1255; early the following year, he entered the Assassins' heartland of
1193:
1165:
1091:
1024:
941:
937:
869:
841:
837:
4813:
3809:
3049:"Plague and the Mongol conquest of Baghdad (1258)? A reevaluation of the sources"
3019:
1247:, had died in December 1255, and Hulegu sent ambassadors to his young successor,
1235:
had taken numerous Ismaili fortresses, unsuccessfully besieged the stronghold at
5797:
5165:
5004:
4984:
4958:
4895:
4676:
4530:
4479:
4439:
4408:
3509:
1745:
1624:
orders that Caliph al-Musta'sim be locked in a cell surrounded by his treasures.
1574:
1524:
1368:
argued that al-Alqami was trying to empty the treasury and win Hulegu's favour.
1212:
1205:
1189:
1161:
1157:
1129:
1075:
1067:
1038:
ended in late 1221, they did not return to the region until 1230. In that year,
945:
854:
818:
788:
279:
202:
197:
156:
152:
62:
1439:
Meanwhile, Kitbuqa had crossed the Tigris to the south and was approaching the
5759:
5732:
5521:
5328:
5318:
5254:
5233:
5213:
5087:
4999:
4968:
4910:
4719:
4683:
4575:
4484:
3834:
3819:
3556:
3128:
Along the Silk Roads in Mongol Eurasia: Generals, Merchants, and Intellectuals
3123:
3003:
1629:
1611:
1393:
1384:
Flanked on the right wing by the Golden Horde princes, who approached via the
1281:
1252:
1220:
1216:
949:
121:
108:
5727:
5509:
5489:
5479:
5432:
5269:
4880:
4791:
4738:
4726:
4444:
4434:
3799:
3779:
3774:
3733:
3213:
3183:
3147:
1693:
1646:
1606:
1385:
1313:
If you refuse to accept it, I will show you the meaning of the will of God.
1107:
1079:
1039:
917:
882:
172:
1569:
among the survivors; scholars have debated whether this was an outbreak of
940:, located away from potential threats and near the dynasty's power base in
621:
5722:
5626:
5447:
5422:
5333:
5092:
4989:
4937:
4776:
4570:
3789:
3649:
3531:
1744:
John Masson Smith estimated 170,000 Mongol troops in addition to 130,000
1642:
1566:
1507:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1417:
1347:
1228:
1224:
1001:
993:
906:
878:
3063:
3048:
2987:
2961:
The Mongols' Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran
1124:
872:
breached Baghdad's fortifications within a couple of days, and Hulegu's
5652:
5581:
5249:
5082:
4994:
4803:
4781:
4540:
4535:
4525:
4510:
3814:
3769:
3764:
3551:
3541:
3479:
3358:
1697:
1665:
1472:
1325:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1185:
1063:
989:
913:
806:
212:
207:
96:
56:
3021:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods
1523:
Caliph al-Musta'sim sent out numerous envoys, including al-Alqami and
5782:
5631:
5600:
5034:
4520:
4494:
4489:
3824:
3794:
3754:
3504:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3444:
3335:
2988:"Libraries, Books, and Transmission of Knowledge in Ilkhanid Baghdad"
2964:
2908:
1689:
1661:
1550:
1486:
1405:
1256:
1103:
921:
886:
858:
545:
530:
3374:
3312:"Central Asian world cities? (XI – XIII century) A discussion paper"
2931:
1204:, and possibly one of Genghis Khan's grandsons through his daughter
3260:
The Mongol Art of War: Chinggis Khan and the Mongol Military System
3180:
Early Mongol Rule in Thirteenth-Century Iran: A Persian Renaissance
3126:. In Biran, Michal; Brack, Jonathan; Fiaschetti, Francesca (eds.).
2874:
1319:
End of the first letter from Hulegu to al-Musta'sim, September 1257
857:
from all sides, the Mongol army soon approached Baghdad, routing a
5712:
5621:
5595:
5571:
5566:
5526:
5469:
5457:
5442:
5437:
5060:
4827:
4565:
4545:
4474:
4454:
4449:
4429:
4369:
3536:
3526:
3474:
1713:
1677:
1633:
1605:
1491:
1440:
1425:
1409:
1401:
1273:
1153:
1123:
1071:
909:, protected the eastern walls of Baghdad at the time of the siege.
896:
1309:
If you have the heart to save your head and your ancient family,
5717:
4515:
4469:
3829:
3759:
3382:
3204:(2022). "The Ilkhanate". In May, Timothy; Hope, Michael (eds.).
1452:
100:
5818:
5688:
5543:
5411:
4649:
4607:
4344:
3855:
3577:
3424:
3386:
3124:"Guo Kan: Military Exchanges between China and the Middle East"
625:
283:
4555:
3149:
The Mongols and the Islamic World: From Conquest to Conversion
3014:(1968). "Dynastic and Political History of the Il-khans". In
1298:...I will bring you crashing down from the summit of the sky,
1255:
on 19 November 1256. Rukn al-Din persuaded the stronghold of
3950:(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)
1602:"What will befall you," said the khan, "is also God's will."
885:, although it did decline in comparison to the new capital,
1243:
between 1253 and 1256. The Grand Master of the Assassins,
1664:. On 8 March, he left the area, travelling northwards to
1066:
in 1236, the Mongols began to test caliphal authority in
3363:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
2992:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
1152:, which established the family of Genghis' youngest son
813:. After a series of provocations from its ruler, Caliph
1496:
Depiction of the siege in a 15th-century manuscript of
1302:
I will not leave a single person alive in your country,
1300:
Like a lion I will throw you down to the lowest depths.
1000:. The caliphate reemerged as a significant power under
1590:
set a golden tray before the Caliph and said: "Eat!"
3680:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1304:
I will turn your city, lands and empire into flames.
861:
on 17 January 1258 by flooding their camp. They then
1392:, Hulegu commanded the main Mongol force and sacked
836:
to the Mongol throne in 1251, Hulegu, a grandson of
5775:
5699:
5640:
5614:
5554:
5375:
5311:
5297:
5242:
5201:
5183:
5113:
5075:
5057:
4977:
4946:
4859:
4842:
4769:
4707:
4692:
4660:
4503:
4422:
4355:
4284:
4233:
4082:
4059:
4012:
3937:
3882:
3875:
3742:
3688:
3600:
3488:
3435:
3101:
The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe
2963:. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 127.
1720:that ensured the city's long-term marginalization.
1668:and then Azerbaijan, where he remained for a year.
1359:in Egypt was hostile towards the caliph, while the
865:Baghdad, which was left with around 30,000 troops.
510:
479:
431:
402:
371:
350:
331:
326:
3327:
948:and taxes it controlled, Baghdad quickly became a
5897:Battles involving the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
3675:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
1700:founded by Hulegu in the aftermath of the siege.
1610:15th-century depiction of a folktale recorded by
1215:and received homage from local rulers, including
3074:Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire
2614:
1740:
1738:
998:over a million inhabitants between 1000 and 1200
868:The assault began at the end of January. Mongol
4095:(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)
1599:"Such", replied the Caliph, "was God's will."
1588:
1324:Hulegu spent the summer of 1257 on or near the
1295:
829:; in reality, its ramifications are uncertain.
41:
2876:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
2250:
2150:
1708:, and consequently the subsequent rise of the
1332:, and Armenian vassals, including the princes
4619:
3398:
1042:, a leading general under Genghis' successor
637:
295:
8:
1641:three months later. Having also appointed a
1536:they were divided into groups and executed.
1467:, three days transport away. They also used
1290:sectarian violence between Sunnis and Shi'a
1148:was proclaimed khan in 1251 as part of the
5815:
5696:
5685:
5551:
5540:
5408:
5308:
5198:
5072:
4856:
4704:
4657:
4646:
4626:
4612:
4604:
4352:
4341:
3879:
3872:
3852:
3597:
3574:
3432:
3421:
3405:
3391:
3383:
2798:
644:
630:
622:
302:
288:
280:
38:
3062:
2904:The Mongols and the Armenians (1220-1335)
1505:; the soldiers on the pontoons block the
1036:Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
274:800,000–2,000,000 killed (Muslim sources)
5902:Battles involving the Kingdom of Georgia
3359:"Mongol Manpower and Persian Population"
2718:
2630:
2598:
2566:
2486:
2450:
2394:
2374:
2338:
2314:
2302:
2286:
2206:
2186:
2142:
1954:
1798:
27:Mongol conquest of the Abbasid Caliphate
2782:
2750:
2698:
2674:
2650:
2610:
2570:
2550:
2510:
2502:
2482:
2466:
2378:
2342:
2322:
2238:
2218:
2202:
2182:
2162:
2130:
2114:
2094:
2066:
2046:
2006:
1990:
1922:
1878:
1862:
1846:
1826:
1794:
1782:
1775:
1734:
1267:Hulegu had expected the Abbasid caliph
5937:13th century in the Kingdom of Georgia
5927:Sieges involving the Abbasid Caliphate
4025:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
3984:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
2936:. Makers of the Muslim World. London:
2801:, chapter 12: Decline and Renaissance.
2766:
2746:
2734:
2682:
2678:
2654:
2638:
2634:
2594:
2586:
2554:
2506:
2446:
2426:
2410:
2354:
2334:
2282:
2266:
2118:
2082:
2038:
2026:
1986:
1982:
1906:
1886:
1882:
1866:
1850:
1830:
1814:
1132:from a 15th-century manuscript of the
323:
5942:13th century in the Abbasid Caliphate
3236:Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood
2826:
2822:
2810:
2794:
2762:
2730:
2714:
2694:
2658:
2626:
2590:
2574:
2534:
2522:
2498:
2470:
2454:
2430:
2414:
2406:
2362:
2358:
2318:
2298:
2278:
2262:
2234:
2222:
2170:
2146:
2062:
2050:
2018:
2002:
1942:
1926:
1890:
1834:
1810:
1680:, where the Mamluks installed him as
1593:"It is not edible," said the Caliph.
7:
3608:Administrative divisions and vassals
2770:
2710:
2538:
2390:
2190:
2166:
2110:
2098:
2078:
2042:
1978:
1930:
1451:around the whole city and digging a
1050:to eliminate the Khwarazmian prince
272:200,000 killed (according to Hulegu)
5892:Baghdad under the Abbasid Caliphate
2662:
2434:
2022:
1966:
1918:
1902:
1529:Patriarch of the Church of the East
1120:Mongol campaign against the Nizaris
832:After the accession of his brother
5967:Sieges involving Georgia (country)
5907:Sieges involving the Mongol Empire
5850:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
4819:Graeco-Arabic translation movement
932:. Al-Mansur believed that the new
25:
966:newly-arrived technology of paper
4749:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
3043:Brack, Jonathan; Biran, Michal;
1388:, and on the left by Kitbuqa in
1011:), who saw off threats from the
944:. Incredibly wealthy due to the
928:, which had recently overthrown
684:War of the Antiochene Succession
237:
84:29/30 January – 10 February 1258
55:
5952:Battles involving the Ilkhanate
1757:Some other fortresses refused;
1311:Listen carefully to my advice.
1168:and resume the war against the
1006:
5917:Invasions by the Mongol Empire
3136:University of California Press
2615:Brack, Biran & Amitai 2024
1511:from escaping down the Tigris.
1114:Campaign against the Assassins
840:, was dispatched westwards to
809:, the historic capital of the
49:Mongol invasions and conquests
1:
5555:Palace and central government
4595:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
4292:Division of the Mongol Empire
1259:to surrender on 15 December.
1180:, a thousand-strong corps of
66:
5015:Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat
4759:Abbasid–Carolingian alliance
805:took place in early 1258 at
65:'s army besieging the city,
3542:Manghit / Mangudai
3357:Smith, John Masson (1975).
2901:Bai︠a︡rsaĭkhan, D. (2011).
2879:. New York: Facts on File.
1436:, made it back to Baghdad.
1082:—their victory at the 1243
667:Armenian–Crusader Campaigns
5983:
4321:Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war
3290:Edinburgh University Press
3026:Cambridge University Press
1412:with the help of its emir
1355:antagonistic bombast: the
1276:writers accused Baghdad's
1117:
1110:to kill the khan himself.
1015:and their successors, the
962:astronomical observatories
930:the empire of the Umayyads
565:Hungary and Croatia (
29:
5887:1258 in the Mongol Empire
5825:
5814:
5695:
5684:
5550:
5539:
5418:
5407:
5020:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah
4656:
4645:
4592:
4351:
4340:
4136:(1223 / 1236–40)
4042:(1257 / 1284–88)
3871:
3851:
3665:Byzantine–Mongol Alliance
3596:
3573:
3431:
3420:
3334:. The Peoples of Europe.
3122:Hodous, Florence (2020).
3004:10.1163/15685209-12341485
1239:, and sacked the city of
968:and the gathering of the
952:and the epicentre of the
710:Armenian–Mongol Campaigns
664:
550:Poland and Bohemia (
517:
403:East Asia (other regions)
321:
271:
266:
253:
188:
166:
75:
54:
46:
5615:Financial administration
5387:Abbasid caliphs of Cairo
3099:Chambers, James (1979).
905:, built in 1220–1221 by
850:Nizari Ismaili Assassins
846:attacked and overpowered
5545:Government and military
3618:Invasions and conquests
3537:Paiza / Gerege
3072:Buell, Paul D. (2003).
1718:by the Ottomans in 1534
1396:on 6 December. After a
1021:Muhammad II of Khwarazm
691:Armenian–Byzantine Wars
18:Siege of Baghdad (1258)
5922:13th-century massacres
5040:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi
4275:(1260 / 1301)
4003:(1274 / 1281)
3670:Franco-Mongol alliance
2986:Biran, Michal (2019).
2930:Biran, Michal (2012).
2871:Atwood, Christopher P.
1625:
1604:
1512:
1465:Jebel Hamrin mountains
1447:Baghdad by erecting a
1316:
1286:Muhammad ibn al-Alqami
1142:
1062:. After they captured
970:teachings of antiquity
916:was founded in 762 by
910:
245:Muhammad ibn al-Alqami
189:Commanders and leaders
5349:Mustansiriya Madrasah
4754:Round city of Baghdad
3310:(29 September 2007).
3282:May, Timothy (2018).
3257:May, Timothy (2007).
3158:Yale University Press
2938:Oneworld Publications
1716:in 1393 and 1401 and
1692:, the capital of the
1609:
1573:, a precursor to the
1495:
1176:, including its king
1127:
1027:, first ruler of the
900:
874:highly-trained troops
817:, a large army under
267:Casualties and losses
122:33.34750°N 44.33500°E
5962:Massacres of Muslims
5845:Science and learning
4744:Conquest of Ifriqiya
4166:Serbia and Bulgaria
3340:Blackwell Publishing
3216:. pp. 279–297.
3028:. pp. 303–421.
2749:, pp. 133–134;
2677:, pp. 128–129;
2629:, pp. 348–349;
2301:, pp. 347–348;
2237:, pp. 346–347;
2149:, pp. 345–346;
2065:, pp. 344–345;
1905:, pp. 144–145;
1813:, pp. 200–202;
1617:Livre des merveilles
1374:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
1249:Rukn al-Din Khurshah
1098:, also known as the
1096:Nizari Ismaili state
983:in 945 and then the
759:Armenian–Mamluk Wars
312:Mongol invasions and
30:For other uses, see
5820:Culture and society
4923:Kharijite Rebellion
4413:Khagans of the Yuan
4142:Poland and Bohemia
3918:Khwarazmian Empire
3643:Society and economy
3082:The Scarecrow Press
3064:10.1017/mdh.2023.38
2829:, pp. 494–495.
2813:, pp. 470–472.
2305:, pp. 144–145.
2251:Bai︠a︡rsaĭkhan 2011
2151:Bai︠a︡rsaĭkhan 2011
2085:, pp. 255–256.
2053:, pp. 342–344.
2009:, pp. 126–127.
1993:, pp. 126–127.
1957:, pp. 142–143.
1945:, pp. 277–278.
1837:, pp. 334–335.
1559:Kirakos Gandzaketsi
1404:, and crossing the
1245:Ala ad-Din Muhammad
1086:reduced the Seljuk
582:Bulgaria and Serbia
218:Zakare III Zakarian
118: /
5860:Islamic philosophy
5156:Musharrif al-Dawla
5025:Qarmatian invasion
5010:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
4891:Anarchy at Samarra
4847:the Abbasid empire
4715:Abbasid Revolution
4158:Holy Roman Empire
3613:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
3016:Boyle, John Andrew
3012:Boyle, John Andrew
2713:, pp. 34–35;
2413:, pp. 28–29;
2321:, pp. 51–52;
2113:, pp. 31–35;
2081:, pp. 25–26;
2045:, pp. 24–25;
1981:, pp. 18–19;
1865:, pp. 83–85;
1849:, pp. 82–83;
1829:, pp. 81–82;
1706:Islamic Golden Age
1626:
1563:Louis IX of France
1544:Sack and aftermath
1513:
1414:Badr al-Din Lu'lu'
1231:under the general
1182:military engineers
1174:vassalized Armenia
1143:
1100:Order of Assassins
1084:Battle of Köse Dağ
1013:last Seljuk rulers
954:Islamic Golden Age
911:
827:Islamic Golden Age
821:, a prince of the
127:33.34750; 44.33500
5932:Sieges of Baghdad
5912:Conflicts in 1258
5874:
5873:
5870:
5869:
5810:
5809:
5806:
5805:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5535:
5534:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5371:
5370:
5303:(1157–1258)
5293:
5292:
5193:(1055–1157)
5179:
5178:
5171:al-Malik al-Rahim
5098:Baghdad Manifesto
5053:
5052:
4838:
4837:
4672:Umayyad Caliphate
4635:Abbasid Caliphate
4601:
4600:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4313:Kaidu–Kublai war
4305:Berke–Hulagu war
4297:Toluid Civil War
4078:
4077:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3650:House of Borjigin
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3349:978-0-6311-7563-6
3318:on 30 April 2011.
3299:978-0-7486-4237-3
3285:The Mongol Empire
3274:978-1-5941-6046-2
3249:978-0-1419-4804-1
3223:978-1-3151-6517-2
3193:978-0-4152-9750-9
3167:978-0-3001-2533-7
3138:. pp. 27–43.
3114:978-0-6891-0942-3
3091:978-0-8108-4571-8
2978:978-9-0043-1199-2
2957:Melville, Charles
2947:978-1-7807-4204-5
2922:978-9-0041-8635-4
2886:978-0-8160-4671-3
2862:978-0-1431-2056-8
2193:, pp. 30–31.
1893:, pp. 78–79.
1655:overseer official
1380:Advance and siege
1334:Pŕosh Khaghbakian
1150:Toluid Revolution
1056:northwestern Iran
964:, which used the
934:Abbasid Caliphate
811:Abbasid Caliphate
798:
797:
746:Wadi al-Khaznadar
619:
618:
614:
613:
577:Holy Roman Empire
278:
277:
223:Pŕosh Khaghbakian
183:Abbasid Caliphate
162:
161:
32:Battle of Baghdad
16:(Redirected from
5974:
5816:
5793:Jews and Judaism
5697:
5690:Religion and law
5686:
5552:
5541:
5409:
5391:Mamluk Sultanate
5309:
5304:
5199:
5194:
5073:
5068:
5067:(946–1055)
4857:
4852:
4845:Fragmentation of
4797:Sack of Heraclea
4705:
4700:
4658:
4647:
4640:
4628:
4621:
4614:
4605:
4399:
4386:
4383:Töregene Khatun
4373:
4353:
4342:
4324:
4316:
4308:
4300:
4276:
4268:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4225:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4193:
4185:
4177:
4169:
4161:
4153:
4145:
4137:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4096:
4070:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4026:
4004:
3994:
3986:
3985:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3951:
3929:
3921:
3913:
3903:
3895:
3880:
3873:
3853:
3815:Shangdu (Xanadu)
3805:Sarai Batu/Berke
3710:Chagatai Khanate
3598:
3575:
3433:
3422:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3378:
3353:
3333:
3319:
3314:. Archived from
3308:Modelski, George
3303:
3278:
3253:
3227:
3206:The Mongol World
3197:
3171:
3139:
3130:(1st ed.).
3118:
3095:
3068:
3066:
3039:
3007:
2998:(2–3): 464–502.
2982:
2951:
2926:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2866:
2830:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2760:
2754:
2744:
2738:
2728:
2722:
2708:
2702:
2692:
2686:
2672:
2666:
2648:
2642:
2624:
2618:
2608:
2602:
2584:
2578:
2564:
2558:
2548:
2542:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2496:
2490:
2480:
2474:
2464:
2458:
2444:
2438:
2424:
2418:
2404:
2398:
2388:
2382:
2372:
2366:
2352:
2346:
2332:
2326:
2312:
2306:
2296:
2290:
2276:
2270:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2232:
2226:
2216:
2210:
2200:
2194:
2180:
2174:
2160:
2154:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2108:
2102:
2092:
2086:
2076:
2070:
2060:
2054:
2036:
2030:
2016:
2010:
2000:
1994:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1916:
1910:
1900:
1894:
1876:
1870:
1860:
1854:
1844:
1838:
1824:
1818:
1808:
1802:
1792:
1786:
1785:, chapters 1, 3.
1780:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1742:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1502:Jami al-tawarikh
1485:
1471:such as burning
1445:closely invested
1357:Mamluk Sultanate
1320:
1263:Baghdad campaign
1135:Jami al-tawarikh
1104:Elburz Mountains
1088:Sultanate of Rum
1010:
1009: 1180–1225
1008:
803:siege of Baghdad
659:
657:
656:Cilician Armenia
646:
639:
632:
623:
597:Byzantine Thrace
324:
316:
304:
297:
290:
281:
241:
133:
132:
130:
129:
128:
123:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
85:
77:
76:
71:
68:
59:
42:Siege of Baghdad
39:
21:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5957:Looting in Iraq
5877:
5876:
5875:
5866:
5855:House of Wisdom
5821:
5802:
5771:
5691:
5672:
5636:
5610:
5546:
5531:
5414:
5395:
5380:
5367:
5361:Sack of Baghdad
5305:
5302:
5289:
5238:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5175:
5151:Sultan al-Dawla
5141:Sharaf al-Dawla
5136:Samsam al-Dawla
5121:Mu'izz al-Dawla
5109:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5049:
4973:
4947:Abbasid revival
4942:
4874:Sack of Amorium
4853:
4851:(833–946)
4850:
4849:
4846:
4834:
4787:Harun al-Rashid
4765:
4732:Battle of Talas
4701:
4699:(750–833)
4698:
4697:
4688:
4665:
4652:
4641:
4638:
4632:
4602:
4597:
4580:
4499:
4418:
4397:
4384:
4371:
4347:
4328:
4322:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4280:
4274:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4242:
4229:
4223:
4215:
4207:
4199:
4191:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4159:
4151:
4143:
4135:
4127:
4119:
4118:Volga Bulgaria
4111:
4103:
4094:
4092:
4074:
4068:
4055:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4024:
4022:
4008:
4002:
3992:
3983:
3981:
3974:
3973:Southern China
3966:
3958:
3957:Northern China
3949:
3947:
3933:
3927:
3919:
3911:
3901:
3893:
3867:
3866:
3839:
3738:
3715:House of Ögedei
3684:
3655:House of Ögedei
3623:Destructiveness
3592:
3591:
3561:
3498:
3484:
3427:
3416:
3411:
3381:
3375:10.2307/3632138
3356:
3350:
3322:
3306:
3300:
3281:
3275:
3256:
3250:
3232:Marozzi, Justin
3230:
3224:
3200:
3194:
3174:
3168:
3142:
3121:
3115:
3098:
3092:
3071:
3054:Medical History
3042:
3036:
3010:
2985:
2979:
2954:
2948:
2929:
2923:
2900:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2869:
2863:
2845:Al-Khalili, Jim
2843:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2825:, p. 150;
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2799:Al-Khalili 2012
2797:, p. 465;
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2761:
2757:
2745:
2741:
2733:, p. 349;
2729:
2725:
2717:, p. 349;
2709:
2705:
2693:
2689:
2673:
2669:
2661:, p. 348;
2657:, p. 133;
2653:, p. 129;
2649:
2645:
2637:, p. 226;
2633:, p. 145;
2625:
2621:
2613:, p. 172;
2609:
2605:
2597:, p. 344;
2593:, p. 117;
2589:, p. 133;
2585:
2581:
2569:, p. 145;
2565:
2561:
2553:, p. 167;
2549:
2545:
2537:, p. 140;
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2505:, p. 167;
2501:, p. 348;
2497:
2493:
2485:, p. 167;
2481:
2477:
2469:, p. 128;
2465:
2461:
2453:, p. 145;
2445:
2441:
2433:, p. 348;
2425:
2421:
2405:
2401:
2389:
2385:
2377:, p. 145;
2373:
2369:
2353:
2349:
2341:, p. 144;
2333:
2329:
2317:, p. 145;
2313:
2309:
2297:
2293:
2281:, p. 347;
2277:
2273:
2265:, p. 347;
2261:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2233:
2229:
2221:, p. 129;
2217:
2213:
2205:, p. 128;
2201:
2197:
2189:, p. 144;
2181:
2177:
2165:, p. 128;
2161:
2157:
2145:, p. 143;
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2109:
2105:
2097:, p. 128;
2093:
2089:
2077:
2073:
2061:
2057:
2049:, p. 127;
2041:, p. 255;
2037:
2033:
2025:, p. 163;
2021:, p. 342;
2017:
2013:
2005:, p. 341;
2001:
1997:
1989:, p. 255;
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1929:, p. 340;
1925:, p. 125;
1921:, p. 159;
1917:
1913:
1901:
1897:
1889:, p. 130;
1885:, p. 255;
1881:, p. 125;
1877:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1845:
1841:
1825:
1821:
1809:
1805:
1793:
1789:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1752:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1682:Al-Mustansir II
1674:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1546:
1498:Rashid al-Din's
1483:
1477:pontoon bridges
1386:Shahrizor plain
1382:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1265:
1122:
1116:
1005:
958:House of Wisdom
926:Abbasid dynasty
895:
799:
794:
660:
655:
652:
650:
620:
615:
481:
317:
313:
310:
308:
273:
259:138,000–300,000
249:
227:
147:
126:
124:
120:
117:
112:
109:
107:
105:
104:
103:
86:
83:
69:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5980:
5978:
5970:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5879:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5742:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5715:
5705:
5703:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5682:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5618:
5616:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5592:Robe of honour
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5518:
5517:
5515:Jund Qinnasrin
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5495:Jund al-Urdunn
5492:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5306:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5246:
5244:
5243:Seljuk sultans
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5205:
5203:
5196:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5161:Jalal al-Dawla
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5131:'Adud al-Dawla
5128:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5100:
5090:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5070:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5047:
5045:Nasir al-Dawla
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4918:Zanj Rebellion
4915:
4914:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4865:
4863:
4861:Samarra period
4854:
4843:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4821:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4784:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4711:
4709:
4702:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4668:
4666:
4661:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4643:
4642:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4406:
4401:
4396:Oghul Qaimish
4393:
4388:
4380:
4375:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4338:
4337:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4318:
4310:
4302:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4270:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4006:
3997:
3996:
3988:
3978:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3943:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3923:
3915:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3888:
3886:
3877:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3694:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3660:Mongol Armenia
3657:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3380:
3379:
3369:(3): 271–299.
3354:
3348:
3320:
3304:
3298:
3279:
3273:
3254:
3248:
3228:
3222:
3198:
3192:
3172:
3166:
3144:Jackson, Peter
3140:
3119:
3113:
3096:
3090:
3069:
3045:Amitai, Reuven
3040:
3034:
3008:
2983:
2977:
2952:
2946:
2927:
2921:
2898:
2885:
2867:
2861:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2815:
2803:
2787:
2785:, p. 129.
2775:
2773:, p. 283.
2765:, p. 99;
2755:
2753:, p. 129.
2739:
2723:
2721:, p. 145.
2703:
2701:, p. 129.
2697:, p. 79;
2687:
2685:, p. 133.
2681:, p. 29;
2667:
2665:, p. 166.
2643:
2619:
2603:
2601:, p. 146.
2579:
2559:
2557:, p. 226.
2543:
2527:
2525:, p. 348.
2515:
2509:, p. 29;
2491:
2489:, p. 145.
2475:
2473:, p. 348.
2459:
2457:, p. 348.
2449:, p. 28;
2439:
2437:, p. 166.
2429:, p. 29;
2419:
2417:, p. 348.
2409:, p. 52;
2399:
2397:, p. 145.
2393:, p. 32;
2383:
2367:
2365:, p. 348.
2361:, p. 51;
2347:
2337:, p. 28;
2327:
2307:
2291:
2289:, p. 144.
2285:, p. 28;
2271:
2255:
2243:
2241:, p. 128.
2227:
2225:, p. 346.
2211:
2209:, p. 144.
2195:
2175:
2173:, p. 346.
2169:, p. 30;
2155:
2153:, p. 129.
2135:
2123:
2103:
2087:
2071:
2069:, p. 127.
2055:
2031:
2029:, p. 255.
2011:
1995:
1985:, p. 30;
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
1911:
1909:, p. 363.
1895:
1871:
1855:
1839:
1819:
1803:
1787:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1750:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1673:
1670:
1545:
1542:
1418:Nahr Isa canal
1398:council of war
1381:
1378:
1307:
1296:
1294:
1264:
1261:
1227:. An advanced
1118:Main article:
1115:
1112:
974:Justin Marozzi
894:
891:
796:
795:
793:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
756:
755:
752:Marj al-Saffar
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
719:
707:
706:
700:
688:
687:
681:
675:
665:
662:
661:
651:
649:
648:
641:
634:
626:
617:
616:
612:
611:
610:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
563:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
526:Volga Bulgaria
523:
515:
514:
508:
507:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
483:
477:
476:
475:
474:
473:
472:
462:
457:
456:
455:
445:
440:
433:
429:
428:
427:
426:
421:
416:
411:
404:
400:
399:
398:
397:
392:
387:
382:
375:
369:
368:
367:
366:
361:
354:
348:
347:
346:
345:
340:
333:
329:
328:
322:
319:
318:
309:
307:
306:
299:
292:
284:
276:
275:
269:
268:
264:
263:
260:
256:
255:
251:
250:
248:
247:
242:
230:
228:
226:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
194:
191:
190:
186:
185:
180:
169:
168:
164:
163:
160:
159:
151:Annexation of
149:
143:
142:
141:Mongol victory
139:
135:
134:
95:
93:
89:
88:
81:
73:
72:
52:
51:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5979:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5817:
5813:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5766:
5765:Shi'a Century
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5740:Sunni Revival
5738:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5683:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5648:Abna al-dawla
5646:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5619:
5617:
5613:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5562:Amir al-umara
5560:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5538:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5505:Jund Filastin
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5410:
5406:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5374:
5362:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5301:
5296:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5275:Malik-Shah II
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:al-Mustarshid
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5190:
5188:
5182:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5146:Baha al-Dawla
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5030:Sack of Mecca
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4886:al-Mutawakkil
4884:
4882:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:Establishment
4706:
4703:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4682:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4648:
4644:
4636:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4596:
4591:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:Chagatai Khan
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4339:
4325:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4212:
4210:
4204:
4202:
4196:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4174:Latin Empire
4172:
4170:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4106:
4100:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4046:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4030:
4028:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3924:
3922:
3916:
3914:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3703:Northern Yuan
3701:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:Imperial Seal
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3521:Pax Mongolica
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3414:Mongol Empire
3408:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3325:
3324:Morgan, David
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3291:
3288:. Edinburgh:
3287:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:: Westholme.
3266:
3262:
3261:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3035:0-521-06936-X
3031:
3027:
3024:. Cambridge:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2888:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2853:Penguin Books
2850:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:, p. 2;
2768:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2737:, p. 29.
2736:
2732:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2719:Chambers 1979
2716:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2644:
2641:, p. 35.
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:Chambers 1979
2628:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2599:Chambers 1979
2596:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2577:, p. 79.
2576:
2573:, chapter 5;
2572:
2568:
2567:Chambers 1979
2563:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2544:
2541:, p. 29.
2540:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2487:Chambers 1979
2484:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:Chambers 1979
2448:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2395:Chambers 1979
2392:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:Chambers 1979
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:, p. 2;
2356:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2339:Chambers 1979
2336:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2315:Chambers 1979
2311:
2308:
2304:
2303:Chambers 1979
2300:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:Chambers 1979
2284:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2269:, p. 28.
2268:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2253:, p. 129
2252:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2207:Chambers 1979
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:Chambers 1979
2185:, chapter 5;
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2143:Chambers 1979
2139:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:, chapter 5;
2116:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2101:, p. 30.
2100:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1969:, p. 27.
1968:
1963:
1960:
1956:
1955:Chambers 1979
1951:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1933:, p. 23.
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:, p. 2;
1832:
1828:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1799:Modelski 2007
1797:, chapter 4;
1796:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:Western world
1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:Karkh suburbs
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1343:
1342:René Grousset
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:Hamadan plain
1321:
1314:
1305:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1170:Southern Song
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1140:Rashid al-Din
1137:
1136:
1131:
1128:Depiction of
1126:
1121:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:Transcaucasus
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:, arrived in
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1029:Mongol Empire
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
936:needed a new
935:
931:
927:
923:
920:, the second
919:
915:
908:
904:
903:Talisman Gate
899:
892:
890:
888:
884:
880:
875:
871:
870:siege engines
866:
864:
860:
856:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
828:
824:
823:Mongol Empire
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
762:
761:
760:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
713:
712:
711:
704:
701:
698:
695:
694:
693:
692:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
670:
669:
668:
663:
658:
647:
642:
640:
635:
633:
628:
627:
624:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
572:
568:
564:
561:
557:
553:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
516:
513:
509:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
484:
478:
471:
468:
467:
466:
463:
461:
458:
454:
451:
450:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
434:
430:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
405:
401:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
377:
376:
374:
370:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
353:
349:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
334:
330:
325:
320:
315:
305:
300:
298:
293:
291:
286:
285:
282:
270:
265:
261:
258:
257:
252:
246:
243:
240:
235:
232:
231:
229:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
193:
192:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:Mongol Empire
174:
171:
170:
165:
158:
154:
150:
145:
144:
140:
137:
136:
131:
102:
99:, modern-day
98:
94:
91:
90:
82:
79:
78:
74:
64:
61:Depiction of
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5830:Architecture
5788:Christianity
5750:Twelve Imams
5500:Jund Dimashq
5377:
5360:
5356:al-Musta'sim
5344:al-Mustansir
5324:al-Mustanjid
5300:Final period
5299:
5285:Ahmad Sanjar
5260:Malik-Shah I
5219:al-Mustazhir
5185:
5126:Izz al-Dawla
5059:
4844:
4809:Fourth Fitna
4695:Early period
4694:
4662:
4365:Genghis Khan
4256:
4134:Kievan Rus'
4112:(1237–1300s)
4104:(1237–1300s)
3948:Western Xia
3910:Qara Khitai
3743:Major cities
3722:Golden Horde
3698:Yuan dynasty
3585:Organization
3519:
3470:Khong Tayiji
3366:
3362:
3329:
3316:the original
3284:
3259:
3235:
3205:
3202:Lane, George
3179:
3176:Lane, George
3148:
3127:
3103:. New York:
3100:
3073:
3052:
3020:
2995:
2991:
2960:
2933:Genghis Khan
2932:
2903:
2890:. Retrieved
2875:
2848:
2837:Bibliography
2818:
2806:
2790:
2783:Jackson 2017
2778:
2758:
2751:Jackson 2017
2742:
2726:
2706:
2699:Jackson 2017
2690:
2675:Jackson 2017
2670:
2651:Jackson 2017
2646:
2622:
2611:Jackson 2017
2606:
2582:
2571:Marozzi 2014
2562:
2551:Jackson 2017
2546:
2530:
2518:
2513:, chapter 5.
2511:Marozzi 2014
2503:Jackson 2017
2494:
2483:Jackson 2017
2478:
2467:Jackson 2017
2462:
2442:
2422:
2402:
2386:
2381:, chapter 5.
2379:Marozzi 2014
2370:
2350:
2345:, chapter 5.
2343:Marozzi 2014
2330:
2325:, chapter 5.
2323:Marozzi 2014
2310:
2294:
2274:
2258:
2246:
2239:Jackson 2017
2230:
2219:Jackson 2017
2214:
2203:Jackson 2017
2198:
2183:Marozzi 2014
2178:
2163:Jackson 2017
2158:
2138:
2133:, chapter 5.
2131:Marozzi 2014
2126:
2121:, p. 2.
2115:Marozzi 2014
2106:
2095:Jackson 2017
2090:
2074:
2067:Jackson 2017
2058:
2047:Jackson 2017
2034:
2014:
2007:Jackson 2017
1998:
1991:Jackson 2017
1974:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1923:Jackson 2017
1914:
1898:
1879:Jackson 2017
1874:
1869:, p. 2.
1863:Jackson 2017
1858:
1853:, p. 2.
1847:Jackson 2017
1842:
1827:Jackson 2017
1822:
1817:, p. 1.
1806:
1795:Marozzi 2014
1790:
1783:Marozzi 2014
1778:
1753:
1702:
1675:
1645:
1639:
1627:
1621:
1616:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1583:Shahi Island
1579:
1555:Doquz Khatun
1547:
1538:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1514:
1506:
1500:
1480:
1469:pyrotechnics
1438:
1433:
1430:Dujayl Canal
1421:
1383:
1370:
1365:
1353:
1346:
1323:
1317:
1308:
1297:
1269:al-Musta'sim
1266:
1210:
1194:Golden Horde
1166:Dali Kingdom
1144:
1133:
1092:client state
1070:, besieging
1052:Jalal al-Din
1033:
1025:Genghis Khan
1017:Khwarazmians
978:
946:trade routes
938:capital city
912:
867:
838:Genghis Khan
831:
815:al-Musta'sim
802:
800:
771:Sarvandik'ar
758:
757:
722:Mayyafariqin
715:
709:
708:
690:
689:
666:
587:Latin Empire
459:
453:Nizari state
432:Western Asia
352:Central Asia
234:Al-Musta'sim
167:Belligerents
36:
5947:Hulagu Khan
5798:Khurramites
5745:Shi'a Islam
5709:Mu'tazilism
5166:Abu Kalijar
5114:Buyid emirs
5005:al-Mustakfi
4985:al-Muqtadir
4964:al-Mu'tadid
4959:al-Muwaffaq
4954:al-Mu'tamid
4901:al-Musta'in
4896:al-Muntasir
4869:al-Mu'tasim
4824:Mu'tazilism
4677:Third Fitna
4440:Sartaq Khan
4409:Kublai Khan
4404:Möngke Khan
4378:Ögedei Khan
4357:Great Khans
4323:(1314–1318)
4315:(1268–1301)
4267:(1260–1323)
4251:(1253–1256)
4234:Middle East
4128:(1238–1239)
4069:(1221–1327)
3928:(1219–1256)
3920:(1219–1221)
3902:(1264–1308)
3894:(1207-1308)
3760:Azov (Azaq)
3426:Terminology
3330:The Mongols
2767:Atwood 2004
2747:Morgan 1986
2735:Atwood 2004
2683:Morgan 1986
2679:Atwood 2004
2655:Morgan 1986
2639:Hodous 2020
2635:Atwood 2004
2595:Atwood 2004
2587:Morgan 1986
2555:Atwood 2004
2507:Atwood 2004
2447:Atwood 2004
2427:Atwood 2004
2411:Atwood 2004
2355:Atwood 2004
2335:Atwood 2004
2283:Atwood 2004
2267:Atwood 2004
2119:Atwood 2004
2083:Atwood 2004
2039:Atwood 2004
2027:Atwood 2004
1987:Atwood 2004
1983:Hodous 2020
1907:Atwood 2004
1887:Morgan 1986
1883:Atwood 2004
1867:Atwood 2004
1851:Atwood 2004
1831:Atwood 2004
1815:Atwood 2004
1746:auxiliaries
1643:Khwarazmian
1575:Black Death
1525:Makkikha II
1213:Transoxiana
1206:Checheikhen
1190:auxiliaries
1146:Möngke Khan
1068:Mesopotamia
1044:Ögedei Khan
855:Mesopotamia
834:Möngke Khan
724:(1259–1260)
686:(1201–1219)
680:(1189–1191)
390:Eastern Xia
380:Western Xia
359:Qara Khitai
198:Hulegu Khan
157:Hulegu Khan
153:Mesopotamia
146:Territorial
125: /
70: 1430
5881:Categories
5835:Literature
5760:Qarmatians
5755:Isma'ilism
5663:Commanders
5522:Tabaristan
5389:under the
5329:al-Mustadi
5319:al-Muqtafi
5280:Muhammad I
5255:Alp Arslan
5234:al-Muqtafi
5214:al-Muqtadi
5000:al-Muttaqi
4969:al-Muktafi
4911:al-Muhtadi
4906:al-Mu'tazz
4720:Abu Muslim
4684:Hashimiyya
4663:Background
4639:(750–1258)
4576:Nogai Khan
4460:Özbeg Khan
4391:Güyük Khan
4285:Civil wars
4273:Palestine
4182:Lithuania
4102:Circassia
3835:Xacitarxan
3820:Soltaniyeh
3557:Darughachi
3240:Penguin UK
3238:. London:
3182:. London:
2851:. London:
2827:Biran 2019
2823:Biran 2016
2811:Biran 2019
2795:Biran 2019
2763:Biran 2012
2731:Boyle 1968
2715:Boyle 1968
2695:Biran 2012
2659:Boyle 1968
2627:Boyle 1968
2591:Buell 2003
2575:Biran 2012
2535:Biran 2016
2523:Boyle 1968
2499:Boyle 1968
2471:Boyle 1968
2455:Boyle 1968
2431:Boyle 1968
2415:Boyle 1968
2407:Buell 2003
2363:Boyle 1968
2359:Buell 2003
2319:Buell 2003
2299:Boyle 1968
2279:Boyle 1968
2263:Boyle 1968
2235:Boyle 1968
2223:Boyle 1968
2171:Boyle 1968
2147:Boyle 1968
2063:Boyle 1968
2051:Boyle 1968
2019:Boyle 1968
2003:Boyle 1968
1943:Smith 1975
1927:Boyle 1968
1891:Biran 2012
1835:Boyle 1968
1811:Boyle 1968
1724:References
1630:Marco Polo
1612:Marco Polo
1394:Kermanshah
1253:Maymun-Diz
1217:Arghun Aqa
1198:Chagatayid
1048:Azerbaijan
1034:After the
996:in having
950:world city
893:Background
536:Durdzuketi
521:Kievan Rus
113:44°20′06″E
110:33°20′51″N
5840:Musicians
5733:Shafi'ism
5728:Hanbalism
5587:Officials
5510:Jund Hims
5413:Geography
5378:Aftermath
5270:Berkyaruq
5229:al-Rashid
4933:Saffarids
4881:al-Wathiq
4814:al-Ma'mun
4792:Barmakids
4739:al-Mansur
4727:al-Saffah
4445:Orda Khan
4435:Batu Khan
4299:(1260–64)
4243:(1241–43)
4241:Anatolia
4216:(1287–88)
4208:(1285–86)
4200:(1264–65)
4192:(1259–60)
4184:(1258–59)
4160:(1241–42)
4152:(1241–42)
4144:(1240–41)
4120:(1229–36)
4110:Chechnya
4050:(1300–02)
4014:Southeast
3993:(1253–56)
3975:(1235–79)
3967:(1231–60)
3959:(1211–34)
3912:(1216–18)
3900:Sakhalin
3860:Campaigns
3810:Saray-Jük
3800:Samarkand
3775:Karakorum
3734:Ilkhanate
3492:Political
3214:Routledge
3184:Routledge
3154:New Haven
2771:Lane 2022
2711:Lane 2003
2539:Lane 2003
2391:Lane 2003
2191:Lane 2003
2167:Lane 2003
2111:Lane 2003
2099:Lane 2003
2079:Lane 2003
2043:Lane 2003
1979:Lane 2003
1931:Lane 2003
1770:Citations
1694:Ilkhanate
1647:daruyachi
1620:: Hulegu
1461:ballistae
1457:mangonels
1390:Khuzistan
1108:Karakorum
1102:, in the
1080:Near East
1040:Chormaqan
918:al-Mansur
883:Ilkhanate
879:epidemics
734:Ain Jalut
592:Lithuania
541:Circassia
482:invasions
470:Palestine
438:Caucassus
314:conquests
173:Ilkhanate
87:(13 days)
5723:Hanafism
5641:Military
5475:Khurasan
5448:Ifriqiya
5423:Arminiya
5339:al-Zahir
5334:al-Nasir
5265:Mahmud I
5209:al-Qa'im
5105:al-Qa'im
5093:al-Qadir
4990:al-Qahir
4978:Collapse
4938:Tulunids
4928:Tahirids
4777:al-Mahdi
4571:Boroldai
4551:Khubilai
4531:Bo'orchu
4504:Military
4398:(regent)
4385:(regent)
4372:(regent)
4257:Baghdad
4206:Hungary
4150:Hungary
4093:Georgia
4040:Vietnam
3892:Siberia
3790:Maragheh
3690:Khanates
3638:Religion
3633:Military
3582:Politics
3532:Kurultai
3495:Military
3326:(1986).
3234:(2014).
3210:Abingdon
3178:(2003).
3146:(2017).
3105:Atheneum
3057:: 1–19.
3047:(2024).
2959:(eds.).
2873:(2004).
2847:(2012).
2663:May 2018
2435:May 2018
2023:May 2018
1967:May 2007
1919:May 2018
1903:May 2018
1759:Lambasar
1686:Ottomans
1567:epidemic
1533:dawatdar
1518:dawatdar
1508:dawatdar
1481:dawatdar
1449:palisade
1434:dawatdar
1422:dawatdar
1366:dawatdar
1348:dawatdar
1330:Georgian
1229:vanguard
1225:Kohistan
1178:Hetoum I
1058:and the
1002:al-Nasir
994:Hangzhou
907:al-Nasir
863:invested
697:Mamistra
653:Wars of
443:Anatolia
419:Sakhalin
364:Khwarezm
254:Strength
92:Location
47:Part of
5658:Battles
5653:Ghilman
5582:Mazalim
5428:Bahrayn
5312:Caliphs
5250:Tughril
5202:Caliphs
5088:al-Ta'i
5083:al-Muti
5076:Caliphs
4995:al-Radi
4804:al-Amin
4782:al-Hadi
4651:History
4637:topics
4541:Boroqul
4536:Guo Kan
4526:Negudar
4511:Subutai
4411: (
4249:Alamut
4222:Serbia
4214:Poland
4198:Thrace
4190:Poland
4126:Alania
3991:Yunnan
3926:Persia
3884:Central
3863:Battles
3770:Bolghar
3765:Bukhara
3750:Almalik
3552:Kheshig
3480:Tarkhan
3265:Yardley
3132:Oakland
3018:(ed.).
2892:2 March
1698:khanate
1666:Hamadan
1662:bazaars
1614:in the
1551:Sayyids
1473:naphtha
1428:of the
1361:Ayyubid
1338:Zak‘arē
1282:Shi'ite
1237:Gerdkuh
1233:Kitbuqa
1202:Teguder
1200:prince
1186:Guo Kan
1184:led by
1064:Isfahan
990:Kaifeng
985:Seljuks
924:of the
914:Baghdad
807:Baghdad
783:Malatya
777:Rumkale
716:Baghdad
607:Gazaria
531:Cumania
503:Vietnam
498:Siberia
460:Baghdad
213:Guo Kan
208:Kitbuqa
148:changes
97:Baghdad
5783:Dhimmi
5632:Kharaj
5606:Vizier
5601:Shurta
5490:Awasim
5465:Jazira
5189:period
5187:Seljuk
5063:period
5035:Bajkam
4770:Apogee
4521:Muqali
4495:Ghazan
4490:Arghun
4480:Hulegu
4370:Tolui
4346:People
4307:(1262)
4265:Syria
4259:(1258)
4224:(1291)
4176:(1242)
4168:(1242)
4084:Europe
4067:India
4048:Burma
4034:(1293)
4023:Burma
4001:Japan
3982:Tibet
3965:Korea
3825:Tabriz
3795:Qarshi
3755:Avarga
3601:Topics
3505:Jarlig
3465:Jinong
3460:Khanum
3455:Khatun
3445:Khagan
3437:Titles
3346:
3336:Oxford
3296:
3271:
3246:
3220:
3190:
3164:
3111:
3088:
3078:Lanham
3032:
2975:
2965:Leiden
2944:
2919:
2909:Leiden
2883:
2859:
1762:death.
1696:, the
1690:Tabriz
1672:Legacy
1622:(left)
1571:plague
1487:sortie
1484:'s
1406:Tigris
1284:named
1278:vizier
1257:Alamut
1196:, the
1162:Hulegu
1158:Kublai
1130:Hulegu
981:Buyids
942:Persia
922:caliph
887:Tabriz
859:sortie
842:Persia
819:Hulegu
791:(1375)
785:(1315)
779:(1292)
773:(1276)
767:(1266)
754:(1303)
748:(1299)
742:(1281)
736:(1260)
730:(1260)
728:Aleppo
718:(1258)
705:(1165)
703:Tarsus
699:(1152)
674:(1125)
602:Serbia
571:Second
556:Second
546:Alania
512:Europe
465:Levant
448:Persia
343:Second
262:50,000
236:
138:Result
63:Hulegu
5776:Other
5713:Mihna
5701:Islam
5627:Iqta'
5622:Diwan
5596:tiraz
5577:Harem
5572:Hajib
5567:Barid
5527:Yemen
5485:Syria
5480:Sindh
5470:Jibal
5458:Sawad
5443:Hejaz
5438:Egypt
5433:Barqa
5061:Buyid
4828:Mihna
4566:Kadan
4561:Bayan
4546:Jelme
4485:Abaqa
4475:Kebek
4455:Toqta
4450:Berke
4430:Jochi
4423:Khans
4060:South
4032:Java
3785:Majar
3727:Wings
3547:Tümen
3527:Yassa
3510:Örtöö
3475:Noyan
2969:Brill
2913:Brill
1729:Notes
1714:Timur
1678:Cairo
1634:taboo
1426:dykes
1410:Mosul
1402:Irbil
1274:Sunni
1154:Tolui
1090:to a
1076:Baiju
1072:Irbil
567:First
560:Third
552:First
488:India
480:Other
424:Tibet
414:Korea
409:Japan
373:China
338:First
332:Burma
203:Baiju
5718:Fiqh
5711:and
5668:Wars
5594:and
5453:Iraq
4826:and
4516:Jebe
4470:Duwa
3939:East
3876:Asia
3830:Ukek
3780:Dadu
3588:Life
3515:Orda
3450:Khan
3344:ISBN
3294:ISBN
3269:ISBN
3244:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3188:ISBN
3162:ISBN
3109:ISBN
3086:ISBN
3030:ISBN
2973:ISBN
2942:ISBN
2917:ISBN
2894:2022
2881:ISBN
2857:ISBN
1459:and
1453:moat
1336:and
1280:, a
1221:Kish
1160:and
992:and
960:and
901:The
848:the
801:The
765:Mari
740:Homs
678:Acre
672:Azaz
493:Java
395:Song
327:Asia
101:Iraq
80:Date
4556:Aju
3371:doi
3059:doi
3000:doi
1408:at
1241:Tun
1219:at
1138:by
789:Sis
385:Jin
155:by
5883::
3367:18
3365:.
3361:.
3342:.
3338::
3292:.
3263:.
3242:.
3212::
3208:.
3186:.
3160:.
3156::
3152:.
3134::
3107:.
3084:.
3080::
3076:.
3051:.
2996:62
2994:.
2990:.
2971:.
2967::
2940:.
2915:.
2911::
2907:.
2855:.
1737:^
1577:.
1527:,
1208:.
1188:,
1031:.
1019:.
1007:r.
976:.
889:.
569:,
558:,
554:,
67:c.
4627:e
4620:t
4613:v
4415:)
3406:e
3399:t
3392:v
3377:.
3373::
3352:.
3302:.
3277:.
3252:.
3226:.
3196:.
3170:.
3117:.
3094:.
3067:.
3061::
3038:.
3006:.
3002::
2981:.
2950:.
2925:.
2896:.
2865:.
2617:.
1801:.
1658:'
1652:'
1650:(
1004:(
645:e
638:t
631:v
573:)
562:)
303:e
296:t
289:v
179:)
175:(
34:.
20:)
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