442:, commander of the Bangkok fortress, was invited to Lopburi by Phetracha, and according to the account of one of his officers named De la Touche received promises of significant personal gains, such as the naming of his eldest son, Marquis Desfarges, to a major position in the Siamese government, equivalent to that which Constantine Phaulkon had held. Phetracha also required Desfarges to move his troops from Bangkok to Lopburi in order to contribute in an ongoing war with the Lao and the Cochin-Chinese. Desfarges managed to leave by promising that he would send the troops demanded by Phetracha, and that he would remit the fortress of Bangkok. He also had to leave his two sons as hostages to Phetracha.
208:
197:
143:
172:
163:
99:
129:
336:
680:
531:. Twelve small forts were constructed around the French fortress, each one containing between seven and ten cannons. According to the French, this was done with the help of the Dutch. The Chao Praya, connecting the fortress of Bangkok to the sea, was lined with numerous forts, and was blocked at its mouth with five to six rows of huge tree trunks, an iron chain and numerous embarkations. Altogether, there were seven batteries, containing 180 cannons.
520:
410:
655:, provided by Phetracha. Altogether, the siege had lasted more than four months, until the negotiated settlement was reached. Of the three French hostages who were supposed to remain in Siam until the Siamese ships were returned, only Mgr Laneau, Bishop of Metellopolis, actually remained, while Véret, the head of the French factory, and the Chevalier Desfarges, son of the General, managed to flee on board the
34:
538:) for help. The longboat was commanded by a company lieutenant and ship ensign, Sieur de Saint-Christ. He was blocked on his way to the sea, however, as numerous fortifications and Siamese soldiers had been established there. Overwhelmed, Saint-Christ self-exploded his own ship, leading to the death of hundreds of Siamese and most of the French crew except two, who were ultimately remitted to Desfarges.
591:
487:
188:
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115:
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the vestiges of the (Christian) religion", and he further captured dozens of French people to obtain her return: the Jesuit Father de La
Breuille, 10 missionaries, fourteen officers and soldiers, six members of the French East India Company, and fourteen other French people (including three ship captains, three mirror technicians, Sieur de Billy, governor of
631:). Desfarges, afraid of compromising the peace agreement and resuming a full conflict, returned her to the Siamese on 18 October, against the opinion of his officers. Despite the promises that had been made regarding her safety, she was condemned to slavery in the kitchens of Phetracha, which remained in effect until Phetracha died in 1703.
290:(1701–1713/14). With the end of the siege, a long period started during which Siam would remain suspicious of Western intervention. Only a few French missionaries were allowed to remain, while trade continued on a limited level with other European countries such as Portugal, the Dutch Republic and England.
659:. The Siamese, angered by the non-respect of the agreement, seized some of the French baggage, about 17 remaining French soldiers, and put Mgr Laneau in prison for several years. On 14 November, the day following the departure of the French, the 1644 Treaty and Alliance of Peace between Siam and the
622:
of France, took refuge with the French troops in
Bangkok, where she was able to stay from October 4–18, 1688. She had managed to flee Ayutthaya with the help of a French officer named Sieur de Sainte-Marie. According to Desfarges himself, Phetracha demanded her return, threatening to "abolish
510:
As the
Siamese were using the Thonburi fortress advantageously, the French decided to launch an attack against it and destroy it. A detachment of 30 men was sent, on two longboats led by an ensign. The French were overwhelmed by the Siamese forces, however, and although several had managed to scale
546:
In an effort to end the stalemate with the French in
Bangkok, on 24 June Phetracha released the two sons of Desfarges, whom he had been holding as hostages since the visit of General Desfarges to Lopburi in early June, as well as all other French prisoners. Although he tried to make peace with the
502:
fortress). Seeing that the position would be difficult to defend, especially since communications would become nearly impossible at low tide, the French decided to regroup in the larger fortress, on the left bank of the river. The French destroyed parts of the fortifications, split 18 cannons and
473:
river) and 200 men, including officers. General
Desfarges was commander-in-chief, and Mr de Vertesalle was second in command. For food, they also had about 100 cows, which Constance Phaulkon had had the foresight of providing them, which they started to slaughter. In order to facilitate defensive
729:
in an attempt to restore some sort of French control in Siam. The island was captured temporarily in 1689, but the occupation led nowhere, and
Desfarges returned to Pondicherry in January 1690. Recalled to France, he left 108 troops in Pondicherry to bolster defenses, and left with his remaining
378:
King Narai agreed to the proposal, and a fortress was established in each of the two cities, which were commanded by French governors. Desfarges noted in his account of the events that he was in command of the fortress of
Bangkok, with 200 French officers and men, as well as a Siamese contingent
274:
for four months. The
Siamese were able to muster about 40,000 troops, equipped with cannon, against the entrenched 200 French troops, but the military confrontation proved inconclusive. Tensions between the two belligerents progressively subsided, and finally a negotiated settlement was reached
547:
French, Phetracha managed to eliminate all the viable candidates to the throne: the two brothers of the king were executed on 9 July 1688. King Narai himself died on July 11, possibly with the help of poisoning. Phetracha was crowned king on 1 August 1688, in
Ayutthaya. He founded the new
578:, provided by Phetracha. The new king Phetracha gave back all his French prisoners. To guarantee the agreement, the French were supposed to leave the country holding two Siamese hostages, while three French hostages were supposed to remain in Siam until the Siamese ships were returned:
454:, the former ambassador to France, to whom he was supposed to remit the fortress. According to Vollant de Verquains, on that same day, in a council of war with his officers, the decision was taken not to obey Phetracha, but rather to resist him and start an armed confrontation.
554:
After that time, the tension around the French in
Bangkok subsided, with fewer cannon shots being traded, and exchanges of food and services being resumed to a certain level. Some discussions were also cautiously started to find an agreement. On 9 September the French warship
477:
The first act of war was the attack on a Chinese junk belonging to the king of Siam, which was passing by. The captain of the junk had refused to give supplies to French, especially the salt which was needed to salt meat, and therefore was fired on repeatedly.
445:
Desfarges left Lopburi on 5 June. As Desfarges had shown no interest in the fate of Phaulkon, Phetracha ordered Phaulkon's execution the same day. Phaulkon, who had been submitted to many tortures since his arrest, was beheaded by Phetracha's own son,
563:, but was unable to dock at the Bangkok fortress as the entrance to the river was being blocked by the Siamese. According to Vollant des Verquains, this put further pressure on the Siamese however to find a peaceful way out of the conflict.
394:. By 1688 anti-foreign sentiments, mainly directed at the French and Phaulkon, were reaching their zenith. The Siamese courtiers resented the dominance of the Greek Phaulkon in state affairs, along with his Japanese wife
379:
provided by King Narai, and Du Bruant was in command of Mergui with 90 French soldiers. Another 35 soldiers with three or four French officers were assigned to ships of the King of Siam, with a mission to fight piracy.
663:(VOC) was renewed, guaranteeing the Dutch the deerskin export monopoly they had had, and giving them freedom to trade freely in Siamese ports with anyone. They also obtained a renewal of their export monopoly on
429:
by seizing the Royal Palace in Lopburi and putting king Narai under house-arrest on 17–18 May. He also imprisoned Constantine Phaulkon on 18 May 1688, and executed the king's adopted son Mom Pi on May 20.
534:
Since two ships of the king of Siam were out at sea being commanded by some of his officers, Desfarges sent a longboat to try to reach them, and possibly call the French in India (
1905:
1556:
466:. The Siamese troops apparently received Dutch support in their fight against the French, and the Dutch factor Johan Keyts was accused of collaborating with the Siamese.
498:
The French initially occupied both sides of the Chao Phraya in Bangkok, with two fortresses, one on the left bank (the Bangkok fortress) and one on the right bank (the
2403:
1780:
507:
to bombard the French positions. Forty cannons were set up there, which were in a very good position to shoot at the French fortress on the other side of the river.
2037:
347:. The embassy consisted of a French expeditionary force of 1,361 soldiers, missionaries, envoys and crews aboard five warships. The military wing was led by
344:
861:
Tourism Division; Culture, Sports and Tourism Department; BMA(2012) 2nd ed. กรุงเทพฯ บนฝั่งธานแห่งวัฒนธรรม. Krung Thep Maha Nakhon: Rumthai Press.page 34
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671:(originally granted by king Narai in 1671). The Dutch, and to lesser extent the English, continued to trade in Ayutthaya, although with difficulty.
1840:
1626:
1616:
1549:
1895:
2383:
1479:
2042:
2393:
582:, Bishop of Metellopolis, Véret, the head of the French factory in Siam, and Chevalier Desfarges, the younger son of General Desfarges.
1713:
1910:
1542:
1937:
406:. The Siamese mandarinate under the leadership of Phetracha complained about the occupation force and increasingly opposed Phaulkon.
2139:
1528:
1502:
1459:
691:, some of the French troops remained to bolster the French presence there, but most left for France on February 16, 1689 aboard the
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1900:
1845:
1708:
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the ramparts, they soon had to jump from it. Four French soldiers were killed on the spot, and four later died from their wounds.
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2176:
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279:
1450:
2134:
2087:
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France was unable to stage any comeback or organize a retaliation due to its involvement in major European conflicts: the
750:
later sank on February 27, 1691, with most of the remaining French troops including Desfarges' two sons, off the coast of
702:, with the engineer Vollant des Verquains and the Jesuit Le Blanc aboard. The two ships were captured by the Dutch at the
287:
2326:
1875:
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1992:
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2002:
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1972:
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Desfarges finally negotiated in the end of September 1688 an agreement to leave the country with his men on board the
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2144:
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1987:
1967:
1962:
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spiked the rest. Soon after they left the smaller fort, Siamese troops invested it and began to set up cannons and
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303:
251:
25:
2311:
2271:
1982:
1830:
360:
147:
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On April 10, 1689, Desfarges – who had remained in Pondicherry – led an expedition to capture the
2281:
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2067:
1947:
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2117:
1957:
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led to strong nationalist movements in Siam directed by the Mandarin and Commander of the Elephant Corps,
352:
335:
2408:
2216:
1835:
1733:
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The Chao Phraya, from Bangkok (left) to the sea (right), was lined with forts and blocked with barrages.
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171:
162:
98:
33:
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1471:
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Matters were brought to a head when King Narai fell gravely ill in March 1688. Phetracha initiated the
212:
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2129:
2097:
1825:
1663:
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321:
42:, 1688. The enclosure of the village of Bangkok represented in the lower left corner (M) is today's
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This led to a major dispatch of French ambassadors and troops to Siam in 1687, organized by the
283:
2286:
2211:
1524:
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1455:
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560:
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The Siamese then endeavored to confine the French troops in the Bangkok fortress, by building
519:
462:
Phetracha moved to besiege the French fortress in Bangkok with 40,000 men, and over a hundred
439:
348:
313:
259:
207:
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196:
142:
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102:
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2124:
1653:
821:
240:
French soldiers were captured and lynched to death ? A French soldier was shot to death
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2261:
2112:
2107:
1718:
1429:
811:
801:
726:
624:
504:
447:
1815:
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The French had two fortresses (one in Bangkok, one in Thonburi on the other side of the
2241:
2191:
1855:
1820:
1810:
1591:
391:
409:
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2196:
1977:
1885:
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2221:
766:
559:, carrying 200 troops and commanded by de l'Estrilles, arrived at the mouth of the
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work, they also burnt down the small village which was near the Bangkok fortress.
450:. Desfarges returned to Bangkok on 6 June accompanied by two mandarins, including
871:
Siam: An Account of the Country and the People, Peter Anthony Thompson, 1910 p.28
324:. Numerous embassies were exchanged in both directions, including the embassy of
2231:
1698:
692:
688:
640:
535:
491:
470:
486:
2032:
743:
718:. They were able to return to France through a general exchange of prisoners.
579:
2186:
2171:
1534:
418:
267:
166:
187:
180:
114:
2236:
751:
628:
619:
607:
499:
451:
363:. Desfarges had instructions to negotiate the establishment of troops in
329:
71:
43:
38:
Siege of the French fortress (A) by Siamese troops and batteries (C), in
2201:
795:
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711:
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influence in his kingdom, and at the suggestion of his Greek councilor
271:
67:
39:
312:
had sought to expand relations with the French, as a counterweight to
282:, as France was soon embroiled in the major European conflicts of the
742:
on February 21, 1690. Desfarges died on his way back trying to reach
387:
364:
765:(1701–1713/14). France only resumed official contacts in 1856, when
1422:
794:, 1954 – battle marking the end of the French military presence in
710:
had started. After a month in the Cape, the prisoners were sent to
1517:
Account of the revolutions which occurred in Siam in the year 1688
939:
Account of the revolutions which occurred in Siam in the year 1688
683:
Modern city scenery in the Ayutthaya Kingdom (17th century prints)
678:
664:
589:
518:
485:
408:
371:(considered as "the key to the kingdom") rather than the southern
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309:
263:
402:
clergy were uneasy with the increasing prominence of the French
255:
1538:
722:
668:
941:
by General Desfarges, translated by Smithies, Michael (2002)
490:
The fortress in Thonburi, on the right (western) side of the
1020:
by De la Touche, translated in Smithies, Michael (2002),
1521:
Relation of what occurred in the kingdom of Siam in 1688
1509:
Three military accounts of the 1688 "Revolution" in Siam
1022:
Three military accounts of the 1688 "Revolution" in Siam
1018:
Relation of what occurred in the kingdom of Siam in 1688
943:
Three military accounts of the 1688 "Revolution" in Siam
618:, who had been promised protection by being ennobled a
339:
French soldiers in Siam, 17th century Siamese painting.
254:, in which the Kingdom of Siam ousted the French from
1423:"Threats to National Independence : 1886 - 1896"
375:, and to take these locations if necessary by force.
614:
Phaulkon's Catholic Japanese-Portuguese wife, named
2344:
2254:
2164:
2157:
2055:
2015:
1930:
1923:
1868:
1798:
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1766:
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1691:
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1639:
1609:
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1572:
1513:History of the revolution in Siam in the year 1688
850:History of the revolution in Siam in the year 1688
270:, Siamese troops besieged the French fortress in
237:An estimated 100 Thai soldiers were killed ?
1487:Martin's History of France: The Age of Louis XIV
839:Vollant des Verquains, in Smithies 2002, p.95-96
687:Once arrived in the small French settlement of
18:
1244:Vollant des Verquains, in Smithies 2002, p.148
1226:Vollant des Verquains, in Smithies 2002, p.145
1179:Vollant des Verquains, in Smithies 2002, p.140
1152:Vollant des Verquains, in Smithies 2002, p.139
1143:Vollant de Verquains, Smithies 2002, p.137-138
1075:
1073:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
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1550:
1523:), Itineria Asiatica, Orchid Press, Bangkok,
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1201:
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1187:
1185:
1161:Vollant des Verquains, in Smithies 2002, p.70
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1094:
1067:Vollant de Verquains, in Smithies 2002, p.134
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1038:
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978:
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951:
8:
907:
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903:
901:
627:, a carpenter named Lapie, and the musician
515:Siamese encirclement of the Bangkok fortress
278:The Siege of Bangkok would mark the end of
2341:
2251:
2161:
2052:
2012:
1927:
1865:
1795:
1770:
1743:
1688:
1643:
1606:
1576:
1557:
1543:
1535:
1490:, Walker, Wise and co., Harvard University
1213:
1211:
1079:Vollant de Verquains, Smithies 2002, p.137
891:
889:
887:
275:allowing the French to leave the country.
15:
929:Dhiravat na Prombejra, in Reid p.251-252
832:
639:Desfarges finally left with his men to
417:by the Siamese revolutionary forces of
1495:Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era
714:where they were kept at the prison of
382:The disembarkment of French troops in
7:
1988:Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94)
1413:Dhiravat na Pombejra, in Reid, p.267
1377:Dhivarat na Prombejra, in Reid p.266
1217:Dhiravat na Prombejra, in Reid p.252
1193:De la Touche, in Smithies 2002, p.71
1104:De la Touche, in Smithies 2002, p.70
1088:De la Touche, in Smithies 2002, p.66
1044:De la Touche, in Smithies 2002, p.69
1032:De la Touche, in Smithies 2002, p.68
968:De la Touche, in Smithies 2002, p.76
328:to Siam in 1685 and the embassy of
2003:Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900)
1993:Second Madagascar expedition (1895)
1332:Dhivarat na Pombejra in Reid, p.265
1305:De la Touche in Smithies 2002, p.73
494:, in front of the Bangkok fortress.
398:and European lifestyle, whilst the
2404:France–Thailand military relations
1497:, Cornell University Press, 1993,
1464:Hall, Daniel George Edward, 1964,
14:
1963:French conquest of Senegal (1854)
1287:Desfarges, in Smithies 2002, p.50
1235:Desfarges, in Smithies 2002, p.49
1205:Desfarges, in Smithies 2002, p.48
1170:Desfarges, in Smithies 2002, p.52
1122:Desfarges, in Smithies 2002, p.37
959:Desfarges, in Smithies 2002, p.25
2352:Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988)
2043:Intervention in Mexico (1861–67)
1983:First Franco-Dahomean War (1890)
1876:Burma–France relations (1729–56)
1434:Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs
413:Siege of the French fortress in
351:, and the diplomatic mission by
280:French military presence in Siam
262:, in which the pro-Western king
206:
195:
186:
179:
170:
161:
141:
127:
113:
97:
32:
2217:Tunisian independence (1952–56)
1998:Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903)
1836:French and Indian War (1754–60)
1451:Europe and the World, 1650–1830
2267:Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36)
2207:Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31)
2098:Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62)
1851:Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)
852:, in Smithies 2002, pp. 95–96.
1:
2332:First Indochina War (1946–54)
2083:Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47)
812:1940–41 Franco-Thai War
763:War of the Spanish Succession
759:War of the League of Augsburg
643:on 13 November, on board the
288:War of the Spanish Succession
284:War of the League of Augsburg
58:June 1688 – November 13, 1688
2384:Military history of Thailand
2145:Franco-Siamese crisis (1893)
1729:King William's War (1689–97)
1511:(Jean Vollant des Verquains
1467:A History of South-east Asia
1278:Note 9, Smithies 2002, p.100
1134:Desfarges, in Smithies, p.41
434:General Desfarges in Lopburi
2212:Malagasy Uprising (1947–48)
2038:Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50)
1911:Egypt and Syria (1798–1801)
1826:King George's War (1744–48)
1359:Note 1, Smithies 2002, p.19
920:Note 6, Smithies 2002, p.99
848:Jean Vollant des Verquains
647:and two Siamese ships, the
570:and two Siamese ships, the
2430:
2394:Military history of France
2093:French conquest of Vietnam
1806:Queen Anne's War (1702–13)
1507:Smithies, Michael (2002),
1436:, Retrieved on 2008-08-26.
807:1893 Franco-Siamese crisis
761:(1688–1697), and then the
708:War of the Augsburg League
594:Ruins of the residence of
427:Siamese revolution of 1688
304:Siamese revolution of 1688
297:
286:(1688–1697), and then the
252:Siamese revolution of 1688
26:Siamese revolution of 1688
2317:Franco-Thai War (1940–41)
2113:Sino-French War (1884–85)
2108:Tonkin Campaign (1883–86)
2028:Río de la Plata (1838–40)
1856:Santo Domingo (1795–1809)
1566:French colonial conflicts
1404:Smithies 2002, p.16/p.185
361:French East India Company
357:Claude Céberet du Boullay
300:France–Thailand relations
231:
218:
155:
148:French East India Company
90:
50:
31:
23:
2192:Volta-Bani War (1915–16)
2056:Asia & Pacific Ocean
1811:Chickasaw Wars (1721–52)
1493:Reid, Anthony (Editor),
769:sent an embassy to King
661:Dutch East India Company
458:Start of the hostilities
119:Dutch East India Company
82:Decisive Siamese victory
2399:Sieges involving France
2327:South Vietnam (1945–46)
2197:Kaocen revolt (1916–17)
2125:Second Opium War (1860)
2118:North Vietnam (1886–96)
2103:North Vietnam (1873–74)
1906:East Indies (1793–1801)
1841:North America (1778–83)
1709:North America (1627–29)
1699:Beaver Wars (1609–1701)
792:Battle of Dien Bien Phu
706:, however, because the
698:and the French Company
542:De-escalation and peace
250:was a key event of the
2262:Boxer Rebellion (1901)
2227:Cameroon War (1955–64)
2222:Algerian War (1954–62)
2140:Leewards War (1888–97)
1938:Indian Ocean (1809–11)
1816:Dummer's War (1721–25)
1719:Carib Expulsion (1660)
1296:Smithies 2002, p.11-12
734:and the Company ships
684:
616:Maria Guyomar de Pinha
611:
600:Maria Guyomar de Pinha
586:Maria Guyomar de Pinha
524:
495:
422:
396:Maria Guyomar de Pinha
340:
156:Commanders and leaders
2242:Bizerte crisis (1961)
2073:Philippines (1844–45)
2023:West Indies (1804–10)
1978:Ivory Coast (1883–98)
1901:East Indies (1778–83)
1831:Nova Scotia (1749–55)
1821:Natchez revolt (1729)
1781:West Africa (1758–63)
1714:West Indies (1635–59)
1587:South Carolina (1562)
1484:Martin, Henri, 1865,
1448:Black, Jeremy, 2002,
881:Smithies 2002, p.9-10
725:-producing island of
682:
593:
522:
489:
412:
338:
326:Chevalier de Chaumont
232:Casualties and losses
1734:Santo Domingo (1691)
1395:Smithies 2002, p.179
1386:Smithies 2002, p.185
1341:Smithies 2002, p.181
1008:Smithies 2002, p.184
635:Retreat from Bangkok
596:Constantine Phaulkon
359:, a director of the
345:Marquis de Seignelay
322:Constantine Phaulkon
2187:Zaian War (1914–21)
2172:Wadai War (1906–11)
1948:Algeria (1835–1903)
1896:Vietnam (1777–1820)
1846:Caribbean (1778–83)
1269:Smithies 2002, p.12
1253:Smithies 2002, p.73
1058:Smithies 2002, p.18
984:Smithies 2002, p.11
911:Smithies 2002, p.10
817:Battle of Koh Chang
775:Charles de Montigny
353:Simon de la Loubère
332:to France in 1686.
191:Daniel Brochebourde
2389:History of Bangkok
2237:Ifni War (1957–58)
2232:Suez Crisis (1956)
1472:St. Martin's Press
1428:2002-12-28 at the
685:
612:
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2414:Ayutthaya Kingdom
2379:Conflicts in 1688
2364:
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2307:Vietnam (1930–31)
2292:Cilicia (1920–21)
2282:Vietnam (1918–21)
2277:Vietnam (1917–18)
2250:
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2202:Rif War (1920–26)
2182:Morocco (1911–12)
2177:Casablanca (1907)
2153:
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1973:Madagascar (1883)
1943:Algeria (1830–47)
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1592:Florida (1562–65)
1480:978-0-312-38641-2
787:Anglo-Siamese War
704:Cape of Good Hope
561:Chao Phraya River
482:Thonburi fortress
440:General Desfarges
349:General Desfarges
244:
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202:General Desfarges
135:Kingdom of France
107:Naval support by:
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2013:
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1704:Brazil (1612–15)
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2130:Japan (1863–64)
2063:Moluccas (1810)
2047:
2007:
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1891:India (1756–63)
1886:India (1749–54)
1881:India (1746–48)
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2409:1688 in Asia
2366:
2158:20th century
2135:Korea (1866)
1924:19th century
1767:18th century
1640:17th century
1573:16th century
1520:
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1515:, Desfarges
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1323:Black, p.106
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895:Martin, p.25
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767:Napoleon III
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184:Johan Keyts
125:
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91:Belligerents
24:Part of the
2068:Java (1811)
1958:Salé (1851)
1368:Hall, p.350
693:French Navy
689:Pondicherry
641:Pondicherry
536:Pondicherry
492:Chao Phraya
471:Chao Phraya
438:On 2 June,
260:coup d'état
2373:Categories
1443:References
746:, and the
744:Martinique
716:Middelburg
580:Mgr Laneau
314:Portuguese
294:Background
748:Oriflamme
732:Oriflamme
675:Aftermath
657:Oriflamme
645:Oriflamme
568:Oriflamme
557:Oriflamme
551:dynasty.
419:Phetracha
268:Phetracha
167:Phetracha
2016:Americas
1799:Americas
1692:Americas
1426:Archived
781:See also
752:Brittany
696:Normande
651:and the
629:Delaunay
620:countess
608:Thailand
574:and the
529:redoubts
500:Thonburi
452:Kosa Pan
421:in 1688.
400:Buddhist
330:Kosa Pan
219:Strength
72:Thailand
63:Location
44:Thonburi
2345:Pacific
796:Vietnam
773:led by
771:Mongkut
712:Zeeland
604:Lopburi
505:mortars
464:cannons
415:Bangkok
404:Jesuits
384:Bangkok
373:Songkla
369:Bangkok
272:Bangkok
68:Bangkok
40:Bangkok
2165:Africa
1931:Africa
1774:Africa
1647:Africa
1527:
1501:
1478:
1458:
727:Phuket
625:Phuket
388:Mergui
365:Mergui
224:40,000
132:
79:Result
828:Notes
736:Lonré
700:Coche
665:Ligor
653:Louvo
576:Louvo
318:Dutch
310:Narai
308:King
264:Narai
227:1,000
2255:Asia
1869:Asia
1747:Asia
1525:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1456:ISBN
738:and
667:for
649:Siam
572:Siam
386:and
367:and
355:and
316:and
302:and
256:Siam
246:The
55:Date
723:tin
669:tin
602:in
2375::
1474:,
1470:,
1432:,
1258:^
1210:^
1198:^
1184:^
1127:^
1093:^
1072:^
1049:^
1037:^
989:^
973:^
950:^
900:^
886:^
777:.
754:.
606:,
70:,
1558:e
1551:t
1544:v
1531:.
945:.
798:.
610:.
46:.
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