1055:
172:
118:
938:
44:
136:
926:
946:
768:
1066:. The defeat caused a rift between the Dutch and British governments. It now dawned on the British that they had demanded too much of the military capability of the Dutch Republic and that its ability to resist the French had been exhausted. The Dutch on the other hand were furious about the fact that her allies were unwilling to relieve the city. The city was key to opening up the
160:
104:
1046:, the French soldiers lost their discipline and sacked the town and, although the sack ended quickly, several thousand civilians were reportedly killed or injured. Lowendal declared his regrets but European opinion was outraged. Saxe defended Lowendal to Louis XV saying, "There is no middle course, either you must hang him or make him a Marshal of France."
660:
643:
668:
778:
676:
859:
overnight of the first day, 400 paces out from the fortifications. On 17 July the second parallel was dug and over the night of 22 July the third parallel was completed. Batteries were raised and the French artillery began to bombard the defenders on the 20 July. Each of the trench parallels were laid and their
703:, felt able to move to support Bergen op Zoom. For the Dutch this proved the unwillingness of her allies to assist them in their time of need, while their British allies felt the Dutch demands for greater allied effort in this war was absurd - reasoning that the Dutch had not formally declared war on France.
735:, and trench lines connecting to the city on the northeast, were held by the Prince of Hildburghausen with 20 battalions of infantry and 14 squadrons of cavalry that could reinforce or relieve the garrison. Because of these lines and some lesser lines to the west, Bergen op Zoom could not be completely
650:
After seven years of brutal war, both sides in this conflict were suffering from weariness of the war. Although tentative peace initiatives had been put forward, neither side was yet willing to make meaningful concessions. The capture of Bergen op Zoom would be a signal defeat for the Dutch and would
916:
On 8 August the allied army, formerly under
Waldeck but now commanded by Prince Schwartzenberg, in conjunction with the corps of Hildburghausen, made a badly coordinated and poorly executed night attack on the French in an attempt to break the siege. Even so, the allies were repelled with difficulty
958:
attack on the early morning of 18 September 1747. The Dutch commanders did not perceive the breaches as practicable and had taken no particular cautionary measures. The city garrison consisted of nine battalions: two Scots battalions, Colyear and
Majoribanks; Waldeck and Saxe-Gotha, Lewe, Evertsen,
1009:
which allowed the rest of the troops inside where they formed up in the gorge of the ravelin and then gained the ramparts without opposition. The French then seized the gates and entered the city sword in hand. The garrison commander, Cronström, and his officers had reportedly still been asleep in
754:
Bergen op Zoom was well-garrisoned and well-supplied, so the siege by French forces did not cause immediate alarm in the
Netherlands. The fortress had access to the sea, and the Dutch navy supplied the fortress without serious interference by the French. The French, since they were the besieging
858:
On the night of the 14 July the French opened the trenches using 2,400 workers supported by 10 companies of grenadiers and 5 battalions of infantry. Lowendal used 12,000 of his troops to man the trench lines and deployed the other 18,000 as an army of observation. The first parallel was laid
739:, or surrounded. Further, because of the low-lying ground, large areas fronting the defenses were inundated by the Dutch using various sluices and channels and this prevented any French approach in those parts of the field. The fortress was the chief work of the great Dutch engineer,
849:
was chosen partly because the ground was drier and partly because this was the only part of the fortress not directly covered by additional lines as was the northwest and south east sides of Bergen op Zoom. This area would witness the most continuous and fierce combat of the siege.
651:
open the door for an invasion of the Dutch
Netherlands. The siege was the center of attention in Europe and news of it followed eagerly in numerous reports with the Pragmatic Allies confident that the fortress would withstand the French and the French determined it should fall.
913:. After two months of intense fighting French were finally able to bombard the main wall. Saxe sent Lowendal 12,000 reinforcements to make up for serious losses, while the garrison received reinforcement and relief from troops within the lines of the fortified camp.
1014:
put up a tenacious defense against the French through the streets of the city, making a stand in the market place losing two-thirds their number but enabling
Governor Cronström to escape. The Dutch and their allies suffered some 3,000 casualties during the
706:
Bergen op Zoom was a fortress town with a population of some 5,000 people and an initial garrison of 3,000 under the command of the 86-year-old, vigorous
Governor General Cronström. The circumference of the fortress ramparts was about three miles with ten
953:
Lowendal felt an urgency to take the town because autumn rains were coming. The rains would cause certain failure of the siege. Lowendal, advised that several breaches in the defensive fortification were practicable, stormed the city in a
901:, was held by a battalion of Hessian allies. Using mines, stormattacks and continuous bombarding the French drove the Dutch out of these lunettes. The 75 mines sprung, 43 by the Dutch and 32 by the French, between the bastions
962:
French columns accompanied by laborers to clear any obstacles were prepared for each breach. In the center were 14 companies of grenadiers supported by 13 battalions of the main body of infantry. On the French left the bastion
967:
would be assaulted by 6 companies of grenadiers and 6 battalions. On the right, 7 companies of grenadiers from the regiments of d'Eu, Coincy, Chabrillant, la Trasne and 50 dismounted Royal dragoons would assault the bastion
976:, Montboissier and d'Eu followed by 3 brigades of sappers, 20 gunners, 300 workers. In addition the first battalions of the regiments Montmorin, Royal de Vaisseaux and Beauvoisis would march in support of the attack. The
691:, a master in the art of siege craft, to lay siege to Bergen op Zoom. Saxe calculated that his numerically inferior opponents would not be able to adequately defend two fortified cities at once. Needing to protect
241:
1054:
1813:
De
Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden als grote mogendheid: Buitenlandse politiek en oorlogvoering in de eerste helft van de achttiende eeuw en in het bijzonder tijdens de Oostenrijkse Successieoorlog
890:
from Fort Rover which took and destroyed a major French battery. Over the course of the siege, other
British troops, engineers and artillery joined the allied garrison as well as some Austrian miners.
1023:
while French losses were only 479. Some 200 fortress guns were captured and 17 fully loaded supply ships in the port were taken. After the fall of the town, the garrisons of the forts of
234:
1892:
863:
pushed forward by the French, drawing ever closer to the fortress. The fourth parallel was finished between 26 and 28 July and a fifth laid up against the works on 8 September.
897:
in the covered way. Unfortunately for the French, the Dutch still possessed several lunettes in the area, which were used to bombard the French held covered way. The lunette,
227:
1062:
The siege had been the longest and bloodiest siege of the war. With the capture of Bergen op Zoom however, the French now had control of the entire length of the river
688:
743:. It was believed to be impregnable and was considered the strongest fortification in Dutch Brabant. Bergen op Zoom had withstood two previous sieges, the first in
1865:
An authentic journal of the remarkable and bloody siege of Bergen-op-Zoom by the French, under M. de
Lowendahl. Begun July 14, and ended September 16, N.S. 1747
1897:
756:
624:
184:
20:
1907:
635:
on the border of
Brabant and Zeeland in 1747. The fortress was defended by Dutch, Austrians, British, Hanoverians and Hessians that supported the
1801:
1887:
1917:
1848:
1821:
1912:
1747:
1732:
1718:
1689:
1902:
755:
force and controlled much of the surrounding area, were also well-supplied and reinforced. However, the allies had an army under
700:
748:
744:
588:
583:
251:
35:
986:, consisted of 200 volunteers, 2 companies of grenadiers supported by a battalion of infantry and were destined to attack
723:. Much of the surrounding country was marshland. Additionally, an entrenched camp at Roosendaal, defended by three forts:
1406:, London, 1865, p.17. Along with British engineers and artillery, James Braddock and Simon Frasier served at the siege.
751:. It could be supplied with munitions and provision by boats using two navigable canals each defended by its own fort.
866:
Various stormattacks followed on the outer works of the fortress, but the defences held firm. The French had also dug
1770:
1198:
1882:
636:
620:
380:
290:
285:
479:
171:
123:
1867:
By an English volunteer, late of the garrison of Bergen-op-Zoom, Dublin : printed by Joshua Kinneir, 1747
973:
937:
930:
300:
1011:
883:
879:
720:
598:
538:
427:
397:
392:
310:
511:
474:
454:
365:
568:
543:
526:
506:
422:
417:
402:
375:
330:
917:
and Schwartzenberg continued to harass and intercept French supply convoys taking a convoy on 14 August.
785:
The various bastions, ravelins and lunettes of the fortification were all named and would mount over 230
516:
736:
560:
489:
350:
340:
325:
280:
275:
43:
432:
1535:, Volume 4, pp. 240–241, " ...from 1450, are now reduced to 330 ...". Similarly, Ferguson, James. ed.
1426:
1753:
1415:
593:
548:
469:
345:
295:
484:
464:
437:
578:
521:
407:
270:
1079:
740:
696:
684:
603:
573:
459:
360:
305:
793:
during the course of the siege. The principal effort of the French concentrated on the bastions
164:
1090:, leading to a treaty in 1748. A widely read account of the siege and assault was published by
1844:
1827:
1817:
1797:
1743:
1728:
1714:
1685:
1087:
1075:
501:
335:
141:
1206:, V.II, p. 121, "The fate of Bergen-op-Zoom, on which the eyes of all Europe were fixed...".
1091:
1086:
forced the British to re-enter negotiations, and to take seriously the ongoing talks at the
355:
925:
790:
628:
412:
315:
176:
687:, the French Marshal de Saxe detached a force 30,000 strong under the command of General
1786:
Die wichtigsten Schlachten, Belagerungen und verschanzten Lager vom Jahre 1708 bis 1855.
1378:
Die wichtigsten Schlachten, Belagerungen und verschanzten Lager vom Jahre 1708 bis 1855.
1339:
Die wichtigsten Schlachten, Belagerungen und verschanzten Lager vom Jahre 1708 bis 1855.
997:
At 4 a.m. a brief signal bombardment of the ravelin was made and a contingent of French
1083:
1067:
632:
442:
159:
109:
73:
69:
1404:
England's artillerymen: an historical narrative of the services of the Royal Artillery
1876:
320:
1043:
982:
955:
945:
882:
to blow them up. They were in their turn countermined by Dutch sappers. On 25 July
1792:
Van Alphen, Marc; Hoffenaar, Jan; Lemmers, Alan; Van der Spek, Christiaan (2019).
767:
1758:
Fontenoy and Great Britain's Share in the War of the Austrian Succession 1741–48.
1010:
their beds when most of the officers were captured by the French. The brigade of
219:
910:
1725:
The Insatiable Earl: A Life of John Montagu, Fourth Earl of Sandwich, 1718–1792
1831:
887:
695:
from the threat posed by De Saxe's forces, neither the British commander, the
692:
1006:
998:
894:
867:
1740:
Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire
1039:
in the lines outside the city were either taken by assault or surrendered.
712:
1711:
De Republiek der Verenigde Nederlanden als grote mogendheid. (1740–1748)
1640:
1202:, Vol. 17, London, 1747. pp. 328–329, 401–402, 409–412, 464–465. Cust:
1071:
1063:
1020:
991:
875:
871:
860:
716:
708:
1163:
667:
642:
786:
1779:
Histoire de Maurice, comte de Saxe, duc de Courlande et de Semigalle
1278:
Histoire de Maurice, comte de Saxe, duc de Courlande et de Semigalle
777:
675:
659:
1053:
1016:
944:
936:
924:
776:
674:
666:
658:
641:
1764:
An authentick and accurate journal of the siege of Bergen-op-Zoom
631:, laid siege and captured the strategic Dutch border fortress of
1488:
SHAT,A4 86 envoi Wagner, piece 9c -Copie des archive de la Haye.
1002:
1094:, who participated as a volunteer observer on the French side.
759:
nearby which posed a continuing threat to French supply lines.
223:
1794:
Krijgsmacht en Handelsgeest: Om het machtsevenwicht in Europa
1539:, Edinburgh, 1899, p. 226 states of 1,500, 1,124 were killed.
1130:
1128:
1513:, Vol. 17, 1747, London, p.410, Lownedhal's account to Saxe.
1777:
d' Espagnac, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Damarzit de Sahuguet.
1276:
d' Espagnac, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Damarzit de Sahuguet.
1428:
Contemporary diagram of the attacks on the covered way.
909:
exemplify the intensity of these operations around the
972:
supported by the first battalions of the regiments of
1675:
A history of the Highlands and of the Highland clans
1537:
Papers Illustrating the History of the Scots Brigade
1533:
A history of the Highlands and of the Highland clans
1391:
A history of the Highlands and of the Highland clans
1153:. Paris: Bachelin-Deflorenne. 1868. p. 111-112.
1074:
to a potential French invasion. Lowendal was made a
941:
Taking and looting of the fortress of Bergen-op-Zoom
1843:(in German) (2010 ed.). Kessinger Publishing.
1841:Militar-Historisches Kreigs-Lexikon V1: 1618-1905
211:292 pieces of cannon and 17 supply ships captured
801:. Facing the French trench lines, the sides of
1704:Studies in Eighteenth Century diplomacy 1740–48
28:
771:Low Countries: War of the Austrian Succession.
1380:Leipzig und Heidelberg, 1861, pp. 270 to 275.
1341:Leipzig und Heidelberg, 1861. pp. 270 to 275.
235:
8:
1893:Sieges of the War of the Austrian Succession
1697:Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century
1465:Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century
1417:Contemporary map of the course of the siege.
1291:Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century
1217:Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century
1134:
1005:, penetrated the breaches and then opened a
893:After a month of fighting the French made a
1145:
1143:
959:Holstein-Gottorp, Deutz and van Rechteren.
781:Ulrich Frédéric Woldemar, Count of Lowendal
623:, when a French army, under the command of
1078:for his exploit. Along with the defeat at
805:were flanked on its right by the ravelin
242:
228:
220:
25:
1774:, Vol. 17, September, 1747. London, 1747.
766:
21:Siege of Bergen op Zoom (disambiguation)
1103:
1766:by an English Volunteer. London, 1747.
1110:
886:, also known as the 64th Foot, made a
773:Bergen op Zoom is in the upper center.
16:Part of the Austrian War of Succession
627:and the overall direction of Marshal
7:
1898:Sieges involving the Dutch Republic
1682:The War of the Austrian Succession.
841:. The area between the bastions of
715:. The intervals contain twenty one
14:
1816:(in Dutch). De Bataafsche Leeuw.
1393:, Volume 4, Glasgow, 1840, p.241.
1280:, Vol. 2, Paris, MDCCLXXV. p.283.
1479:, Vol. 17, 1747, London, p.410.
170:
158:
134:
116:
102:
42:
1564:, Vol. 17, 1747, London, p.410.
1548:Skrine, p.337. Also, Browning:
1467:, Vol.II, London, 1858, p. 121
1293:, Vol.II, London, 1858, p. 120
1219:, Vol.II, London, 1858, p. 120
1058:Model of Bergen op Zoom in 1747
837:, and left of that the bastion
1908:Sieges involving Great Britain
1641:"Jacob von Eggers (1704-1773)"
699:, nor the Austrian commander,
679:Example of 2 kinds of lunettes
253:War of the Austrian Succession
36:War of the Austrian Succession
1:
1788:Leipzig und Heidelberg, 1861.
683:Following his victory at the
48:The assault on Bergen op Zoom
1781:, Volume 2, Paris, MDCCLXXV.
1684:St. Martin's Griffin, 2008,
821:and between the bastion and
809:and on its left the ravelin
199:~30,000-35,000 (by rotation)
1811:Van Nimwegen, Olaf (2002).
719:which are covered by stone
1934:
1888:1747 in the Dutch Republic
949:The fall of Bergen op Zoom
813:. Between the bastion and
621:Austrian War of Succession
60:July – September 1747
18:
1918:History of Bergen op Zoom
261:
203:
190:
148:
92:
52:
41:
33:
1913:History of North Brabant
1771:The Gentleman's Magazine
1760:London, Edinburgh, 1906.
1727:. Harper Collins, 1993,
1699:, Vol.II, London, 1858.
1677:, Vol. 4, Glasgow, 1840.
1639:Hohrath, Daniel (1999).
1562:The Gentleman's Magazine
1511:The Gentleman's Magazine
1477:The Gentleman's Magazine
1199:The Gentleman's Magazine
1151:Vie du maréchal Löwendal
1903:Sieges involving France
1839:Bodart, Gaston (1908).
1742:. Penguin Books, 2008,
617:Siege of Bergen op Zoom
599:Jacobite rising of 1745
29:Siege of Bergen op Zoom
1625:, p.329. Also, Simms:
1164:Van Alphen et al. 2019
1059:
950:
942:
934:
929:French soldier of the
782:
774:
680:
672:
664:
647:
646:Bergen op Zoom in 1747
619:took place during the
265:Flanders and the Rhine
149:Commanders and leaders
1754:Skrine, Francis Henry
1057:
948:
940:
931:RĂ©giment de Normandie
928:
921:Storming the breaches
780:
770:
678:
671:Example of a hornwork
670:
663:Example of 2 bastions
662:
655:Preliminary maneuvers
645:
204:Casualties and losses
1706:. John Murray, 1930.
1702:Lodge, Sir Richard.
1012:Loudon's Highlanders
990:, the half-moon, or
884:Loudon's Highlanders
854:Laying the parallels
19:For other uses, see
1713:. Amsterdam, 2002,
1623:Austrian Succession
1575:Austrian Succession
1550:Austrian Succession
1365:Austrian Succession
1265:Austrian Succession
1252:Austrian Succession
1186:Austrian Succession
579:Second Silesian War
569:War of Jenkins' Ear
387:Bohemia and Moravia
1060:
951:
943:
935:
783:
775:
741:Menno van Coehoorn
697:Duke of Cumberland
685:Battle of Lauffeld
681:
673:
665:
648:
637:Pragmatic Sanction
604:First Carnatic War
574:First Silesian War
1883:Conflicts in 1747
1803:978-90-244-3038-3
1709:Nimwegen, O. van
1135:Van Nimwegen 2002
1088:Congress of Breda
1076:Marshal of France
833:was the lunette,
829:. To the left of
612:
611:
594:King George's War
584:Italian campaigns
218:
217:
88:
87:
1925:
1854:
1835:
1807:
1738:Simms, Brendan.
1680:Browning, Reed.
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1636:
1630:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1540:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1461:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1407:
1400:
1394:
1387:
1381:
1374:
1368:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1281:
1274:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1195:
1189:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1138:
1132:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1092:Jacob von Eggers
1082:, the defeat at
825:was the lunette
817:was the lunette
747:and a second in
711:covered by five
256:
254:
244:
237:
230:
221:
175:
174:
163:
162:
144:
140:
138:
137:
126:
122:
120:
119:
108:
106:
105:
54:
53:
46:
26:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1873:
1872:
1861:
1859:Further reading
1851:
1838:
1824:
1810:
1804:
1791:
1723:Rodger, N.A.M.
1673:Browne, James.
1670:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1638:
1637:
1633:
1627:Three Victories
1620:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1462:
1458:
1449:
1445:
1436:
1432:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1397:
1389:Browne, James,
1388:
1384:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:, V.II, p. 121.
1227:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1196:
1192:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1141:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1052:
923:
856:
772:
765:
657:
629:Maurice de Saxe
613:
608:
565:
257:
252:
250:
248:
210:
181:
177:Edward Braddock
169:
165:Isaac Cronström
157:
135:
133:
132:
129:
117:
115:
114:
103:
101:
76:
47:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1850:978-1167991554
1849:
1836:
1823:978-9067075404
1822:
1808:
1802:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1761:
1751:
1736:
1721:
1707:
1700:
1695:Cust, Edward.
1693:
1678:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1631:
1614:
1612:Lodge p.290–92
1605:
1592:
1579:
1566:
1554:
1541:
1524:
1515:
1503:
1490:
1481:
1469:
1463:Cust, Edward.
1456:
1443:
1430:
1419:
1408:
1395:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1343:
1330:
1317:
1315:Lodge p.260–71
1308:
1295:
1289:Cust, Edward.
1282:
1269:
1256:
1243:
1234:
1221:
1215:Cust, Edward.
1208:
1190:
1188:, pp. 317–319.
1177:
1168:
1166:, p. 112.
1156:
1139:
1137:, p. 329.
1124:
1122:Skrine, p. 337
1115:
1113:, p. 212.
1102:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1084:Bergen op Zoom
1068:Dutch Republic
1051:
1048:
1042:Following the
1037:Kijk-in-de-Pot
978:Enfants Perdus
922:
919:
855:
852:
764:
761:
757:Prince Waldeck
656:
653:
633:Bergen op Zoom
625:Count Löwendal
610:
609:
607:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
564:
563:
557:
556:
552:
551:
546:
541:
535:
534:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
498:
497:
493:
492:
487:
482:
480:Hohenfriedberg
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
451:
450:
446:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
389:
388:
384:
383:
378:
376:Rhine Campaign
373:
371:Bergen op Zoom
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
267:
266:
262:
259:
258:
249:
247:
246:
239:
232:
224:
216:
215:
212:
206:
205:
201:
200:
197:
193:
192:
188:
187:
185:Count Löwendal
182:
180:
179:
167:
154:
151:
150:
146:
145:
130:
128:
127:
112:
110:Dutch Republic
98:
95:
94:
90:
89:
86:
85:
84:French victory
82:
78:
77:
74:Dutch Republic
70:Bergen op Zoom
68:
66:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
39:
38:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1930:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1748:0-465-01332-5
1745:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1733:0-393-03587-5
1730:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1719:90-6707-540-X
1716:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1690:0-312-12561-5
1687:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1650:
1647:(in German).
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:d' Espagnac:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:Browne, J.A..
1399:
1396:
1392:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1241:Lodge p. 260.
1238:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1178:
1175:Lodge p. 271.
1172:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:
989:
985:
984:
979:
975:
971:
966:
960:
957:
947:
939:
932:
927:
920:
918:
914:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
853:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
779:
769:
762:
760:
758:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
677:
669:
661:
654:
652:
644:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
562:
559:
558:
554:
553:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
532:
531:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
494:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
448:
447:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
386:
385:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
268:
264:
263:
260:
255:
245:
240:
238:
233:
231:
226:
225:
222:
214:10,000–20,000
213:
208:
207:
202:
198:
195:
194:
189:
186:
183:
178:
173:
168:
166:
161:
156:
155:
153:
152:
147:
143:
131:
125:
124:Great Britain
113:
111:
100:
99:
97:
96:
91:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
45:
40:
37:
32:
27:
22:
1870:
1864:
1840:
1812:
1793:
1785:
1784:Wittje, G..
1778:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1739:
1724:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1681:
1674:
1668:Bibliography
1653:. Retrieved
1648:
1644:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1493:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1459:
1451:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1422:
1411:
1403:
1398:
1390:
1385:
1377:
1376:Wittje, G..
1372:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1350:d'Espagnac:
1346:
1338:
1337:Wittje, G..
1333:
1325:
1320:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1180:
1171:
1159:
1150:
1118:
1106:
1061:
1044:coup de main
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
996:
987:
983:Forlorn Hope
981:
977:
969:
964:
961:
956:coup de main
952:
915:
906:
902:
898:
892:
865:
857:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
784:
753:
732:
728:
724:
705:
689:von Lowendal
682:
649:
616:
614:
527:Pfaffenhofen
370:
93:Belligerents
34:Part of the
1814:(1740–1748)
1651:(2): 99–101
1522:Lodge p.290
1111:Bodart 1908
1001:gained the
911:covered way
589:Sea battles
561:Kesselsdorf
490:Hennersdorf
455:GroĂź-Glogau
291:Wissembourg
286:Lauterbourg
209:5,000-6,000
1877:Categories
1832:1342236833
1645:Aufklärung
1621:Browning:
1573:Browning:
1363:Browning:
1263:Browning:
1250:Browning:
1184:Browning.
1098:References
999:Grenadiers
870:under the
693:Maastricht
539:St. Pölten
517:Ingolstadt
507:Deggendorf
428:3rd Prague
418:2nd Prague
393:1st Prague
381:Maastricht
1629:, p. 350.
1603:, p. 122.
1590:, p. 122.
1501:, p. 327.
1367:, p. 319.
1267:, p. 321.
1050:Aftermath
1007:sallyport
974:Normandie
895:lodgement
815:Antwerpen
807:Antwerpen
713:hornworks
701:Batthyány
544:Schärding
522:Vilshofen
512:Straubing
408:Chotusitz
326:Oudenarde
271:Dettingen
1796:. Boom.
1577:, p. 320
1552:, p.320.
1531:Browne:
1499:Histoire
1454:, p.336.
1452:Fontenoy
1450:Skrine:
1441:, p.120.
1354:, p.283.
1352:Histoire
1326:Fontenoy
1324:Skrine:
1306:, p.335.
1304:Fontenoy
1302:Skrine:
1254:, p. 318
1080:Lauffeld
1033:Moermant
1019:and the
965:Coehoorn
903:Coehoorn
880:lunettes
876:ravelins
872:redoubts
843:Coehoorn
803:Coehoorn
795:Coehoorn
737:invested
725:Moermont
721:lunettes
717:ravelins
709:bastions
460:Mollwitz
423:2nd Eger
403:1st Eger
361:Lauffeld
336:Brussels
306:Fontenoy
301:Breisgau
191:Strength
65:Location
1655:26 July
1328:, p.336
1228:Cust:
1072:Hanover
1064:Scheldt
992:ravelin
970:Pucelle
907:Pucelle
899:Zealand
847:Pucelle
839:Pucelle
835:Utrecht
827:Zealand
819:Holland
799:Pucelle
791:mortars
533:Austria
502:Simbach
496:Bavaria
449:Silesia
433:Budweis
341:Antwerp
331:Ostende
311:Tournai
196:~10,000
1847:
1830:
1820:
1800:
1746:
1731:
1717:
1688:
1601:Annals
1599:Cust:
1588:Annals
1586:Cust:
1439:Annals
1437:Cust:
1230:Annals
1204:Annals
1035:, and
1029:Pinsen
1025:Rovers
787:cannon
733:Rovers
729:Pinsen
555:Saxony
470:Neisse
398:OlmĂĽtz
356:Rocoux
296:Furnes
142:France
139:
121:
107:
81:Result
1017:storm
1003:fosse
988:Diden
980:, or
933:1740s
888:sally
868:mines
831:Diden
823:Diden
811:Diden
763:Siege
485:Kosel
475:Glatz
465:Brieg
438:Tabor
413:Sahay
366:Hulst
351:Namur
321:Ghent
316:Melle
281:Ypres
276:Menin
1845:ISBN
1828:OCLC
1818:ISBN
1798:ISBN
1744:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1686:ISBN
1657:2024
1070:and
1021:sack
905:and
878:and
861:saps
845:and
797:and
789:and
749:1622
745:1588
615:The
549:Linz
443:Soor
346:Mons
57:Date
1879::
1826:.
1756:.
1649:11
1643:.
1142:^
1127:^
1031:,
1027:,
994:.
874:,
731:,
727:,
639:.
72:,
1853:.
1834:.
1806:.
1750:.
1735:.
1692:.
1659:.
243:e
236:t
229:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
