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1127:, he might be able to bring down the strongly Loyalist administration of Nova Scotia. Early in 1776, Eddy went to Massachusetts in an attempt to interest political and military leaders there in supporting action in Nova Scotia, while Allan worked to raise interest in Nova Scotia. Allan's work was made more difficult by the arrival of Colonel Goreham and his troops to refortify Fort Cumberland, and by the activities of
1341:, for which his men had only completed three mounts. The fort's military complement was 176 men, including officers and artillerymen. Over the next few days, local militia arrived to raise the garrison's size to about 200, although this included individuals not effective for combat due to illness. On both November 7 and 8 he again attempted to get messengers out of Eddy's cordon, without success.
1322:
554:
1195:). There he learned the bad news that Pierre Tomah, the main Maliseet chief, was not interested in taking up the hatchet. Eddy was able to convince Ambroise St. Aubin, one of Tomah's competitors, and 15 men to join the expedition in exchange for an agreement with the Maugerville community to support the families of those men. In another disappointment, none of the local
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998:
1252:, where more settlers joined the force, swelling it (by Eddy's account) to about 180 men. Goreham was finally alerted to Eddy's actions on November 4, when a boat sent with supplies for the Shepody patrol was informed of Eddy's activities by locals. Goreham heightened the guard on the fort, but did not immediately attempt to notify Halifax or
1183:
for
Machias the same day. The two parties met at sea, where Allan attempted to dissuade Eddy from his plan, informing him that the Mi'kmaq (the largest tribe in Nova Scotia) would not help him. Allan extracted a promise from Eddy to wait at Campobello while he went to Machias to meet with the council
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The victory at Fort
Cumberland strengthened the British presence in Nova Scotia, in part by driving Patriot sympathizers like Allan and Eddy out of the province, but also by cowing those that remained, often by requiring people to make pledges to the Crown. Some unrest continued for the remainder of
1135:
and a vocal
Loyalist. Eddy returned empty-handed to Nova Scotia in June 1776, only to learn that Goreham had put a price on his head. The activities of Goreham's Fencibles in the Cumberland area were successful enough that Patriot activities there were effectively forced underground; the center of
1504:
The Battle of Fort
Cumberland was poorly documented in 19th-century histories of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, often receiving only minimal mention. The involvement of local inhabitants (natives, Acadians, and English-speakers) in the siege was generally understated or unknown. The site of Fort
1304:
On the morning of
November 7 Goreham decided that it was time to get a message to Windsor. He sent a party of men down to the dock that morning. These men, numbering about 30, were taken prisoner by Eddy's men as rapidly as they arrived due to their unawareness that Eddy had control of the ship.
1421:
to draw
Goreham's strength away from the weak points of the defenses. The experienced Goreham saw through the feint and repulsed the attack. One of Eddy's Maliseet warriors sneaked into the fort and very nearly opened a gate but was stopped at the last moment. Following the failed attack, Eddy
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Batt's men chased Eddy's, but bad weather and the lack of adequate footwear eventually caused him to call off the pursuit. Eddy's forces scattered, with many retreating overland to
Maugerville. Some of the Massachusetts men took more than two months to reach Machias. Homes and farms of rebel
1231:
on the Bay's western side, or it may have been Fort Folly Point on its eastern side. In any case, it was there that Eddy captured a patrol of
Goreham's Fencibles on October 25, killing one and wounding another. The prisoners were shipped back to Machias, and Eddy sent some of his men to
1422:
effectively lost control of the expedition, as a council of leaders formed against him. Night attacks ordered by the council on
November 22 and 23 succeeded in capturing and burning several buildings, but Goreham grimly held his ground, and the invaders were again repulsed.
1469:, who went on to become Attorney General of Nova Scotia. Goreham issued an offer of pardon for those who would surrender their arms, which more than 100 locals accepted. This prompted Major Batt to file charges against Goreham for neglect of duty; Goreham was exonerated.
1140:, was also able to blunt Patriot inroads in the native communities, where the Mi'kmaq refused to take sides, and the Maliseet and Passamaquoddy, at first supportive of the Patriots, ultimately did not turn out in the numbers Eddy had hoped for or been promised.
1477:), although no further large scale military threat occurred. The most significant attempt occurred in the summer of 1777, when John Allan was authorized by Congress to take actions in Nova Scotia; however, only a small number of forces were raised for this
260:
1344:
On
November 8 Eddy was joined by about 200 men from Cobequid and Pictou, and he finally felt ready to act on November 10. Eddy sent a letter demanding that Goreham surrender his garrison. Goreham refused, suggesting in retort that Eddy surrender.
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there. When the Machias council learned of how little native support there was, they sent a letter to Eddy urging him to give up the effort. Eddy persisted, and left Campobello, having added nine Passamaquoddy recruits to his band.
253:
1293:, and any attempts to get word of his predicament out were again delayed by his decision to await the return of scouts he had dispatched earlier. (The fate of the scouts is uncertain; they did not return before the fort was
246:
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1313:, to the east of Fort Cumberland, where the supplies were landed. Sentries in the fort spotted the move, and Goreham, realizing Eddy had taken the ship, fired an ineffectual cannonade against the ship.
1481:, and a British show of force put an end to the attempt. Eddy appears to have been involved with Allan's work, but his movements prior to August 1777 are uncertain. Commodore Collier followed up by
1329:
Goreham took stock of his situation. Nearly one quarter of his garrison (more than 60 men) had been captured by Eddy, along with critical fuel and other supplies that had not been unloaded from the
545:
to uniforms. Furthermore, the locals were generally sympathetic to the Patriot cause, and refused to assist in rehabilitating the fort, even trying to induce members of the garrison to defect.
1585:, pp. 215–221 provides an order of battle listing 220 identifiable individuals. Clarke notes that of these, 88 Cumberland residents participated, and many more were known to participate.
1429:
arrived. Rather than retreat in the face of arriving relief, the rebels increased their guard; Goreham, with some intelligence about the size of the force opposing him, planned a
1289:
docked below the fort. On November 6, Eddy's patrols began ranging closer to the fort, alerting Goreham to the approaching force. Goreham took no additional steps to protect
1092:
and New Brunswick. Patriots in these communities were in contact with each other, and those of Cumberland and Maugerville were active in trying to interest nearby natives (
49:
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859:
509:
and British-controlled Nova Scotia. Originally built by the French in 1750 as Fort Beauséjour, Fort Cumberland was in deplorable condition. Won from the French in the
456:
reinforcements drove off the besiegers on November 29. In retaliation for the role of locals who supported the siege, numerous homes and farms were destroyed, and
921:
1285:, easily visible from Sackville, was a concern to Eddy, since her presence added to the fort's defenses. Fortunately for Eddy, she sailed on November 3, leaving
1227:
to Shepody Outpost. The exact location of this outpost, established probably by Joseph Goreham in September, is subject to debate. It may have been present-day
1325:
A 1755 map of the area. Fort Cumberland is "D" in the upper center, and the Aulac River is the unlabeled right branch of the Tantramar River in the upper left.
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94:
1485:, intending to break Allan's plans. Eddy led the defense of Machias during the battle on August 13–15, 1777. (Collier's action was in fact unnecessary; the
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541:
did what they could to restore the premises to a defensible condition. But Goreham had not been adequately provisioned and his men lacked everything from
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1529:
1440:
s marine contingent and the Royal Fencible Americans, and scattered Eddy's men, killing and wounding several, at the cost of two dead and three wounded.
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1352:, recovered a ferry that had been taken, and learned from its passengers that Eddy was active. When the news reached Halifax through the efforts of
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1159:, ammunition, powder, and other military supplies) for an attempt on Fort Cumberland. It also allowed Eddy to engage in recruiting in the
2451:
880:
2378:
Thomas H. Raddall, "His Majesty's Yankees" Doubleday & Company Inc. 1942 (historical fiction by Nova Scotia's most famous writer).
460:
sympathizers were driven out of the area. The successful defense of Fort Cumberland preserved the territorial integrity of the British
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452:, successfully repelled several attempts by Eddy's militia to storm the fort, and the siege was ultimately relieved when the RFA plus
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88:
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activity in the area, which was one of several hotbeds of agitation in Nova Scotia. The other major areas of Patriot activity were
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1301:, taking thirteen prisoners. They also seized another ship, owned by a Patriot sympathizer, that happened to be anchored nearby.
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1065:
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to Maugerville, where 27 men were recruited, and then up to the Maliseet settlement at Aukpaque (just upriver from present-day
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1406:
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The next day authorities outside the area learned of Eddy's activities. Michael Francklin, patrolling in the Bay of Fundy for
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357:
2336:
This book contains Colonel Goreham's reports on the action, as well as orders issued by others with respect to this event.
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483:, and unrest in the eastern regions provoked fears of an American-led uprising. Although some reinforcements had reached
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supporters were burned in reprisal but British authorities took a lenient approach toward captured rebels, including
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and returned to Halifax; she was then sent out again to accompany a supply ship to Fort Cumberland. In the meantime,
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was laden with supplies to last the fort through the winter, and work began immediately to unload those supplies.
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would not authorize, fund, or otherwise support military activities in Nova Scotia, Eddy was able to convince the
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these activities was shifted to Maugerville in part as a consequence of this. Goreham, a veteran of the
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1179:. Coincidentally, John Allan, who was working on a longer-term plan for military action, sailed from
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1417:
Lacking artillery, the rebels attempted to storm the fort on the night of November 12, attempting a
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347:
191:
41:
2324:
This book also contains Eddy's report of January 1777 as well as additional documents and reports.
1460:. This area was fortified by the British in 1777 to deter privateering and other rebel activities.
1211:
Beaumont historic site, Fort Folly Point, New Brunswick may have been the site of Shepody Outpost.
1107:
585:
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and abandoned in 1768. As early as June 1775, Colonel Joseph Goreham had been ordered by General
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joined, contrary to assertions St. Aubin had made to Eddy during a previous visit to the area.
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The Acts and Resolves, Public and Private, of the Province of the Massachusetts Bay, Volume 20
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had in early August voted to disband forces recruited for Allan's expedition, because of the
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showing some of the places in this action. Fort Lawrence is labeled "Chignecto Engl Ft", and
2340:
1498:
669:
533:
activity. Arriving at the fort in the summer of 1776, Colonel Goreham and a garrison of 200
2393:
2367:
2328:
Public Archives of Canada, Douglas Brymner; Arthur George Doughty; Edouard Richard (1895).
1448:
783:
484:
238:
1256:, since he was uncertain what routes away from the fort might have been blocked by Eddy.
505:. The area was strategically important in earlier conflicts between the French colony of
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17:
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1002:
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187:
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1175:, where he recruited about 20 men. On October 13, this party sailed from Machias for
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195:
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Frigates and Foremasts: The North American Squadron in Nova Scotia Waters, 1745-1815
1679:"Loyalist Institute: Royal Fencible Americans, Proposal to Raise a Battalion, 1775"
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1224:
1112:
901:
513:
in 1755, the fortifications had been minimally garrisoned by the British after the
453:
182:
1237:
2329:
2289:
This book contains Eddy's report detailing the action through early January 1777.
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1396:
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304:
84:
1403:
fortuitously arrived at Windsor, where she took on some marines and Fencibles.
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109:
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responded by dispatching orders on the 15th for any available ship based at
1349:
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553:
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in central Nova Scotia (near the present-day border between Nova Scotia and
211:
2181:
1056:, both of whom served in the provincial assembly, were the prime movers of
2284:
Military Operations in Eastern Maine and Nova Scotia During the Revolution
1433:. Early on the morning of November 29, Major Thomas Batt led 150 men from
1207:
2372:
2193:
Land, Settlement, and Politics on Eighteenth-Century Prince Edward Island
1334:
1297:.) That evening, thirty of Eddy's men surprised the sleepy guards aboard
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1097:
836:
591:
542:
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by early 1776, the frontiers of the province were only lightly defended.
1260:
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2366:, "Machias and the invasion of Nova Scotia", CHA Report, 1932: 17–28.
1430:
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before her seizure. His defenses consisted of a hastily constructed
1447:
1418:
1405:
1267:
1214:
1206:
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552:
431:
2297:
Revolution Downeast: The War for American Independence in Maine
242:
1383:
on rumors of privateering activity there, so he ordered HMS
1273:
to Fort Cumberland, where she docked below the fort on the
479:
was generally poorly defended in the early stages of the
2437:
Battles of the American Revolutionary War in Nova Scotia
2341:"Fort Beauséjour/Fort Cumberland National Historic Site"
1223:
With a force now numbering about 72, Eddy sailed up the
529:
in Nova Scotia for the defense of the province against
2421:
at the On-Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies
2156:
Fort Beauséjour/Fort Cumberland National Historic Site
2216:
Charters, David A.; Sutherland, Stuart R. J. (1979).
1123:
Eddy believed that with military assistance from the
2197:. Toronto: McGill-Queen's University Press. p.
1143:
Eddy returned to Massachusetts in August. While the
1368:in Windsor, to convoy troops to relieve the siege.
413:in late 1776. With minimal logistical support from
2294:
2190:
1248:locals joined him. This enlarged force marched to
1960:
1958:
1726:
1724:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1593:
1591:
417:and four to five hundred volunteer militia and
34:
2331:1894 Annual Report – Public Archives of Canada
2226:. Vol. IV (1771–1800) (online ed.).
2410:. Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.).
2319:Memoir of Col. Jonathan Eddy of Eddington, Me
1080:, and there were also pockets of activity in
1022:
254:
8:
1171:Eddy left Boston in September and sailed to
1155:to provide some material support (primarily
1765:
1763:
1337:that encompassed most of the fort, and six
1240:in the cause. Eddy himself continued on to
922:Mi'kmaq-Nova Scotia-Canada Tripartite Forum
1649:
1647:
1530:List of American Revolutionary War battles
1029:
1015:
807:First airplane in the British Commonwealth
562:
261:
247:
239:
31:
1524:American Revolution – Nova Scotia theatre
27:American Revolution battle in Nova Scotia
1320:
1236:in a largely fruitless effort to enlist
523:Royal Fencible American Regiment of Foot
2176:. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. 1920.
1540:
1452:Replica of a blockhouse at the site of
944:
599:
576:
272:American Revolution Nova Scotia theatre
963:Military history of the Mi’kmaq people
881:NS Human Rights Commission established
680:First significant Scottish immigration
464:possessions, and Nova Scotia remained
421:, Eddy attempted to besiege and storm
397:) was an attempt by a small number of
2301:. University of Massachusetts Press.
1547:Also spelled Gorham in some histories
1413:Grave, Fort Cumberland, New Brunswick
1052:, where the fort was located. He and
660:Representative Government established
7:
1187:From Campobello, Eddy sailed up the
2447:Battles involving the United States
1685:from the original on March 26, 2012
1505:Cumberland has been preserved as a
1391:so that she could assist. However,
2239:. McGill Queens University Press.
2237:The Siege of Fort Cumberland, 1776
1564:from the original on July 20, 2017
1133:Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia
1088:area, which separates present-day
743:Responsible Government established
25:
2467:Westmorland County, New Brunswick
2404:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
2220:. In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.).
1487:Massachusetts Provincial Congress
1153:Massachusetts Provincial Congress
891:Acadian Federation of Nova Scotia
497:, which connects modern mainland
89:Westmorland County, New Brunswick
58:, Battle of Fort Cumberland, 1776
2407:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
2316:Porter, Joseph Whitcomb (1877).
2223:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
1507:National Historic Site of Canada
996:
984:
958:Military history of the Acadians
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442:Royal Fencible American Regiment
158:
144:
48:
2442:Battles involving Great Britain
1964:
1949:
1730:
1703:
1626:
1609:
1597:
1244:, where about two dozen of the
953:Military history of Nova Scotia
2281:Kidder, Frederic, ed. (1867).
1375:had previously dispatched HMS
1050:Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
1:
2394:Another account of the battle
2388:The Battle of Fort Cumberland
2373:Acadia in the Revolution 1882
2084:
1493:posed by the army of General
1473:the war (e.g., the Battle at
226:5 captured (1 died of wounds)
2258:. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
2155:
1229:Hopewell Cape, New Brunswick
2412:University of Toronto Press
2322:. Sprague, Owen & Nash.
2228:University of Toronto Press
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2012:
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1145:Second Continental Congress
2488:
2452:Conflicts in New Brunswick
2390:at RevolutionaryWar101.com
871:Springhill mining disaster
827:Nova Scotia Franchise Act
481:American Revolutionary War
440:The fort's defenders, the
407:American Revolutionary War
2293:Leamon, James S. (1995).
1988:
1976:
1509:, and is administered by
1119:is labeled "Fort Edward".
850:Coal Miners' Memorial Day
773:Anti-Confederation Party
733:First Acadian MLA elected
690:Battle of Fort Cumberland
549:Discontent in Nova Scotia
511:Battle of Fort Beauséjour
391:Battle of Fort Cumberland
280:
218:
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62:
47:
39:
35:Battle of Fort Cumberland
2462:Conflicts in Nova Scotia
2419:Royal Fencible Americans
18:Siege of Fort Cumberland
2235:Clarke, Ernest (1995).
912:First Black MLA elected
2400:Rawlyk, G. A. (1983).
2189:Bumsted, J. M (1987).
1461:
1456:, at the mouth of the
1414:
1356:, Lieutenant Governor
1326:
1220:
1212:
1120:
902:Westray Mine explosion
610:Port Royal established
578:History of Nova Scotia
560:
437:
173:Commanders and leaders
2254:Gwyn, Julian (2004).
1451:
1409:
1324:
1218:
1210:
1138:French and Indian War
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932:Viola Desmond Apology
763:Co-op Movement begins
700:Birchtown established
640:Bay of Fundy Campaign
556:
450:French and Indian War
435:
305:Maugerville Rebellion
219:Casualties and losses
110:45.86500°N 64.29111°W
1479:effort at Saint John
1467:Richard John Uniacke
1266:escorted the supply
723:Freedom of the Press
495:Isthmus of Chignecto
468:throughout the war.
429:) in November 1776.
70:November 10–29, 1776
2472:1776 in Nova Scotia
1309:was then sailed to
1259:On October 31, the
1167:Raising the militia
973:Black Nova Scotians
860:Pugwash Conferences
796:William D. Lawrence
630:Halifax established
493:was located on the
448:, a veteran of the
393:(also known as the
115:45.86500; -64.29111
106: /
42:American Revolution
2334:. Public Archives.
1965:Annual Report 1894
1950:Annual Report 1894
1731:Annual Report 1894
1704:Annual Report 1894
1627:Annual Report 1894
1610:Annual Report 1894
1598:Annual Report 1894
1462:
1415:
1327:
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1104:) in their cause.
1048:-born resident of
1003:History portal
968:History of Halifax
753:Chesapeake Affair
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561:
438:
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2218:"Goreham, Joseph"
2208:978-0-7735-0566-7
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1358:Marriot Arbuthnot
1181:Campobello Island
1177:Passamaquoddy Bay
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405:to bring the
404:
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401:commanded by
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224:"some" killed
223:
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210:200 militia (
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193:
192:John Eagleson
189:
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177:
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166:Great Britain
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2364:D. C. Harvey
2345:. Retrieved
2330:
2318:
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2283:
2255:
2236:
2221:
2192:
2172:
2164:Bibliography
2151:
2139:
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2115:
2103:
2091:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2044:
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2020:
2008:
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1972:
1945:
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1777:
1750:
1738:
1711:
1699:
1687:. Retrieved
1673:
1661:
1634:
1605:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1552:
1543:
1511:Parks Canada
1503:
1471:
1463:
1434:
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1424:
1416:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:Bay of Fundy
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1225:Bay of Fundy
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1170:
1142:
1122:
1113:Mitchell Map
1040:
838:
795:
711:
590:
568:
489:
475:
439:
394:
390:
388:
326:
315:Yarmouth 2nd
295:Yarmouth 1st
207:400+ militia
183:Benoni Danks
138:Belligerents
40:Part of the
29:
2134:, pp. 87–90
2110:, pp. 90–91
1989:Gwyn (2004)
1977:Gwyn (2004)
1856:, pp. 90–91
1832:, pp. 82–83
1820:, pp. 79–80
1784:, pp. 40–56
1568:October 10,
1497:in upstate
1395:captured a
1366:Fort Edward
1275:Aulac River
1193:Fredericton
1131:, a former
1062:Maugerville
893:established
862:established
519:Thomas Gage
499:Nova Scotia
477:Nova Scotia
411:Nova Scotia
368:2nd Halifax
363:Blonde Rock
353:Cape Breton
343:1st Halifax
233:56 captured
113: /
85:Nova Scotia
2431:Categories
1387:to locate
1350:privateers
1242:Memramcook
1068:valley of
1054:John Allan
837:Launch of
794:Launch of
784:Saxby Gale
712:Chesapeake
472:Background
285:Saint John
101:64°17′28″W
98:45°51′54″N
54:Commander
2274:144078613
1844:, p. 264n
1689:March 23,
1475:Miramichi
1454:Fort Howe
1444:Aftermath
1379:into the
1364:to go to
1362:Annapolis
1250:Sackville
378:Lunenburg
348:Blomindon
333:Liverpool
229:13 killed
212:Fencibles
81:Sackville
2085:Charters
2075:, p. 210
2027:, p. 172
2015:, p. 141
1967:, p. 358
1952:, p. 357
1940:, p. 120
1916:, p. 112
1904:, p. 111
1880:, p. 108
1868:, p. 116
1733:, p. 361
1718:, p. 113
1706:, p. 332
1683:Archived
1629:, p. 359
1612:, p. 362
1600:, p. 352
1562:Archived
1517:See also
1499:New York
1335:palisade
1295:invested
1238:Miꞌkmaqs
1197:Acadians
1098:Maliseet
1084:and the
1078:Cobequid
839:Bluenose
592:Bluenose
569:a series
566:Part of
543:victuals
535:Loyalist
462:Maritime
202:Strength
75:Location
2368:On line
2347:July 9,
2182:4553382
2122:, p. 19
2063:, p. 70
1991:, p. 62
1979:, p. 61
1808:, p. 73
1796:, p. 64
1772:, p. 88
1757:, p. 11
1745:, p. 89
1668:, p. 45
1656:, p. 12
1641:, p. 18
1435:Vulture
1427:Vulture
1401:Vulture
1389:Vulture
1377:Vulture
1261:frigate
1254:Windsor
1246:Acadian
1234:Cocagne
1203:Prelude
1173:Machias
1157:muskets
1117:Windsor
1102:Mi'kmaq
1076:), and
1064:in the
1058:Patriot
775:elected
674:1760–61
531:Patriot
527:natives
485:Halifax
458:Patriot
444:led by
419:Natives
399:militia
373:Chester
327:Hancock
83:, then
2305:
2272:
2262:
2243:
2205:
2180:
2144:Clarke
2120:Porter
2108:Leamon
2096:Clarke
2073:Clarke
2061:Kidder
2049:Clarke
2037:Clarke
2025:Clarke
2013:Clarke
2001:Clarke
1938:Clarke
1926:Clarke
1914:Clarke
1902:Clarke
1890:Clarke
1878:Clarke
1866:Clarke
1854:Clarke
1842:Clarke
1830:Clarke
1818:Clarke
1806:Clarke
1794:Clarke
1782:Clarke
1770:Leamon
1755:Clarke
1743:Leamon
1716:Clarke
1666:Clarke
1654:Clarke
1639:Porter
1583:Clarke
1431:sortie
1339:cannon
1100:, and
1082:Pictou
1044:was a
600:Events
572:on the
507:Acadia
454:marine
163:
149:
126:Result
87:, now
1536:Notes
1438:'
1419:feint
1397:prize
1331:Polly
1317:Siege
1307:Polly
1299:Polly
1291:Polly
1287:Polly
1279:Polly
1271:Polly
1268:sloop
1090:Maine
945:Other
501:with
466:loyal
300:Canso
79:near
2349:2009
2303:ISBN
2270:OCLC
2260:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2178:OCLC
1691:2012
1570:2020
1393:Hope
1385:Hope
1283:Juno
1264:Juno
1147:and
936:2010
926:1997
916:1993
906:1992
896:1968
885:1967
875:1958
865:1957
854:1925
844:1922
831:1918
821:1917
811:1909
801:1873
788:1869
778:1867
767:1861
757:1861
747:1848
737:1837
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