Gezer - Knowledge (XXG)

984: 578: 1666:. Twentyone quarterly dig reports were published in the Palestine Exploration Quarterly. Macalister recovered several artifacts and discovered several constructions and defenses. He also established Gezer's habitation strata, though due to poor stratigraphical methods, these were later found to be mostly incorrect (as well as many of his theories). In 1914 and 1921 Raymond-Charles Weill dug there, focusing mainly on the Bronze and Iron Age Tombs. Results were not published due the Weill's assistant Paule Zerlwer-Silberberg dying in a camp in occupied France and the excavation data was lost at that time. Surprisingly, the master thesis of that assistant, about the dig, was recently discovered and was published in 2012. 710:

it reached a height of about 5 metres, and was built of compacted alternating layers of chalk and earth covered with plaster. The inner wall measured 4 metres in width and was made of large stone blocks, reinforced with towers. The city gate stood near the southwest corner of the wall, was flanked by two towers which protected the wooden doors, a common design for its time. The tell was surrounded by a massive stone wall and towers, protected by a five-meter-high (16 ft) earthen rampart covered with plaster. The wooden city gate, near the southwestern corner of the wall, was fortified by two towers.

1435: 1804: 79: 1511: 86: 1828: 565: 487: 1864: 1840: 1531: 1852: 1522:". This is a plaque containing a text appearing to be either a schoolboy's memory exercises, or a text designated for organising the collection of taxes from farmers. Another possibility is that the text was a popular folk song, or child's song, listing the months of the year according to the agricultural seasons. It has proved to be of value by informing modern researchers of ancient Middle Eastern script and language, as well as the agricultural seasons. 695: 1443: 1613: 1816: 1792: 1140:. On both sides of the passageway within the gate are four pairs of pillars and three pairs of cell-like chambers. In front of the entranceway stood two towers. At the gate, a construction of hewn-stone in the style typical of the days of Solomon is evident. The Solomon Gate has since been reinterpreted by some as dating from several centuries later, by virtue of the fact that the gate was rebuilt, although recent 63: 1738: 1477:("NOBTS"), in partnership with the Israeli Parks Authority and the Israeli Antiquities Authority, launched an effort to clear a massive water tunnel, discovered first by Macalister over a hundred years earlier. Macalister never fully excavated the tunnel because a strong storm blew debris back into the tunnel and he considered it too expensive and time consuming to re-excavate the site. 116: 1756: 1747: 1690: 1765: 1774: 1783: 4264: 516:/'s nd boundary, (927–885 BCE, 68.3% hpd), the biblical date for Shishak’s campaign oes not fit well with current -based estimates for ." They estimate Shoshenq I's reign within the Stratum 8 destruction of Tel Gezer, which has been radiocarbon dated to the mid-10th century BCE (c. 969-940 BCE with 68.3% hpd, and 991-930 BCE with 95.4% hpd). 536:. According to the Egyptologist Kenneth Kitchen, this pharaoh is Siamun. The pharaoh appears here "in typical pose brandishing a mace to strike down prisoners(?) now lost at the right except for two arms and hands, one of which grasps a remarkable double-bladed axe by its socket." The writer observes that this double-bladed axe or ' 1562:. Clermont-Ganneau's reading of the Hebrew/Aramaic part as "the boundary of Gezer" was later confirmed. The inscriptions' Greek part contains personal names, either (H)alkios, Alexas, or Archelaos, for instance Clermont-Ganneau's four stones were all bearing the inscription "of Alkios". Sometimes the two parts are upside-down, or " 3834:

Zerlwer-Silberberg, Paule, Les Fouilles de M. Raymond Weill à Tell-Gezer (1914 et 1924): Le mémoire perdu et retrouvé de Mme Silberberg-Zelwer (1892–1942). Publication de deux campagnes de fouilles archéologiques conduites par M. Raymond Weill à Tell Gezer (1913–1924). 1942.

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On the north side of the city, the fortifications consisted of at least two lines of defense surrounding the tell. Some excavators have noted as many as three defensive walls built in different periods: an outer earthen rampart, a central wall and an inner wall. In what remained of the outer rampart,

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and that Siamun was commemorating his recent victory over them at Gezer by depicting himself in a formal battle scene relief at the temple in Tanis. Alternatively, Paul S. Ash had put forward a detailed argument that Siamun's relief portrays a fictitious battle. He points out that in Egyptian reliefs

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On the southern slope about 200 meters east of the gate from the Middle Bronze Age IIB, there is what is now known as the "Solomon Gate". This area was excavated at the beginning of the 20th century by Macalister, who defined the remains discovered there as a "Maccabean citadel" from the 2nd century

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In 12th and 11th centuries BCE, a large building with many rooms and courtyards was situated on the acropolis. Grinding stones and grains of wheat found among the sherds indicate that it was a granary. Macalister describes the Iron Age construction of an olive press with collecting vats. Local and

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In the Late Bronze Age (second half of the 2nd millennium BCE) a new city wall, 4 m (13 ft) thick, was erected outside the earlier one. It is a very rare example of Late Bronze Age fortifications in the country, witness for the elevated political status of Gezer in southern Canaan during

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believes that Siamun conquered Gezer and gave it to Solomon. Others such as Paul S. Ash and Mark W. Chavalas disagree, and in 2001 Chavalas states that "it is impossible to conclude which Egyptian monarch ruled concurrently with David and Solomon". Professor Edward Lipinski argues that Gezer, then

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Fortifications of the Middle Bronze Age IIB and of the Late Bronze Age are visible on the southern slope of the mound. The gate is typical of the Middle Bronze Age IIB and similar ones have been discovered in many sites in the Land of Israel and in Syria. It consists of two large brick towers and

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In the Water System: "Most of the first two weeks of the dig were spent searching for the bottom step and cleaning Macalister’s causeway. Tons of debris and rocks were removed in the process. When the bottom step was located and the causeway area clear, the team excavated three probes in the pool

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R.A. Stewart Macalister who excavated the ruin in the years 1902–1905 and 1907–1909 has noted that around the year 1869 the mound and other parts of the lands of the village of Abû Shûsheh were acquired by Messrs. Bergheim, who had been bankers in Jerusalem. Their acquisition of these lands would

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This is the account of the forced labor that King Solomon conscripted to build the house of the Lord and his own house, the Millo and the wall of Jerusalem, Hazor, Megiddo, Gezer, Lower Beth-horon, Baalath, Tamar in the wilderness, within the land, as well as all of Solomon’s storage cities, the

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Thirteen boundary stones have been identified near the tell, distanced between less than 200 metres to almost 2 km from it, probably dating from the Late Hellenistic period (late 2nd – 1st century BCE), the most recent having been found by archaeologists from SWBTS in 2012. See also

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cities for his chariots, the cities for his cavalry, and whatever Solomon desired to build... (Pharaoh king of Egypt had gone up and captured Gezer and burned it with fire, and had killed the Canaanites who lived in the city, and had given it as dowry to his daughter, Solomon's wife;

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The first season of the Gezer excavations concluded successfully and revealed some interesting details. Among other things is a discovery of a thick destruction layer may be dated to the destruction at the hands of the Egyptians, which some associate with the biblical episode from

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In 2013, two separate archaeological survey-excavations were conducted at Tel Gezer, one by Tsvika Tsuk, Yohanan Hagai, and Daniel Warner, on behalf of the IAA, and the other led by a team of archaeologists from the SWBTS and Andrews University's Institute of Archaeology.

1594:) The later date can be supported by a scenario in which Herod, after acquiring the lands of the vanquished Hasmoneans, gave them to (H)alkios, Archelaos and Alexas, all three names mentioned by Josephus for members of a powerful land-owning family from Herod's court. 627:. These inscriptions from the 1st century BCE read "boundary of Gezer" and "of Alkios" (probably the governor of Gezer at the time). The discovery of these boundary stones near the archaeological site makes it the first biblical city to be positively identified. 1135:

proved in 1957 that in fact the Hasmonean citadel was no other than a gate from the days of Solomon. In the excavations of the 1960s, the entire gate was revealed. It is identical in plan and size to the other two mentioned and is connected by a

1570:‎ > "Teḥum Gezer" ("the boundary of Gezer") facing the tell. With the discovery of the last nine inscriptions it became evident that their distribution does not support Clermont-Ganneau's initial interpretation, of them marking Gezer's 507:

Lindelle C. Webster's excavation team concluded recently that correlation of Stratum IX, in Tel Gezer, with Solomon’s era and Siamun " improbable of Tandy Stratum 10A is estimated by within the 11th century BCE, contemporary with the

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Younker, R. W., "A Preliminary Report of the 1990 Season at Tel Gezer: Excavations of the “Outer Wall” and the “Solomonic” Gateway ( July 2 to August 10, 1990).”, Andrews University Seminary Studies, vol. 29, pp. 19–60,

1574:, but rather that they probably mark the boundaries between private estates, or between city land and these estates. Analysis of the lettering have led to the conclusion that they were all contemporaneous, with opinions based on 1499:

area. Each of the pool probes reached a depth of more than six feet before the end of the season and the bottom of the pool was discovered in only one probe (Eastern probe)—the one just below the bottom step of the water shaft."

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In July 2017, archaeologists discovered skeletal remains of a family of three, one of the adults and a child wearing earrings, believed to have been killed during an Egyptian invasion in the 13th century BCE. A 13th-century BCE

1164:. At any rate, a fiery destruction so severe befell the city at this time, insofar that it reduced the upper two courses of stone in the inner casemate wall to powdery lime. A reference to Gezer's destruction appears in a 494:

The only mention in the Bible of a pharaoh who might be Siamun (ruled 986–967 BCE) is the text from 1 Kings quoted above, and we have no other historical sources that clearly identify what really happened. As shown below,

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are the most impressive examples. The area was almost completely cleared by Macalister. The remains were re-excavated in 1968. A double cave beneath the high place was shown to be predating it and not connected to it.

4039:"Bible side-lights from the Mound of Gezer, a record of excavation and discovery in Palestine : Macalister, Robert Alexander Stewart, 1870-1950 : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Archive" 1488:

from NOBTS, and Tsvika Tsuk from the Israeli Parks Authority, led another team in an attempt to finish the effort. In just two years the teams removed approximately 299 tons of debris from the ancient water system.

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attest to the existence of a city at Gezer's location in the 14th century BCE—one that was apparently destroyed in the next century—and suggest that the city was inhabited by Canaanites with strong ties to Egypt.

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possibly representing a Canaanite city connected to Gezer by treaties enforced by rituals performed here. Both the number and size of the standing stones confer a unique character to this cultic site. Such

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There are only a few "lost" biblical cities that have been positively identified through inscriptions discovered by means of archaeological work (surveys or digs). Gezer is the first among them, thanks to

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Oded Lipschitz and Aren Maeir (eds.), "Tel Gezer Excavations 2006-2015: The Transformation of a Border City in The Shephelah during the Iron Age: Recent Archaeological Studies.", Eisenbrauns, pp. 61–102,

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Gezer was sparsely populated during Roman times and later times, as other regional population centers took its place. Archaeological finds attesting to the Hellenistic and early Roman periods include two

6169: 6159: 6109: 2826: 1722:: "Pharaoh, the king of Egypt, had attacked and captured Gezer, killing the Canaanite population and burning it down. He gave the city to his daughter as a wedding gift when she married Solomon." 687:

In the Middle Bronze Age IIB (MBIIB, first half of the 2nd millennium BCE), Gezer became a major city, well fortified and containing a large cultic site. It may have grown due to MBIIA-sites like

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Archaeological excavation at Gezer has been going on since the early 20th century, and it has become one of the most excavated sites in Israel. The site was identified with ancient Gezer by

932:) was ruled by at least three leaders during the 20-year period covered by the Amarna letters. Discoveries of several pottery vessels, a cache of cylinder seals and a large scarab with the 2702:

An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II

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Philistines are never shown holding an axe, and that there is no archaeological evidence for Philistines using axes. He also argues that there is nothing in the relief to connect it with

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Aren M. Maier, "Bronze and Iron Age Tombs at Tel Gezer, Israel: Finds from Raymond-Charles Weill's Excavations in 1914 and 1924", BAR International Series 1206, Archaeopress, 2004

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The archaeological site of Tel Gezer rises to an elevation of 229 metres (751 ft) above sea-level, and affords a commanding prospect of the plains to the west, north and east.

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The 10th century BCE seems to have been a period of notable urban development for the city until it became destroyed in the third quarter of that century, probably as a result of

679:(early 3rd millennium BCE), an unfortified settlement covered the tell. It was destroyed in the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE and subsequently abandoned for several centuries. 544:-influenced double axe but is quite distinct from the Canaanite double-headed axe, which has a different shape that resembles an X. Thus, Kitchen concludes Siamun's foes were the 6144: 1839: 504:(ruled 943–922 BCE). However, the archaeological evidence recovered at the site indicates that Gezer was previously destroyed in an earlier stratum, around the times of Siamun. 4341: 2807: 242: 3610: 2523: 4332: 746:, oriented north–south, the tallest of which was three meters high, with an altar-type structure in the middle, and a large, square, stone basin, probably used for cultic 3985: 4806: 6134: 3339: 5769: 2203:

Webster, Lyndelle C.; Wolff, Samuel R.; Ortiz, Steven M.; Barbosa, Marcella; Coyle, Cameron; Arbino, Gary P.; Dee, Michael W.; Hua, Quan; et al. (2023-11-15).

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S. Ortiz, S. Wolff, G. Arbino, "Tel Gezer, 2006-2009."; in Hadashot Arkheologiyot: Excavations and Surveys in Israel 123, Israel Antiquities Authority 123 (2011)

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Seymour Gitin, "Gezer III: A Ceramic Typology of the Late Iron II, Persian and Hellenistic Periods at Tell Gezer", Hebrew Union College Press (June 1, 1990),

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put Gezer under siege between the years 734 and 732 BCE. The city was probably captured by the Assyrians at the end of the campaign of Tiglath-Pileser III to

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William G. Dever, "Gezer IV: The Nineteen Sixty-Nine to Seventy-One Seasons in Field Vi, the "Acropolis"", Hebrew Union College Press (December 1, 1988)

948:. Archaeologists also discovered remains of what might have been the Egyptian governor's residence from the same period in the northern part of the tell. 6164: 6119: 5762: 1605:

Other scholars are not convinced that the language of the inscriptions is Hebrew and not Aramaic, leaving both options as possible as is the case in the

924:, dating from the 14th century BCE, include ten letters from the kings of Gezer swearing loyalty to the Egyptian pharaoh. The city-state of Gezer (named 4235:

Schwartz, Joshua (1990). "Once More on the 'Boundary of Gezer' Inscriptions and the History of Gezer and Lydda at the End of the Second Temple Period".

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R. A. Stewart Macalister, Twenty-First Quarterly Report on the Excavation of Gezer, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, vol. 41, iss. 2, pp. 87-105, 1909

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Dever, William G, "The Middle Bronze Age "High Place" at Gezer", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. 371, pp. 17-57, May 2014

904:(ruled 1479–1425 BCE). The oldest known historical reference to the city is to be found on an inscription of conquered sites at Thutmose's temple at 1606: 1474: 1447: 2205:"The chronology of Gezer from the end of the late bronze age to iron age II: A meeting point for radiocarbon, archaeology egyptology and the Bible" 6089: 3933:

Seger, J., and J. W. Hardin, Gezer VII: The Middle Bronze and Later Fortifications in Fields II, IV, and VIII. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2013

3527: 1470:, was first excavated by Macalister and was re-excavated as part of the 2006–2017 campaigns of the Tel Gezer Excavation and Publication Project. 456: 4325: 3783:

R. A. Stewart Macalister, "The Excavation of Gezer: 1902 - 1905 and 1907 - 1909", John Murray, Albemarle Street West, London, 1912, Volume 1:

3579: 1827: 4180: 3938: 3922: 3730: 3148: 2326: 2182: 2153: 2008: 1930: 1803: 2175:"And in Length of Days Understanding" (Job 12:12): Essays on Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond in Honor of Thomas E. Levy 1791: 5466: 1377: 1851: 1815: 78: 5743: 4789: 3897: 3881: 3865: 3823: 267:

city-state in the first half of the 2nd millennium BCE. It was later destroyed by fire and rebuilt. It is first mentioned in several

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Rosenfeld, Ben-Zion (1988). "The 'Boundary of Gezer' Inscriptions and the History of Gezer at the End of the Second Temple Period".

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Mitchell, Eric; Dodd, R. Adam; Coyle, S. Cameron (2014). "More 'Boundary of Gezer' Inscriptions: One New and Another Rediscovered".

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were also found on the site. The amulet bears the cartouches—or official royal monikers—of the Egyptian pharaohs Thutmose III and

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unfortified, was destroyed late in the 10th century (and thus not contemporary with Solomon) and that the most likely Pharaoh was

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prove "a fortunate circumstance" for the excavator, as the site was later put at the disposal of the Palestine Exploration Fund.

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In biblical times, Gezer, which lay on the outskirts of Jewish land, was incorporated at a later time. The biblical story of the

1863: 1566:", in relation to each other, on the last discovered one the lines being separated by a line and the Hebrew/Aramaic inscription 853: 850: 845: 839: 833: 811: 806: 800: 4562: 4099:

tombs. These are considered to date to the Hellenistic through Byzantine periods, during which periods they were most common.

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William G. Dever, "Gezer II: Report of the 1967-70 Seasons in Fields I & II", Hebrew Union College Press; (June 1, 1974)

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Ornan, Tallay; Ortiz, Steven; Wolff, Samuel (2013). "A Newly Discovered Neo-Assyrian Cylinder Seal from Gezer in Context".

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David M. Jacobson wrote that the inscriptions are in Hebrew and that this suggests a need for a closer look at their date.

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region, approximately 30 km (19 mi) northwest of Jerusalem. It was strategically situated at the junction of the

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Mitchell, Eric; Zan, Jason M.; Coyle, Cameron S.; Dodd, Adam R. (2012). "Tel Gezer, Regional Survey: Preliminary Report".

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In 2012, the team uncovered a large sealed cavern about nine meters beyond the water pool and "Macalister's Causeway."

960:, climate became drier and colder causing turmoil in the Mediterranean from around 1250 BCE, eventually leading to the 5687: 5461: 4439: 2415: 1554:

Ten of the thirteen inscriptions are bilingual, including the first three ones, containing two distinct parts, one in

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In 2013, the team began an effort to preserve the ancient Canaanite mudbrick gate and complex near the water system.

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Joe D Seger, "Gezer V : the field I caves", Jerusalem : Nelson Glueck School of Biblical Archaeology, 1988

3762: 6174: 4842: 4663: 4557: 4391: 4302: 4118: 3959: 2893:. Translated by Jay C. Jacobson. Tel Aviv, Israel: Eretz Israel Museum and Oléarus editions. p. 39 (note 74). 600:, the international coastal highway, and the highway connecting it with Jerusalem through the valley of Ayalon, or 443:

took place at the beginning of the 10th century BCE, when the city was conquered and burned by an unnamed Egyptian

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P. Silberberg-Zelwer, "Les fouilles Edmond de Rothschild" in Cahiers Juifs, no. 23, pp.472 – 476, June – July 1936

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A large Canaanite (Bronze Age) water system comprising a tunnel going down to a spring, similar to those found in

300: 6114: 6104: 6099: 4683: 4577: 3496: 2497: 1667: 3250: 1710:(IAA). The Tel Gezer Excavation and Publication Project is a multi-disciplinary field project investigating the 1702:

Excavations were renewed in June 2006 by a consortium of institutions under the direction of Steve Ortiz of the

1591: 1222:. Gezer became known as Gazara in the Hellenistic period and became an important city for the Hasmonean rulers. 389: 4754: 3719:"Inscriptions of public character and in architectural context. 2746.-2776. The boundary stones from Tel Gezer" 3417: 3085: 2572: 2474: 2095: 1659: 961: 3755:"Israel: Ancient Human Remains Discovered in Biblical City 3,200 Years After its Destruction by the Egyptians" 1510: 1485: 6129: 4945: 4547: 4404: 3334: 2560:

between them there is a direct passage to the interior of the city, between three pairs of matching pillars.

1583: 1340: 1246: 1131:, and following what is told in the Bible about the construction projects of this king in the three cities, 582: 291:, both important trade routes. In Roman and Byzantine times, the site was sparsely populated. Later, In the 5926: 4798: 4678: 4283: 3917:

Garth Gilmour, "Gezer VI: The Objects from Phases I and II (1964–74)", Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2014

1316: 39: 1398:. There was a Crusader Lordship of Montgisard and apparently a castle stood there, a short distance from 900:

The Canaanite city was destroyed in a fire, presumably in the wake of a campaign by the Egyptian pharaoh

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inscriptions. Its importance was due in part to the strategic position it held at the crossroads of the

2846:"A reevaluation of Gezer in the Late Bronze Age in light of renewed excavations and recent scholarship" 2845: 2109:

Chavalas, Mark W. (Spring 2001). "Review of David, Solomon and Egypt: A Reassessment by Paul S. Ash".

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Ortiz, Steven; Wolff, Samuel (2012). "Guarding the Border to Jerusalem: The Iron Age City of Gezer".

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Frankel, Rafael (1994). "Ancient Oil Mills and Presses in the Land of Israel". In Etan Ayalon (ed.).

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worked at Gezer on behalf of the Nelson Glueck School of Archaeology in the Hebrew Union College and

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The Gezer Calendar tablet, early Iron Age, 10th century BCE, Museum of Archaeology, Istanbul, Turkey

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The first settlement established at Tel Gezer dates to the end of the 4th millennium BCE during the

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In the 14th century BCE, a palace was constructed on the high western part of the tell, the city's

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believed to be related to the sack of Gezer depicts an Egyptian pharaoh smiting his enemies with a

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Sites involved in the 13th–11th century BCE archaeological phenomenon of the Israelite Settlement

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recessed olive presses look similar to the cup holders at the same site, in a polka dot pattern

972:. A massive fiery destruction seems to support this in excavations done by Prof. Steven Ortiz. 5692: 5667: 5375: 4850: 4635: 4381: 4176: 3969:

Ortiz, Steven; Wolff, Samuel, "GUARDING THE BORDER TO JERUSALEM: The Iron Age City of Gezer",

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http://www.telgezer.com/gezer/assets/File/Gezer%202006-2015-Transformation%20of%20Border.pdf

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National parks declared by Israel in the occupied Palestinian territories and Golan Heights

4193:(1982). "Jewish Ritual baths of Purification at Tel Gezer (מקוואות טהרה יהודיים בתל גזר)". 4025: 4012: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3288: 1563: 694: 406:]. The lot of Ephraim, set aside for Levites. And Joshua besieged it, killing its king 332:

mention kings of Gezer swearing loyalty to the Egyptian pharaoh. Gezer is mentioned in the

5717: 5712: 5707: 5657: 5054: 5017: 4908: 4595: 4479: 4459: 4116:(1984). "Gezer Revisited: New Excavations of the Solomonic and Assyrian Period Defenses". 3989: 3966: 1559: 1534:

Boundary inscription from Hellenistic Gezer, in Aramaic or Hebrew (top) and Greek (bottom)

1442: 1415: 969: 533: 496: 333: 206: 198: 35: 2993: 2700: 1218:. He then brought in new settlers of devout Jews and fortified it, making it part of the 17: 3504:. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. Preface XI. 2247: 2220: 2204: 1612: 6079: 5940: 5738: 5638: 5471: 5228: 5138: 5098: 4930: 4870: 4719: 4539: 4449: 4414: 2028: 1555: 1519: 1353: 1304: 1286: 1277: 1265: 1252: 921: 721: 377: 329: 169: 4275:

New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary's Official Record of the Tel Gezer Excavation

2731:. Baltimore; London: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 253, 298, 306–ff., 340. 2625:. Vol. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 385–387. 2505:. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 235–256. 2035:. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. p. 42 (s.v. Gazer ). 6073: 6012: 5543: 5387: 5153: 5012: 4552: 4499: 4366: 4038: 3698: 3690: 2949: 2875: 2827:"First Discovery of Bodies in Biblical Gezer, from Fiery Destruction 3,200 Years Ago" 2757:"First Discovery of Bodies in Biblical Gezer, From Fiery Destruction 3,200 Years Ago" 1983: 1639: 1571: 1365: 1238: 1137: 1055: 1038: 937: 268: 5754: 5349: 5182: 3224:

Ortiz, Steven; Wolff, Samuel; Arbino, Gary (2011). "Tel Gezer: Preliminary Report".

2685: 1582:. The earlier date and the Hebrew script can be connected to what is known from the 512:

but too early for Solomon by any estimate," and that correlation of Stratum 7 "with

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William G. Dever, G. Wright, H. Lance, "Gezer I", Hebrew Union College Press, 1970

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Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 5

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1.170). However, in this case, other researchers prefer one of two candidates from

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suggest a Hellenistic occupation from the end of the 3rd century BCE to 142 BCE.

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Toward the end of the Bronze Age, the city declined and its population diminished.

964:. The death of Ramesses II caused cities in Canaan to rebel to become independent. 901: 720:

Cultic remains discovered in the northern part of the tell were a row of ten large

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One fragmentary but well-known surviving triumphal relief scene from the Temple of

436: 317: 246: 3528:"Biblical account of Gezer's destruction gains ground with torched skeleton finds" 1909:

Ameling, Walter; Cotton, Hannah M.; Eck, Werner; Ecker, Avner, eds. (2018-06-25),

1737: 62: 3459: 2229: 1998: 1364:) and rock tombs. The site continued to be occupied after the destruction of the 968:

of Egypt, who succeeded Ramesses II, had to regain control and boasted about his

364:

conquest of Canaan under their leader Joshua mentions a certain "king of Gezer" (

6022: 5950: 5912: 5804:

New settlements at previously unoccupied sites in late 13th/early 12th centuries

5506: 5417: 5407: 5263: 5192: 5123: 5118: 4995: 4970: 4693: 4600: 4514: 4489: 4484: 4469: 4464: 4444: 4190: 4163: 3960:

http://www.telgezer.com/gezer/assets/File/neareastarch%2075%201%200004%20(4).pdf

3300: 1467: 1203: 1124: 1060: 957: 549: 545: 422:

from it in the north. The tribe of Ephraim did not expel the foreigners from it

296: 284: 3303:(1981). "Archaeological Evidence of the Jewish Population at Hasmonean Gezer". 2423: 1755: 455:. This anonymous Egyptian pharaoh then gave it to King Solomon as the dowry of 336:, dating from the end of the 13th century BCE, which states: "Plundered is the 5662: 5594: 5575: 5392: 5160: 4990: 4900: 4855: 4625: 4615: 4409: 3723:

Corpus Inscriptionum Iudaeae/Palaestinae. Volume IV: Iudaea/Idumaea: 2649-3324

3509: 3396: