1755:, 19 May 2013: 'Since Herodion and Herod's palaces in Jericho are located in the territories that Israel occupied in 1967, they are—according to international law, the codes of ethics for the preservation of antiquities, and even the Oslo Accords—supposedly under Palestinian control and responsibility. One could imagine a very different scenario. The exhibition at the Israel Museum could have been based on joint Israeli-Palestinian research, performed both in Israel and in Palestine, and, as is standard throughout the world, it could and should have loaned the artifacts from the Palestinian Antiquities Authority. Instead, the museum opted for the dominant "no partner" approach and simply appropriated tons of artifacts from West Bank sites, as if this were merely a matter of transferring Israeli property to its rightful place in the national museum. Indeed, the museum preferred to partner with the so-called "Civil Administration," which runs the occupation of the West Bank and turned Herodion into a profitable settlement (from which Palestinians are barred).'
1219:. Order 373 states that once an area in the West Bank has been declared a park, it is the duty of the commander of the area to appoint an authority to manage its affairs (section 4), such as determining rules of conduct in parks, carrying out various construction activities, setting entrance fees, and appointing inspectors (sections 5-7). Order 373 does not stipulate who can be appointed as a managing authority. In practice, the parks in the West Bank are managed by the Staff Officer for Nature Reserves and National Parks and by the National Parks Authority, which the former appointed to manage many parks. Visitors to the parks and reserves in the West Bank can use membership cards issued by the National Parks Authority, and observe the National Parks Authority flags that line the entrances to many of the parks. The blurring of the boundaries between the National Parks Authority and of the Staff Officer obscures the physical and legal boundaries between the West Bank and Israel."
1839:, 22 February 2013:' Amid the general enthusiasm, one small technical detail was almost forgotten: that the excavation was conducted on Palestinian territory. Under international conventions, an occupying power may not conduct excavations in territories under its military control, with the exception of "rescue" digs carried out to preserve an archaeological site unintentionally brought to the surface. In the case of Herodium, where the excavations have gone on for years, there was no way of considering them rescue digs. In a report aired on Israel's Channel 2 at the time, it could be clearly seen how the excavations had disrupted the lives of residents of the Palestinian village surrounding Herodium, turning the mound into a kind of settlement—a cultural settlement—maintained by military force. The sight was shocking, because here brutality was ostensibly used for the purpose of promoting high culture, and for scientific and artistic reasons.’
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1215:: "The national parks and nature reserves in Area C of the West Bank are managed by the Civil Administration and are designated as “parks.” The parks cover an area of 498,500 dunam, approximately 14.5% of Area C... One of the units of the Civil Administration is the Staff Officer (SO) for Nature Reserves and National Parks. Since Israeli law does not apply to the West Bank, the Staff Officer for the Nature Reserves and National Parks operates under Order 373, a military order that regulates their operation. This order came into effect in 1970 and replaced a previous order (Order 81 regarding Parks) which came into effect in 1967, at the end of the
737:
906:. Archaeologist Roi Porat said that all explanations are equally possible for the owner of the ring: "It was important to publish a careful scientific article, but in practice we have a ring inscribed with the name Pilate and the personal connection just cries out." While much of the debate has focused on the Greek name inscribed on the ring, the image is of equal significance and may further support that this was the ring used by Pilate's administrative assistant for sealing documents for Pilate. The image on the ring is possibly associated with Roman religious ceremonies (i.e.,
808:). The theatre contained an elaborately decorated loggia, or a theatre box, was discovered. This means that when Herod or other notable officials went to see a play, they would receive luxury treatment. The rest of the audience would be seated below on benches that could accommodate about 450–650 people. What is quite unique about this find is that frescoes of landscapes were discovered, of a kind suggesting that the painters were well travelled; they depict scenes of Italy and even the
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international law, the codes of ethics for the preservation of antiquities, and even the Oslo
Accords—supposedly under Palestinian control and responsibility.' The Israel Museum's director, James S. Snyder initially stated that the items from Herodium would be returned to the West Bank after the exhibition, "in better condition than before", but later clarified that this did not mean the artifacts would be returned to the Palestinians after the exhibition. The site is in
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hewn stone. Within it are costly royal apartments made for security and for ornament at the same time. At the base of the hill there are pleasure grounds built in such a way as to be worth seeing, among other things because of the way in which water, which is lacking in that place, is brought in from a distance and at great expense. The surrounding plain was built up as a city second to none, with the hill serving as an acropolis for the other dwellings.
962:, the Palestinian tourism and antiquities minister said that according to international law Israelis have no right to excavate Herodium, which is in the occupied West Bank, or to take any antiquities from it. Palestinian officials compared the exhibition to the historical plunder of archaeological treasures by former colonial powers. Some Israeli commentators have argued that, such excavations of, and removal of material from, sites in the
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765:. It also had a very impressive dome which is still in good condition today despite thousands of years of earthquakes and wars. The caldarium had vaulted ceilings, raised floors, and channels in the walls to conduct heat. The tepidarium had mosaic floors and frescoes just like the living quarters of the palace. The frigidarium, the last stop in the bathhouse, was where guests would cool off in a large pool.
633:, who was likely in Bar Kokhba's second or third line of command. Archaeological evidence for the revolt was found all over the site, from the outside buildings to the water system under the mountain. Inside the water system, supporting walls built by the rebels were discovered, and another system of caves was found. Inside one of the caves, burned wood was found which was dated to the time of the revolt.
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Oslo
Accords. According to the provisions of the Oslo II Accord, archaeological issues of common interest would be handled by a joint Israeli–Palestinian committee. Few if any of these agreements have been implemented, and Palestinians have not been consulted or asked to collaborate in the work at the site.
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In 1968–1969, during excavations directed by archaeologist Gideon
Foerster, at a section of Herod's burial tomb and palace hundreds of artifacts were found, including a copper alloy ring. The ring was overlooked but in 2018 it was given a thorough laboratory cleaning and scholarly examination. At the
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1 Mar 2013: 'Both the archeological sites at
Herodium and Jericho are regulated by the Civil Administration, a body of military officials who oversee Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories. Israel has justified its control of the sites on the grounds that they are located in Area C, the
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go beyond what is permitted to an occupying power such as Israel. One
Israeli archaeologist, Yonathan Mizrachi, in an article co-written with Yigal Bronner, stated that, 'Since Herodion and Herod's palaces in Jericho are located in the territories that Israel occupied in 1967, they are—according to
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as giving Israel a right to perform archaeology in the territories and said they will return it to the West Bank when the exhibition has ended. In analyzing the controversy, Morag Kersel states that the site is regulated by
Israeli military orders, the Jordanian Temporary Law no. 51, 1966, and the
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Fragments of three stone sarcophagi were found near the mausoleum: one of them was reddish and the other two light-colored. The reddish sarcophagus, decorated in a sumptuous but restrained style, was identified by the excavators as Herod's sarcophagus. It was found smashed into hundreds of pieces.
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reported on 8 May 2007 that he had discovered the tomb of Herod with his team of archeologists, above tunnels and water pools at a flattened site halfway up the hill to the hilltop palace-fortress of
Herodium, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of Jerusalem. Later excavations strengthened the idea
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distant from
Jerusalem, is naturally strong and very suitable for such a structure, for reasonably nearby is a hill, raised to a (greater) height by the hand of man and rounded off in the shape of a breast. At intervals it has round towers, and it has a steep ascent formed of two hundred steps of
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Herod the Great built a palace within the fortress of
Herodium. Herod himself commissioned a lavish palace to be built between 23 and 15 BCE atop Herodium for all to see. The palace itself consisted of four towers of seven stories, a bathhouse, courtyards, a Roman theatre, banquet rooms, a large
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Archaeologists believe that the palace was designed by architects and built by slaves and paid workers (contractors). Herod was considered one of the greatest builders of his time and was not daunted by geography—his palace was built on the edge of the desert and was situated atop an artificial
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In
October 2013, archaeologists Joseph Patrich and Benjamin Arubas challenged the identification of the tomb as that of Herod. According to Patrich and Arubas, the tomb is too modest to be Herod's and has several unlikely features. Roi Porat, who replaced Netzer as excavation leader after the
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outside the entrance. There is minimal evidence regarding any alterations made by the defenders to the existing decor or furnishings, and the space essentially functioned as a simple communal hall. The entrance faced eastward, while
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1297:: "Long an object of scholarly as well as popular fascination, Herodium, also called Herodeion, was first positively identified in 1838 by the American scholar Edward Robinson, who had a knack for locating biblical landmarks."
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1979:
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1972:
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that this site is Herod's mausoleum. The base of the tomb has now been uncovered and is visible to visitors to the site. His team consisted of Roi Porat, Yakov Kalman and Rachel Chachy-Laureys.
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1327:, vol. 2, Oxford 1961, pp. 126, 130-131. The letter reads (partially effaced): "On the 20th day of the month Shevat, in the 2nd year of Israel's redemption by Simeon the son of Kba, the
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Netzer died in October 2010 from injuries sustained from a fall at the site, and access to the mausoleum was subsequently blocked to the public pending review of the site's safety.
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spelling out "of Pilates" in Greek. Although scientists were not sure about who is the "Pilates" mentioned on the ring, media published that it could have possibly belonged to
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lay almost due north. The repurposed synagogue lacked specialized features commonly found in synagogues, such as a niche for housing the Torah scrolls and a reading desk.
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Scholars suggested that this sarcophagus held the king's body and was destroyed by Jewish rebels during the Jewish–Roman war. The sarcophagus is displayed today at the
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Panoramic view of Herodium's hilltop palace-fortress, looking west (starting from left) moving towards north (to the right), ending with the large eastern tower.
471:. On the way, at the location of Herodion, Herod clashed with Jews loyal to his enemy Antigonus, and emerged victorious. According to the Roman Jewish historian
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hill. The largest of the four towers was built on a stone base 18 meters in diameter. This was most likely where Herod lived; he decorated his rooms with
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475:, he "built a town on that spot in commemoration of his victory, and enhanced it with wonderful palaces... and he called it Herodion after himself".
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404:, built between 23 and 15 BCE. A sarcophagus discovered in 2007 was claimed to belong to Herod as it was more ornate than others found in the area.
1806:
347:, but the Palestinian authorities say Israel has no right to undertake digs there or remove artifacts that Israel discovered in excavations there.
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nearly two-thirds of the West Bank over which Israel was given control by the Oslo Accords until a peace deal with the Palestinians was agreed.
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1687:
992:), in addition to examining Netzer's purported find of Herod's tomb, the palace and most of Herod's other large projects are reconstructed in
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Netzer discovered the Roman Theatre just before his death in late 2010. The royal theatre was uncovered near the base of Herod's tomb (see
697:, and they were intermittent until the archaeologist's death in 2010. Netzer excavated mostly the lower palace, at the base of the hill.
112:
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383:, lit. "Mountain of the Little Paradise"); Edward Robinson in 1838 described it as "Frank Mountain", in reference to the Crusaders.
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918:) and the imperial cult that were characteristic of the images on the coins that Pilate had minted during his term as governor.
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500:. The other three towers, which consisted of living spaces and storage, were 16 meters in diameter. Outside, several
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60 stadia is about 11.1 kilometres (6.9 mi). The actual distance is slightly more—12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi)
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1953:
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Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838, volume 3
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297:'"Mountain of the Little Paradise"') is an ancient fortress located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south of
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walkway ("the course"), as well as extravagant living quarters for himself and guests. Once Herod died and the
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David E. Graves, “Pilate’s Ring And Roman Religion,” Near East Archaeological Society Bulletin 64 (2019): 1–20
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featured finds from among some 30 tons of material transferred from the Herodium site back into Israel. The
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Joseph Patrich and Benjamin Arubas (2015). "Revisiting the Mausoleum at Herodium: Is it Herod's Tomb?".
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1358:. On the historical circumstances of the building of Herodium, see: Jonathan Bourgel & Roi Porat, "
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Upper Herodium, looking south. The columns to the left near the wall belong to the peristyle hall.
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settlement. The Palestinian village of Al Orentellah is within the confines of the national park.
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started, Herodium was abandoned. The Jews eventually had a base at Herodium where they built a
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Original Hebrew: בעשרין לשבט שנת שת לגאלת שראל על יד שמעון בן כבא נסיא ראל במחנה שיושב בהרודיס
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787:, underwent renovations that involved installing benches along the walls and constructing a
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map of the West Bank; the Herodium national park is the diagonal hashed area shown west of
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2448:
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1810:
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777:, the defenders of Herodium repurposed an existing structure within the upper palace as a
681:, and it continued until 1967: they discovered the upper citadel, at the top of the hill.
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in the Judaean desert, and is thought to represent the original Hebrew name for the site.
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1767:"Fractured oversight: The ABCs of cultural heritage in Palestine after the Oslo Accords"
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Herodium is the only site that is named after King Herod the Great. It was known by the
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The 2009–2010 excavations uncovered near the tomb base a small 450-seat capacity (see
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999:"Finding Jesus: Faith, Fact, Forgery: Season 2, Episode 4: The tomb of Herod" (2017;
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781:, considered one of the earliest in the Levant. The original space, formerly Herod's
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339:, a body of military officers, and in practice it is administered jointly with the
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2018:
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1688:"2,000-year-old 'Pilate' ring just might have belonged to notorious Jesus judge"
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declared Herodium as his secondary headquarters. The fortress was commanded by
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2013:
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On which Side is the Grass Greener? National parks in Israel and the West Bank
1043:
894:
809:
783:
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1727:"Pontius Pilate's ring may have been discovered at ancient biblical fortress"
1273:(Description of Palestine)". L'imprimerie Impériale: Paris 1869, pp. 125–132.
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Mueller, Tom (December 2008). "Herod: The Holy Land's Visionary Builder".
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Isachar Canetti, Hedva; Isachar, Hanan; Hazel Arieli; Moshe Yanai (2004).
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of the West Bank, under full Israeli control. The Israel Museum cited the
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in Egypt. It is also assumed that the painters were on loan to Herod from
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1616:"New Excavations Strengthen Identification Of Herod's Grave At Herodium"
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as the "Mountain of Franks". Palestinian locals historically called it
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400:. Josephus described a palace fortress and a small town, named after
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The modern English name is a transliteration of the Greek spelling (
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between 23 and 15 BCE. Herodium is 758 meters (2,487 ft) above
1938:
The Herodium excavations (in memory of Ehud Netzer) – official site
343:. Israel asserts that it is entitled to work in the area under the
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2005:
1003:), the episode unpacks the epic story of the client king of Judea.
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735:
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1748:'King Herod, long reviled, finds new love among Jewish settlers,'
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1423:"Pre-70 Synagogues as Collegia in Rome, the Diaspora, and Judea"
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were built to collect water that was channeled into the palace.
2504:
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1968:
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The archaeological excavation of Herodium was begun in 1962 by
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In 40 BCE, after the Parthian conquest of Syria, Herod fled to
1360:
Herodium as a Reflection of Herod’s Policy in Judea and Idumea
1000:
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into a synagogue. Herodium was conquered and destroyed by the
1854:"Modern politics overshadows Israel's historic Herod exhibit"
733:
which can still be seen today, unlike much of Herod's Palace.
1592:"Archaeologist Says Remnants of King Herod's Tomb Are Found"
1521:
Magness, Jodi (2001). "Where Is Herod's Tomb At Herodium?".
1937:
1091:"Israeli archaeologist dies after fall at King Herod dig"
1707:"Pontius Pilate's Name Is Found on 2,000-Year-Old Ring"
898:) of Herodium which is encircled by "partly deformed"
317:. It is identified with the site of Herodium, built by
950:
In February 2013 an exhibit dedicated to Herod at the
1523:
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
1122:"Archaeological stunner: Not Herod's Tomb after all?"
1954:“Mount of Paradise” – “Mount of Franks” – “Herodium”
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of rael, in the camp that is situated at Herodis..."
1251:"Royal passageway to King Herod's palace discovered"
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888:similar in style to the monumental urn (handleless
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2531:National parks in the Israeli-occupied territories
1015:), the song "Then We Are Decided" was filmed here.
446:) was found in the 1960s inscribed in one of the
516:, the defenders of Herodium transformed Herod's
1139:
1137:
1135:
480:
1915:Anger That a Herod Show Uses West Bank Objects
1885:"Holy Land excavation digs into Mideast rifts"
1464:Herodion. I: Gli edifici della reggia-fortezza
396:as Herodium based on the description found in
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2252:Villages and fortresses destroyed during the
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1980:
855:latter's death, stood by the identification.
740:Section of mosaic floor unearthed at Herodion
547:
8:
1832:'Herodium Turns Into a Cultural Settlement,'
1115:
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1111:
1109:
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301:and 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) southeast of
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1364:Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins
689:From 1972, excavations were carried out by
2663:130s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
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1995:Towns and fortresses destroyed during the
1987:
1973:
1965:
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1026:Ancient synagogues in the Palestine region
554:
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532:
415:). This is followed by the Modern Arabic (
63:
40:
2658:70s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
1847:
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1477:"Herodium – King Herod's Palace-Fortress"
1185:. Hanan Isachar Photography. p. 71.
1085:
1083:
1081:
335:, formally under the jurisdiction of the
478:Josephus describes Herodium as follows:
305:. It is located between the villages of
1673:
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1059:
2678:Establishments in the Herodian kingdom
1956:An alternate history of this mountain.
2673:Archaeological sites in the West Bank
1746:Yigal Bronner and Yonathan Mizrachi,
1502:. Archaeological Institute of America
1416:
1414:
1412:
1344:(The Wars of the Jews I, Chapter 13)
1307:Robinson, Edward; Smith, Eli (1841).
7:
2688:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire
1804:Israel looting West Bank's treasures
1479:. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1233:'Herod exhibit digs up controversy,'
1068:"Herodium (Herodeion) National Park"
27:Archaeological site in the West Bank
1565:"Royal theater box at the Herodium"
482:This fortress, which is some sixty
443:
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420:
380:
287:
267:
259:
54:
880:center of the ring is an engraved
709:Palace garden, the northern exedra
656:Remains of the eastern round tower
645:"Tel Hordos" area in 1943, in the
25:
1637:"Herodium Expedition - the Staff"
1427:Building Jewish in the Roman East
1325:Discoveries in the Judaean Desert
341:Israel Nature and Parks Authority
236:Israel Nature and Parks Authority
34:. For the Roman-era theatre, see
1618:. ScienceDaily. 19 November 2008
1421:Richardson, Peter (2004-01-01),
1249:Robert Tait (19 December 2014).
393:Biblical Researches in Palestine
2703:Tombs in the State of Palestine
2668:1962 archaeological discoveries
1146:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
1120:Nir Hasson (October 11, 2013).
30:For people named Herodion, see
1158:10.1179/1743130114Y.0000000018
956:Palestinian National Authority
753:consisted of three areas, the
713:
695:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1:
2546:Jerusalem Walls National Park
1771:Journal of Social Archaeology
1283:Biblical Researches, volume 3
942:checkpoint, and north of the
675:Studium Biblicum Franciscanum
1852:Yolande Knell (2013-02-16).
1705:Karasz, Palko (2018-11-30).
1271:"Description de la Palestine
845:
836:Hebrew University professor
337:Israeli Civil Administration
1590:Kraft, Dina (May 9, 2007).
990:National Geographic Society
693:, working on behalf of the
450:letters recovered from the
2719:
1943:Google Maps satellite view
717:
412:
390:'s identified the site in
251:
155:758 m (2,487 ft)
29:
2635:
1765:Kersel, Morag M. (2015).
1435:10.1163/9789047406501_012
1295:Finding King Herod’s Tomb
720:Herod's Palace (Herodium)
573:
423:) and the Modern Hebrew (
62:
48:
46:
2639:National parks of Israel
1783:10.1177/1469605314557586
621:At the beginning of the
36:Odeon of Herodes Atticus
1389:Antiquities of the Jews
1182:Images of the Holy Land
964:Palestinian territories
333:Area C of the West Bank
18:Siege of Herodium (134)
1997:First Jewish–Roman War
1462:Virginio Canio Corbo,
1429:, Brill, p. 127,
1366:135/2 (2019), 188-209.
1313:. Murray. p. 173.
1028: - covers entire
1008:Jesus Christ Superstar
947:
871:
833:
775:First Jewish–Roman War
741:
714:Herod's hilltop palace
710:
657:
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514:First Jewish–Roman War
489:
360:
1887:. AFP. Archived from
1651:"Herod's sarcophagus"
1569:Ferrell's Travel Blog
1039:Herodian architecture
929:
869:
831:
739:
708:
655:
644:
496:floors and elaborate
358:
128:31.66583°N 35.24139°E
101:Bethlehem Governorate
79:Alternative name
1960:Photos from Herodion
1874:Morag M. Kersel p.38
1500:"Luxury Box Seating"
667:Virgilio Canio Corbo
512:In the midst of the
214:Virgilio Canio Corbo
195:Second Temple period
91:West Bank, Palestine
1950:Jacqueline Schaalje
1891:on February 2, 2014
1403:National Geographic
932:United Nations OCHA
832:Herod's sarcophagus
647:Survey of Palestine
625:sixty years later,
124: /
69:Aerial view of the
43:
2429:Ḥorvat Abu a-Danin
1809:2013-10-18 at the
1712:The New York Times
1596:The New York Times
1211:2022-06-19 at the
948:
872:
834:
742:
711:
671:Stanislao Loffreda
658:
650:
637:Excavation history
631:Yeshua ben Galgula
361:
218:Stanislao Loffreda
186:71 CE and 134/5 CE
133:31.66583; 35.24139
2693:Jewish–Roman wars
2645:
2644:
2498:
2497:
2439:Khirbet Badd ‘Isa
2254:Bar Kokhba revolt
2219:
2218:
1444:978-90-474-0650-1
1391:XIV, chapter 13.9
1093:. BBC. 2010-10-29
1074:on April 4, 2016.
986:Herod's Lost Tomb
806:Herod Family Tomb
623:Bar Kokhba revolt
618:
617:
565:Bar Kokhba revolt
528:Bar Kokhba revolt
373:Jabal al-Fureidis
296:
280:Jabal al-Fureidis
241:
240:
16:(Redirected from
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2511:
2502:
2376:Judean Foothills
2263:Judean Mountains
2246:
2239:
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1989:
1982:
1975:
1966:
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627:Simon bar Kokhba
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1913:, 13 Feb 2013,
1909:Rudoren, Jodi.
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452:Muraba’at Caves
402:Herod the Great
388:Edward Robinson
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331:The site is in
322:Herod the Great
169:Herod the Great
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11:
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2698:Judaean Desert
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2627:Tomb of Samuel
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1911:New York Times
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1830:Benny Ziffer,
1823:
1815:The Daily Star
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1655:www.imj.org.il
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1529:(322): 43–46.
1513:
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1385:The Jewish War
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1152:(4): 299–315.
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1034:Land of Israel
1021:
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938:, east of the
930:The area in a
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904:Pontius Pilate
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718:Main article:
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2024:Bir ed-Duwali
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1733:. 2018-11-30.
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952:Israel Museum
945:
944:Sdeh Bar Farm
941:
937:
933:
928:
922:Legal aspects
921:
919:
917:
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909:suovetaurilia
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900:Greek letters
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861:Israel Museum
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824:Tomb of Herod
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2574:Hexagon Pool
2305:
2048:
1925:Kersel p. 29
1921:
1910:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1889:the original
1879:
1870:
1858:. Retrieved
1834:
1826:
1814:
1799:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1730:
1721:
1710:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1659:. Retrieved
1657:. 2021-10-07
1654:
1645:
1631:
1620:. Retrieved
1610:
1599:. Retrieved
1595:
1585:
1573:. Retrieved
1571:. 2010-09-20
1568:
1559:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1504:. Retrieved
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1471:
1463:
1458:
1448:, retrieved
1426:
1402:
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1371:
1363:
1350:. Retrieved
1340:
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1270:
1265:
1254:
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1224:
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1125:
1095:. Retrieved
1072:the original
1062:
1006:
985:
973:Oslo Accords
949:
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907:
893:
889:
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857:
853:
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843:
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748:
727:Great Revolt
723:
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463:Construction
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345:Oslo Accords
330:
279:
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243:
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199:Roman Empire
2607:Canada Park
2551:Emek Tzurim
2389:Beit Guvrin
2196:Alexandrium
2087:Beth-nimrah
2019:Bayt Lettif
1895:October 13,
1860:October 13,
1752:The Forward
1575:17 December
1506:17 November
1483:17 November
1387:I, 21, 10;
1352:17 December
1217:Six-Day War
960:Rula Maayah
915:bacchanalia
875:Pilate ring
838:Ehud Netzer
773:During the
763:frigidarium
701:Description
691:Ehud Netzer
673:, from the
589:Deiotariana
307:Beit Ta'mir
222:Ehud Netzer
131: /
107:Coordinates
73:of Herodium
2652:Categories
2637:See also:
2472:Dibon Moav
2404:Bror Hayil
2346:Tur Shimon
2130:Gush Halav
1856:. BBC News
1819:Al Jazeera
1661:2021-12-24
1622:2008-11-19
1601:2010-06-14
1450:2024-04-03
1347:"Herodion"
1236:Al Jazeera
1097:2014-12-17
1055:References
1044:John McRay
810:Nile River
784:triclinium
761:, and the
759:tepidarium
749:The Roman
594:Tel Shalem
524:in 71 CE.
518:triclinium
448:Bar Kokhba
381:جبل فريديس
288:جبل فريديس
232:Management
205:Site notes
119:35°14′29″E
116:31°39′57″N
55:جبل فريديس
2599:West Bank
2449:Shihlayim
2256:by region
2155:Tarichaea
2145:Jodapatha
2097:Machaerus
2059:Jerusalem
2029:Caphethra
1999:by region
1791:144882653
1777:: 24–44.
1551:163684886
1166:162456557
1049:Machaerus
895:acroteria
794:Jerusalem
779:synagogue
769:Synagogue
755:caldarium
751:bathhouse
745:Bathhouse
731:synagogue
679:Jerusalem
584:Jerusalem
386:In 1841,
365:Crusaders
351:Etymology
326:sea level
303:Bethlehem
299:Jerusalem
226:Roi Porat
183:Abandoned
178:22–15 BCE
71:acropolis
2612:Herodium
2306:Herodium
2049:Herodium
2034:Ein Gedi
1948:Herodion
1807:Archived
1209:Archived
1020:See also
940:Jannatah
936:Za'atara
890:amphorae
609:Hideouts
599:Herodium
502:cisterns
498:frescoes
473:Josephus
425:Herodion
421:هيروديون
413:Ἡρώδειον
398:Josephus
315:Jannatah
311:Za'atara
272:Herodium
260:هيروديون
252:Ἡρώδειον
244:Herodion
87:Location
82:Herodion
42:Herodium
32:Herodion
2622:Samaria
2482:Samaria
2454:Tittura
2444:Modi'in
2341:Shemtov
2331:Nachash
2211:Narbata
2188:Samaria
2159:Magdala
2150:Selamin
2135:Jamnith
2115:Bersabe
2107:Galilee
1836:Haaretz
1731:foxnews
1543:1357515
1285:, p.210
1126:Haaretz
988:(2008;
886:amphora
846:Theatre
800:Theatre
579:Modi'in
458:History
436:Herodis
432:הרודיון
295:
268:הרודיון
191:Periods
175:Founded
165:Builder
160:History
51:
49:הרודיון
2617:Qumran
2589:Hippos
2569:Hermon
2419:'Ethri
2414:Emmaus
2409:Dikrin
2399:Burgin
2366:Zikhri
2321:Midras
2316:Koseva
2301:Hebron
2291:Gophna
2201:Thamna
2125:Gabara
2092:Livias
2069:Masada
2044:Hebron
2039:Gerasa
2006:Judaea
1789:
1549:
1541:
1441:
1189:
1164:
969:Area C
882:krater
814:Caesar
789:mikveh
757:, the
522:Romans
494:mosaic
484:stadia
469:Masada
444:הרודיס
440:Hebrew
428:Hebrew
417:Arabic
377:Arabic
284:Arabic
278:), or
264:Hebrew
256:Arabic
152:Height
97:Region
2579:Kursi
2490:Galod
2464:Perea
2434:Itton
2424:Godad
2384:Azeka
2326:Nakik
2296:Hazan
2281:Betar
2271:Aboud
2178:Gamla
2170:Golan
2140:Japha
2120:Cabul
2079:Perea
2064:Lydda
2054:Jaffa
2014:Aphek
1787:S2CID
1547:S2CID
1539:JSTOR
1162:S2CID
980:Films
884:, or
604:Betar
276:Latin
2394:Bish
2361:Zaak
2356:Qobi
2351:Tzom
2336:Rafa
2286:Bish
2276:Akad
1897:2013
1862:2013
1577:2014
1508:2011
1485:2011
1439:ISBN
1354:2014
1330:nasi
1187:ISBN
1013:1973
818:Rome
669:and
313:and
293:lit.
144:Type
1779:doi
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