Siege of Kehl (1796–1797)

1795: 1710: 1635:

the French considered these to be purely defensive and they were inclined to ignore the industrious Austrian diggers and focus instead on their own fortifications, which were sketchy and relied upon palisades unprotected by dirt; these could not withstand a vigorous attack until strengthened. After several days of strengthening their outer works by 30 October, several artillery pieces were brought up to augment the outer defense. In addition, released from the main army after the Battle of Schliengen, General Dessaix arrived to command the fortress and augment the garrison with his troops. Subsequently, French reconstruction of the fortress and its defensive lines increased. Several minor sorties against the Austrian lines resulted. On 14 November 1796, Dominique Vandamme, commanding a column of Dessaix's force, directed a small group of skirmishers and

1452:, which had fewer defenders than Kehl. Not only would this embarrass the French who had, up to that point, maintained a steady and secure retreat westward out of southern Germany, it would trap the French army in Germany between Petrasch and the approaching Archduke Charles. As it was, when Petrasch could not actually effect capture of the crossing, he was forced to remain outside Kehl, holding the approaches to the village. Despite the limited success of Petrarsch's action, it had a broad impact on the movements of the main armies of Moreau and Archduke Charles. By preventing French access to the Kehl/Strasbourg crossing, Petrasch forced Moreau to move south; any retreat into France must happen via the bridges at Hüningen. 1375:

concerted attack by the stronger Austrians, Scherb began a withdrawal. On 5–6 September, the Austrians and French spent most of the day skirmishing in advanced posts (Austrian) and rear guards (French); these skirmishes, though, masked the Austrian intention of approaching Kehl and securing the crossing over the Rhine between the village and Strasbourg. By 15 September, part of Scherb's force arrived in Kehl, after having been continually harassed between there and Bruchsal. Once established in Kehl, this small cadre sought to strengthened the fortifications but the lack of cooperation from villagers and local peasants, and the exhaustion of the troops, prevented enhancements from proceeding with any speed.

199: 164: 1439:

within the fort itself. The next in command, Major Delas, was badly wounded, and there remained no one in overall command of the 38th Regiment. The French general, Schauenburg, who had gone to Strasburg for troops, returned with some reinforcements and met at once an impetuous Austrian attack. At 22:00 the Austrians still held the redoubt and the houses at the edge of the village; the arrival of a fresh battalion of the Habsburg Regiment Manfredini led to a new attack, but it was repulsed. The Austrians had insufficient reserves to meet the fresh troops from Strasbourg. By 23:00, the French had recovered the fort, Strasbourg, the village of Kehl and all of the French earthen works.

1694:

Archduke Charles was present, the Austrians lost about three hundred men and an officer. They attacked again on the 10 and 11 December, but could not take the posts. The Austrians also launched fire ships to destroy the pontoon bridge, but these were repulsed and destroyed. The Austrians took the Ehrlinrhin, a large island on which several of the French reserve units had been positioned. General Lecourbe removed one of the flying bridges to cut off all hope of a (French) retreat, grabbed a standard and rallied a battalion to advance against the Austrians, repulsing them as far as their trenches. Lecourbe's quick thinking preserved half of the island for the French.

1730:) at 16:00. The French instantly repaired the bridge, rendered passable by 14:00, which gave them more than 24 hours to evacuate everything of value and to raze everything else. By the time Latour took possession of the fortress, nothing remained of any use: all palisades, ammunition, even the carriages of the bombs and howitzers, had been evacuated. The French ensured that nothing remained behind that could be used by the Austrian/Imperial army; even the fortress itself was but earth and ruins. The siege concluded 115 days after its investment, and following 50 days of open (digging) trenches, the point at which active fighting began. 1459:, though, Moreau had only one avenue of escape, via the smallest Rhine crossing at Hüningen, which he used to move his army back to France. The question remained, however, who would control the crossings after the 1796 campaign. Charles had formulated a plan to circumvent that issue, and to free enough of his troops to send a relief force into northern Italy, where Dagoburt von Wurmser held Mantua against the French. If the French would agree to an armistice, he could take command of the Rhine fortresses; the French would withdraw, and he could send a sizable force to northern Italy to help relieve Mantua. The 1649:

column forced the first two Imperial redoubts. Another penetrated the earthen works near the center and carried the village of Sundheim and the two redoubts that ran contiguously to the village. Three other redoubts between the two were not carried, though, and the Austrians sallied out of these fortifications and fell upon the French. This action was the principal assault on the Austrian/Imperial line and apparently took the besiegers by surprise. Latour and the archduke personally moved to the gap the French created, pulling six battalions of armed workmen and all the Austrian troops after them.

1039: 1323:

and competition between the French generals came into play. Moreau could have joined up with Jourdan's army in the north, but did not; he proceeded eastward, pushing Charles into Bavaria, while Jourdan pushed eastward, pushing Wartensleben's autonomous corps into the Ernestine duchies. On either side, the union of two armies—Wartensleben's with Charles' or Jourdan's with Moreau's—could have crushed their opposition. This happened in August, Wartensleben's autonomous corps united with Charles' imperial troops and turned the tide against the French. The defeat of Jourdan's army at the battles of

1671:

old stakes remained, the French rebuilt the bridge; where the stakes were missing, they filled in gaps with pontoon spans resting on boats. By 28 November, the Austrians had constructed enough parallels and batteries to fire upon the oldest of the bridges crossing the river. The bridge was entirely demolished; the French repaired it; the Austrians demolished it again. It lay so directly in the line of fire of one of the batteries that it was an easy target. The French could not keep it intact three days straight and furthermore, its wreckage threatened a pontoon bridge immediately downstream.

1706:

French entrenchment, drove the French out, and immediately took possession of the earthen works and six pieces of artillery. French reserves had not been able to traverse the Rhine in sufficient time; boats intended to transport such troops had been damaged by the lengthy cannon fire. The connecting bridges, which had also been damaged, were repaired quickly, but by the time these repairs had been made, the Austrians were deeply entrenched in their new positions and the French could not force them out. Even miners, who had dug under the trenches, were unable to blow up the redoubt.

1614: 1475:

The Aulic Council still believed Austrian forces could relieve Mantua. Consequently, by tying Charles down at the Rhine, besieging the highly defensible Vauban fortresses at the river at Kehl and Hüningen, the Council effectively sealed the fate of Wurmser's troops in Mantua. After it became clear that Charles was locked into place on the Rhine, Moreau moved 14 demi-brigades to Italy, leaving behind modest forces on the French border. Two Austrian columns sent from Vienna failed to reach their beleaguered counterparts in Mantua, which fell on 2 February 1797.

1047: 61: 1702:. The Austrian troops on the island could cover the left flank and the entire besieging army was covered by considerable entrenchments on the Islands in the Kinzig. By the end of the week, the Austrian and Imperial defenses were connected in a grand parallel and a series of batteries in a semicircle around the village. The Austrians took the ruins of the church and the post house by bringing up artillery and bombarding the positions; this allowed them to complete the lines of contravallation. 1427:) toward Kehl. Quickly, the Austrians possessed all the earthworks of the town, the village itself, and the fortress; their skirmishers reached one side of the abutment of the old palisade bridge and advanced to the other side, crossing the islands formed by branches of the Kinzig and the Rhine. They halted almost under the eyes of the French sentinels; there is some confusion about why they stopped, but apparently they mistook the abutment for the last bridge itself. 1164:, Dutch, and royalist French emigres. Although initially the republican French experienced several victories, the campaigns of 1793 through 1795 had been less successful. However, the Coalition partners had difficulty coordinating their war aims, and their own efforts also faltered. In 1794 and 1795, French victories in northern Italy salvaged French enthusiasm for the war, and forced the Coalition to withdraw further into Central Europe. At the end of the 1314:'s army would push south from Düsseldorf, hopefully drawing troops and attention toward themselves, while Moreau's army massed on the east side of the Rhine by Mannheim. According to plan, Jourdan's army feinted toward Mannheim, and Charles repositioned his troops. Once this occurred, Moreau's army turned and executed a forced march south and attacked the bridgehead at Kehl, which was guarded by 7,000 imperial troops—troops recruited that spring from the 1484: 1698:

flank of the contravallation, and linked the entire line to one of the Rhine islands, now exposed by receding water. The lines of contravallation, formed of several redoubts, were joined by entrenchments that entirely encircled Kehl and access to the bridges. These began at a dyke near Auenheim, traversed the route to Rastadt and Offenburg, the course of the Kintzig and the Schutter rivers, encircled the village of Sundheim, and finished at the

1497:

inside: if patience failed, they bribed or coerced someone inside to betray the fortification. An attacker, aware of a prolonged siege's great cost in time, money and lives, might offer generous terms to a defender who surrendered quickly. The defending troops would be allowed to march away unharmed, often retaining their weapons. As a siege progressed, however, the defender's position became more precarious. The surrounding army would build

1657:. According to French accounts, thick fog favored the Imperial action, because it prevented the French from reconnoitering. Furthermore, as Moreau reported later, the humidity on the ground impeded the march of their columns, although it is unclear how the fog impeded only French visual reconnaissance and march but not the Austrian's. Regardless, fighting was heavy. General Moreau himself was wounded in the head and his 1339: 966: 1690:, by the entrance to the old village of Kehl. Similarly, the French had made several night sorties on the works of the besiegers. In these forays, they would chase the diggers out of the lines, but the Austrian reserves always recovered the works before the French could capture any cannons or destroy the construction. Consequently, every day, the Austrians expanded their works and erected new batteries. 1396:

column, which included three companies of Serbians and a division of hussars, executed a false feint on the left bank of the river. One corps of reserve under command of Colonel Pongratz, approached as far as the French earthworks on the banks of the Rhine to support the columns ahead of him; another, which included a battalion of the 12th Regiment, moved past the hamlet of Neumuhl (

183: 152: 1134:(1679–81), resulting in the construction of the star-shaped fortresses and bridgeheads in both locations. The principal fortresses lay on the west side (French side) of the Rhine; the bridgeheads and the smaller fortifications surrounding those lay on the west side; these protected the various bridges, barrages and viaducts connecting the east and west sides of the river. 1471:, their envoy sent to negotiate between the Austrians and the French in Italy, could not convince Napoleon Bonaparte to allow the Habsburgs to keep Mantua. Napoleon flatly refused the suggestion, maintaining that Mantua was the keystone to the conquest of Habsburg Italy and to maintaining pressure on the Habsburgs in their capital of Vienna. 1601:(Erlen head), which supported a battery of artillery (known as Battery 2). The battery was protected only by posts, or palisades, connected to the mainland by a light wood bridge guarded by infantry. The river by the bridge was approximately 200 yd (183 m) wide, and by the exposed islands were about 100 yd (91 m) wide. 2217:

An autonomous corps, in the Austrian or Imperial armies, was an armed force under command of an experienced field commander. They usually included two divisions, but probably not more than three, and functioned with high maneuverability and independent action, hence the name "autonomous corps." Some,

1697:

In the following days, the Austrians incorporated the newly acquired territory into their massive lines and batteries. The opened trenches on the left (south) of the Schutter) at the entrance to the old village of Kehl; within the week, the Austrian batteries connected the ruins at Kehl with the left

1670:

Much of the Kehl fortification was built on old ruins. In particular, the oldest of the bridges, which had been largely destroyed earlier in the century, This was an ancient bridge of piles that had been largely destroyed earlier in the century, but which the French had been reconstructing. Where the

1639:

to attack the most forward of the Austrian posts. This successful sortie took eighty Austrian prisoners. On 21 November, while the Austrians constructed their trenches on the right bank of the Kinzig, the French planned for a considerable sortie against the lines of contravallation between the Kinzig

1395:

on the Upper Rhine and entered a gorge which led them to the outskirts of the village. The second column of the Regiment Ferdinand, under command of Major Busch, proceeded via Sundheim toward Kehl, and obtained possession of the village itself, although not the bridge leading to Strasbourg. The third

708:

In the 1790s, the Rhine was wild, unpredictable, and difficult to cross, in some places more than four times wider than it is in the twenty-first century, even under non-flood conditions. Its channels and tributaries wound through marsh and meadow and created islands of trees and vegetation that were

1722:

Day-by-day, over time, the Austrians increased pressure on the French, who hampered by the lack of bridges or appropriate transport, could not bring up enough reserves to preserve the lost ground. Boats were stove by fire of the cannon; by the time bridges were repaired and sufficient reserves could

1474:

Charles advised his brother of the French Directory's offer, but it was flatly refused by the Emperor and the civilian military advisers on the Aulic Council. Charles was instructed to lay siege to the fortresses, to take them, and secure any possible French access to southern Germany via the Rhine.

1447:

The Austrian failure to hold Kehl and the Strasbourg crossing in September 1796 gave Moreau some measure of security in his actions in the Black Forest and the southern flood plain of the Rhine. If the Austrians had held the crossing, General Petrasch's entire corps could have fallen upon the French

1438:

from four cannons that lined the principal road. The French cavalry tried to retire into Kehl via the Kinzig bridge, but heavy Austrian fire destroyed most of them. Not until 19:00 did fortune favor the French, when Lieutenant Colonel Aspré and two hundred men of the Regiment Ferdinand were captured

1390:

river above the French position and proceeded toward the dykes of the Rhine above Kehl. This placed them between Scherb and his force, and Kehl. Using the dykes as protection, and guided by some peasants who had been previously employed in strengthening the Kehl defenses, they advanced as far as the

1322:

At this point, in July, the French had conquered most of the southern states of the Holy Roman Empire, forcing them into separate peace agreements. The French extracted large amounts of coin (hard specie) and materials to feed and clothe the troops. Despite their winning ways, though, the jealousies

1013:

on the west. In 1796, the plain on both sides of the river, some 19 mi (31 km) wide, was dotted with villages and farms. At both far edges of the flood plain, especially on the eastern side, the old mountains created dark shadows on the horizon. Tributaries cut through the hilly terrain of

2226:

Osprey Publishing, 2012, p. 24. Military historians usually maintain that Napoleon solidified the use of the autonomous corps, armies that could function without a great deal of direction, scatter about the countryside, but reform again quickly for battle; this was actually a development that first

1932:

Moreau noted that out of 40 total battalions, 15 battalions were in daily service on the right bank. Six battalions defended the fortification of Kehl itself, three held the entrenchments, three occupied the Ehrlen islands and three held the island of Kinzig. A reserve of six battalions encamped on

1705:

According to spies and deserters, the Archduke himself had been exhorting and cajoling his troops to lift their spirits, "prepared his troops by harangues and presents," Moreau reported. On 1 January, after a lengthy salvo, 12 Imperial battalions attacked the outer redoubt and the right wing of the

1661:

Lélée was badly wounded. General Desaix's horse was killed under him, and he received a contusion in his leg, and General Latour's horse was also shot from under him. This action convinced the French that the Austrian and Imperial forces were too numerous and too well-established for them to shake.

1581:

The village of Kehl stood on one of the hornworks, built along a single long street. At one end lay the Commandant's Bridge, which crosses the "old water", a subsidiary channel approximately 400 ft (122 m) wide, separated from the main channel of the Rhine. Beside the old water, stood the

1561:

coverage. Behind these lay two other polygons, close the river, which held the magazines: these were 22 ft (7 m) high, 4 ft (1 m) long and 27 ft (8 m) wide. All walls were thick enough to repel most cannon fire. The inner spaces included a section of barracks that cold

1496:

engaged the main French force at Kehl and Charles entrusted to Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg the command of the siege force at Hüningen. The process of laying siege in the eighteenth century was complicated. Most commonly, armies established positions around a city and waited for the surrender of those

1109:

Prussia also governed territories outside the Empire structures, such as the Habsburg territories in eastern Europe and northern Italy. There were also territories completely surrounded by France that belonged to Württemberg, the Count of Solm, the archbishopric of Trier, and Hesse-Darmstadt. Among

1693:

On 9 December, in the night, the Austrians attacked the French advanced posts at the ruins of the old post house and church of the old village of Kehl. The fighting was bitter and short, but the Austrians finally took the post, to be driven out the next morning. In this subsequent attack, at which

1652:

The French immediately ran into problems. Infantry intended to support the first wave did not arrive in time. The cavalry could not deploy properly, due to the marshy ground and close quarters. After four hours, the entire French sortie party withdrew, taking 700 prisoners, seven pieces of cannon,

1634:

On 26 October, Baillet de Latour immediately lay the groundwork for a lengthy siege by ordering the construction of extensive earthworks around the bridgehead. The lines of contravallation (the trenches nearest to the French position) included a series of redoubts connected by trenches. Initially,

1382:

consisted only of one battalion of the 24th Demi-brigade and some detachments of the 104th. This was too weak to defend a position of such importance, or to develop additional extensive works. Recognizing Kehl's weakness, General Moreau detached a demi-brigade of infantry and a regiment of cavalry

1622:

Realizing that the siege was imminent, the French had destroyed most of the village of Kehl on 26 October, as the Battle of Schliengen concluded and Moreau's army withdrew toward Hüningen. Only the ruined walls of the church and post house remained. The French maintained control of the three main

810:

that nearly captured the Austrian artillery park. In early December, though, the Austrians expanded the siege, connecting a grand parallel with a series of batteries in a semi-circle around the village and the bridges. By late December, the completed Austrian batteries connected with the captured

1648:

At daybreak on 22 November, 16,000 infantry and 3000–4000 cavalry moved against the combined Austrian and Württemberg positions between the Kinzig and the Rhine. The French infantry departed from the small island of Erlen, in the Rhine, and from the left of the entrenchment camp. The first

1050:

In particular, the states involved in late 1796 included, for example, the Breisgau (Habsburg), Offenburg and Rottweil (imperial cities), the princely states of Fürstenberg, Neuenburg, and Hohenzollern, the Duke of Baden, the Duchy of Württemberg, and several dozen ecclesiastic polities. Many of

1374:

to observe the garrisons of Mannheim and Philipsburg, and to defend passage into France. An initial attack on the French positioned resulted in favor of the French, who charged the Austrians with bayonet, and pushed Petrasch's troops back. Realizing that his command was too small to withstand a

1021:

was "corrected" (straightened) between 1817 and 1875. Between 1927 and 1975, a canal was constructed to control the water level. In 1790, though, the river was wild and unpredictable, in some places more than four or more times wider than the twenty-first century, even under regular (non-flood)

1318:

polities, inexperienced and untrained—which held the bridgehead for several hours, but then retreated toward Rastatt. Moreau reinforced the bridgehead with his forward guard, and his troops poured into Baden unhindered. In the south, by Basel, Ferino's column moved quickly across the river and

2222:, or independent corps, were used as light infantry before the official formation of light infantry in the Habsburg Army in 1798. They provided the Army's skirmishing and scouting function; Frei-Corps were usually, but not always, raised from the provinces. See Philip Haythornthwaite, 2256:

in the last days of World War II, during the Battle in Berlin, that saw some of the heaviest urban fighting of the war, the Soviets did not attempt to storm the Spandau Citadel (built between 1559 and 1594), but chose to invest it and negotiate its surrender. See Antony Beevor,

1121:

The fortresses at Hüningen and Kehl were both important bridgeheads across the river. At Strasbourg, a once imperial city, and Kehl, the German village across the river from it, the first permanent bridge had been erected in 1338. In 1678, Strasbourg was taken over by

1764:, the French commander who had replaced the deceased Jean Charles Abbatucci, pre-empted what would have been a costly attack, offering to surrender the bridge. On 5 February, Fürstenberg finally took possession. Francis II, the Holy Roman Emperor, appointed him as 1051:

these territories were not contiguous: a village could belong predominantly to one polity, but have a farmstead, a house, or even one or two strips of land that belonged to another polity. The light cream-colored territories are so subdivided they cannot be named.

1383:

from his army in the Black Forest, with instructions to proceed by forced marches to Kehl, but General Petrasch sent Lieutenant Colonel Aspré, with two battalions, to occupy Renchen and to insure that Moreau's reinforcements did not augment the garrison at Kehl.

1678:. At four in the afternoon, they attacked a French position defended by 300 men. They succeeded in taking it, but the French recovered it with a counter-attacked, taking some prisoners. At the same time, though, the Austrians attacked another work, called the 1631:. Their control of these provided vital positions from which the French established their operations. The islands were connected to Kehl and to each other through a series of flying bridges (pontoon bridges); troops could also be moved by boat if necessary. 878:(1792–98), France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus Portugal and the Ottoman Empire. Although initially successful in campaigns in 1792 and 1793, the French army lost some effectiveness during the 1319:

advanced up the Rhine along the Swiss and German shoreline toward Lake Constance, spreading into the southern end of the Black Forest. Worried that his supply lines would be overextended or his army would be flanked, Charles began a retreat to the east.

797:

until late October. Immediately after the Battle of Schliengen, while most of Moreau's army retreated south to cross the Rhine at Hüningen, Count Baillet Latour moved north to Kehl to begin the siege. On 22 November, the French defenders at Kehl, under

1309:

The French plan called for a springtime (April–May–June) offensive during which the two armies would press against the flanks of the Coalition's northern armies in the German states while a third army approached Vienna through Italy. Specifically,

1682:, where only 20 men were posted. They secured it and afterward connected it to the network of fortifications. This gave Austrian marksmen close access to the bridges, where they could pick off French defenders with musket fire. It also allowed 1604:

In the other direction, between Kehl and the Schutter, which lay downstream, the fortifications were equally secured. The redoubt there held about 8 cannons and 400 men, and covered the street between the hamlet of Auenheim and Kehl.

1574:; the hornwork between the Rhine and the Kinzig was approximately 250 ft (76 m) in length. The hornworks themselves were faced with stone and mortar and had their own ravelines, a covered communication ditch, and an earthen 1110:

the German-speaking states, the Holy Roman Empire's administrative and legal mechanisms provided a venue to resolve disputes between peasants and landlords, between jurisdictions, and within jurisdictions. Through the organization of

865:

declaring the interest of the monarchs of Europe as one with the interests of Louis and his family. He and his fellow monarchs threatened ambiguous, but serious, consequences if anything should happen to the royal family. The French

1022:

conditions. Its channels wound through marsh and meadow and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods. It was crossable at Kehl, by Strasbourg, and at Hüningen, by Basel, where systems of

889:, the two sides called a truce. This agreement lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that it would end on 31 May. The Coalition's Army of the Lower Rhine counted 90,000 troops. The 20,000-man right wing under 1487:

Drawing of Vauban's plan for Strasbourg/Kehl fortifications, circa 1720. Note the multiple channels of the Rhine and its tributaries, and the double star points of the fortifications. The island with the small fortress is

1342:

On 18 September 1796, General Petrasch's troops stormed the French-held bridgehead at Kehl. Although they originally pushed the French out, a prompt counter-attack forced them to retreat, leaving the French still in

1933:

the left bank of the Rhine. He also rotated battalions through the trenches so none became so exhausted they could not function. He also had additional forces available from the Army of the Rhine and Moselle.

1617:

Strasbourg and Kehl, both built on land and over the river channels, had lengthy systems of bridges connecting the land works to each other, such as this one, the Vauban barrage. This is a modern view of the

1544:

river joined the Rhine. On one side of the confluence lay the hamlet of Auenheim; on the other the village of Neumuhl. The fortress stood between the bridge over the Rhine and the Kinzig. It was shaped as a

1759:

The capitulation at Kehl on 9 January allowed Charles to send additional troops and heavy artillery to Hüningen. On 2 February 1797, as the Austrians prepared to storm the bridgehead, General of Division

1713:

Strasbourgers assist in the demolition of the Redoubt of Kehl on 9 January 1797. Once the surrender occurred, the French took everything they could move, leaving the Austrians naught but a pile of rubble.

1589:

As the Rhine passed the church, it made a sharp curve; this curve and the water where it and the old water rejoin, created a small island known as the Marlener Island. In dry weather, it was more of a

1586:; the breast work had room for at least four cannons and 150-200 troops. This entire installation, called the churchyard redoubt, approximately 100 yd (91 m) wide, dominated the vicinity. 1512:

Generally, time was on the side of the defenders; most armies could not afford to wait out the prosecution of a siege, especially of a well-fortified, well-provisioned city. Until the invention of

1582:

Kehl church, graveyard, and portions of the hornwork, including an earthen dam that followed the shoreline of the river. The fortified wall by the churchyard, capped by a breastwork, had its own

260: 1798:

Louis Desaix led a rearguard action after Emmendingen, and crossed the Rhine north of Kehl. By 24 October, he had moved his forces south to assume command of the fortress and prepare for siege.

1794: 1744:

Austrian losses amounted to 12 percent of total forces engaged, high for an eighteenth-century siege; the losses were due to sorties in which the French were able to inflict heavy damages.

3362:. Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, Les Éditions de la Librairie Encyclopédique, 1975. 1448:

army, at that time debouching through the Black Forest defiles and congregating in Freiburg. With sufficient forces, Petrasch also could have advanced as far as Hüningen and carried its

584: 748:

Throughout the summer of 1796, the French and the Austrians had chased each other back and forth across the south German states. By October, the Habsburg force, under the command of

1709: 745:, and the crossing at Kehl, gave them ready access to most of southwestern Germany; from there, French armies could sweep north, south, or east, depending on their military goal. 1686:

to tunnel under the bridgehead walls and engineers to establish artillery batteries that could fire at closer range to the walls. They built some new trenches on the left of the

402: 1909: 1176:

called a truce between their forces that had been fighting in Germany. This agreement lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that the truce would end on 31 May.

614: 1674:

The Austrians continued to expand their works and erect new batteries. On 6 December, the Austrians opened fire simultaneously with their batteries, and maintained a day-long

1726:

At 10:00 on 9 January the French general Desaix proposed the evacuation to General Latour and they agreed that the Austrians would enter Kehl the next day, on 10 January (21

1180: 890: 619: 1516:-based weapons (and the resulting higher-velocity projectiles), the balance of power and logistics definitely favored the defender. With the introduction of large-caliber 609: 3477: 3472: 3457: 418: 760:, offered an armistice that the Archduke was inclined to accept. The Archduke wanted to secure the Rhine crossings so he could send troops to northern Italy to relieve 253: 737:, when the French crossed into the German states on 23–24 June. Critical to French success was the army's ability to cross the Rhine at will. The crossings at 1505:

to completely encircle their target, preventing food, water, and other supplies from reaching the besieged city. This was followed by the construction of a line of

2085: 1946: 1493: 671: 203: 1723:

be moved, the Austrians were entrenched, and had brought up their artillery. The Austrians continued to advance their earth works, and perfect their batteries.

1549:, approximately 400 ft (122 m) in length, and two of its sides faced the Rhine. The main wall was approximately 12 feet (3.7 m) high. Below two 1386:

Before the break of dawn on 18 September (03:45), three Austrian columns attacked Kehl. The principal column, comprising the Regiment Ferdinand, crossed the

3238:

Universal Geography, Or, a Description of All the Parts of the World, on a New Plan: Spain, Portugal, France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Holland

2539:

Universal Geography, Or, a Description of All the Parts of the World, on a New Plan: Spain, Portugal, France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, and Holland

2129: 246: 2520:. Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, 1975. Mack Walker. 709:

alternately submerged by floods or exposed during the dry seasons. At Kehl and the city of Strasbourg lay a complex of bridges, gates, fortifications and

1118:), groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection. 819:. After the defenses were thoroughly riddled by heavy bombardment from the besiegers, the French defenders capitulated and withdrew on 9 January 1797. 395: 3388: 1199:

included 10,000 more. The remainder of the Imperial and Coalition army, the 80,000-strong Army of the Upper Rhine, secured the west bank behind the

491: 594: 1060: 1662:

The French instead focused their efforts on reinforcing their palisades, strengthening batteries, and developing the redoubts and earthen works.

997:, it moves in torrents. A few miles north and east of Basel, the terrain flattens. The Rhine makes a wide, northerly turn, in what is called the 3467: 3462: 2462: 364: 2147: 388: 2402:

Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789–1797.

1820: 1399: 2143: 1467:

was willing to give up Mantua in exchange for the Rhine bridgeheads, which they deemed more important for the direct defense of France;

1431: 1335:(16–19 September) allowed Charles to move more troops to the south, and effectively removed Jourdan from the remainder of the campaign. 561: 781: 3350: 3301: 3216: 3176: 3123: 1379: 1279: 1014:

the Black Forest, creating deep defiles in the mountains. The tributaries then wind in rivulets through the flood plain to the river.

837:

revolution in France as an event between the French king and his subjects, and not something in which they should interfere. In 1790,

644: 100: 3437: 3197: 3143: 3101: 2710: 2425: 2376: 1069:("little states") that covered no more than a few square miles to large and powerful states. Their governance varied: they included 949:

and to use their position on the west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. However, after news arrived in Vienna of

749: 1267: 1131: 714: 1242:

On the French side, the 80,000-man Army of Sambre-et-Meuse held the west bank of the Rhine down to the Nahe and then southwest to

3442: 1597:(Kehl's Rhine head, or bald head). The island was thick with bushes and shrubbery. Beside this lay a larger island, known as the 1220: 938: 793:(bridgeheads) joining Kehl and Strasbourg until a strong French counter-attack forced them to retreat. The situation remained in 3227:

Fastes de la Légion-d'honneur: biographie de tous les décorés accompagnée de l'histoire législative et réglementaire de l'ordre,

3044:

Fastes de la Légion-d'honneur: biographie de tous les décorés accompagnée de l'histoire législative et réglementaire de l'ordre

858: 3409: 1902: 1855: 1524:(in modern times), the traditional methods of defense became less effective against a determined siege, although many of the 1468: 838: 769: 31: 1829: 1460: 1367: 765: 1231:

and to use their position on the west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. After news arrived in Vienna of

2139: 1874: 1786: 1332: 1251: 842: 803: 722: 639: 624: 486: 476: 436: 329: 2564:

The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle

2442:

The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle

1017:

The Rhine River itself looked different in the 1790s than it does in the twenty-first century; the passage from Basel to

1566:, the barracks, gun emplacements, and walls had withstood a lengthy Austrian barrage. The fortress had stone and mortar 1563: 1353: 1295: 1204: 918: 761: 730: 551: 344: 1868: 1299: 481: 1283: 3105: 882:, as its generals were intimidated and/or executed, and more and more of the officers left France for safer havens. 3432: 3427: 2236: 1303: 875: 871: 702: 576: 451: 412: 52: 3133: 2089: 1769: 1275: 1149: 828: 699: 556: 349: 191: 1509:, especially if the besieged city had a nearby field army; the line of contravallation protected the besiegers. 1179:

The Austrian Coalition's Army of the Lower Rhine included 90,000 troops. The 20,000-man right wing, first under

1498: 1291: 1196: 910: 894: 757: 571: 546: 506: 339: 304: 294: 1813: 3106:

History of Europe from the commencement of the French revolution to the restoration of the Bourbons, Volume 3

913:

counted 10,000 more. The remainder of the Imperial and Coalition army was posted on the west bank behind the

717:

in the seventeenth century. The crossings had been contested before: in 1678 during the French-Dutch war, in

3452: 3447: 3191: 2770: 2079: 1748:

estimated that of the 40,000 men who participated on the Coalition side, 4,800 were lost. Based on Moreau's

1247: 1216: 1090: 994: 930: 862: 667: 536: 446: 1038: 2397: 2003: 1165: 1143: 974: 886: 807: 695: 634: 629: 501: 284: 270: 48: 2239:, and became widely used in the European military as the size of armies grew in the 1790s and during the 1653:

and two howitzers. The want of horses prevented them from taking another 15 pieces of cannon, which they

1055:

The German-speaking states on the east bank of the Rhine were part of the vast complex of territories in

3376: 2816: 2228: 2133: 1761: 1756:

estimated that the Austrian losses were lower: 3,000 troops killed or wounded and 1,000 taken prisoner.

1557:, or fortified gun emplacements of 83 ft (25 m) long and 16 ft (5 m) wide, provided 1366:, where a sturdy bridge allowed for passage across the river. The troops there, under orders of General 1311: 1173: 1086: 734: 516: 466: 461: 431: 354: 299: 156: 1807: 1613: 1370:, included the 68th Demi-brigade and two squadrons of the 19th Dragoons, had remained behind after the 1328: 541: 334: 1463:

was long and costly, and had tied up a significant portion of both the French and Austrian force. The

2559: 2437: 1916: 1844: 1765: 1739: 1456: 953:'s successes, Wurmser was sent to Italy with 25,000 reinforcements. Reconsidering the situation, the 942: 753: 726: 718: 599: 359: 319: 94: 90: 1838: 1371: 1127: 1042:

The plethora of states of the Holy Roman Empire was especially dense on the east bank of the Rhine.

604: 566: 526: 521: 314: 309: 3291: 3152: 3010: 2787: 1046: 1232: 1082: 1070: 950: 773: 511: 496: 471: 441: 3282: 2627: 2501:

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

65:

Habsburg and French troops skirmished for control of the crossing in the weeks before the siege.

3194:. Markus Stein, editor. Mannheim, Germany. 14 February 2010 version. Accessed 28 February 2010. 2777:. Markus Stein, editor. Mannheim, Germany. 14 February 2010 version. Accessed 28 February 2010. 1430:

The French executed several attempts to retake the bridges. The 68th, under command of general

756:

on 24 October, the French army withdrew south and west toward the Rhine. The French commander,

3405: 3363: 3346: 3329: 3315: 3297: 3262: 3256: 3243: 3236: 3232: 3212: 3172: 3158: 3139: 3119: 3111: 2537: 2533: 2458: 2421: 2372: 2333: 2232: 1687: 1287: 1278:

directed the left wing. Ferino's wing consisted of three infantry and cavalry divisions under

1169: 1157: 1102: 846: 834: 691: 289: 198: 168: 163: 60: 2504: 3355: 3307: 2543: 2274:, or light infantry, to provide skirmishing cover for the troops that followed, principally 2097: 1953: 1464: 1324: 1239:

gave Archduke Charles command over both Habsburg armies and ordered him to hold his ground.

1212: 1111: 1059:

called the Holy Roman Empire. The considerable number of territories in the Empire included

1010: 957:

gave Archduke Charles command over both Habsburg armies and ordered him to hold his ground.

926: 850: 531: 324: 3273: 2597:

Ausgewählte Schriften weiland seiner Kaiserlichen Hoheit des Erzherzogs Carl von Österreich

3252: 2774: 2364: 2329: 2240: 1885: 1753: 1517: 1506: 1502: 879: 456: 1358:

While Charles and Moreau jockeyed for position on the eastern slope of the Black Forest,

780:

categorically refused such an armistice, forcing Charles to order simultaneous sieges at

993:) cuts through steep hillsides over a gravel bed; in such paces as the former rapids at 3186: 2762: 1541: 1387: 1359: 1315: 1263: 1208: 1192: 1081:; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy 1078: 1065: 1056: 922: 906: 870:

continued to agitate for support of a counter-revolution abroad. On 20 April 1792, the

682:. The fortifications at Kehl represented an important bridgehead crossing the Rhine to 17: 2486:

Helmut Volk, "Landschaftsgeschichte und Natürlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue."

2453:

Laufenburg now has dams and barrages to control the flow of water. Thomas P. Knepper,

1434:, was repulsed three times by the superior Austrian numbers and the murderous fire of 3421: 3148: 3128: 3006: 1745: 1236: 1235:'s successes, however, Wurmser was sent to Italy with 25,000 reinforcements, and the 1188: 954: 902: 816: 777: 710: 679: 380: 1271: 1243: 1200: 1106: 982: 914: 799: 187: 3088:

According to Smith only the 1st Bn of the 3rd Regiment was present. Smith, p. 131.

2566:

Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923–1933), p. 278.

2444:

Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923-1933), p. 278.

2457:, Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York, Springer, 2006, 1536:

The principal bridge crossing the main part of the river began approximately 400

969:

The broad Rhine River and its many tributaries prevented easy escape into France.

3397: 3338: 2738: 2575: 2313: 1537: 1183:, then Wilhelm von Wartensleben, stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the 1006: 738: 589: 3211:

Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York, Springer, 2006.

3035: 3033: 674:, besieged and captured the French-controlled fortifications at the village of 1654: 1483: 1184: 998: 986: 973:

The Rhine River flows west along the border between the German states and the

898: 789: 683: 1562:

hold up to 1500 men; indeed, in an earlier bombardment in the hostilities in

1528:

fortresses presented a formidable challenge well into the twentieth century.

1414: 1401: 1250:

had 22,000 troops in an entrenched camp at Düsseldorf. The right wing of the

853:, and her children, alarmed him. In August 1791, in consultation with French 768:; an armistice with Moreau would allow him to do that. However, his brother, 115: 102: 1590: 1513: 1435: 1392: 1338: 1254:

was positioned behind the Rhine from Hüningen northward, centered along the

1098: 1018: 978: 3360:

The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715

2518:

The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715

3333: 2118:

Grenadiers de Candiani, Szenassi, Albsaltern, and Bydeskuty, 4 battalions

2032:

Grenadiers de Retz, Reisinger, Dietrich and Pitsch, 4 battalions (1 each)

1791:

The French garrison consisted of headquarters and three mixed divisions:

1571: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1521: 1363: 1224: 1161: 1074: 1027: 934: 815:; from these positions, the Austrians bombarded the French defenses with 663: 238: 3389:"Landschaftsgeschichte und Natürlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue." 3367: 3266: 3247: 3162: 1802:

Commanding: General Louis Desaix, relieved by Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr

1768:

of the Infantry Regiment Nr. 36, which bore his name until his death in

965: 806:, Jean-Victor-Marie Moreau, almost ended the siege when they executed a 787:

On 18 September 1796, the Austrians temporarily acquired control of the

27:

Part of the Rhine Campaign of 1796 during the War of the First Coalition

3319: 1683: 1567: 1546: 1153: 1023: 921:

led the 80,000-strong Army of the Upper Rhine. Its right wing occupied

1152:

in which republican France pitted itself against a fluid coalition of

752:, had pushed the French back to the Rhine. With the conclusion of the 2786:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology.

1636: 1575: 1259: 1255: 1123: 687: 182: 151: 3184:

Ebert, Jens-Florian. "Feldmarschall-Leutnant Fürst zu Fürstenberg,"

3293:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology

2760:

Jens-Florian Ebert, "Feldmarschall-Leutnant Fürst zu Fürstenberg,"

784:

and Kehl. These tied his army to the Rhine for most of the winter.

3402:

German home towns: community, state, and general estate, 1648–1871

3287:, History of war.org. 17 February 2009. Accessed 18 November 2014. 2632:, History of war.org. 17 February 2009, Accessed 18 November 2014. 2522:

German home towns: community, state, and general estate, 1648–1871

1941:

The Austrian force included Infantry, three columns, and cavalry:

1793: 1675: 1612: 1482: 1337: 1228: 1130:

ordered the construction of the fortress by the famous architect,

1045: 1037: 964: 946: 742: 3278:. History of war.org. 17 February 2009. Accessed 1 November 2014. 2767: 1583: 675: 86: 2287:

Riesch is frequently mis-identified in French sources as Reise.

384: 242: 1227:

to Switzerland. The original Austrian strategy was to capture

941:

and his corps of French royalists patrolled the area between

1963: 3275:

Siege of Huningue, 26 October 1796 – 19 February 1797

1126:, and the bridge became part of the city's defense system. 3202:

The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy.

2715:

The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy.

1101:"). Some states included non-contiguous pieces: both the 945:

and Basel. The original Austrian strategy was to capture

2261:

New York, Viking-Penguin Books, 2002, pp.372–375.

713:. These had been constructed by the fortress architect 2351:

University of Oklahoma Press, 2014, pp. 87–93. Smith.

2858: 2856: 2854: 2790:. Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 266–267. 2725: 2723: 2599:, Vienna: Braumüller, 1893–94, v. 2, pp. 72, 153–154. 1148:

The campaign of 1796 was part of the larger, broader

1787:

Army of the Rhine and Moselle § Order of Battle

3169:

Napoleon in Italy: the sieges of Mantua, 1796–1799,

2349:

Napoleon in Italy: the Sieges of Mantua, 1796–1799,

2320:, Connecticut, Greenhill Press, 1996, pp. 111, 131. 2224:

Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1): Infantry.

1286:. Desaix's command included three divisions led by 3378:Beitrag zur Geschichte des Feldzuges vom Jahr 1796 2818:Beitrag zur Geschichte des Feldzuges vom Jahr 1796 2270:The French Army designated two kinds of infantry: 1593:than an island; the exposed ground was called the 1298:. Saint-Cyr's wing had two divisions commanded by 3075: 3073: 3023: 3021: 2278:, which fought in tight formations. Smith, p. 15. 1912:, 97th, 100th Demi-brigade, three battalions each 897:, stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the 3225:Lievyns, A., Jean Maurice Verdot, Pierre Bégat, 1492:Once the Aulic Council refused Charles's plans, 1181:Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg 1073:, also of different sizes, such as the powerful 891:Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg 849:and by 1791, the danger surrounding his sister, 670:regulars numbering 40,000, under the command of 2649: 2647: 2023:Nr. 56, Joseph Colloredo, 1 battalion (3rd Bn.) 1093:. When viewed on a map, the Empire resembled a 977:. The 80 mi (130 km) stretch between 662:lasted from 26 October 1796 to 9 January 1797. 41: 3154:Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary 3042:A. Lievyns, Jean Maurice Verdot, Pierre Bégat, 3012:Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary 1949:, General of Artillery, commander of the Siege 1156:and Austrians and several other states of the 672:Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour 2582:, Connecticut: Greenhill Press, 1996, p. 111. 1009:bordered by the Black Forest on the east and 396: 254: 8: 3375:Varnbüler, Ferdinand, von und zu Hemmingen, 2412: 2410: 2171:Prince of Lorraine, cuirassiers, 6 squadrons 1910:Joseph Hélie Désiré Perruquet de Montrichard 1063:. Their size and influence varied, from the 776:, and the civilian military advisers of the 3054: 3052: 3046:, Bureau de l'administration, 1844, p. 353. 2371:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 1211:on the west bank while the left wing under 925:on the west bank while the left wing under 833:Initially, the rulers of Europe viewed the 3404:. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1998. 3171:Tulsa, University of Oklahoma Press, 2014. 2815:Ferdinand Varnbüler von und zu Hemmingen, 2753: 2751: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 1348:Preliminary action at Kehl: September 1796 1187:River, observing the French bridgehead at 901:River, observing the French bridgehead at 403: 389: 381: 261: 247: 239: 59: 38: 3296:. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010. 3118:New York, Oxford University Press, 1996. 2524:, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1998. 2420:New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 1262:, and its left wing extended west toward 3478:Battles inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe 3458:Sieges of the War of the First Coalition 2247:New York, Random House, 2011, Chapter 6. 1708: 1623:islands surrounding the Kehl crossings: 1207:, this force anchored its right wing in 1001:, and enters the so-called Rhine ditch ( 802:and the overall commander of the French 694:stronghold. This battle was part of the 3187:Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792–1815 3015:. London, Clarendon Press, 1916, p. 40. 2763:Die Österreichischen Generäle 1792–1815 2661: 2659: 2299: 2210: 1959:Colonel Szeredai, Director of Engineers 3138:New York, Viking-Penguin Books, 2002. 1089:; and such durable dynastic states as 3473:Military history of Baden-Württemberg 2550:(nl), C. F. Stollmeyer, 1842, p. 210. 2187:Hohenzollern cuirassiers, 6 squadrons 2045:No. 3, Archduke Charles, 3 battalions 1270:led Moreau's right wing at Hüningen, 7: 2516:See, for example, James Allen Vann, 2245:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815, 1919:, 103rd, 106th, 109th Demi-brigades 1892:three battalions, 93rd Demi-brigade 1625:Ilse de Estacade, Ilse de Escargots, 1378:The Kehl garrison, under command of 3392:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-Württemberg 2488:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-Württemberg 2338:, London, A.J. Valpy, 1814, p. 279. 2184:Archduke John Dragoons, 4 squadrons 2054:Grand Duke of Tuscany, 2 battalions 1980:Bannat, 1 battalion (1st Battalion) 1974:Grün-Laudon Freicorps, 2 battalions 1432:Jean-Baptiste de Bressoles de Sisce 3198:Graham, Thomas, 1st Baron Lynedoch 3095:Alphabetical listing of references 2871:Philippart, pp. 105, 108, 111–125. 2103:Nr. 28, Wartensleben, 3 battalions 1901:3rd Division: General of Division 1867:2nd Division: General of Division 1837:1st Division: General of Division 1380:Balthazar Alexis Henri Schauenburg 25: 3229:Bureau de l'administration, 1844. 3157:. London, Clarendon Press, 1916. 2711:Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch 1532:Description of the fortifications 874:declared war on Austria. In this 3192:Napoleon Online: Portal zu Epoch 3108:. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1847. 2821:, Altona, 1797, pp. 46–48. 2768:Napoleon Online: Portal zu Epoch 2181:Kaiser, carabiniers, 2 squadrons 2060:Wenceslas Colloredo, 1 battalion 197: 181: 162: 150: 77:26 October 1796 – 9 January 1797 3258:Memoires etc. of General Moreau 2404:Leonaur Ltd, 2011. pp. 286–287. 2335:Memoires etc. of General Moreau 2200:Notes, citations and references 1280:François Antoine Louis Bourcier 3314:, np: C. F. Stollmeyer, 1842. 3116:The French Revolutionary Wars. 2907:Philippart, pp. 104–105. 2880:Philippart, pp. 102–103. 2745:Greenhill Press, 1996, p. 126. 2595:Charles, Archduke of Austria. 2418:The French Revolutionary Wars, 2154:Hussars frontier, 10 squadrons 1903:Gilles Joseph Martin Bruneteau 1856:Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen 1847:3rd, 10th, 31st Demi-brigades 1821:Anne Marie François Boisgérard 1469:Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke 1268:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 1132:Sébastien Le Préstre de Vauban 715:Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban 32:Siege of Kehl (disambiguation) 30:For other sieges of Kehl, see 1: 3468:1797 in the Holy Roman Empire 3463:1796 in the Holy Roman Empire 3261:. London, A. J. Valpy, 1814. 2548:General History of the World, 2369:The French Revolutionary Wars 1875:Jean Marie Rodolph Eickemayer 1570:and each bastion had its own 1540:above the point at which the 1252:Army of the Rhine and Moselle 1221:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 939:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 804:Army of the Rhine and Moselle 723:War of the Spanish Succession 640:Italian campaign of 1796-1797 3394:, Band 10, pp. 159–167. 3312:General History of the World 2701:Philippart, pp. 76–77. 2683:Philippart, pp. 73–74. 2641:Philippart, pp. 66–68. 2042:Corps of Gyulay 2 battalions 2014:Olivier Wallis, 2 battalions 1915:Brigade: General of Brigade 1908:Brigade: General of Brigade 1884:Brigade: General of Brigade 1873:Brigade: General of Brigade 1854:Brigade: General of Brigade 1843:Brigade: General of Brigade 1609:Conduct of the siege at Kehl 1354:Second Battle of Kehl (1796) 1296:Charles Antoine Xaintrailles 1246:. On the army's left flank, 1205:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 919:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 811:French fortification called 762:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 731:War of the Polish Succession 3345:NY, Greenhill Press, 1996. 2848:Varnbüler, pp. 45–58. 2839:Varnbüler, pp. 42–55. 2830:Varnbüler, pp. 49–52. 2717:London, (np), 1797, p. 126. 2416:See also Timothy Blanning, 2057:Michael Wallis, 1 battalion 2051:Karl Schröder, 2 battalions 2011:Archduke Anton, 1 battalion 1877:, 68th, 76th Demi-brigades 1869:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme 1858:, 44th, 62nd Demi-brigades 1300:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme 3494: 3343:Napoleonic Wars Data Book, 3328:York (UK), Methuen, 1954. 2259:Berlin: The Downfall 1945. 2237:American Revolutionary War 2048:Franz Kinsky, 2 battalions 1784: 1737: 1351: 1304:Alexandre Camille Taponier 1141: 876:War of the First Coalition 872:French National Convention 861:of Prussia, he issued the 826: 703:War of the First Coalition 414:War of the First Coalition 53:War of the First Coalition 29: 3290:Rogers, Clifford, et al. 3134:Berlin: The Downfall 1945 2743:Napoleonic Wars Databook, 2580:Napoleonic Wars Data Book 2318:Napoleonic Wars Data Book 2233:Thirteen British Colonies 1952:Lieutenant Field Marshal 1276:Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr 1274:commanded the center and 1150:French Revolutionary Wars 829:French Revolutionary Wars 741:, near the Swiss city of 620:Rhine campaign of 1793–94 427: 280: 222: 209: 192:Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr 174: 143: 69: 58: 46: 3438:Sieges involving Austria 3242:. (nl), A. Black, 1831. 2979:Philippart, pp. 118–121. 2934:Philippart, p. 105, 118. 2925:Philippart, pp. 107–113. 2803:Methuen, 1954, pp. 44–45 2591:Dodge, p. 290. See also 1956:, commander of Artillery 1937:Austrian order of battle 1823:, Commander of Engineers 1368:Marc Amand Élisée Scherb 1292:Antoine Guillaume Delmas 1284:Henri François Delaborde 1197:Ehrenbreitstein Fortress 1087:Archbishopric of Cologne 1061:more than 1,000 entities 895:Wilhelm von Wartensleben 758:Jean Victor Marie Moreau 3443:Sieges involving France 3326:Castles and Fortresses. 2801:Castles and Fortresses. 2109:Hohenlohe, 2 battalions 2002:Commanders: Burger and 1989:Benjowsky, 2 battalions 1983:Esclavons, 2 battalions 1923:, three battalions each 1905:(called Saint-Suzanne) 1881:, three battalions each 1851:, three battalions each 1223:guarded the Rhine from 933:guarded the Rhine from 863:Declaration of Pillnitz 678:in the German state of 18:Siege of Kehl (1796–97) 2490:, Band 10, S. 159–167. 2398:Theodore Ayrault Dodge 2115:Gemmingen, 1 battalion 2112:Wenckheim, 1 battalion 2106:Esclavons, 1 battalion 2026:Gemmingen, 1 battalion 1816:Commander of Artillery 1799: 1781:French order of battle 1766:Colonel and Proprietor 1714: 1666:Expansion of the siege 1619: 1489: 1362:engaged the French at 1344: 1166:Rhine Campaign of 1795 1144:Rhine Campaign of 1796 1052: 1043: 1030:made access reliable. 970: 961:Geography and politics 893:, who was replaced by 887:Rhine Campaign of 1795 841:succeeded his brother 696:Rhine Campaign of 1796 635:Rhine campaign of 1796 630:Rhine campaign of 1795 595:Mediterranean campaign 272:Rhine campaign of 1796 175:Commanders and leaders 49:Rhine Campaign of 1796 3284:Battle of Emmendingen 2629:Battle of Emmendingen 2542:, A. Black, 1831 and 2276:d’infanterie de ligne 2229:French and Indian War 2227:emerged first in the 2063:De Ligne, 1 battalion 2020:D'Alton, 3 battalions 2017:Kaunitz, 2 battalions 1986:Starray, 3 battalions 1977:Szeckler, 1 battalion 1929:Total: 40 battalions 1862:three battalions each 1814:Jean-Baptiste Lobréau 1797: 1785:Further information: 1762:Georges Joseph Dufour 1712: 1644:Action of 22 November 1616: 1486: 1341: 1312:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 1049: 1041: 968: 223:Casualties and losses 204:Maximilian Anton Karl 3058:Smith, pp. 111, 131. 2773:8 April 2000 at the 2560:Ramsay Weston Phipps 2438:Ramsay Weston Phipps 2128:Lieutenant Generals 1992:Nadasty, 1 battalion 1917:Jean Victor Tharreau 1888:, 84th Demi-brigade 1845:Louis-Nicolas Davout 1806:General of Division 1457:Battle of Schliengen 1415:48.57000°N 7.84389°E 1248:Jean-Baptiste Kléber 1217:Michael von Fröhlich 1071:free imperial cities 943:Freiburg im Breisgau 931:Michael von Fröhlich 859:Frederick William II 754:Battle of Schliengen 700:French Revolutionary 692:French Revolutionary 91:Margraviate of Baden 3207:Knepper, Thomas P. 3204:London, (np), 1797. 3067:Philippart, p. 283. 3027:Philippart, p. 279. 2997:Philippart, p. 127. 2988:Philippart, p. 121. 2970:Philippart, p. 119. 2961:Philippart, p. 115. 2952:Philippart, p. 122. 2943:Philippart, p. 118. 2916:Philippart, p. 106. 2898:Philippart, p. 104. 2889:Philippart, p. 103. 2862:Philippart, p. 114. 2608:Dodge, pp. 292–293. 2474:Knepper, pp. 19–20. 2272:d'infanterie légère 2243:. See David Gates, 2078:Lieutenant General 2029:Kaiser, 1 battalion 1839:Jean-Jacques Ambert 1819:General of Brigade 1411: / 1372:Battle of Ettlingen 1191:. The garrisons of 905:. The garrisons of 615:East Indies Theatre 605:War of the Pyrenees 330:Friedberg (Bavaria) 112: / 3233:Malte-Brun, Conrad 2729:Cuccia, pp. 87–93. 2692:Philippart, p. 75. 2674:Philippart, p. 72. 2665:Philippart, p. 71. 2653:Philippart, p. 69. 1808:Jean Baptiste Eblé 1800: 1715: 1620: 1490: 1345: 1331:(3 September) and 1233:Napoleon Bonaparte 1172:Coalition and the 1083:Abbey of Reichenau 1077:and the minuscule 1053: 1044: 971: 951:Napoleon Bonaparte 885:At the end of the 845:as emperor of the 774:Holy Roman Emperor 3433:Conflicts in 1797 3428:Conflicts in 1796 3356:Vann, James Allen 3308:Rotteck, Carl von 3167:Cuccia, Phillip. 3112:Blanning, Timothy 3102:Alison, Archibald 2534:Conrad Malte-Brun 2463:978-3-540-29393-4 2355:pp. 125, 131–133. 2235:and later in the 2196: 2195: 1827:Chef de Bataillon 1740:Siege of Hüningen 1420:48.57000; 7.84389 1288:Michel de Beaupuy 1174:French Republican 1158:Holy Roman Empire 1085:and the powerful 1034:Political terrain 847:Holy Roman Empire 733:, and earlier in 653: 652: 645:Anglo-Spanish War 625:Atlantic campaign 610:Italian campaigns 600:War in the Vendée 585:Flanders campaign 378: 377: 237: 236: 169:Habsburg monarchy 157:Republican France 139: 138: 95:Baden-Württemberg 16:(Redirected from 3485: 3386: 3374: 3253:Philippart, John 3224: 3183: 3089: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3068: 3065: 3059: 3056: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3028: 3025: 3016: 3004: 2998: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2953: 2950: 2944: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2872: 2869: 2863: 2860: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2804: 2797: 2791: 2784: 2778: 2759: 2755: 2746: 2736: 2730: 2727: 2718: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2654: 2651: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2624: 2618: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2589: 2583: 2573: 2567: 2557: 2551: 2544:Carl von Rotteck 2531: 2525: 2514: 2508: 2499:Joachim Whaley, 2497: 2491: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2451: 2445: 2435: 2429: 2414: 2405: 2395: 2380: 2365:Timothy Blanning 2362: 2356: 2347:Phillip Cuccia, 2345: 2339: 2327: 2321: 2311: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2268: 2262: 2254: 2248: 2215: 2006:, Major Generals 1964: 1812:Chef de Brigade 1776:Orders of battle 1700:Bonnet de Prétre 1680:Bonnet de Prétre 1595:Kehler Rheinkopf 1465:French Directory 1426: 1425: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1333:2nd Altenkirchen 1138:Campaign of 1796 1112:Imperial Circles 1099:patchwork carpet 1011:Vosges Mountains 937:to Switzerland; 851:Marie Antoinette 813:Bonnet de Prêtre 750:Archduke Charles 422: 415: 405: 398: 391: 382: 275: 273: 263: 256: 249: 240: 202: 201: 186: 185: 167: 166: 155: 154: 135:Habsburg victory 127: 126: 124: 123: 122: 117: 116:48.575°N 7.805°E 113: 110: 109: 108: 105: 71: 70: 63: 39: 21: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3418: 3417: 3414: 3384: 3381:, Altona, 1797. 3372: 3324:Sellman, R. R. 3222: 3181: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3078: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3050: 3039: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3019: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2781: 2775:Wayback Machine 2757: 2756: 2749: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2625: 2621: 2617:Dodge, pp. 297. 2616: 2612: 2607: 2603: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2574: 2570: 2558: 2554: 2532: 2528: 2515: 2511: 2498: 2494: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2452: 2448: 2436: 2432: 2415: 2408: 2396: 2383: 2363: 2359: 2346: 2342: 2330:John Philippart 2328: 2324: 2312: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2251: 2241:Napoleonic Wars 2216: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2125: 2084:Major Generals 2075: 2067: 2039: 1999: 1971: 1939: 1896:, one battalion 1886:Claude Lecourbe 1789: 1783: 1778: 1754:John Philippart 1742: 1736: 1720: 1688:Schutter stream 1668: 1646: 1640:and the Rhine. 1611: 1534: 1526:trace italienne 1507:contravallation 1503:circumvallation 1481: 1461:siege of Mantua 1445: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1356: 1350: 1203:. Commanded by 1160:, the British, 1146: 1140: 1036: 985:and Basel, the 963: 911:Ehrenbreitstein 880:Reign of Terror 831: 825: 766:besieged Mantua 656: 655: 654: 649: 581: 423: 413: 411: 409: 379: 374: 276: 271: 269: 267: 232: 196: 180: 161: 149: 120: 118: 114: 111: 106: 103: 101: 99: 98: 97: 64: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3453:1797 in Europe 3450: 3448:1796 in Europe 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3420: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3395: 3387:Volk, Helmut. 3382: 3370: 3353: 3351:978-1853672767 3336: 3322: 3305: 3302:978-0195334036 3288: 3279: 3270: 3250: 3230: 3220: 3217:978-3540293934 3205: 3195: 3179: 3177:978-0806144450 3165: 3149:Bodart, Gaston 3146: 3129:Beevor, Antony 3126: 3124:978-0340569115 3109: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3090: 3081: 3079:Smith, p. 131. 3069: 3060: 3048: 3029: 3017: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2936: 2927: 2918: 2909: 2900: 2891: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2850: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2805: 2799:R.R. Sellman. 2792: 2779: 2747: 2731: 2719: 2703: 2694: 2685: 2676: 2667: 2655: 2643: 2634: 2619: 2610: 2601: 2584: 2568: 2552: 2526: 2509: 2505:pp. 17–20 2492: 2476: 2467: 2446: 2430: 2406: 2381: 2357: 2340: 2322: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2289: 2280: 2263: 2249: 2209: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2172: 2169: 2162: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2138:Major General 2136: 2130:Mels-Colloredo 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2100:, 2 battalions 2094: 2093: 2086:Baillet-Latour 2082: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2007: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1950: 1947:Baillet-Latour 1938: 1935: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1913: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1882: 1865: 1864: 1863: 1852: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1824: 1817: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1735: 1732: 1719: 1716: 1667: 1664: 1645: 1642: 1629:Isle de Ehrlin 1610: 1607: 1564:September 1796 1533: 1530: 1480: 1477: 1444: 1441: 1360:Franz Petrasch 1352:Main article: 1349: 1346: 1316:Swabian Circle 1209:Kaiserslautern 1193:Mainz Fortress 1142:Main article: 1139: 1136: 1095:Flickenteppich 1079:Weil der Stadt 1057:central Europe 1035: 1032: 962: 959: 923:Kaiserslautern 824: 821: 790:têtes-de-ponts 651: 650: 648: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 580: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 428: 425: 424: 410: 408: 407: 400: 393: 385: 376: 375: 373: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 281: 278: 277: 268: 266: 265: 258: 251: 243: 235: 234: 233:1,000 captured 229: 225: 224: 220: 219: 216: 212: 211: 207: 206: 194: 190:, relieved by 177: 176: 172: 171: 159: 146: 145: 141: 140: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 85: 83: 79: 78: 75: 67: 66: 56: 55: 44: 43: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3490: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3144:0-670-88695-5 3141: 3137: 3135: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3007:Gaston Bodart 3003: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2874: 2868: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2788:Siege Warfare 2783: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2726: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2630: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2431: 2427: 2426:0-340-56911-5 2423: 2419: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377:0-340-56911-5 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2294: 2284: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2214: 2211: 2204: 2199: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2176:chevauxlegers 2173: 2170: 2168:, 6 squadrons 2167: 2166:chevauxlegers 2163: 2160: 2159:chevauxlegers 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2098:Army of Condé 2096: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1966: 1965: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1942: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1818: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1746:Gaston Bodart 1741: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1724: 1717: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1650: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1615: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1508: 1504: 1501:in a line of 1500: 1495: 1485: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1450:tete de point 1442: 1440: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1381: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1347: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1327:(24 August), 1326: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1237:Aulic Council 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213:Anton Sztáray 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1145: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1048: 1040: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1005:), part of a 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 975:Swiss Cantons 967: 960: 958: 956: 955:Aulic Council 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 927:Anton Sztáray 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 883: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 830: 822: 820: 818: 817:enfilade fire 814: 809: 805: 801: 796: 792: 791: 785: 783: 779: 778:Aulic Council 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 706: 704: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 680:Baden-Durlach 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 660:siege of Kehl 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 582: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 429: 426: 420: 416: 406: 401: 399: 394: 392: 387: 386: 383: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 279: 274: 264: 259: 257: 252: 250: 245: 244: 241: 230: 227: 226: 221: 217: 214: 213: 208: 205: 200: 195: 193: 189: 184: 179: 178: 173: 170: 165: 160: 158: 153: 148: 147: 142: 134: 131: 130: 125: 121:48.575; 7.805 96: 93:(present-day 92: 88: 84: 81: 80: 76: 73: 72: 68: 62: 57: 54: 50: 45: 42:Siege of Kehl 40: 33: 19: 3415: 3401: 3398:Walker, Mack 3391: 3377: 3359: 3342: 3339:Smith, Digby 3325: 3311: 3292: 3283: 3281:Rickard, J. 3274: 3272:Rickard, J. 3257: 3237: 3226: 3208: 3201: 3185: 3168: 3153: 3132: 3115: 3084: 3063: 3043: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2984: 2975: 2966: 2957: 2948: 2939: 2930: 2921: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2876: 2867: 2844: 2835: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2800: 2795: 2782: 2761: 2742: 2734: 2714: 2706: 2697: 2688: 2679: 2670: 2637: 2628: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2596: 2587: 2579: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2500: 2495: 2487: 2479: 2470: 2454: 2449: 2441: 2433: 2428:, pp. 41–59. 2417: 2401: 2379:, pp. 41–59. 2368: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2334: 2325: 2317: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2258: 2252: 2244: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2190: 2175: 2165: 2158: 2090:Sebottendorf 2066: 1940: 1931: 1928: 1920: 1893: 1889: 1878: 1859: 1848: 1826: 1801: 1790: 1758: 1749: 1743: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1704: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1679: 1673: 1669: 1659:aide-de-camp 1658: 1651: 1647: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1603: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1580: 1535: 1525: 1511: 1491: 1479:Laying siege 1473: 1454: 1449: 1446: 1443:Consequences 1429: 1385: 1377: 1357: 1321: 1308: 1272:Louis Desaix 1244:Sankt Wendel 1241: 1178: 1147: 1120: 1116:Reichskreise 1115: 1107:Hohenzollern 1105:domains and 1094: 1066:Kleinstaaten 1064: 1054: 1016: 1002: 990: 983:Schaffhausen 972: 884: 867: 854: 832: 812: 800:Louis Desaix 794: 788: 786: 747: 711:barrage dams 707: 659: 657: 537:Newfoundland 502:Altenkirchen 369: 285:Altenkirchen 188:Louis Desaix 144:Belligerents 47:Part of the 3385:(in German) 3373:(in German) 3223:(in French) 3182:(in German) 3040:(in French) 2813:(in German) 2758:(in German) 2739:Digby Smith 2626:J. Rickard, 2593:(in German) 2576:Digby Smith 2484:(in German) 2465:, pp. 5–19. 2314:Digby Smith 2218:called the 2178:6 squadrons 2161:6 squadrons 1418: / 1343:possession. 1264:Saarbrücken 1258:River near 1091:Württemberg 1007:rift valley 1003:Rheingraben 857:nobles and 729:during the 721:during the 668:Württemberg 590:Chouannerie 355:Emmendingen 119: / 51:during the 3422:Categories 3410:0801406706 3209:The Rhine. 2353:Data Book. 2220:Frei-Corps 2157:Levenher, 1954:Kollowrath 1832:, Bridges. 1738:See also: 1499:earthworks 1455:After the 1403:48°34′12″N 1201:Nahe River 1189:Düsseldorf 1162:Sardinians 999:Rhine knee 995:Laufenburg 987:High Rhine 903:Düsseldorf 827:See also: 823:Background 795:status quo 770:Francis II 684:Strasbourg 492:Den Helder 487:Guadeloupe 482:Martinique 452:Thionville 432:Porrentruy 360:Schliengen 320:Theiningen 104:48°34′30″N 2455:The Rhine 2295:Citations 2148:Nauendorf 2073:3. Column 2037:2. Column 1997:1. Column 1890:d' ligne, 1772:in 1799. 1734:Aftermath 1718:Surrender 1599:Erlenkopf 1591:peninsula 1555:casemates 1522:howitzers 1514:gunpowder 1436:case shot 1406:7°50′38″E 1393:horn work 1154:Prussians 1128:Louis XIV 1028:causeways 1019:Iffezheim 991:Hochrhein 979:Rheinfall 698:, in the 577:Diersheim 567:Fishguard 527:Neresheim 437:Quiévrain 315:Neresheim 310:Ettlingen 107:7°48′18″E 3334:12261230 2771:Archived 2503:(2012), 2164:Karacay 2144:O'Reilly 2140:Merveldt 1969:Infantry 1945:General 1860:d'ligne, 1572:hornwork 1568:ravelins 1559:enfilade 1551:bastions 1364:Bruchsal 1329:Würzburg 1225:Mannheim 1170:Habsburg 1114:(called 1103:Habsburg 1075:Augsburg 1024:viaducts 935:Mannheim 868:émigrés 782:Hüningen 739:Hüningen 690:city, a 688:Alsatian 664:Habsburg 557:Biberach 552:2nd Kehl 542:Würzburg 517:1st Kehl 512:Kircheib 497:Siegburg 477:Sardinia 472:Jemappes 442:Marquain 370:3rd Kehl 365:Hüningen 350:Biberach 345:2nd Kehl 335:Würzburg 300:1st Kehl 210:Strength 82:Location 3368:2276157 3267:8721194 3248:1171138 3163:1458451 2231:in the 2174:Kaiser 2134:Kospoth 2123:Cavalry 2092:, Hegel 1921:d'ligne 1894:d'ligne 1879:d'ligne 1849:d'ligne 1750:Memoirs 1684:sappers 1637:hussars 1618:bridge. 1547:polygon 1518:mortars 1488:Ehrlen. 839:Leopold 572:Neuwied 562:Ireland 547:Limburg 507:Wetzlar 340:Limburg 305:Rastatt 295:Wetzlar 290:Maudach 3408: 3366: 3349: 3332: 3320:653511 3318: 3300: 3265: 3246: 3215: 3175: 3161: 3142: 3122: 2461: 2424: 2375: 2191: 2080:Riesch 1770:battle 1728:Nivôse 1655:spiked 1576:glacis 1542:Kinzig 1494:Latour 1388:Kinzig 1325:Amberg 1260:Landau 1256:Queich 1168:, the 1124:France 855:émigré 843:Joseph 808:sortie 772:, the 532:Amberg 522:Malsch 447:Verdun 325:Amberg 218:40,000 215:20,000 132:Result 2205:Notes 2004:Terzi 1830:Dédon 1676:salvo 1538:paces 1229:Trier 981:, by 947:Trier 907:Mainz 743:Basel 725:, in 686:, an 467:Mainz 462:Lille 457:Valmy 231:3,800 228:4,000 3406:ISBN 3364:OCLC 3347:ISBN 3330:OCLC 3316:OCLC 3298:ISBN 3263:OCLC 3244:OCLC 3213:ISBN 3173:ISBN 3159:OCLC 3140:ISBN 3120:ISBN 2459:ISBN 2422:ISBN 2373:ISBN 2132:and 1627:and 1584:moat 1520:and 1302:and 1294:and 1282:and 1219:and 1195:and 1185:Sieg 1026:and 915:Nahe 909:and 899:Sieg 835:1789 735:1796 727:1733 719:1703 676:Kehl 666:and 658:The 419:List 87:Kehl 74:Date 764:at 3424:: 3400:. 3358:. 3341:. 3310:. 3255:. 3235:. 3200:. 3151:. 3131:. 3114:. 3104:. 3072:^ 3051:^ 3032:^ 3020:^ 3009:, 2853:^ 2750:^ 2741:, 2722:^ 2713:. 2658:^ 2646:^ 2578:, 2546:, 2536:, 2409:^ 2400:, 2384:^ 2367:. 2332:, 2316:, 2302:^ 2146:, 2142:, 2088:, 1752:, 1578:. 1553:, 1306:. 1290:, 1266:. 1215:, 1097:(" 929:, 917:. 705:. 89:, 3304:. 3269:. 3240:. 3219:. 3189:. 3136:. 2765:. 2562:, 2507:. 2440:, 989:( 421:) 417:( 404:e 397:t 390:v 262:e 255:t 248:v 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge (XXG)

Siege of Kehl (1796–1797)

Index