Siege of Kimberley - Knowledge (XXG)

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Magersfontein and were heading east towards Bloemfontein along the Modder River. Kitchener directed French to cut off the Boers' escape; of French's original strength of 5,000, only 1,200 of his cavalrymen were still fit, while the horses were depleted. At first light, the cavalry headed towards the Boer dust clouds; soon they were overlooking a whole valley full of Boers, with cattle, 400 wagons and women and children in tow. The surprise was complete when the British started shelling the Boer column just as it started crossing the Modder River at Paardeberg Drift, causing considerable confusion and panic. Cronjé elected to sit tight rather than escape, giving French the opportunity to summon reinforcements before the Boers realised how small and depleted the force was that was harassing them. The

998:. It was a calculated move to raise the political stakes and thereby force the British government to divert war resources to lifting the siege on his mining operation. Since most of the resources in the garrison were owned by De Beers, Rhodes inevitably became an important factor in the defence organised by Colonel Robert Kekewich. As head of the mining company that owned most of the assets in the town, the military felt that Rhodes proved to be more of a hindrance as he did not co-operate fully with them; civil and military authorities were not always working together, especially after the death of the second in command of the garrison, Major Scott-Turner. The military took the following view of Rhodes: 1348:, before being repaired at Pretoria, and brought to Kimberley. In addition to having larger shells than any of the siege guns used up to that point, its longer range meant that it could also target any location in Kimberley. The town's inhabitants had become accustomed to shelling by smaller guns and were to some extent able to take shelter and to carry on their daily lives. The new gun immediately changed the status quo, as terrified residents were no longer able to find sanctuary anywhere at ground level. Rhodes published a notice inviting people to take shelter in the Kimberley Mine in order to avoid its lethal shelling. Fortunately for the defenders, the gun did not use 1333: 1458: 1544: 1039: 1266: 1474: 1466:

impression that he was headed for Klipkraal Drift. The whole force then wheeled left at the last minute and charged the Klip Drift crossing at full gallop. The Boers at Klip Drift, who were taken completely by surprise, left their camp and provisions behind, which French's exhausted men and horses were glad to seize. Although speed was important, the cavalry had to wait for the infantry to catch up to secure the lines of communication before moving forward to relieve Kimberley. The cavalry's route had taken them deep inside the Free State over Cronjé's

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with roughly 70 horses lost through exhaustion. However, the route to Kimberley was open; by that evening, General French and his men passed through the recently abandoned Boer lines, and relieved the town of Kimberley after some initial difficulty in convincing the defenders via heliograph that they were not Boers. The cavalry had covered 120 miles (190 km) in four days at the height of summer to reach the town. When French arrived in town, he snubbed Kekewich, the local military authority, by presenting himself to Rhodes instead.

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eastwards away from his prepared defences. He dispatched 900 men with guns to stop the British push northwards. French's men set out from Klip Drift at 9:30 am on 15 February on the last stage of their journey to Kimberley, and were soon engaged by the Boer force sent to block them. Rifle fire came from the river in the east while artillery shells rained from the hills in the north west; the route to Kimberley lay straight ahead through the crossfire, so French ordered a bold cavalry

259: 247: 1243: 179: 1159: 229: 217: 205: 149: 41: 269: 166: 900:, and vibrant and prosperous as the centre of diamond mining operations of the De Beers Mining Company, who supplied 90% of the world's diamonds. The town had a population of 40,000, of which 25,000 were white. It was one of a handful of British outposts in the far north east of the colony, located just a few kilometres from the borders of the Boer republics of the Transvaal and Orange Free State; 1504: 1102: 1116: 1046: 1130: 1088: 1144: 1074: 1060: 1352:, so observers were able to give residents up to 17 seconds warning to take cover when a shell was incoming. Labram was the most notable civilian casualty, when he was killed within a week of the end of the siege, ironically by a Boer shell from the Long Tom gun brought to counter his own gun. Kekewich arranged a full 929:, for additional protection, but he did not believe the town to be under serious threat and declined to arm it further. His reply to an appeal for arms in September 1899 stated: “There is no reason whatever for apprehending that Kimberley is or will be in any danger of attack and your fears are therefore groundless.” 1257:

the conflict. He used his position and influence to demand relief of the siege vociferously in both the press and directly of the government. However, Kekewich was a more cool-headed man, and was careful to let the authorities in Cape Town know that the situation was by no means desperate and that he

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The De Beers company was concerned about the defence of Kimberley some years before the outbreak of the war, particularly its vulnerability to attack from the neighbouring Orange Free State. In 1896, an arms depot was formed, a plan of defence sent to the authorities and a local defence force set up.

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replaced Buller as British Commander-in-Chief in South Africa in January 1900. Within a month Roberts assembled 30,000 infantry, 7,501 cavalry and 3,600 mounted infantry, together with 120 guns, in the area between the Orange and Modder Rivers. The largest British mounted division ever assembled was

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to Mafeking, while arms and ammunition were in short supply in Kimberley. On 7 November, the Boers started shelling the town. Communication with the outside world was not seriously impeded however. The Boer strategy was not to attack the town in a full battle, but rather to wait for the defenders to

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as well as the outlying suburb of Kenilworth inside the 22-kilometre (14 mi) defensive perimeter he established around the town. Rhodes sponsored the raising of a new regiment called the Kimberley Light Horse, but Lord Methuen advised Kekewich that “Rhodes is to leave Kimberley the day after I

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down the middle. As waves of horses galloped forward, the Boers poured down fire from the two sides. However, the speed of the attack, screened by a massive cloud of dust, proved successful and the Boer force was defeated. British casualties during this day's fighting were five dead and 10 wounded,

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in December 1899 with the objective of relieving Kimberley and Mafeking, while Buller himself went to Natal. On 1 December 1899, communications were established between Methuen's relief column and the defenders in the town. However, Methuen's advance ground to a halt after the Boers inflicted heavy

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missions outside the town's defences, sometimes using the armoured train. Some of these engagements were fierce, with casualties on both sides, however they did not change the status quo. In January 1900, the local Boer command passed from Commandant Wessels to General Ignatius Stephanus Ferreira.

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set out at midnight and completely surprised their enemy in the early hours of the morning. Thirty-three Boers were captured at the cost of four killed. Scott-Turner tried to repeat the successful raid three days later, but it was a disaster for the British the second time round, with Scott-Turner

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As French's column neared the Modder River on 13 February, a force of about 1,000 Boers made contact with his right flank. French wheeled his right and centre brigades towards their enemy, thereby allowing the brigade on the left to hold course for Klip Drift, while giving the enemy the false

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besieged the diamond mining town. The Boers moved quickly to try to capture the area when war broke out between the British and the two Boer republics in October 1899. The town was ill-prepared, but the defenders organised an energetic and effective improvised defence that was able to prevent it

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French's flanking manoeuvre took a very high toll on horses and men in the blazing summer heat, with about 500 horses either dying en route or no longer fit to ride. When Cronjé became aware of French's cavalry on his left flank at Klip Drift, he concluded that the British were trying to draw him

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capitulate, all the time wearing them down with shelling. The defenders tried to send the large contingent of migrant native labourers that was working in the mines home, but twice the Boers drove them back into the town in an apparent attempt to put pressure on the limited food and water supply.

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The food and water supply was managed closely by the military authorities. Rationing was imposed as the food supply dwindled, with the inhabitants eventually resorting in the final states of the siege to eating horse meat. Vegetables could not be grown easily because of a shortage of water. The

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The Boer commander, Commandant Cornelius Wessels, presented Kekewich with an ultimatum on 4 November, demanding the town's surrender. Kekewich replied the same day, stating: “...you are hereby invited to effect the occupation of this town as an operation of war by the employment of the military

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leading up to the war, would antagonise the Boers. Consequently, the mayor of Kimberley, as well as various associates of Rhodes, tried to discourage him. However, Rhodes ignored the advice and moved into the town just prior to the onset of the siege, very narrowly evading capture when the Boer

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Rhodes had come into his own Kimberley and for the first time he was not master in it. He found himself a sterilized dictator acting in an atmosphere too tenuous to support his vitality but sufficient to preserve it from extinction. He was subject to the authority of the military commandant, a

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French's men did not have much opportunity to relax when they reached the town, as they were roused during their first night in the town first to make yet another dash to try to capture the Long Tom gun and, in the early hours of 17 February, to cut off Cronjé's main force, who had abandoned

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made him one of the primary protagonists behind war breaking out. Rhodes was in constant disagreement with the military, but he was nonetheless instrumental in organising the defence of the town. The Boers shelled the town with their superior artillery in an attempt to force the garrison to

1400:. However public opinion demanded relief of the sieges of Kimberley, Ladysmith and Mafeking — pressure that was attributable in part to Rhodes's presence in Kimberley and lobbying in London. Buller therefore had to change his plans and divide his forces: Lord Methuen was sent north by the 1525:, which was instituted by Mayor H. A. Oliver. Since the medal was not an official one, it could not be worn with military uniforms. The official awards for the siege and relief of Kimberley were, respectively, the "Defence of Kimberley" and "Relief of Kimberley" clasps to the 1328:

was rifled with a bore of 100 millimetres (3.9 in) capable of propelling a 13-kilogram (29 lb) shell 6,000 metres (6,600 yd). The gun was completed on 21 January 1900, and successfully test fired against a previously untouchable Boer position north of the town.

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The town next appealed to the high commissioner, this time with more success. On 4 October 1899, Major Scott-Turner was permitted to summon volunteers to join the town guard and raise the Diamond Fields Artillery. Three days later, the town was placed under the command of

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through the amalgamation of virtually all the cavalry in the area. News of the shelling by the Boer Long Tom gun had reached Lord Roberts, whose parting words to his officers on 9 February were that "You must relieve Kimberley if it costs you half your forces."

1571:: “This for a charge to our children in sign of the price we paid, The price that we paid for freedom that comes unsoiled to your hand; Read, revere and uncover, here are the victors laid, They who died for their City, being sons of the land”. 1225:

The cattle that usually grazed on the outskirts of the town presented a problem; if they were left, they would be lost to the Boers, but if they were slaughtered, the meat would perish quickly in the summer heat. The De Beers chief engineer,

1262:, the local newspaper which was under Rhodes's control, ignored the military censor and printed information that compromised the military. Kekewich obtained permission from his superior to place Rhodes under arrest if necessary. 1317:

The engineers of Rhodes's company, under Chief Mechanical Engineer George Labram, were instrumental in the defence of the town. They manufactured fortifications, an armoured train, a watch tower, shells, and a gun, known as

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Piet Cronjé believed that Roberts would attempt to attack him in a flanking manoeuvre from the west, and that the advance would largely continue as before along the railway line. With this mind, Roberts ordered the

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Outside Kimberley, the Boers treated the occupied territory as part of one of the republics, appointing a 'landdrost' (magistrate) and changing the name of the neighbouring town of Barkly West to Nieu Boshof.

1450:. On 13 February, Roberts activated the second part of his plan, that involved French's cavalry separating from the slower main force and piercing forward quickly by swinging northwards, just east of 1038: 1356:

for him, which was well attended, but took place after dark for safety reasons; the procession was targeted by Boer shelling with the help of a traitor inside the town who lit the area with a flare.

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Contemporary French caricature of Rhodes, showing him trapped in Kimberley during the Second Boer War, seen emerging from a tower clutching papers with a champagne bottle behind his collar.

1417:" by the British. Thus, for two of the four months of the siege, the 10,000 British troops at Modder River who were within 12 miles (19 km) of the town, were unable to reach it. 737: 1438:

20 miles (32 km) west to Koedoesberg, thereby encouraging Cronjé's forces to believe that the attack would occur there. However, the bulk of the force initially headed south to

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forces under your command”. When the siege of Kimberley itself began in earnest on 6 November, the situation favoured an attack. The Boers were in control of the railway from the

335: 2264: 1890: 1794: 1641: 1746: 1174:, anticipating the inevitable onset of hostilities, encouraged all the women and children to leave the town. Some civilians left in a special train, escorted as far as 3264: 2371: 1689: 1598:. The stone that he used to mount his horse is still in the gardens, while the story of the siege is covered extensively in the permanent exhibitions of the museum. 1842: 1563:, was erected to commemorate the defenders who fell during the siege. Twenty-seven soldiers are entombed in the memorial, which was made from stone quarried in the 2286: 989:

Cecil John Rhodes, the founder of De Beers, was contemplating moving into the town. The citizens feared that his presence there, given his prominent role in the

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scarcity of vegetables took the hardest toll on the poorest people, notably the 15,000-strong indigenous population; a local doctor suggested that they eat

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Commando severed the railway line 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of the town at Riverton Road, then shut off the primary water supply at Riverton on the

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by keeping more Boers occupied at Kimberley. A detachment of 40 members of Cape Police and Light Horse under the command of Major Scott-Turner of the

328: 1210:. For the first time, water in the mines became more precious than the diamonds in them. On 14 October the Boers cut the telephone line to the Cape. 3652: 1540:

Boer women and children, as well as black refugees. A memorial outside the Newton Dutch Reformed Church commemorates those that died in the camp.

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consequently had to make hazardous journeys through Boer lines to the Orange River and then to Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. On 15 October,

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and two machine guns. Also at his disposal were 120 men of the Cape Police (recalled from various outposts along the railway line), 2,000

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As it began to look more likely that war would break out, the nervous citizens of Kimberley appealed to the premier of the Cape Colony,

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galling position for a distinguished statesman who had not a high opinion of the professional capacity of the British officer.

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ensued over the next week, resulting in the defeat of Cronjé, but at the expense of a considerable amount of British blood.

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at Carter's Ridge, west of the town. Kekewich's men held the belief that the action would assist Methuen's relief column at

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when the Boer siege guns were temporarily brought to bear there. Throughout the siege, Kekewich mounted numerous armed

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The British military had to change its strategy for the war as public opinion demanded that the sieges of Kimberley,

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Rhodes had his own agenda, which differed from the greater war goal of redressing wrongs in the Transvaal that had

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Magnus says Lord Kitchener granted permission to arrest Rhodes, while Van Hartesveldt says it was Lord Roberts.

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south of Kimberley, whereafter the Boers entrenched themselves in the hills at Spytfontein. Meanwhile, the

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the town for 124 days, shelling it on most days, except Sundays. Shelling abated somewhat during the

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The Sanatorium Hotel, in which Cecil Rhodes stayed during the siege, is the present-day site of the

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be relieved before the Boer capitals were assaulted. The first attempt at relief of Kimberley under

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French's cavalry crossing the Modder River after charging to Klip Drift on their way to Kimberley

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would be able to hold out for several weeks. The feud between the two men escalated when the

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Towards Pretoria; A Record of the War Between Briton and Boer, to the Relief of Kimberley

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A Handbook of the Boer War With General Map of South Africa and 18 Sketch Maps and Plans

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The Medal Collector; A Guide to Naval, Military, Air-force and Civil Medals and Ribbons

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Rhodes's message to the residents of Kimberley, offering shelter in the Kimberley Mine

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Lord Roberts entering Kimberley in February 1900 following the lifting of the siege

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Besieged by the Boers; A Diary of Life and Events in Kimberley During the Siege

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The Diamond Mines of South Africa; Some Account of Their Rise and Development

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initially planned to march with a single large force on the Boer capitals of

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Lord Methuen and the British Army: Failure and Redemption in South Africa

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Major-General Sir J.D.P. French, whose cavalry division lifted the siege.

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The Boers countered on 7 February with a much heavier 100-pounder named

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was 780 kilometres (480 mi). The closest Boer settlements were

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On 25 November, the British garrison launched an attack on the Boer

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With the Flag to Pretoria: A History of the Boer War of 1899–1900

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Where Australians Fought—The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles

2175:. Atlantic City: May's Landing. 15 September 1906. Archived from 2792:"British Concentration Camps of the South African War 1900-1902" 1279: 1016: 994:

ultimatum expired at 5 pm on 11 October while he was still

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arrive. Tell him he is not to interfere in military matters.”

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employed in the defence of Kimberley during the Second Boer War

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The Life of the Right Hon. Cecil John Rhodes, 1853–1902 (1910)

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Every Step of the Way: The Journey to Freedom in South Africa

1521:. A number of medals were issued to combatants, notably the 1022:

Kekewich decided to include the neighbouring municipality of

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Klip Drif is south-east of Kimberley on the Modder River at

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Riverton is located north of Kimberley on the Vaal River at

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The British commander-in-chief in South Africa, General Sir

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On 17 February, Kekewich was promoted to the rank of full

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Saunders, Frederick & Phillip Thurmond Smith (1995).

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Spytfontein is located immediately south of Kimberley at

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in Rhodesia (today Zimbabwe). It bears an inscription by

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Commando severed the railway line at the bridge over the

1194:, the hero of the western Transvaal. On 12 October, the 3316:"Long Cecil: The Gun Made in Kimberley During the Siege" 3229:

The Cult of Rhodes: Remembering an Imperialist in Africa

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Days of Horror During the Siege of Kimberley, 1899–1990

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The Boer War: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography

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The Times History of the War in South Africa, 1899–1902

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was 1,041 kilometres (647 mi) away by rail, while

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The siege of Kimberley and the battle of Magersfontein

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The conflict at Kimberley started on 14 October 1899.

2255:"Siege of Kimberley—Mr. Rhodes and Colonel Kekewich" 3107:

With General French and the Cavalry in South Africa

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Cassell's History of the Boer War, 1899–1902 (1903)

3584: 2806:"Kimberley, The Capital of the Northern Province" 3501:A Tourist Guide to the Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902 884:immediately after the town itself was relieved. 3326:(1). The South African Military History Society 3148:(5). The South African Military History Society 1344:; it had been disabled by British saboteurs at 1190:by Boers under the command of fighting general 1000: 896:, Kimberley was the second-biggest city in the 25: 3186:Good-bye Dolly Grey: The story of the Boer War 3118:The Boer War: Direction, Experience, and Image 1743:Carters Ridge is located West of Kimberley at 1579:workshops during the siege, is mounted on the 3091:(3/4). South African Military History Society 2831: 2829: 2827: 2436: 2434: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2027: 2025: 962:of the Loyal North Lancashire Regiment, some 731: 623: 329: 8: 3293:Morris, Michael & John Linnegar (2004). 3263:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2765:Sessional Papers By Great Britain Parliament 2693: 2691: 2557: 2555: 2094: 2092: 958:Colonel Kekewich's troops consisted of four 2898:. London: S. Low, Marston and company, ltd. 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2118: 2116: 1997: 1995: 1454:, to cross the Modder River at Klip Drift. 1101: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 738: 724: 716: 630: 616: 608: 336: 322: 314: 22: 3014:"Queen's South Africa Medal With 10 Bars" 2130: 2128: 1839:Graspan is located south of Kimberley at 837:company manufactured a one-off gun named 3409:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 2201: 2199: 2197: 2106: 2104: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 3138:"The Diary of a Doctor's Wife (Part 2)" 1944: 1618: 1547:The Honoured Dead Memorial in Kimberley 876:. The battle against the Boer general 16:1899–1900 battle of the Second Boer War 3628:Henry Symonds's Kimberley Siege Letter 3256: 3205:Magnus, Sir Philip Montefiore (1958). 1587:), surrounded by shells from the Boer 1555:, a sandstone edifice commissioned by 1019:to conduct the defence as he saw fit. 3208:Kitchener: Portrait of an Imperialist 2997:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2909:. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co. 2772:from the original on 14 February 2018 2531: 2529: 2527: 1409:and defeated him resoundingly at the 7: 2374:from the original on 8 November 2012 1927:one of the few crossings in the area 1115: 3668:Histories of cities in South Africa 3431:Snow, Richard F. (April–May 1981). 3345:. Dublin: M.H. Gill & Son, Ltd. 2299:from the original on 28 August 2009 2267:from the original on 5 October 2012 1246:Long Cecil gun in the workshops of 955:, but not against sustained siege. 3462:. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. 3314:Peddle, Colonel D.E. (June 1977). 3197:Cecil Rhodes; The Man and His Work 1980:Morris & Linnegar 2004, p. 110 1166:ticket from the siege of Kimberley 69: – 15 February 1900 14: 3554:. S. Low, Marston & Co., ltd. 3477:Van Hartesveldt, Fred R. (2000). 3253:. Vol. 2. London: E. Arnold. 1129: 1087: 1045: 991:breakdown of Anglo-Boer relations 947:Loyal Regiment (North Lancashire) 805:(present-day South Africa), when 3530:Wilson, Herbert Wrigley (1900). 3525:. London: The Macmillan Company. 3161:Johnson, Stanley Currie (1921). 3136:Heberden, Winifred (June 1976). 3104:Goldman, Charles Sydney (1902). 3037:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2003). 2920:. University of Delaware Press. 1143: 1142: 1128: 1114: 1100: 1086: 1073: 1072: 1059: 1058: 1044: 1037: 267: 257: 245: 227: 215: 203: 177: 164: 147: 39: 3551:Pioneer, Soldier and Politician 3536:. Harmsworth Brothers, limited. 3519:Williams, Gardner Fred (1902). 2967:De Souza; Francis Hugh (2004). 2935:Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). 2292:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2260:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 1405:casualties on his force at the 872:, part of a larger force under 3653:Battles of the Second Boer War 3356:. Frederick A. Stokes company. 3175:Cecil Rhodes, His Private Life 2917:The Tragedy of Sir John French 2717:"French and Kekewich Promoted" 1575:, the gun manufactured in the 870:Lieutenant-General John French 860:was stopped at the battles of 1: 3678:Sieges of the Second Boer War 1517:while French was promoted to 1425:created under the command of 833:capitulate. Engineers of the 3683:History of the Northern Cape 3079:Gilman, Ernest (June 1976). 1282:leaves to avoid contracting 3272:Miller, Stephen M. (1999). 3247:Michell, Lewis, () (1910). 3110:. London: Macmillan and co. 3012:Duxbury, G.R. (June 1972). 2941:. Sydney: Allen and Unwin. 2045:Michell (1900), pp. 267–269 1286:, while Rhodes organised a 3719: 3504:. Westby-Nunn Publishers. 3498:Westby-Nunn, Tony (2000). 2914:Cassar, George H. (1985). 2768:. House of Commons. 1902. 2535:Coulthard-Clark, pp. 66–68 2019:A Handbook of the Boer War 1532:The British established a 1527:Queen's South Africa Medal 1222:was declared in the town. 968:RML 2.5-inch mountain guns 892:Prior to the onset of the 92:(present-day South Africa) 3456:Thompson, J. Lee (2007). 3385:Kimberley: Turbulent City 3299:. Ministry of Education. 3194:Le Sueur, Gordon (1913). 2054:Conan-Doyle, Chapter VIII 2001:Ashe, Introduction, p. 17 1427:Major-General John French 1260:Diamond Fields Advertiser 753: 645: 355: 297: 282: 193: 139: 61:14 October 1899 53: 47:RML 2.5-inch mountain gun 38: 30: 3673:Kimberley, Northern Cape 3613:With French to Kimberley 3320:Military History Journal 3172:Jourdan, Philip (1911). 3142:Military History Journal 3085:Military History Journal 3018:Military History Journal 2903:Ashe, E. Oliver (1900). 2872:. London and Aldershot: 1015:, Kekewich did not have 949:, and secured against a 927:William Philip Schreiner 3648:1900 in the Cape Colony 3643:1899 in the Cape Colony 3382:Roberts, Brian (1976). 3361:Robbins, David (2001). 3058:Gardner, Brian (1969). 2956:Danes, Richard (1903). 2205:Conan-Doyle, Chapter 18 1907:29.041806°S 24.894833°E 1658:28.882230°S 24.683372°E 1411:Battle of Magersfontein 1365:Battle of Magersfontein 943:Colonel Robert Kekewich 639:Orange Free State Front 3622:The Siege of Kimberley 3548:Harris, David (1931). 3350:Ralph, Julian (1900). 3342:The Siege of Kimberley 3183:Kruger, Rayne (1960). 3040:The Boer War 1899–1902 2326:Van Hartesveldt, p. 19 2170:"An American Engineer" 2031:Michell (1900), p. 265 1625:Rhodes was a civilian 1553:Honoured Dead Memorial 1548: 1510: 1478: 1462: 1407:Battle of Modder River 1385: 1337: 1314: 1274: 1250: 1167: 1005: 945:of the 1st Battalion, 937: 936:Lt Col Robert Kekewich 793:took place during the 194:Commanders and leaders 172:South African Republic 3624:at BritishBattles.com 3226:Maylam, Paul (2005). 3211:. London: J. Murray. 3167:. London: H. Jenkins. 3043:. Osprey Publishing. 2970:A Question of Treason 2586:Fremont-Barnes, p. 56 1989:Fremont-Barnes, p. 18 1912:-29.041806; 24.894833 1859:29.31889°S 24.44750°E 1811:28.91667°S 24.41667°E 1706:28.51417°S 24.70056°E 1663:-28.882230; 24.683372 1546: 1536:at Kimberley to hold 1506: 1476: 1468:line of communication 1460: 1383: 1335: 1312: 1268: 1245: 1161: 935: 298:Casualties and losses 112:28.73833°S 24.76389°E 3698:February 1900 events 3559:Meyer, Carl (1999). 3232:. New Africa Books. 3200:. London: J. Murray. 3178:. John Lane Company. 3115:Gooch, John (2000). 2744:Johnson, pp. 159–160 2353:Jourdan, pp. 114–115 2335:Gardner, pp. 170–171 1493:Battle of Paardeberg 1306:among those killed. 1172:Colonel Baden-Powell 1007:In practice, unlike 3693:October 1899 events 3339:Phelan, T. (1913). 2973:. Kiaat Creations. 2706:Goldman, Chapter IV 2697:Goldman, pp. 98–105 2658:Phelan, pp. 195–197 2485:De Wet, Chapter VII 2370:. 7 December 1899. 2086:Saunders, pp. 27–28 1902: / 1864:-29.31889; 24.44750 1854: / 1816:-28.91667; 24.41667 1806: / 1763:28.7503°S 24.7036°E 1758: / 1711:-28.51417; 24.70056 1701: / 1653: / 1108:Port Elizabeth 117:-28.73833; 24.76389 108: / 2989:De Wet, Christiaan 2844:Westby-Nunn p. 399 2726:. 17 February 1900 2649:Goldman, pp. 82–84 2595:Goldman, pp. 70–72 2561:Goldman, pp. 73–75 2549:Ralph 1900, p. 261 1791:Koedoesberg is at 1608:Kimberley Regiment 1549: 1534:concentration camp 1511: 1479: 1463: 1386: 1338: 1315: 1275: 1269:Boer Long Tom gun 1251: 1168: 976:Maxim machine guns 938: 818:from being taken. 791:siege of Kimberley 767:Colesberg District 487:Pretoria Offensive 26:Siege of Kimberley 3663:Conflicts in 1900 3658:Conflicts in 1899 3572:978-0-620-24573-9 3469:978-0-8386-4121-7 3459:Forgotten Patriot 3437:American Heritage 3406:Mafeking Memories 2948:978-1-86448-611-7 2577:Cassar, pp. 47–49 2263:. 22 March 1900. 2150:Ralf, pp. 267–275 1768:-28.7503; 24.7036 1561:Sir Herbert Baker 986:around the town. 912:to the south and 811:Orange Free State 784: 783: 747:Cape Colony Front 713: 712: 605: 604: 572:Blood River Poort 312: 311: 252:Cornelius Wessels 185:Orange Free State 135: 134: 3710: 3602: 3591:. Random House. 3590: 3581:Pakenham, Thomas 3576: 3555: 3537: 3526: 3515: 3494: 3473: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3399: 3378: 3357: 3346: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3310: 3289: 3278:. London: Cass. 3268: 3262: 3254: 3243: 3222: 3201: 3190: 3179: 3168: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3132: 3111: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3075: 3054: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3008: 2984: 2963: 2952: 2931: 2910: 2899: 2888:; G.P. Tallboy; 2886:Erskine Childers 2877: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2833: 2822: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2760: 2754: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2721: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2695: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2593: 2587: 2584: 2578: 2575: 2562: 2559: 2550: 2547: 2536: 2533: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2512:Williams, p. 638 2510: 2504: 2503:Thompson, p. 157 2501: 2495: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2467:Williams, p. 655 2465: 2459: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2393: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2295:. 11 June 1901. 2283: 2277: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2251: 2245: 2242: 2236: 2235:Thompson, p. 153 2233: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2181: 2174: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2151: 2148: 2135: 2132: 2123: 2120: 2111: 2108: 2099: 2096: 2087: 2084: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2063:Le Sueur, p. 237 2061: 2055: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2032: 2029: 2020: 2017: 2002: 1999: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1978: 1972: 1965: 1959: 1956: 1928: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1885: 1879: 1878: 1877: 1875: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1778: 1777: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1741: 1735: 1732: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1673: 1672: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1646: 1636: 1630: 1623: 1559:and designed by 1436:Highland Brigade 1354:military funeral 1350:smokeless powder 1146: 1145: 1132: 1131: 1118: 1117: 1104: 1103: 1090: 1089: 1076: 1075: 1062: 1061: 1048: 1047: 1041: 978:were mounted on 972:irregular troops 809:forces from the 771:2nd Elands River 748: 740: 733: 726: 717: 640: 632: 625: 618: 609: 567:2nd Elands River 512:1st Elands River 350: 348: 338: 331: 324: 315: 272: 271: 262: 261: 250: 249: 232: 231: 220: 219: 208: 207: 183: 181: 180: 170: 168: 167: 157: 153: 151: 150: 123: 122: 120: 119: 118: 113: 109: 106: 105: 104: 101: 76: 74: 68: 66: 55: 54: 43: 23: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3688:Cavalry charges 3633: 3632: 3609: 3599: 3579: 3573: 3558: 3547: 3544: 3542:Further reading 3529: 3518: 3512: 3497: 3491: 3476: 3470: 3455: 3446: 3444: 3433:"George Labram" 3430: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3402: 3396: 3381: 3375: 3367:. 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p. 122 2439: 2432: 2428:De Souza, p. 82 2427: 2423: 2419:Jourdan, p. 121 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2270: 2268: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2239: 2234: 2227: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2182:on 25 July 2011 2179: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2138: 2133: 2126: 2121: 2114: 2109: 2102: 2097: 2090: 2085: 2076: 2072:Jourdan, p. 108 2071: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2035: 2030: 2023: 2018: 2005: 2000: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1979: 1975: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1729: 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Routledge. 3120: 3119: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3102: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3071:0-213-76477-6 3067: 3063: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3050:1-84176-396-9 3046: 3042: 3041: 3035: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3006: 3004:0-947020-03-9 3000: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2980:0-620-32030-3 2976: 2972: 2971: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2933: 2929: 2927:0-87413-241-X 2923: 2919: 2918: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2853:Maylam, p. 56 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2824: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2759: 2756: 2753:Duxbury, 1972 2750: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2676:Robbins, 2001 2673: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2631:Cassar, p. 48 2628: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2613:Cassar, p. 47 2610: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2521:Danes, p. 431 2518: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2455: 2452: 2446: 2443: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2341: 2338: 2332: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2314: 2311: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2266: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2241: 2238: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2178: 2171: 2165: 2162: 2159:Lewis, p. 269 2156: 2153: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2134:Wilson, p. 53 2131: 2129: 2125: 2122:Phelan, p. 13 2119: 2117: 2113: 2110:Ashe, pp. 3–4 2107: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1933: 1924: 1884: 1881: 1876: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1774:Carters Ridge 1740: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1723: 1683: 1680: 1675: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1545: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1519:major general 1516: 1509: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1488: 1485: 1475: 1471: 1469: 1459: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1382: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1322: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1299:Magersfontein 1296: 1291: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1256: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1228:George Labram 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1165: 1160: 1040: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1004: 999: 997: 992: 987: 985: 984:tailing heaps 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 954: 953: 948: 944: 934: 930: 928: 919: 917: 916:to the east. 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 887: 885: 883: 880:continued at 879: 875: 871: 867: 866:Magersfontein 863: 859: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 831: 827: 823: 819: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 777: 774: 772: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 755: 752: 741: 736: 734: 729: 727: 722: 721: 718: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 670:Magersfontein 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 644: 633: 628: 626: 621: 619: 614: 613: 610: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 547:Middelfontein 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 462:3rd Ladysmith 460: 458: 455: 451: 450:Bloody Sunday 448: 447: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 425:Magersfontein 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 400:Willow Grange 398: 396: 393: 391: 390:2nd Ladysmith 388: 386: 385:1st Ladysmith 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 357: 354: 349: 339: 334: 332: 327: 325: 320: 319: 316: 307: 302: 301: 296: 290: 287: 286: 281: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 253: 248: 243: 242: 240: 235: 230: 225: 223: 218: 213: 211: 206: 201: 200: 198: 197: 192: 186: 175: 173: 162: 161: 159: 156: 144: 143: 138: 130: 127: 126: 121: 91: 87: 83: 80: 79: 60: 57: 56: 52: 48: 42: 37: 34: 29: 24: 19: 3703:Cecil Rhodes 3587:The Boer War 3586: 3561: 3550: 3532: 3521: 3500: 3479: 3458: 3445:. 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Retrieved 2177:the original 2164: 2155: 2068: 2059: 2050: 1985: 1976: 1968: 1963: 1958:Peddle, 1977 1897:24°53′41.4″E 1894:29°02′30.5″S 1883: 1835: 1822:Koesdoesberg 1787: 1739: 1730: 1682: 1634: 1626: 1621: 1593: 1583:(facing the 1565:Matopo Hills 1557:Cecil Rhodes 1550: 1531: 1512: 1489: 1480: 1464: 1432: 1422:Lord Roberts 1419: 1394:Bloemfontein 1387: 1358: 1339: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1292: 1288:soup kitchen 1276: 1273:to Kimberley 1270: 1259: 1252: 1236:Orange River 1232: 1224: 1200:Modder River 1169: 1122:Bloemfontein 1024:Beaconsfield 1021: 1009:Baden Powell 1006: 1001: 995: 988: 957: 952:coup de main 950: 939: 923: 891: 874:Lord Roberts 862:Modder River 858:Lord Methuen 847: 830:Jameson Raid 826:Cecil Rhodes 824: 820: 790: 788: 757: 690:Sanna's Post 680:Poplar Grove 665:Modder River 649: 592:Hart's River 562:Duivelskloof 537:Nooitgedacht 532:Leliefontein 527:Rhenosterkop 502:Diamond Hill 477:Sanna's Post 467:Poplar Grove 415:Modder River 380:Elandslaagte 369: 293:Several guns 222:Cecil Rhodes 140:Belligerents 31:Part of the 18: 2962:. Cassells. 2882:Amery, L.S. 2816:3 September 2392:Ashe, p. 85 2344:Ashe, p. 80 2223:Ashe, p. 32 1910: / 1862: / 1814: / 1766: / 1709: / 1669:Spytfontein 1661: / 1446:across the 1303:Black Watch 1220:martial law 982:built atop 920:Preparation 898:Cape Colony 878:Piet Cronjé 803:Cape Colony 685:Driefontein 577:Bakenlaagte 497:Faber's Put 472:Driefontein 440:Vaal Krantz 375:Talana Hill 305:135 wounded 291:3,000–6,500 274:Piet Cronjé 234:John French 115: / 90:Cape Colony 3637:Categories 3064:. Barker. 2876:Ltd. 1910. 1934:References 1918:Klip Drift 1916: ( 1868: ( 1849:24°26′51″E 1846:29°19′08″S 1820: ( 1801:24°25′00″E 1798:28°55′00″S 1772: ( 1753:24°42′13″E 1750:28°45′01″S 1715: ( 1696:24°42′02″E 1693:28°30′51″S 1667: ( 1648:24°41′00″E 1645:28°52′56″S 1585:Free State 1573:Long Cecil 1448:Riet River 1415:Black Week 1402:War Office 1359:The Boers 1342:"Long Tom" 1326:Long Cecil 1321:Long Cecil 1212:Heliograph 1208:Vaal River 888:Background 882:Paardeberg 839:Long Cecil 776:Groenkloof 700:Zand River 675:Paardeberg 557:Groenkloof 522:Bothaville 445:Paardeberg 103:24°45′50″E 100:28°44′18″S 73:1900-02-15 65:1899-10-14 3447:23 August 3330:23 August 3259:cite book 3152:23 August 3095:23 August 3028:28 August 2776:23 August 2730:29 August 2378:23 August 2303:29 August 2271:29 August 1939:Citations 1629:commander 1581:stylobate 1499:Aftermath 1452:Jacobsdal 1346:Ladysmith 1255:triggered 1196:Jacobsdal 1192:De la Rey 1136:Ladysmith 1094:Cape Town 1052:Kimberley 1017:free rein 960:companies 910:Jacobsdal 902:Cape Town 850:Ladysmith 815:Transvaal 799:Kimberley 763:Stormberg 758:Kimberley 650:Kimberley 587:Tweebosch 517:Bergendal 435:Spion Kop 420:Stormberg 395:Chieveley 370:Kimberley 303:42 killed 288:>1,600 86:Kimberley 3615:poem by 3583:(1979). 2991:(1902). 2892:(1900). 2770:Archived 2372:Archived 2297:Archived 2265:Archived 1717:Riverton 1627:de facto 1602:See also 1589:Long Tom 1577:De Beers 1538:interned 1398:Pretoria 1361:besieged 1271:en route 1248:De Beers 1188:Kraaipan 1184:Mafeking 1150:Pretoria 1080:Mafeking 1066:Kraaipan 1013:Mafeking 996:en route 980:redoubts 854:Mafeking 835:De Beers 813:and the 705:Groenkop 582:Groenkop 542:Helvetia 507:Witpoort 492:Doornkop 365:Mafeking 360:Kraaipan 283:Strength 81:Location 45:British 2186:22 July 1971:, p. 24 1870:Graspan 1515:colonel 1440:Graspan 1295:redoubt 1176:Vryburg 660:Graspan 655:Belmont 597:Rooiwal 430:Colenso 410:Graspan 405:Belmont 71: ( 63: ( 3595: 3569: 3508: 3487: 3466: 3422:2 July 3413: 3392: 3371: 3303: 3282: 3236: 3215: 3125: 3068: 3047: 3001: 2977: 2945: 2924: 1967:Amery 1484:charge 1444:drifts 1376:Relief 1284:scurvy 1204:Boshof 1178:by an 1164:ration 966:, six 914:Boshof 695:Boshof 482:Boshof 182: 169: 152: 128:Result 2720:(PDF) 2180:(PDF) 2173:(PDF) 1969:et al 1614:Notes 1162:Soup 1031:Siege 308:Heavy 3593:ISBN 3567:ISBN 3506:ISBN 3485:ISBN 3464:ISBN 3449:2009 3424:2008 3411:ISBN 3390:ISBN 3369:ISBN 3332:2009 3301:ISBN 3280:ISBN 3265:link 3234:ISBN 3213:ISBN 3154:2009 3123:ISBN 3097:2009 3066:ISBN 3045:ISBN 3030:2009 2999:ISBN 2975:ISBN 2943:ISBN 2922:ISBN 2818:2009 2778:2009 2732:2009 2380:2009 2305:2009 2273:2009 2188:2009 1551:The 1396:and 1280:aloe 1214:and 864:and 852:and 807:Boer 789:The 58:Date 3443:(3) 3024:(3) 1186:at 1011:at 797:at 3639:: 3441:32 3439:. 3435:. 3322:. 3318:. 3261:}} 3257:{{ 3144:. 3140:. 3087:. 3083:. 3020:. 3016:. 2884:; 2826:^ 2722:. 2690:^ 2566:^ 2554:^ 2540:^ 2526:^ 2433:^ 2366:. 2289:. 2257:. 2228:^ 2196:^ 2139:^ 2127:^ 2115:^ 2103:^ 2091:^ 2077:^ 2036:^ 2024:^ 2006:^ 1994:^ 1947:^ 1591:. 1529:. 1290:. 845:. 801:, 88:, 3601:. 3575:. 3514:. 3493:. 3472:. 3451:. 3426:. 3398:. 3377:. 3334:. 3324:4 3309:. 3288:. 3267:) 3242:. 3221:. 3156:. 3146:3 3131:. 3099:. 3089:3 3074:. 3053:. 3032:. 3022:2 3007:. 2983:. 2951:. 2930:. 2820:. 2794:. 2780:. 2734:. 2382:. 2307:. 2275:. 2190:. 1920:) 1872:) 1824:) 1776:) 1719:) 1671:) 739:e 732:t 725:v 631:e 624:t 617:v 337:e 330:t 323:v 75:) 67:)

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