199:
260:. This was followed by 218 years of independent Slavic occupation in the Peloponnese, until around 804/5. The archaeological record on the other hand shows Patras to have remained in Byzantine control throughout the period, although it is possible that part of the population indeed immigrated to Italy.
332:
defeated the
Peloponnesian Slavs, and that this victory, in the year 804/5 or 805/6, marked the end of "218 years" of Slavic occupation in the Peloponnese. Emperor Nikephoros I is then said to have rebuilt Patras by bringing back the descendants of its original inhabitants from Rhegion, and to have
303:
was not coming or was delayed — Constantine VII writes that he arrived three days after the siege had ended — but on his return to the city, his horse slipped and both he and the flag fell down. The inhabitants of Patras interpreted this as a sign that aid was near, and sallied forth against the
308:
himself on horseback. The Slavs panicked at the sudden assault and fled, abandoning the siege. As a punishment, Constantine VII records that the Slavs were thereafter obligated to maintain at their own cost all officials or envoys passing through Patras, relieving the
360:
Whatever the exact course of events in the early 9th century, the failure of the Slavic attack on Patras consolidated the recently re-established
Byzantine control over the Peloponnese, and Nikephoros I's policies led to the successful re-Christianization and
222:
soon emerged between the Slavs and the remaining
Byzantine strongholds, with the mainly agricultural Slavs trading with the Byzantine-held coastal towns. Further north, in the Greek mainland, by the turn of the 7th to 8th century smaller Slavic districts or
299:), to find out whether he was coming to their aid or not. The envoy had been instructed on his return to give a signal through a flag he carried: if help was on its way, he was to dip the flag, otherwise to hold it erect. The rider found out that the
218:, while in the interior, various Slavic groups established themselves. A large native Greek population probably also remained in the land, either mixed with the Slavs or in its own autonomous communities. As elsewhere, a mostly peaceful
410:, it was raised to a separate metropolis and came to enjoy great political and financial influence. Henceforth, the metropolitan of Patras rivalled with his former superior in Corinth over control of the other sees of the Peloponnese.
320:, or to 807, when an Arab ("Saracen") fleet is known to have reached southern Greece, although the Arab participation may well be the result of a later interpolation, mixing the real Slavic revolt with subsequent Arab raids. The
289:", looted the countryside and laid siege to Patras. The city held out for a while, but as food began growing short, the inhabitants gave thought to surrendering. First, however, they dispatched a rider to the direction of
333:
engaged in a large-scale resettlement and
Christianization program for the peninsula, bringing in Greek colonists from Italy and Asia Minor. Nikephoros' resettlement program at least is also confirmed by the chronicler
387:
held out longer. They were eventually subdued and forced to pay heavy tribute, but retained their autonomy. These two tribes rose up again a century later, in 921. Again they were quickly subdued, this time by the
252:—a work of highly disputed accuracy and chronology, but an essential source for the period—to have been one of the cities abandoned c. 587/8 as a result of the Slavic depredations, its population fleeing to
352:
from Hellas, if this had not been done slightly earlier. According to this interpretation, the Slavic revolt and attack on Patras followed as a reaction a few years later, between 807 and 811.
365:
of the peninsula. The defence of Patras also secured the
Byzantine Empire's main maritime road of communication with Italy and the West, as it opened up the shorter route through the
881:
348:
as implying a first recovery of Patras c. 805 as the result of
Skleros' campaign, which was probably concurrent with the establishment of the Peloponnese as a
316:
Constantine VII gives no precise date for the attack, but it has been usually dated to around 805, when the city of Patras was "re-founded", according to the
233:, who received Byzantine titles and recognized some form of imperial suzerainty. Imperial authority across Greece was greatly restored by the campaign of the
146:
control over the
Peloponnese peninsula after two centuries of Slavic occupation over its western half. It also marked the beginning of the ascendancy of the
402:
The successful repulsion of the siege through the "intervention" of Saint Andrew also marked the abrupt rise of the see of Patras to prominence: formerly a
167:
240:
in 783, who ventured from
Constantinople overland to Thessalonica and from there south to the Peloponnese, subduing the Slavs of those regions.
866:
842:
728:
664:
207:
818:
796:
777:
752:
891:
275:
53:
896:
768:
886:
901:
871:
211:
738:
876:
334:
270:
683:
Charanis, Peter (1950). "The
Chronicle of Monemvasia and the Question of the Slavonic Settlements in Greece".
861:
248:
171:
407:
376:
369:, instead of the longer, more dangerous route around the Peloponnese that was exposed to Arab attacks.
310:
179:
147:
349:
237:
183:
and opened the way for large-scale penetration and settlement of the Balkan hinterland by various
700:
324:
on the other hand does not mention any siege of the city. Instead, it records that an
Armenian
838:
814:
806:
792:
773:
763:
748:
724:
660:
372:
According to Constantine VII, the Slavs rose up again in the early 840s, but were defeated by
692:
392:
282:(r. 802–811) the Slavs of the Peloponnese made war on the Greek population with the aid of "
198:
159:
138:
fleet. The siege's failure, attributed to the miraculous intervention of the city's patron,
366:
253:
744:
The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century
674:
Charanis, Peter (1946). "Nicephorus I, The Savior of Greece from the Slavs (810 A.D.)".
717:
215:
395:, but managed to remain autonomous and retain their distinct identity until well into
855:
362:
828:
712:
396:
305:
279:
192:
139:
832:
742:
191:. Most of the region's cities were sacked or abandoned and only a few, including
184:
131:
127:
166:
collapsed in the early 7th century as a result of disastrous military ventures
225:
188:
68:
55:
403:
295:
234:
143:
102:
384:
380:
286:
283:
257:
108:
837:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
657:
The Peloponnese from the 4th to the 8th century: Changes and continuity.
704:
659:] (in Greek). Athens: National Bank of Greece Cultural Foundation.
329:
290:
163:
113:
340:
Some scholars have tried to reconcile the conflicting accounts of the
243:
230:
229:
emerged around the fringes of imperial territory, ruled by their own
175:
47:
43:
772:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1597–1598.
696:
246:, on the northwestern coast of the Peloponnese, is claimed by the
197:
135:
16:
Military campaign involving Slavic tribes and the Byzantine empire
653:Η Πελοπόννησος από τον 4ο ως τον 8ο αιώνα: Αλλαγές και συνέχεια
187:. The Slavs raided as far as southern Greece and the coasts of
174:
in the East, which forced the effective abandonment of the
460:
458:
789:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
206:
In Greece, the eastern coasts of the Peloponnese and
304:
besieging Slavs, allegedly led by the city's patron
716:
787:Moravscik, Gyula; Jenkins, R.J.H., eds. (1967).
719:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250
21:
8:
620:Moravscik & Jenkins (1967), pp. 233, 235
521:Moravscik & Jenkins (1967), pp. 229, 231
747:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
195:, remained occupied and in imperial hands.
150:in the peninsula's ecclesiastical affairs.
202:Byzantine Greece in the 9th/10th centuries
126:in 805 or 807 was undertaken by the local
18:
811:Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World
762:Gregory, Timothy E. (1991). "Patras". In
723:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
337:, who puts it slightly later, in 810/1.
418:
508:
506:
379:. In the south, the two tribes of the
278:(r. 913–959), in the reign of Emperor
882:Sieges involving the Byzantine Empire
293:, the seat of the military governor (
7:
210:remained in Byzantine hands as the
791:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
769:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
629:Curta (2006), pp. 115–116, 202–203
14:
834:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025
500:Avramea (2012), pp. 157–158, 220
482:Avramea (2012), pp. 141–142, 220
276:Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos
268:According to Chapter 49 of the
142:, marked the consolidation of
134:, reportedly with aid from an
1:
678:. I, Part I. New York: 75–92.
512:Gregory (1991), pp. 1597–1598
867:800s in the Byzantine Empire
473:Charanis (1950), pp. 141–166
162:'s military position in the
813:. Oxford University Press.
691:. Washington, DC: 141–166.
638:Toynbee (1973), pp. 100–101
602:Avramea (2012), pp. 220–221
557:Curta (2006), p. 111 note 1
434:Whittow (1996), pp. 266–270
918:
566:Charanis (1946), pp. 81–83
539:Charanis (1946), pp. 83–84
491:Charanis (1946), pp. 80–81
452:Fine (1991), pp. 60–64, 79
575:Toynbee (1973), pp. 95–97
464:Curta (2006), pp. 114–115
443:Curta (2006), pp. 106–110
96:
26:
652:
346:De administrando imperio
335:Theophanes the Confessor
271:De administrando imperio
676:Byzantina-Metabyzantina
651:Avramea, Anna (2012).
425:Curta (2006), pp. 70–75
322:Chronicle of Monemvasia
318:Chronicle of Monemvasia
249:Chronicle of Monemvasia
593:Fine (1991), pp. 81–82
584:Fine (1991), pp. 80–81
203:
897:9th century in Greece
685:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
548:Toynbee (1973), p. 99
408:Metropolis of Corinth
377:Theoktistos Bryennios
201:
105:inhabitants of Patras
887:South Slavic history
739:Fine, John V. A. Jr.
611:Curta (2006), p. 112
530:Curta (2006), p. 111
168:against the Persians
148:Metropolis of Patras
902:Invasions of Greece
892:Arab–Byzantine wars
65: /
764:Kazhdan, Alexander
204:
111:of the Peloponnese
872:History of Patras
844:978-0-520-20496-6
730:978-0-521-81539-0
666:978-960-250-501-4
328:at Corinth named
120:
119:
116:fleet (uncertain)
92:
91:
88:Byzantine victory
69:38.250°N 21.733°E
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130:tribes of the
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74:38.250; 21.733
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820:0-19-215253-X
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363:Hellenization
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220:modus vivendi
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185:Slavic tribes
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306:Saint Andrew
300:
294:
280:Nikephoros I
269:
267:
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224:
219:
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193:Thessalonica
178:
157:
140:Saint Andrew
123:
121:
97:Belligerents
274:of Emperor
132:Peloponnese
72: /
856:Categories
414:References
238:Staurakios
226:sclaviniae
189:Asia Minor
154:Background
34:805 or 807
741:(1991) .
404:suffragan
390:strategos
374:strategos
356:Aftermath
342:Chronicle
326:strategos
311:local see
301:strategos
296:strategos
235:logothete
172:the Arabs
170:and then
144:Byzantine
103:Byzantine
831:(1996).
809:(1973).
715:(2006).
385:Melingoi
381:Ezeritai
344:and the
287:Saracens
258:Calabria
39:Location
766:(ed.).
705:1291076
645:Sources
406:of the
330:Skleros
291:Corinth
284:African
254:Rhegion
231:archons
164:Balkans
114:Saracen
60:21°44′E
57:38°15′N
841:
817:
795:
776:
751:
727:
703:
663:
244:Patras
216:Hellas
176:Danube
128:Slavic
85:Result
48:Greece
44:Patras
701:JSTOR
655:[
212:theme
180:limes
109:Slavs
839:ISBN
815:ISBN
793:ISBN
774:ISBN
749:ISBN
725:ISBN
661:ISBN
383:and
158:The
136:Arab
122:The
31:Date
693:doi
256:in
214:of
858::
699:.
687:.
505:^
457:^
399:.
46:,
847:.
823:.
801:.
782:.
757:.
733:.
707:.
695::
689:V
669:.
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