720:. The GRAD launcher was similar to the Katyusha in that it did not have a well-guided missile system and hence the location of where it would hit was difficult to determine. Essentially, GRAD is designed to deliver anti-personnel devastation on an open battlefield, while the Azerbaijani Army used it to shell civilians in a densely populated capital of Nagorno-Karabakh. Dubbed "flying telephone poles" due to their long, thin shape, the missiles caused devastating damage to buildings including the destruction of residential houses, schools, the city's silk factory, maternity hospital and at least one kindergarten.
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crisis. Throughout the spring of 1992, Stepanakert (which had fifty five thousand inhabitants) was under siege – Azerbaijan had cut all the land communication between
Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh. Stepanakert had no access by road to Armenia for almost two years and its only link to the outside world was by helicopter across the mountains to Armenia. Thus many of its residents had been virtually trapped there all that time.
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814:(CSI) in its report on the First Nagorno-Karabakh War concludes that Azerbaijan was the primary aggressor and initiator of the Karabakh war because Azerbaijan 1) organized forcible deportations of Armenians from Nagorno-Karabakh, 2) imposed a blockade on Karabakh and Armenia, 3) used heavy military force and bombarded the civilian areas. The report also states,
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Watch writes, "While
Azerbaijani forces held the town of Shusha, which overlooks Stepanakert, they pounded the latter with Grads and heavy artillery fire, hitting civilians, residential areas, hospitals, and the like... Russian pilot Anatolii Chistiakov said that the Azerbaijanis routinely ask mercenary pilots to drop tear gas to cause panic among civilians."
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Azerbaijan's air force bombed the capital of the ethnic
Armenian enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh on Saturday destroying a hostel for refugees and killing at least 10 people, according to media reports. A spokesman for Nagorno-Karabakh's regional legislature said two Sukhoi-25 bombers attacked Stepanakert
957:
The
Azerbaijani side loses more militarily but the Armenian side evidently has far more losses among the civilian population because the battles take place mainly in the Armenian-populated regions (Armenians are the majority in Karabakh). On top of that, all the Karabakh Armenians are exhausted as a
914:
In her underground retreat, Lidia
Airepetyan awakened one night because of a stirring by her head. "For three months, we haven't washed; we have forgotten what a bath is," said the teacher and mother of three children. She and 36 other families living under their apartment house have no bread since
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had said that
Stepanakert was constantly attacked by Azerbaijanis, starting around 1991, in October. The Helsinki Watch members had gone around the city and had observed the widespread damage and photographed many damages to civilian areas. The delegation also noticed that almost every apartment in
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Azerbaijan blockaded railroad lines and the delivery of oil and natural gas to
Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh since 1989. Since the fall of 1991 the imposed blockade became full and continuous. The blockades shattered the Armenian economy, sparked social unrest and created a devastating humanitarian
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As a result of tightening of the blockade by
Azerbaijan all essential supplies, including water, electricity, food and medicines were virtually cut off. The Armenians living in Stepanakert had to spend almost the whole time sheltering in basements and cellars in appalling conditions. According to
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Stepanakert was in a frenzy of spring-cleaning. In brilliant sunshine, tiny old women were sweeping up rubble and shifting bits of wall. The crunch of broken glass being dragged over broken pavements was the loudest sound. There were ruined buildings on all sides, and almost every house had some
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Geographically
Stepanakert lay in the most vulnerable position, with Aghdam 15 miles to the East, Khojaly to the North and Shusha to the South. The Azeri controlled towns of Shusha and Khojaly were overlooking Stepanakert and were used as main bases for shelling and bombing the capital. Helsinki
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In the besieged wartime capital of the self-proclaimed
Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, life has reverted to Stone Age urgency and precariousness. Take, for example, drinking water, a pressing concern since the Azerbaijanis shut off electricity to pumps that drive the waterworks in this predominantly
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Azerbaijani artillery was shelling Artsakh from all sides for about two years. They were shelling not the military positions of Karabakh self-defence army but the civilian areas. And from mid February against the townspeople and villagers of Artsakh they used weapons of mass destruction – Grad
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January 21–25 I was in Stepanakert. The city still had no electricity or water. Water was so difficult to obtain that drinking tea was disgraceful. There were no products to trade for food stamps. There were cases of hunger edema in the city. Stepanakert reminded me of documentaries about the
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that Azerbaijani forces had "pounded the capital of Nagorno Karabakh, Stepanakert, and other Armenian towns and villages with shells and grenades. The indiscriminate shelling and sniper shooting killed or maimed hundreds of civilians, destroyed homes, hospitals and other objects that are not
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was concentrated in Stepanakert after leaving due to the battle zone, and even poorly aimed bombing by Azerbaijani aircraft resulted in heavy losses of civilians. Karabakh's self-defense forces retaliated, and in two days of fighting captured Shusha the last Azerbaijani inhabited area in
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United States assistance under this or any other Act may not be provided to the Government of Azerbaijan until the President determines that the Government of Azerbaijan is taking demonstrable steps to cease all blockades and other offensive uses of force against Armenia and
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If I have a memory, it is the cold. When you spend the night sleeping in a bomb shelter, in a basement, and when the stove goes out before morning, then it gets terribly cold. In the morning, when you go upstairs, you don't know whether your home will be there or
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After six months of daily bombardments by Azerbaijani missiles, the damage that is visible in this isolated city of 70,000 Armenians is frightening enough. There are jagged, blackened holes in nearly every building. There is no water, electricity, food or
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The capital, Stepanakert, is under daily artillery bombardment. Not a single home is heated or has electricity, because the blockade has cut off all incoming fuel... Every village has its own defense force because every village is in the war
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and had the region's only airport. The airport was of vital importance for the survival of the population in Karabakh, which had no land connection with Armenia and was under a total blockade by Azerbaijan. According to reports from
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Daily bombardment by Azerbaijan's Grad missiles and attacks on Goris and Kapan caused thousands of civilian and military deaths, and massive property destruction. Bombs had been constantly directed towards Stepanakert, until the
678:, "I used to count 400 Grad missiles every day pounding in on Stepanakert." The shelling aimed to intimidate and oust the Armenian civilian population from Karabakh and to take military control. David Atkinson, a member of the
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rocket-launchers, which is a prohibited weapon. Both the international community and the new, democratic leaders of Russia were silent and did not hold Azerbaijan accountable for violating the international law.
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was the only Azerbaijani-controlled area near Stepanakert during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, which was used to launch GRAD missiles into Stepanakert's neighborhoods. Almost all of the civilian population of
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By winter of 1991–1992, as a result of Azerbaijan's three-year economic and transport blockade, Nagorno-Karabakh was without fuel, electricity, running water, functioning sanitation facilities and most consumer
478:, and generally terrorized the civilian population. As a result of the offensive launched by Azerbaijan on Nagorno-Karabakh, more than 40,000 people became refugees and dozens of villages were burnt and ruined.
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Yesterday morning, Sukhoi-25 jets raided residential areas of Stepanakert and dropped bombs near an Armenian church, Christ the Savior, in nearby Shusha at the precise moment the divine liturgy was being said.
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558:, meaning "rapid spring"), named after the river flowing through it, Azerbaijani references generally say that the settlement was founded in the late eighteenth century as a private residence for khans of the
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Helsinki Watch's report stated that the "Azerbaijani shelling and bombing were reckless and indiscriminate, and aimed at terrorizing and forcing out Armenian civilians. Like previous Azerbaijani attacks on
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Azerbaijan has sought from the beginning of the conflict to achieve its aims by steadily escalating military means. The Armenian community of Nagorno Karabakh is the primary victim in this tragic conflict.
251:
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452:. The bombardment of Stepanakert and adjacent Armenian towns and villages, which took place under the conditions of total blockade by Azerbaijan, caused widespread destruction and many civilian deaths.
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multiple-launch rocket systems. The indiscriminate shelling, sniper shooting and aerial attacks killed or maimed hundreds of civilians and destroyed homes, hospitals and other buildings that were not
940:
with 1100 pound shells hitting the hostel and killing "dozens" of people. The ITAR-TASS news agency said civilians were buried in the rubble of their homes and the number of casualties was uncertain.
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were shelled on a regular basis with the use of artillery and rocket launchers. There were more destruction and casualties in Stepanakert than in Shusha, which could be explained by location of
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666:, the city had already suffered heavy destruction. On August 22–24 alone, Azerbaijani bombings had caused at least 40 civilian deaths and left 100 people wounded.
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Life Goes Underground in a Capital Under Siege : Nagorno-Karabakh: Frightened citizens find refuge in cramped spaces beneath buildings as battles continue.
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trace of war damage, an exposed roof, bullet holes, cracks, staring windows. There were no shops, no gas, no electricity, no phones, no post, and no cash money.
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Nagorno-Karabakh. Thus they gained control over Nagorno-Karabakh, which brought an end to shelling and bombardment of Stepanakert, the capital of the breakaway
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bakeries have shut, so they hull raw wheat and boil it instead. "We basically are surviving off tea," Airepetyan said. "There are no more noodles, no rice."
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Life Goes Underground in a Capital Under Siege: Nagorno-Karabakh: Frightened citizens find refuge in cramped spaces beneath buildings as battles continue.
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result of militarization of daily life. There is not enough fuel; gas pipeline is constantly blown up, it is cold, and in blockaded towns there is famine…
605:, the city had a population of 38,980 people, mostly of Armenians, who constituted 87% of the total population, and more than four thousand Azerbaijanis.
674:, the shelling and bombing throughout the counter-offensive and beyond destroyed or damaged scores of homes and sometimes entire villages." According to
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Representatives of Helsinki Watch, had photographed the complete destruction of a hospital, and also school buildings in parts of the city.
589:, literally "the city of Stepan") by the decree of the Central Executive Committee of the Azerbaijani SSR, dated August 10, 1923, to honour
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The mainstay artillery platforms used in the bombardment, which began on January 10, 1992 and lasted for 4 months, was the Soviet built
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682:, reminded PACE that he visited Nagorno-Karabakh in the early 1990s, and added that he "will never forget" the Azerbaijani bombing of
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Freedom Support Act (1992) Section 907: Restrictions on the Assistance to Azerbaijan. Public Law 102-511, Washington DC, 24 Oct. 1992
94:
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JPRS report: Central Eurasia. Military affairs: Issue 35; Issue 35 – United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service – page 23
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1988:
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to the Freedom Support Act (1992) which banned the US direct support to the government of Azerbaijan. The bill namely stated:
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captured Khojaly as this was the only way to stop the bombardment of Stepanakert from Khojaly and to break the blockade.
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691:"Anyone could just get up with a hangover, after drinking the night before, sit behind the Grad and fire, fire, fire at
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The United States Congress condemned Azerbaijan's blockade and aggression against Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh passing
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Galina Kovalskaya "Nagorno-Karabakh: there are no righteous, there are the killed" in Novoye Vremya No: 7, Feb 1992
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28:
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Conflicts in the OSCE area – Ole Berthelsen, Sven Gunnar Simonsen, International Peace Research Institute, page 12
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1952:
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Human Rights and Democratization in the Newly Independent States of the Former Soviet Union, Volume 4; Volume 85
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It was in these conditions of total blockade that Azerbaijan subjected Stepanakert to shelling and bombardment.
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717:
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509:
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Azerbaijan's continuing siege of Stepanakert (Artsakh/Nagorno-Karabakh) by British journalist Russell Pollard
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1038:
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2017:
2005:
785:, Khojaly was used as a base for Azerbaijani forces for shelling the city of Stepanakert. In February 1992,
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169 civilian deaths in Karabakh (October 1991 – April 1992; according to NKR Interior Minister as quoted by
138:
42:
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Armenia: portraits of survival and hope By Donald Earl Miller, Lorna Touryan Miller, Jerry Berndt – page 74
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capable of firing 40 rockets simultaneously, a modern variant of the widely used World War II weapon, the
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Conflict, Cleavage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus By Karen Dawisha, Bruce Parrott – page 82
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Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Indiscriminate Bombing and Shelling by Azerbaijani Forces in Nagorno Karabakh
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Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Indiscriminate Bombing and Shelling by Azerbaijani Forces in Nagorno Karabakh
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Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Indiscriminate Bombing and Shelling by Azerbaijani Forces in Nagorno Karabakh
332:
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Azerbaijan Diary: A Rogue Reporter's Adventures in an Oil-Rich, War-Torn, Post-Soviet Republic By
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Bloodshed in the Caucasus: escalation of the armed conflict in Nagorno Karabakh. 1992, page 12; 34
36:
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in the lowland and much higher intensity of shelling from Shusha due to Azerbaijan's capture of
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2890:
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2203:
2010:
1993:
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1563:
1407:
1175:
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1078:
968:
762:
679:
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551:
516:
406:
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1147:. United States Congress Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. 1993. p. 125.
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2689:
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1966:
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559:
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601:(NKAO) and gradually became a chief city for the Armenians in the region. According to the
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The Armenia-Azerbaijan conflict: causes and implications By Michael P. Croissant – page 79
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People here are in their third month of life in the catacombs, and some are desperate...
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Armenia, Azerbaijan Battle On. Hopes Slim For Ending Bloody Conflict Over Disputed Area
996:
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Irredentism: ethnic conflict and international politics By Thomas Ambrosio – page 148
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was hit by artillery and aerial bombardment by Azerbaijani forces. In May 1992, when
543:
315:
293:
283:
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1330:[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict: A collection of full-text electronic materials]
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and other locales with more than 11,000 wagons full of rockets, including those for
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Analysis: Council Of Europe Calls For Talks Between Azerbaijan, Karabakh Leadership
1192:
675:
617:
498:
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Memories of Stepanakert: Karabakhi reporter compares to nights in the NKR capital
1783:
1496:[Conclusion of the Human Rights Committee of the RSFSR Supreme Council].
1142:
444:, when the Azerbaijani forces circled the city. Until May 1992, the city and its
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Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Escalation of the Armed Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh
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Indiscriminate Bombing and Shelling by Azerbaijani Forces in Nagorno Karabakh
546:. Although Armenian sources state that the settlement was first mentioned as
229:
109:
96:
1921:
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Zürich; Washington: Institute for Religious Minorities in the Islamic World.
832:
710:
445:
86:
1101:(3rd ed.). London: Europa Publications Limited. 2002. p. 130.
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1998:
609:
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population were the target of a months-long campaign of bombardment by
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130:
75:
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1334:(in Azerbaijani). Azerbaijani Presidential Library. 2005. p. 123
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during a report on January 25, 2005, during the PACE winter session.
613:
502:
490:
467:
205:
1328:"Dağlıq Qarabağ münaqişəsi: Tammətnli elektron materiallar məcmuəsi"
891:
Anzhelika Chechina, Russian Journalist and Human Rights Activist:
506:
1753:. New York: Cornell Studies in Security Affairs. pp. 49–66.
624:. As a result, the city's Azerbaijani population fled the city.
1925:
1291:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFChorbajianDonabédianMutafian1994 (
233:
1467:
1286:
3148:
1193:"Human Rights Watch World Report – The Former Soviet Union"
1918:
February 25, 1992 by John-Thor Dahlburg, Los Angeles Times
1559:
Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War
3357:
Attacks on hospitals during the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
944:
Russian writer and human rights activist Inessa Burkova:
462:
for the bombardment of Stepanakert included the towns of
2116:
Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
1162:, "Azeri jets bomb capital of enclave" – August 23, 1992
41:
Gagik Avsharyan's restored T-72 tank commemorating the
836:
Stepanakert's western side, had been hit by shelling.
597:. After that, Stepanakert was made the capital of the
1588:
Ethnic Cleansing in Progress: War in Nagorno Karabakh
1236:"Report of Memorial Human rights center (In Russian)"
3181:
3088:
2850:
2627:
2528:
Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh
2520:
2435:
2332:
2237:
2036:
1959:
1855:, Azeri jets bomb capital of enclave – Aug 23, 1992
1751:
Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War
1077:(45th ed.). London: Europa. pp. 554–555.
1494:"Заключение Комитета ВС РСФСР по правам человека"
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1906:Report: 20 Reportedly Killed in Nagorno-Karabakh
1460:[Karabakh: Chronology of the conflict].
1032:
1030:
1028:
1812:'Novoe Vremya' Magazine, Issue 8, 1992 (Russia)
1802:. Abbas Malek, Anandam P. Kavoori. p. 193.
1524:. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. pp. 11, 5.
955:
946:
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905:
893:
884:
869:
860:
816:
803:
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689:
639:
21:
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1131:. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. pp. 11, 5.
470:. Azerbaijani forces used weapons such as the
1937:
1644:By Caroline Cox, Catherine Butcher – page 100
515:The siege of the city stopped only after the
245:
8:
3362:War crimes in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War
1500:(in Russian). April 24, 2012. Archived from
16:Battle during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War
1617:. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. p. 11.
695:without any aim, without any coordinates."
45:and the lifting of the siege of Stepanakert
1944:
1930:
1922:
1363:] (in Russian). Stroizdat. p. 76.
1287:Chorbajian, Donabédian & Mutafian 1994
1260:Группа Российских Войск в Закавказье (ГРВЗ
252:
238:
230:
137:Siege lifted by Armenian forces after the
18:
3322:Battles involving the Republic of Artsakh
3287:Battles of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War
2759:Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh
2443:Azerbaijan's construction in gained areas
1824:February 25, 1992 by John-Thor Dahlburg,
2266:2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes
1984:Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia
616:took place, directed against the ethnic
1642:Cox's Book of Modern Saints and Martyrs
1099:Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia
1024:
700: —Azerbaijani soldier Aiaz Kerimov
3135:2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping
2358:Allegations of third-party involvement
2307:July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes
2252:September 2009 Agdam military incident
2219:1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown
1581:
1579:
1382:Azerbaijani Soviet Academy of Sciences
1353:Afandizadeh, Rana Makhmudovna (1986).
842:The Helsinki Watch concluded in their
831:had gone to Stepanakert for two days.
3347:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan
3332:1992 in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
3327:1991 in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
2023:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan
1585:Caroline Cox and John Eibner (1993).
1374:Kulieva, J., ed. (1985). "Ханкәнди".
1361:Architecture of the Soviet Azerbaijan
1312:(in Russian). Vol. 11. Yerevan:
1009:Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan
953:Russian journalist Galina Kovalskaya
620:population of the city, known as the
581:, Khankendi was renamed Stepanakert (
579:establishment of the Soviet authority
519:by Armenian forces on May 8–9, 1992.
458:reported that the main bases used by
7:
2505:Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians
2249:January 2009 Agdam military incident
1979:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)
1788:. Helsinki Watch. 1992. p. 231.
2134:Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli
2129:1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown
2111:1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown
1667:"Trying to Tell a Truce From a War"
1356:Архитектура Советского Азербайджана
1314:Armenian Soviet Academy of Sciences
574:, literally "the khan's village").
1474:from the original on July 11, 2012
1428:"НАГОРНО-КАРАБАХСКАЯ АО (1979 г.)"
1380:(in Russian). Vol. 10. Baku:
1051:from the original on 13 April 2014
812:Christian Solidarity International
599:Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast
14:
2299:2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes
2276:2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown
2271:2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes
2081:Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988)
1438:from the original on May 24, 2012
1039:"Besieged Armenians Live In Daze"
432:started in late 1991, during the
3065:
3043:
3017:
3004:
2952:
2905:
2858:
2822:
2796:
2783:
2724:
2672:
2635:
2167:Mardakert and Martuni Offensives
1866:Инесса Буркова. Кто же агрессор?
485:, the residential areas of both
198:
182:
169:
157:
35:
2288:2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
1989:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1665:Wines, Michael (May 27, 2001).
1624:from the original on 2017-01-05
1531:from the original on 2017-01-05
1377:Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia
1199:from the original on 2015-02-18
3199:NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration
2510:Berkadzor fuel depot explosion
2284:2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
2095:1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing
2072:Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms
1458:"Карабах: хронология конфликт"
1075:The Europa World Yearbook 2004
847:legitimate military targets."
654:During the winter of 1991–92,
278:Civilian clashes and massacres
1:
2575:Armenian-occupied territories
2256:2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes
903:reporter John-Thor Dahlburg:
827:A delegation of members from
3194:Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration
3051:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
2490:Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh
2181:1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état
2028:Armenia–Azerbaijan relations
1864:Golos Armenii, 21 Sept 1993
1608:Denber, Rachel (July 1993).
1515:Denber, Rachel (July 1993).
1309:Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia
1174:. Human Rights Watch, 1992.
1122:Denber, Rachel (July 1993).
1037:Witt, Howard (31 May 1992).
896:Nazi-blockade of Leningrad.
787:Artsakhi Self Defense forces
483:Memorial Human Rights Center
2448:2020–2021 Armenian protests
2415:Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown
1800:The Global Dynamics of News
1404:University of Chicago Press
1400:Armenia: A Historical Atlas
991:Pogrom of Armenians in Baku
911:Armenian city of 70,000...
476:legitimate military targets
57:November 1991 – May 9, 1992
3378:
2495:2023 Azerbaijani offensive
2453:Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher
2425:Treatment of Armenian POWs
1562:. NYU Press. p. 175.
974:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
922:reporter Michael McGuire:
810:Human rights organisation
434:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
264:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
29:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
2463:September 2022 escalation
1953:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
1316:. 1985. pp. 124–125.
867:Journalist Vadim Byrkin,
755:Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
586:
555:
273:
211:
150:
82:Nagorno-Karabakh Republic
49:
34:
26:
3342:War crimes in Azerbaijan
3282:Sieges involving Armenia
3173:2023 ceasefire agreement
3131:2020 ceasefire agreement
3111:Zheleznovodsk Communiqué
2382:Ghazanchetsots Cathedral
2224:1994 Bagratashen bombing
2214:1994 Baku Metro bombings
1749:Kaufman, Stuart (2001).
1556:De Waal, Thomas (2003).
714:multiple rocket launcher
460:Azerbaijani Armed Forces
3182:International documents
3159:EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023
2353:International reactions
2303:2019 clash near Chinari
2067:Zvartnots Airport clash
2018:Azerbaijanis in Armenia
2006:Armenians in Azerbaijan
850:
793:International reactions
542:region situated in the
3337:Azerbaijani war crimes
3234:UNGA Resolution 62/243
3229:UNGA Resolution 60/285
3224:UNGA Resolution 48/114
2485:2022 Armenian protests
2317:Protests in Azerbaijan
2261:2010 Mardakert clashes
2245:2008 Mardakert clashes
2229:Refugees in Azerbaijan
2196:1993 Summer Offensives
1195:. Human Rights Watch.
1182:, 9781564320810, p. 32
1073:& Francis (2004).
960:
951:
942:
929:
917:
898:
889:
874:
865:
820:
808:
736:
697:
644:
571:
562:, and was thus called
440:, the largest city in
3189:Astrakhan Declaration
3164:EUMA Feb 2023–present
2928:Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan
2881:Norat Ter-Grigoryants
2436:Post-ceasefire events
2158:Capture of Artsvashen
2139:Capture of Garadaghly
1432:Ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru
851:Journalists' accounts
772:was on the road from
723:On May 31, 1992, the
608:In September 1988, a
534:at the center of the
530:is a city located on
212:Casualties and losses
110:39.81528°N 46.75194°E
3219:PACE Resolution 2085
3214:PACE Resolution 1416
3209:OIC Resolution 10/37
3204:OIC Resolution 10/11
2840:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
2368:Aras Valley campaign
2280:2016 Odundağ clashes
2200:Operation Geghamasar
2121:Siege of Stepanakert
1839:by Michael McGuire,
1504:on October 10, 2019.
858:, British reporter,
637:Human Rights Watch,
538:, a mountainous and
430:siege of Stepanakert
327:Gushchular−Malibeyli
22:Siege of Stepanakert
3352:20th-century sieges
3154:EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022
3078:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
2913:Republic of Artsakh
2876:Gurgen Dalibaltayan
2715:Samvel Shahramanyan
2680:Republic of Artsakh
2648:Levon Ter-Petrosyan
2500:Protests in Armenia
2292:Shelling of Alxanlı
2171:Operation Həsənqaya
1853:The Daily Telegraph
1470:. August 29, 2005.
1159:The Daily Telegraph
776:and Stepanakert to
106: /
3307:1992 in Azerbaijan
3302:1991 in Azerbaijan
3024:Viktor Polyanichko
2710:Arayik Harutyunyan
2563:Shahumyan Province
2553:Martakert Province
2548:Kashatagh Province
2209:Operation Kalbajar
2186:Battle of Kalbajar
2162:Operation Goranboy
2125:Operation Dashalty
1671:The New York Times
1594:2013-01-05 at the
1265:2010-06-13 at the
783:Human Rights Watch
765:, on May 8, 1992.
622:Stepanakert pogrom
603:1979 Soviet census
595:26 Baku Commissars
456:Human Rights Watch
300:Stepanakert−Shusha
219:Human Rights Watch
115:39.81528; 46.75194
3297:Conflicts in 1992
3292:Conflicts in 1991
3269:
3268:
3126:Madrid Principles
3106:Tehran Communiqué
2943:Mikael Arzumanyan
2938:Jalal Harutyunyan
2923:Kristapor Ivanyan
2891:Tiran Khachatryan
2803:Mikhail Gorbachev
2695:Leonard Petrosyan
2628:Political leaders
2617:Zangilan District
2595:Kalbajar District
2590:Jabrayil District
2363:Madagiz offensive
2204:Operation Horadiz
2177:Operation Qazançı
2154:Capture of Shusha
2104:Voskepar massacre
2011:Armenians in Baku
1994:Karabakh movement
1826:Los Angeles Times
1396:Hewsen, Robert H.
969:Capture of Shusha
901:Los Angeles Times
806:Nagorno-Karabakh.
763:capture of Shusha
739:Armenian response
680:Council of Europe
517:capture of Shusha
425:
424:
380:Mardakert−Martuni
228:
227:
146:
145:
43:capture of Shusha
3369:
3239:UNSC resolutions
3116:OSCE Minsk Group
3101:Bishkek Protocol
3071:
3069:
3068:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2985:Mais Barkhudarov
2965:Isgandar Hamidov
2958:
2956:
2955:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2851:Military leaders
2828:
2826:
2825:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2774:Tural Ganjaliyev
2742:Abulfaz Elchibey
2730:
2728:
2727:
2700:Arkadi Ghukasyan
2690:Robert Kocharyan
2678:
2676:
2675:
2653:Robert Kocharyan
2641:
2639:
2638:
2612:Qubadli District
2558:Martuni Province
2538:Askeran Province
2410:Battle of Shusha
2405:Lachin offensive
2400:Battle of Hadrut
2238:Interwar clashes
2191:Battle of Aghdam
2174:Battle of Lachin
2144:Khojaly massacre
2077:Kirovabad pogrom
1967:Nagorno-Karabakh
1946:
1939:
1932:
1923:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1850:
1844:
1834:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1662:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1616:
1605:
1599:
1583:
1574:
1573:
1553:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1505:
1498:Karabakh Records
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1238:. Archived from
1232:
1226:
1223:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1169:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1034:
985:Kirovabad pogrom
879:Montreal Gazette
799:amendment N: 907
701:
593:, leader of the
588:
560:Karabakh Khanate
557:
536:Nagorno-Karabakh
532:Karabakh Plateau
442:Nagorno-Karabakh
382:
329:
302:
268:
267:
265:
254:
247:
240:
231:
204:
202:
201:
188:
186:
185:
175:
173:
172:
163:
161:
160:
139:Battle of Shusha
121:
120:
118:
117:
116:
111:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
51:
50:
39:
19:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3317:1992 in Armenia
3312:1991 in Armenia
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3177:
3084:
3066:
3064:
3044:
3042:
3018:
3016:
3005:
3003:
2990:Hikmat Mirzayev
2980:Valeh Barshadly
2953:
2951:
2933:Monte Melkonian
2906:
2904:
2886:Jirair Sefilian
2871:Vazgen Sargsyan
2859:
2857:
2846:
2823:
2821:
2797:
2795:
2784:
2782:
2769:Nizami Bahmanov
2737:Ayaz Mutallibov
2725:
2723:
2685:Artur Mkrtchyan
2673:
2671:
2663:Nikol Pashinyan
2636:
2634:
2623:
2605:Lachin corridor
2600:Lachin District
2585:Fuzuli District
2580:Aghdam District
2568:Shushi Province
2543:Hadrut Province
2516:
2431:
2328:
2233:
2149:Maraga massacre
2032:
1955:
1950:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1841:Chicago Tribune
1835:
1831:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1636:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1596:Wayback Machine
1584:
1577:
1570:
1555:
1554:
1543:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1406:. p. 265.
1394:
1393:
1389:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1306:"Степанакерт".
1305:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:Wayback Machine
1258:
1254:
1245:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1211:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1152:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1044:Chicago Tribune
1036:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1003:Maraga Massacre
965:
933:Daily Telegraph
920:Chicago Tribune
853:
825:
795:
741:
726:Chicago Tribune
703:
699:
652:
630:
591:Stepan Shaumian
525:
426:
421:
420:
400:
378:
325:
298:
269:
263:
261:
260:
258:
199:
197:
196:
192:
183:
181:
170:
168:
167:
158:
156:
114:
112:
108:
105:
100:
97:
95:
93:
92:
91:
80:
69:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3375:
3373:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3146:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3121:Prague Process
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3056:Shamil Basayev
3039:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3034:Rustam Muradov
3031:
3026:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2995:Hikmat Hasanov
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2975:Surat Huseynov
2972:
2967:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2918:Samvel Babayan
2901:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2896:Seyran Ohanyan
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2813:Vladimir Putin
2810:
2805:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2764:Bayram Safarov
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2658:Serzh Sargsyan
2655:
2650:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2524:
2522:
2521:Main locations
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2372:Bombardments (
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2304:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2107:Battle of Togh
2105:
2102:
2100:Operation Ring
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2057:Sumgait pogrom
2054:
2049:
2047:Çardaqlı clash
2043:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:2013-01-17 at
1891:
1884:
1883:External links
1881:
1879:
1878:
1869:
1857:
1845:
1843:. May 31, 1992
1829:
1814:
1805:
1791:
1775:
1766:
1759:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1683:
1657:
1646:
1634:
1600:
1575:
1568:
1541:
1507:
1485:
1466:(in Russian).
1449:
1434:(in Russian).
1419:
1412:
1387:
1366:
1345:
1319:
1298:
1289:, p. 139.
1279:
1270:
1252:
1227:
1209:
1184:
1164:
1150:
1134:
1114:
1107:
1090:
1083:
1062:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1000:
997:Operation Ring
994:
988:
982:
979:Sumgait pogrom
976:
971:
964:
961:
856:Vanora Bennett
852:
849:
829:Helsinki Watch
824:
823:Helsinki Watch
821:
794:
791:
740:
737:
688:
660:Helsinki Watch
651:
648:
629:
626:
544:South Caucasus
524:
521:
423:
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32:
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24:
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15:
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10:
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6:
4:
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2:
3374:
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3117:
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3109:
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3089:Peace process
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3057:
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3029:Pavel Grachev
3027:
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2970:Rahim Gaziyev
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2808:Boris Yeltsin
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2747:Heydar Aliyev
2745:
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2711:
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2705:Bako Sahakyan
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2458:Border crisis
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2090:Bağanis Ayrum
2088:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2062:Gugark pogrom
2060:
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2052:Askeran clash
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1901:archive.today
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1795:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1785:Annual Report
1779:
1776:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1760:0-8014-8736-6
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1736:
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1673:. p. 1.8
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1569:9780814719459
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1478:September 17,
1473:
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1442:September 17,
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1413:0-226-33228-4
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1384:. p. 49.
1383:
1379:
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1338:September 17,
1329:
1323:
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1302:
1299:
1294:
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1280:
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1256:
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1242:on 2014-06-22
1241:
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1180:1-56432-081-2
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1084:9781857432541
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897:
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883:
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845:
844:Annual Report
840:
837:
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792:
790:
788:
784:
779:
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771:
766:
764:
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756:
751:
746:
743:By May 1992,
738:
735:
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712:
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696:
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685:
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508:
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481:According to
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322:
321:Baganis Ayrum
319:
317:
316:Black January
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
301:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
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276:
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255:
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236:
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223:
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166:
155:
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119:
89:
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68:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
44:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
2752:Ilham Aliyev
2120:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1808:
1799:
1794:
1784:
1778:
1769:
1750:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1692:Thomas Goltz
1686:
1675:. Retrieved
1670:
1660:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1610:
1603:
1587:
1558:
1533:. Retrieved
1517:
1510:
1502:the original
1497:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1461:
1452:
1440:. Retrieved
1431:
1422:
1399:
1390:
1375:
1369:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1322:
1307:
1301:
1282:
1273:
1255:
1244:. Retrieved
1240:the original
1230:
1201:. Retrieved
1187:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1137:
1124:
1117:
1098:
1093:
1074:
1065:
1053:. Retrieved
1042:
956:
952:
947:
943:
938:
932:
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925:
919:
918:
913:
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906:
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826:
817:
809:
804:
796:
768:The town of
767:
759:
742:
732:
724:
722:
708:
704:
698:
690:
676:Caroline Cox
668:
653:
645:
640:
635:
631:
610:mass looting
607:
576:
563:
547:
526:
514:
480:
454:
429:
427:
414:
407:
372:
361:
355:
194:Supported By
193:
151:Belligerents
129:
85:
74:
27:Part of The
3096:Baker rules
3073:Afghanistan
2835:Turgut Özal
2533:Stepanakert
2390:Stepanakert
2085:Baku pogrom
2040:(1988–1994)
1463:BBC Russian
1402:. Chicago:
693:Stepanakert
684:Stepanakert
672:Stepanakert
664:Stepanakert
662:arrived to
656:Stepanakert
618:Azerbaijani
587:Ստեփանակերտ
568:Azerbaijani
528:Stepanakert
495:Stepanakert
487:Stepanakert
438:Stepanakert
402:Summer 1993
362:Stepanakert
113: /
67:Stepanakert
3276:Categories
2960:Azerbaijan
2732:Azerbaijan
2420:War crimes
2348:Casualties
2334:Second war
1960:Background
1677:2007-03-14
1628:2016-12-04
1535:2016-12-04
1246:2012-03-28
1203:2016-12-04
1020:References
882:reported,
711:BM-21 GRAD
577:After the
540:landlocked
523:Background
501:depots in
472:BM-21 Grad
450:Azerbaijan
349:Offensives
333:Garadaghly
190:Azerbaijan
98:39°48′55″N
71:Azerbaijan
2322:Reactions
2312:Incidents
2038:First war
1694:-page 184
833:Armenians
650:The siege
564:Khankendi
306:Kirovabad
101:46°45′7″E
2470:Susuzluq
2343:Timeline
1897:Archived
1619:Archived
1592:Archived
1526:Archived
1472:Archived
1436:Archived
1398:(2001).
1263:Archived
1197:Archived
1049:Archived
963:See also
750:Karabakh
718:Katyusha
628:Blockade
583:Armenian
572:Xankəndi
556:Վարարակն
552:Armenian
548:Vararakn
446:Armenian
415:Kalbajar
391:Kalbajar
373:Goranboy
133:victory
131:Armenian
87:de facto
62:Location
2866:Armenia
2643:Armenia
2386:Martuni
1999:Miatsum
1972:History
1055:19 June
931:The UK
770:Khojaly
729:wrote:
464:Khojaly
408:Horadiz
338:Khojaly
289:Sumgait
284:Askeran
224:Unknown
177:Armenia
165:Artsakh
76:de jure
3139:Russia
3070:
3048:
3012:Russia
3009:
2957:
2910:
2863:
2830:Turkey
2827:
2791:Russia
2788:
2729:
2677:
2640:
2480:Farukh
2475:Shusha
2394:Tartar
2336:(2020)
1757:
1566:
1410:
1178:
1105:
1081:
1071:Taylor
1005:(1992)
999:(1991)
993:(1990)
987:(1988)
981:(1988)
778:Aghdam
774:Shusha
745:Shusha
642:goods.
614:pogrom
503:Aghdam
499:Soviet
491:Shusha
468:Shusha
396:Aghdam
386:Lachin
367:Shusha
343:Maraga
294:Gugark
206:Turkey
203:
187:
174:
162:
126:Result
2378:Ganja
2374:Barda
1622:(PDF)
1615:(PDF)
1529:(PDF)
1522:(PDF)
1359:[
1332:(PDF)
1129:(PDF)
1015:Notes
927:zone.
734:fuel.
507:BM-21
436:, in
3144:OSCE
1755:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1480:2020
1444:2020
1408:ISBN
1340:2020
1293:help
1176:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1057:2013
876:The
872:not.
612:and
510:MLRS
489:and
466:and
428:The
356:Ring
311:Baku
54:Date
3259:884
3254:874
3249:853
3244:822
1468:BBC
3278::
3149:EU
2392:,
2388:,
2384:,
2380:,
2376:,
1669:.
1578:^
1544:^
1430:.
1212:^
1047:.
1041:.
1027:^
935::
757:.
585::
570::
554::
512:.
2396:)
1945:e
1938:t
1931:v
1763:.
1680:.
1631:.
1572:.
1538:.
1482:.
1446:.
1416:.
1342:.
1295:)
1249:.
1206:.
1111:.
1087:.
1059:.
566:(
550:(
253:e
246:t
239:v
221:)
90:)
84:(
79:)
73:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
