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2244:… many people now fled to us at various times from the fortress, in order to save their lives; and to encourage others to leave too we did not harm them in any way. On , the Saracens attacked us and our men in that sector were drawn up ready for battle when one of the Saracens jumped off the wall and fled to our men. He was extremely thirsty and begged for water … He told us that a great many of the enemy were dying of thirst, for they had only a little water in their wells up there …
2252:, the Portuguese army wished to withdraw after these failures, but the crusaders refused and King Sancho sided with them. The attackers then concentrated on the north wall with their siege engines, four supplied by the crusaders and three by the Portuguese. These were opposed by four engines inside the city. A new tunnel was begun at a distance from the wall to avoid early detection, but the defenders noticed it and sortied twice, being beaten back a second time on 22 August.
1563:
2134:, "pitched camp so that it was well within double bowshot of the wall." They were probably on the western side of the city. A cavalry troop galloped out to provoke a response and, against orders, some crusaders charged them. They were attacked from the walls and retreated after suffering casualties. The camp was moved closer to the walls of the suburb and the crusaders spent the day preparing ladders for an assault the following morning.
1888:
43:
2219:. The defector may have promised the handover of the city as soon as the breastwork was captured; or perhaps merely emboldened the crusaders to boast that they would soon take the breastwork; or even advised them to concentrate on the breastwork as the weak point in the defence. After the defection, the besiegers began to concentrate on the breastwork.
2322:, some crusaders acted "in defiance of the treaty" by robbing the departing Muslims or even torturing some in the city into revealing their hidden wealth. He describes the defenders as weak and emaciated from lack of water. Of the 450 Christian prisoners in Silves at the start of the siege, there were only 200 or so alive at the end.
1860:. King Sancho sent a letter to Gregory, which was misinterpreted in later tradition as showing an intention to join the planned crusade. Although Sancho probably did not intend to go on crusade, he did perceive the value of crusaders sailing to Portugal on their way east. Such a fleet had assisted in the
2474:
on 26 September. Refugees from Silves had warned the populace and most had fled. The governor, however, agreed to release twelve
Christian prisoners and pay a tribute. When only four prisoners were handed over the next day, the crusaders rampaged, burning down houses, tearing down walls and uprooting
1833:
Despite his experience, Ibn Abī Ḥafṣ had not properly prepared supplies for an extended siege. There had been a drought, which left the water in the harbour of Silves so low that five galleys—vessels of low draught—were stuck there. In addition to shortages of food and water, there was a shortage of
2255:
On 23 August, there was a dispute between the crusaders and the
Portuguese, with the king this time proposing to withdraw. He ultimately agreed to remain for another four days. During this time, a new tunnel was begun. The defenders countermined and a battle was fought underground. According to the
2235:
On 11 August, the crusaders began mining the walls of the city, but the following day the defenders sortied and burned the tunneling works. The
Flemish attempted to mine through the wall of the lower town to where it joined with a tower of the upper city, but the defenders demolished the section of
2147:
The siege began with an assault on the walls of the lower town on 21 July. The
Portuguese and crusaders attacked from different directions. After putting up weak resistance with stones and darts, the defenders retreated to the city, leaving the lower town in the hands of the attackers. According to
1534:
was captured. By mid-August, the defenders were suffering from a shortage of water. On 1 September, the
Portuguese offered terms and the defenders agreed to negotiate. The crusaders refused to relinquish their right to plunder, but the defenders were permitted to leave in peace. On 3 September, the
2392:
Silves was initially occupied by the crusaders while the
Portuguese army remained outside. This was to allow the crusaders to divide the booty. The original agreement with Sancho allocated all the booty to them, but they had agreed during the siege to give some to the king to be distributed to his
2296:
to relinquish their right to plunder, which they refused. They accepted 20,000 gold coins, but when it became apparent that it would take some time for the king to gather such a large sum, they withdrew their consent. They consented only that the defenders be permitted to leave unmolested with the
2194:
up to the wall between two towers. The defenders managed to set it on fire and destroy it. In response to this setback, the
Flemish proposed to withdraw. The Flemish had not been part of the fleet that left Blexen, but were among those who had arrived in Lisbon earlier. On 7 August, a German siege
1805:
type, that is, set outside the wall and connected to it by means of elevated walkways. The tower below the main gate was especially large. They were not hollow structures but rather elevated fighting platforms, solid to a height equal with the walls. Two parallel walls led down from the hilltop to
2506:
may attest to the arrival of the fleet at Acre, although its account is somewhat confused and there are chronological problems with this interpretation. The fleet that arrived in
September 1189 cannot be the one that attacked Silves and is probably the one that sacked Alvor. The fleet from Silves
2408:
in compensation for delaying the crusaders but afterwards reneged. He remained at Silves until 12 September, establishing a garrison and appointing his lieutenant as its governor. It is generally thought that this is the same unnamed person who was in command from the beginning of the siege, but
2226:
the walls of the breastwork, but withdrew at night believing that the defenders were countermining them. The following morning they lit the beams supporting the tunnel and part of the tower came down. Further mining brought more of it down and the attackers managed to enter via ladders while the
2115:. According to al-Marrākushī, he was Pedro Henriques, but there is some doubt about the accuracy of al-Marrākushī on this point. On 18 July, the crusaders were joined by a ship from Brittany. The same day, the Portuguese commander came to the anchorage to discuss the attack. According to the
1879:. They arrived in June 1189. At Sancho's invitation, they helped take Alvor. Contrary to conventions, they massacred its inhabitants. As soon as they had taken their share of the plunder, they sailed on. Sancho and his forces to return to Lisbon to await the next group of crusaders.
2107:, the land was empty because its inhabitants had fled for refuge to the city. Raiding parties were sent out to plunder and burn the nearby villages. Two men from Bremen got separated and were ambushed by a force of ten Almohad cavalry. A pinnace was sent upriver and via the
2059:, Sancho made this request either while he was preparing his expedition or else after he had begun his march. According to the agreement as presented in Ralph of Diceto, the king agreed to let the crusaders keep any booty they took if they recognized his right to the city.
2062:
There were at that time either 24 or 44 other ships in the harbour of Lisbon. Some of these may have been a part of the fleet of 37 English crusader ships that, according to Ralph, left
Dartmouth on 18 May and arrived in Lisbon on 29 June. According to the
1903:
was on one of these ships. He records that composition of the crusader company was variable, as some joined up at a later point in the voyage while others left to find their own way to the Holy Land. They seem mostly to have come from the north of the
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captured and plundered Silves, but did not hand it over to Sancho. It thus remained in
Almohad hands until the 1240s, although its later Muslim history is obscure. It was captured by the Portuguese at an uncertain date, perhaps 1240, 1242 or 1249.
2397:, the division of the booty descended into commotion and, to avoid an escalation, the leaders of the crusade turned the city over to Sancho, requesting that he assign them a fair portion of what wealth remained in it, which he did not do.
2559:, had to confront a rebellion in Africa at the start of his reign. According to Ibn ʿIdhārī, he had by 1188 begun planning to continue the holy war in Portugal. In the summer of 1189, before he was prepared to act, his territories around
1584:
narrative of the crusader expedition from northern Germany told from a crusader's perspective. It was composed shortly after the capture of Silves, certainly before 1191. In the only manuscript of the text, it is accompanied by the
4250:
2409:
Friedrich Kurth argued that the new governor was Álvaro Martins, who is known to have subsequently died at Silves in battle with the Muslims sometime before 27 July 1190. Whoever he was, the new governor appointed the Fleming
1535:
city was handed over to Sancho, who in turn permitted its occupation by the crusaders for dividing the booty. They eventually abandoned the city under pressure and, after establishing a garrison, Sancho left on 12 September.
2292:, there were many desertions from inside the city at this stage. The defenders agreed to surrender on the condition that they keep their movable property and be permitted to depart. Sancho offered the crusaders 10,000
2580:
In April 1190, al-Manṣūr finally launched his campaign against Portugal. In June, he signed a truce with Castile so as to be able to focus his energies against Portugal. His siege of Silves failed, but he wintered in
2482:
on 29 September. While cavalry and infantry took up positions to defend the city, the crusaders entered their skiffs. The attack was called off, however, for a lack of unanimity. The crusaders then sailed through the
2280:
2318:), indicating that Ralph of Diceto is in error in giving 6 September. The surrender was made to Sancho and not the crusaders. The governor rode out while the rest followed on foot. According to the author of the
1747:
some 8 miles (13 km) upriver from the coast. It is sited on a hill 200 feet (61 m) high. The river was crossed at that point by a bridge. The city's population in 1189 was 15,800, according to the
2159:
describes heavy missile fire by both sides. That evening the crusaders' camp was moved a second time, right up to the walls of the captured town. Work on siege engines was begun. According to the
2272:, however, the purpose of the tunnel was to undermine the wall. Work on the tunnel—and underground fighting—continued until the surrender and at least one of the towers was completely ruined.
1523:
the walls and towers began on 9 August and continued, with varied success, until the end. The defenders countermined and there was fighting underground, possibly including the use of
4198:
The Conquest of Santarém and Goswin's Song of the Conquest of Alcácer do Sal: Editions and Translations of De expugnatione Scalabis and Gosuini de expugnatione Salaciae carmen
207:
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put the strength of the crusader army at 3,500 men, which is generally accepted as accurate. Those that sailed from Blexen seem mostly to have been commoners. In the entire
930:
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The crusader fleet set sail on 7 September, but stopped to divide spoils and repair two ships. It did not enter the Atlantic until 20 September. They passed the island of
2534:
2126:
On 19 July, the crusaders sailed up the Arade as far as they could while the Portuguese marched to a position just ahead of them. On 20 July, they approached the city on
1551:
292:
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defenders retreated along the walls to the upper fortress. The wall was then demolished in two places by the crusaders and the well the city used for water filled in.
4235:
1519:. Sancho arrived on 29 July and his army a day later, at which point the city was completely surrounded. The assault with engines began on 6 August. Attempts to
2248:
A full-scale assault was launched on 18 August with scaling ladders, but it was repulsed. An attempt to fill in the ditch was also repulsed. According to the
2585:
and launched a new invasion in April 1191. His second siege of Silves succeeded and the city surrendered in July with Sancho's permission. In 1197, another
1372:
1367:
1703:
2171:. The royal army was said to include "a large number of cavalry, infantry and galley crewmen, and also … religious knights of three types", namely, the
2080:
On the evening of 14 July, the fleet sailed from Lisbon for Silves. According to Ralph, Sancho contributed a fleet of 37 galleys plus a large number of
740:
2155:
On 22 July, leaving the captured town to be held by the galley crews, the army launched an assault with ladders against the city but was repulsed. The
2119:, he proposed attacking a place called Dardea instead of Silves, but the crusaders refused. (If Dardea is an error for Gardea, it may be equated with
1826:". The suburb at the base of the hill had a weaker system of walls and was protected by a single tower. The fortifications are described in detail by
2167:, however, puts his arrival on 29 July, with reinforcements and baggage coming behind him. The journey from Lisbon took seven days, according to the
2111:
to establish contact with the Portuguese camp about 16 miles (26 km) away. Sancho had delegated command to a lieutenant, who is unnamed in the
2024:, bringing its size back up to eleven ships, although not the same eleven it had started with. The augmented fleet set out on 1 July and arrived in
1757:
2268:. The defenders also dug a trench along the inside of the wall to be ready to meet the attackers if they tunneled under the wall. According to the
1942:
during a storm. No men were lost and the equipment was saved, but only one ship could be salvaged. Repairs took 23 days, from 26 April to 18 May.
1587:
200:
2183:. They arrived on 30 July and the city was surrounded on all sides. The crusader army of 3,500 was insufficient to completely invest the city.
1685:. The section of the latter devoted to the reign of Sancho I claims to be based on an earlier contemporary source, but is obviously reworked.
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4090:
461:
285:
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At Lisbon, the crusaders learned of the sack of Alvor and were invited to take part in an attack on Silves. Depending on the reading of the
1770:. Its governor in 1189 was ʿĪsā ibn Abī Ḥafṣ ibn ʿĀlī. According to Ibn ʿIdhārī, he was "very experienced in the defence of the frontiers."
456:
2215:
or black Muslim defector arrived in Sancho's camp with two pennons. There are several interpretations of this incident as recorded in the
1670:
is in reality a 16th-century forgery. Its reference to the conquest of Silves is derived from the confused account of Robert of Auxerre.
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193:
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arrived at Acre between April and June 1190. Its arrival is implied by the presence of merchants and other commoners from Bremen and
1546:
and sailed away on 20 September to resume their crusade. The success at Silves was relatively short-lived. In April 1190, the Caliph
628:
4240:
3910:
A German Third Crusader's Chronicle of his Voyage and the Siege of Almohad Silves, 1189 AD / Muwahid Xelb, 585 AH: De Itinere Navali
2067:, the crusader fleet—which now numbered 36 "great ships" (cogs) and the one Galician galley—remained at Lisbon for eleven days. The
2330:
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990:
770:
2190:, "shooting and being shot at by arrows or with machines". The assault with engines began on 6 August, when the Germans pushed a
278:
1538:
The fall of Silves meant that nine outlying castles subject to its Almohad governor came under Portuguese control. In addition,
2513:
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1114:
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78:
2517:, they used wood and cloth from their sailing ships to make a field hospital, a foundation which ultimately evolved into the
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launched an offensive intending to take back Silves. His first effort failed, but he renewed his invasion in April 1191 and
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1481:. The defenders capitulated on terms, the city was handed over to Portugal and the crusaders took a portion of the spoils.
466:
2449:—could have been taken if not for Sancho's ill feeling towards the crusaders and the "accursed haste of some of our men."
2370:
1938:
in England on 24 April. On 25 April, three ships ran aground on sandbanks while the fleet was trying to enter the port of
1211:
1022:
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1634:, between the sack of Alvor and the capture of Silves. Nevertheless, Robert's account made its way into the chronicle of
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were extensive, but perhaps not "fully developed" in 1189. They had been sufficient to require siege engines during the
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On 1 September, the Portuguese offered the defenders the chance to surrender and negotiations began. According to the
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18th-century map of the 13th-century al-Gharb, showing Silves and the principal places in the Almohad province in 1189
1608:
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2417:. As a result, some Flemish crusaders chose to stay in Silves. According to Ralph of Diceto, Nicholas dedicated the
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engine began shooting at the two towers, while Sancho's two engines began bombarding the people inside the city.
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1591:(Letter on the Death of the Emperor Frederick), which demonstrates a connection between the naval expedition and
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Wilson, Jonathan (2020). "'Neither age nor sex sparing': The Alvor Massacre 1189, an Anomaly in the Portuguese
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notes that at this juncture the defenders were suffering from thirst and there was an increase in desertions:
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1795:. The Almohads had made repairs after taking full control in 1157. The hilltop was surrounded by a rampart of
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The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa: The History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick and Related Texts
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3941:(1939). "Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum Hierosolymam Tendentium et Silviam Capientium, A.D. 1189".
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The Siege of Acre, 1189–1191: Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the Battle that Decided the Third Crusade
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on 22 April. One ship was left on a sandbank on 23 April, to rejoin the fleet later. The rest arrived at
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Even before the loss of Silves, the Almohads had been planning a campaign against Portugal. The Caliph
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records as present at the fall of Silves may have joined the fleet at this time. The fleet sailed for
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and massacred its inhabitants some weeks before the fleet that would attack Silves had assembled in
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the river, protecting the water supply, which was also protected by four towers. The author of the
1702:, specifically, its third book covering the Almohad period (1170–1266), and the Almohad history of
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1488:. The first fleets from the north arrived in Portuguese waters in the spring of 1189. One of these
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State of the Iberian peninsula in 1195, showing recent territorial changes and military activities
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on the night of 29–30 September. In the Mediterranean, the fleet followed the European coast. The
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The Reconquest Kings of Portugal: Political and Cultural Reorientation on the Medieval Frontier
1973:, where they spent eight days waiting for winds. Rounding Brittany, they put in for one day at
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in 1184. Sancho, then heir apparent, had been among the defenders. Yūsuf's son and successor,
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says that the crusaders were accompanied by 36 priests, which tallies well with the claim in
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The fleets entered the estuary of the Arade on 17 July and dropped anchor. According to the
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The Siege and Conquest of Silves, 1189: A Tale of the Third Crusade by Anonymous Crusader
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armour and soldiers. Four hundred Christian prisoners had to be dragooned into service.
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the following day. They successfully captured the walled lower town and began preparing
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Lay, Stephen (2008). "Miracles, Martyrs and the Cult of Henry the Crusader in Lisbon".
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2385:. These were mostly deserted, as their inhabitants had fled to Silves. The governor of
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sect. It came under direct Almohad rule in 1157. It was the capital of the province of
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on 8 September. He also asked the departing crusaders to help the Portuguese besiege
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of Sancho I, depicting on the obverse the king as a knight on horseback, sword raised
1978:
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27:
2000:. They sailed from Luanco on the morning of 22 June and arrived at the mouth of the
1762:
4037:
Makki, Mahmoud (1994). "The Political History of al-Andalus (92/711–897/1492)". In
2434:
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1949:, the fleet left Sandwich on 19 May and sailed west along the coast of England to
42:
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Chronicle of the Third Crusade: A Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi
1895:
In April 1189, a fleet of eleven ships of crusaders bound for the Holy Land left
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While they were working on the engines, the crusaders were, in the words of the
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1606:, is also in Latin and from a northern perspective. Also from England are the
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clothes they were wearing. Ibn Abī Ḥafṣ accepted these terms on 2 September.
1752:. It came under indirect Almohad rule in 1146, when it was captured from the
270:
93:
80:
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2152:, the governor ordered the soldiers who had initiated the retreat beheaded.
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in early July. The combined Portuguese–crusader fleet contained 75 ships—37
4000:
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2404:, Sancho had also promised to bestow a tenth of the conquered lands to the
1511:
The crusaders camped before Silves on 20 July and launched an assault with
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at their approach, and were forced by contrary winds to enter the port of
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The first crusader fleet to arrive consisted of fifty to sixty ships from
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1966:
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The only sources to originate in Portugal are the contemporary but terse
72:
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that the 1147 fleet that conquered Lisbon carried one priest per ship.
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Martos Quesada, Juan (2009). "La labor historiográfica de Ibn Iḏārī".
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The main source for the siege of Silves is an eyewitness account. The
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army. Sancho laid claim to the city's grain stores. According to the
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tower of Paderne, which capitulated to Sancho with the fall of Silves
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1946:
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On 3 September, the city was handed over. This date is found in the
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that relies on it. There is confusion in some sources, such as the
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and a group of crusaders from northern Europe on their way to the
2499:. The fleet may have wintered in Marseille or perhaps in Sicily.
2092:, the only nobleman mentioned among the crusaders was a Galician
1996:
On 19–20 June, the crusaders made a brief pilgrimage overland to
2308:(which erroneously places it in the year 1190) and Ibn ʿIdhārī (
2009:
185:
2260:, the attackers were driven back "with a copious fiery flood" (
274:
189:
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The crusaders sailed from Cádiz on 28 September and landed at
1542:
surrendered. The crusaders, however, refused to help besiege
1473:
was besieged from 21 July until 3 September by the forces of
123:
Silves and ten other castles in al-Gharb acquired by Portugal
2521:. The head of the hospital at this stage was a priest named
2429:
believed that the entire Gharb—including the towns of Faro,
2377:
and Carphanabel. The last place is unidentified, but may be
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The call for a new crusade went out in 1187, following the
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2971:
2969:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
1854:
issued a call for a new crusade to recover it in his bull
1799:
faced with stone. It had at least seventeen towers of the
1580:(Account of the Seaborne Journey) is a short but detailed
3839:
3837:
2719:
2717:
2677:
2675:
2389:
surrendered to the Portuguese for fear of the crusaders.
4251:
Battles of the Spanish Christian–Muslim War of 1172–1212
3449:
3447:
3445:
4143:
The Journal of the American Portuguese Cultural Society
3854:
3852:
3797:
3795:
3710:
3708:
3671:
3669:
3656:
3654:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3464:
3462:
3396:
3394:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3025:
3023:
2932:
2930:
2704:
2702:
2638:
2636:
2623:
2621:
2571:. Several castles were captured and, according to the
3917:
Cushing, Dana (2017). "The Siege of Silves in 1189".
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2838:
2836:
2834:
1969:
on 25 May and were at sea six days before landing on
2782:
2780:
2284:
19th-century depiction of the capitulation of Silves
1504:. It carried an army of 3,500 crusaders, while King
1916:refers to these as "our kingdom" and "our empire".
4136:"The Conquest of Silves: A Contemporary Narrative"
3943:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
4115:The Teutonic Knights in the Holy Land, 1190–1291
1810:calls the walled section leading to the river a
1623:Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi
1570:, the most valuable source on the siege of 1189
20:
2693:
2236:wall connected to the tower on 13 August. the
1777:Part of the walls of Silves today, showing an
3965:(1971) . "English Crusaders in Portugal". In
2551:had died campaigning against Portugal at the
2535:Almohad campaign against Portugal (1190–1191)
1644:and a lost work by a certain Hugo, copied by
286:
201:
8:
2207:Ruins of the fortifications of Silves today
2143:Initial assaults and fall of the lower town
2012:, late on 23 June. Some went overland on a
1657:Memorias Ecclesiasticas do Reino do Algarve
4200:. Crusade Texts in Translation. Routledge.
4077:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1787:As a place of strategic significance, the
293:
279:
271:
208:
194:
186:
41:
17:
3726:
3523:
3436:
3385:
3249:
2681:
2514:Narratio de primordiis ordinis theutonici
1945:After purchasing one replacement ship in
3901:Elite Participation in the Third Crusade
3453:
3121:
2854:
2598:
2577:, the Castilians even reached the sea.
1961:(24 May). Some men of London which the
1706:. It is also mentioned in the works of
1692:sources for the loss of Silves are the
1588:Epistola de morte Friderici imperatoris
4236:Sieges involving the Almohad Caliphate
3971:Chapters in Anglo-Portuguese Relations
3801:
3786:
3774:
3750:
3714:
3562:
3133:
2921:
2666:
2654:
2511:who arrived on cogs. According to the
2425:, but they refused. The author of the
2163:, King Sancho arrived on 22 July. The
1977:(9 June). They then sailed across the
3882:
3858:
3843:
3816:
3762:
3738:
3687:
3645:
3633:
3609:
3597:
3550:
3412:
3361:
3349:
3314:
3302:
3273:
3234:
3222:
3193:
3169:
3157:
3145:
3109:
3097:
3053:
3041:
3014:
3002:
2987:
2960:
2948:
2825:
2801:
2786:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2708:
2642:
2612:
7:
4085:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 441.
3699:
3675:
3660:
3621:
3585:
3538:
3511:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3424:
3400:
3373:
3337:
3290:
3261:
3210:
3181:
3085:
3070:
3029:
2975:
2936:
2813:
2723:
2627:
2014:pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela
1598:The next most important source, the
1508:marched overland with his own army.
4169:Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies
3870:
3828:
2909:
2897:
2878:
2866:
2842:
2491:ends with a notice of the fleet in
1882:
14:
3973:. Greenwood Press. pp. 9–16.
2222:On 9 August, the crusaders began
1993:, where they arrived on 18 June.
4113:Morton, Nicholas Edward (2009).
1883:Crusaders' voyage (April–July)
1659:. A supposed letter from Pope
141:Crusaders from northern Europe
1:
4181:10.1080/17546559.2019.1704043
1919:The fleet entered the sea at
1756:and placed under the rule of
4226:Battles of the Third Crusade
2466:, whose inhabitants fled to
2406:Church of the Holy Sepulchre
1500:of the northern type and 38
4134:Slaughter, John E. (1968).
3908:Cushing, Dana, ed. (2013).
2458:Continuation of the crusade
2037:Preparations and manoeuvres
1963:Gesta regis Henrici secundi
1704:ʿAbd al-Wāḥid al-Marrākushī
1609:Gesta regis Henrici secundi
1362:Post-Reconquista Rebellions
113:Portuguese–Crusader victory
4267:
4102:Anaquel de Estudios Árabes
4043:The Legacy of Muslim Spain
2532:
2371:São Bartolomeu de Messines
2276:Negotiations and surrender
2074:De expugnatione Lyxbonensi
1912:, since the author of the
1602:of the English chronicler
1577:Narratio de itinere navali
1568:Narratio de itinere navali
161:ʿĪsā ibn Abī Ḥafṣ ibn ʿĀlī
59:21 July – 3 September 1189
4231:Sieges of the Reconquista
4196:Wilson, Jonathan (2021).
4154:Wilson, Jonathan (2009).
3899:Bennett, Stephen (2021).
2231:Assault on the upper city
2199:Capture of the breastwork
2096:who had come aboard as a
2032:Campaign (July–September)
467:2nd San Esteban de Gormaz
462:1st San Esteban de Gormaz
313:
225:
165:
150:
131:
51:
40:
25:
4241:12th century in Portugal
3982:. Yale University Press.
2504:Itinerarium peregrinorum
2475:vineyards and orchards.
1789:fortifications of Silves
4050:Marín, Manuela (1997).
4045:. Brill. pp. 3–87.
2569:Alfonso VIII of Castile
2306:Chronicon Conimbricense
2264:), possibly indicating
1676:Chronicon Conimbricense
47:A tower of Silves today
4001:10.1353/port.2008.0023
3939:David, Charles Wendell
2963:, p. 611 and n16.
2544:
2338:
2285:
2246:
2208:
2130:and, according to the
2052:
1892:
1844:Jerusalem was captured
1784:
1760:, leader of the local
1571:
151:Commanders and leaders
21:Siege of Silves (1189)
4020:. Palgrave Macmillan.
4016:Lay, Stephen (2009).
3978:Hosler, John (2018).
3439:, pp. 33–34, 42.
2542:
2419:mosque as a cathedral
2333:
2326:Occupation and spoils
2283:
2242:
2206:
2044:
1890:
1776:
1595:'s overland crusade.
1565:
1552:Silves was recaptured
1465:in 1189. The city of
1455:was an action of the
457:Pallars and Ribagorza
4117:. The Boydell Press.
4039:Salma Khadra Jayyusi
2262:igneo copioso fluvio
2020:joined the fleet in
1930:at the mouth of the
1899:. The author of the
1600:Ymagines Historiarum
1593:Frederick Barbarossa
1506:Sancho I of Portugal
1344:2nd Granada campaign
741:2nd Balearic Islands
716:1st Balearic Islands
157:Sancho I of Portugal
94:37.18694°N 8.43889°W
4123:Nicholson, Helen J.
3831:, pp. 157–159.
3819:, pp. 656–657.
3690:, p. 640 n417.
3648:, p. 633 n327.
3636:, p. 632 n322.
3624:, pp. 204–205.
3612:, p. 633 n333.
3553:, p. 628 n281.
3541:, pp. 202–203.
3483:, pp. 200–201.
3427:, pp. 199–200.
3415:, p. 623 n207.
3376:, pp. 203–204.
3364:, p. 618 n121.
3352:, p. 623 n192.
3340:, pp. 198–199.
3317:, p. 629 n291.
3305:, p. 621 n169.
3276:, p. 619 n141.
3237:, p. 618 n120.
3225:, p. 617 n112.
3213:, pp. 196–197.
3196:, pp. 603–604.
3172:, p. 630 n297.
3160:, p. 617 n107.
3148:, p. 617 n108.
3136:, pp. 112–113.
3017:, pp. 612–613.
2978:, pp. 193–194.
2828:, p. 620 n153.
2816:, pp. 197–198.
2804:, pp. 644–645.
2774:, p. 628 n282.
2750:, p. 619 n130.
2738:, pp. 654–656.
2694:Martos Quesada 2009
2615:, pp. 608–609.
2485:Strait of Gibraltar
2379:Cabo de São Vicente
1864:in 1147 during the
1838:Portuguese planning
1641:Chronicon Turonense
1459:and the Portuguese
1023:Las Navas de Tolosa
138:Kingdom of Portugal
90: /
3989:Portuguese Studies
3873:, p. 301 n92.
3789:, p. 209 n61.
3184:, p. 203 n41.
3112:, p. 616 n91.
3088:, p. 196 n18.
3044:, p. 616 n92.
3005:, p. 611 n17.
2881:, p. 303 n48.
2726:, p. 203 n40.
2545:
2339:
2286:
2209:
2053:
1906:kingdom of Germany
1893:
1862:conquest of Lisbon
1785:
1688:The most valuable
1572:
1530:On 10 August, the
1217:Shepherds' Crusade
1028:3rd Alcácer do Sal
991:2nd Alcácer do Sal
901:1st Alcácer do Sal
390:2nd Roncevaux Pass
328:1st Roncevaux Pass
178:15,800 inhabitants
99:37.18694; -8.43889
4221:Conflicts in 1189
4158:. Mesquita Press.
4092:978-90-04-10422-8
3912:. Antimony Media.
3846:, pp. 73–74.
3741:, p. 664 n4.
3729:, pp. 73–74.
3388:, pp. 43–44.
2567:were raided King
2553:siege of Santarém
2400:According to the
2341:According to the
1985:by the castle of
1910:Holy Roman Empire
1842:In October 1187,
1665:Byzantine emperor
1636:William of Nangis
1632:Robert of Auxerre
1527:by the Almohads.
1486:loss of Jerusalem
1471:Almohad Caliphate
1446:
1445:
624:Almodóvar del Río
268:
267:
184:
183:
175:+ Portuguese army
145:Almohad Caliphate
127:
126:
4258:
4246:Silves, Portugal
4201:
4192:
4159:
4150:
4140:
4130:
4118:
4109:
4096:
4068:Heinrichs, W. P.
4046:
4033:
4021:
4012:
3983:
3974:
3958:
3934:
3919:Medieval Warfare
3913:
3904:
3903:. Boydell Press.
3886:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3847:
3841:
3832:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3805:
3799:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3753:, p. 6 n38.
3748:
3742:
3736:
3730:
3724:
3718:
3712:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3664:
3658:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3566:
3565:, p. 5 n32.
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3457:
3451:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3288:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3074:
3068:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3018:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2901:
2895:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2790:
2784:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2712:
2706:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2631:
2630:, pp. 9–10.
2625:
2616:
2610:
2574:Anales toledanos
2557:Yaʿqūb al-Manṣūr
2549:Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf
2529:Almohad response
2415:bishop of Silves
2316:Islamic calendar
2084:. Ralph and the
2028:on 3 or 4 July.
2016:. A galley from
1998:Oviedo Cathedral
1929:
1731:Status of Silves
1695:Bayān al-mughrib
1654:
1566:A page from the
1548:Yaʿqūb al-Manṣūr
308:
295:
288:
281:
272:
220:
210:
203:
196:
187:
105:
104:
102:
101:
100:
95:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
53:
52:
45:
18:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4195:
4162:
4153:
4138:
4133:
4125:, ed. (2019) .
4121:
4112:
4099:
4093:
4060:Bosworth, C. E.
4049:
4036:
4026:Loud, Graham A.
4024:
4015:
3986:
3977:
3961:
3937:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3857:
3850:
3842:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3725:
3721:
3713:
3706:
3698:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3632:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3530:
3522:
3518:
3510:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3460:
3452:
3443:
3435:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3380:
3372:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3344:
3336:
3321:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3289:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3200:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3084:
3077:
3069:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2885:
2877:
2873:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2841:
2832:
2824:
2820:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2793:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2715:
2707:
2700:
2692:
2688:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2634:
2626:
2619:
2611:
2600:
2596:
2537:
2531:
2460:
2455:
2328:
2278:
2233:
2211:On 8 August, a
2201:
2161:Crónica de 1419
2145:
2140:
2069:Crónica de 1419
2039:
2034:
1991:kingdom of León
1923:
1885:
1857:Audita tremendi
1840:
1735:Silves (Arabic
1733:
1728:
1682:Crónica de 1419
1648:
1646:Vicente Salgado
1618:Roger of Howden
1604:Ralph of Diceto
1560:
1513:scaling ladders
1453:siege of Silves
1449:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1377:
1329:Los Alporchones
1212:Vega de Granada
309:
302:Battles in the
301:
299:
269:
264:
221:
216:
214:
179:
174:
173:3,500 crusaders
172:
140:
119:
98:
96:
92:
89:
84:
81:
79:
77:
76:
75:
46:
12:
11:
5:
4264:
4262:
4254:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4216:1189 in Europe
4208:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4193:
4160:
4151:
4131:
4119:
4110:
4097:
4091:
4064:van Donzel, E.
4047:
4034:
4028:, ed. (2010).
4022:
4013:
3984:
3975:
3967:Edgar Prestage
3963:Gibb, H. A. R.
3959:
3949:(5): 591–676.
3935:
3914:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3885:, p. 661.
3875:
3863:
3861:, p. 660.
3848:
3833:
3821:
3806:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3765:, p. 664.
3755:
3743:
3731:
3727:Nicholson 2019
3719:
3704:
3702:, p. 208.
3692:
3680:
3678:, p. 207.
3665:
3663:, p. 206.
3650:
3638:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3600:, p. 636.
3590:
3588:, p. 205.
3567:
3555:
3543:
3528:
3524:Slaughter 1968
3516:
3514:, p. 202.
3497:
3495:, p. 201.
3485:
3473:
3471:, p. 200.
3458:
3441:
3437:Slaughter 1968
3429:
3417:
3405:
3403:, p. 199.
3390:
3386:Slaughter 1968
3378:
3366:
3354:
3342:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3293:, p. 198.
3278:
3266:
3264:, p. 197.
3254:
3250:Slaughter 1968
3239:
3227:
3215:
3198:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3138:
3126:
3114:
3102:
3100:, p. 616.
3090:
3075:
3073:, p. 196.
3058:
3056:, p. 615.
3046:
3034:
3032:, p. 195.
3019:
3007:
2992:
2990:, p. 612.
2980:
2965:
2953:
2951:, p. 599.
2941:
2939:, p. 193.
2926:
2914:
2902:
2900:, p. 155.
2883:
2871:
2869:, p. 154.
2859:
2847:
2845:, p. 156.
2830:
2818:
2806:
2791:
2776:
2764:
2762:, p. 657.
2752:
2740:
2728:
2713:
2711:, p. 643.
2698:
2696:, p. 122.
2686:
2682:Slaughter 1968
2671:
2659:
2647:
2645:, p. 665.
2632:
2617:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2587:German crusade
2533:Main article:
2530:
2527:
2519:Teutonic Order
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2327:
2324:
2277:
2274:
2232:
2229:
2200:
2197:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
1884:
1881:
1866:Second Crusade
1839:
1836:
1743:) lies on the
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1559:
1556:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1375:
1373:2nd Alpujarras
1370:
1368:1st Alpujarras
1364:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1237:Vega de Pagana
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1135:Mudéjar revolt
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1045:
1043:Aragonese raid
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
931:Central Iberia
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
691:Norwegian raid
688:
683:
678:
673:
667:
666:
662:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
515:
514:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
443:
442:
438:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
371:
370:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
319:
318:
314:
311:
310:
300:
298:
297:
290:
283:
275:
266:
265:
263:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
226:
223:
222:
215:
213:
212:
205:
198:
190:
182:
181:
176:
168:
167:
163:
162:
159:
153:
152:
148:
147:
142:
134:
133:
129:
128:
125:
124:
121:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
67:
65:
61:
60:
57:
49:
48:
38:
37:
23:
22:
16:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4263:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4098:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3804:, p. 10.
3803:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3759:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3720:
3717:, p. 62.
3716:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3526:, p. 42.
3525:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3456:, p. 52.
3455:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3252:, p. 25.
3251:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3124:, p. 50.
3123:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2912:, p. 91.
2911:
2906:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2860:
2857:, p. 51.
2856:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2684:, p. 41.
2683:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2536:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2363:Santo Estêvão
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2245:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:battering ram
2189:
2184:
2182:
2181:Order of Avis
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:Bay of Luanco
1980:
1979:Bay of Biscay
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:(23 May) and
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:local Romance
1813:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1793:siege of 1063
1790:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:siege engines
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1479:siege of Acre
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1457:Third Crusade
1454:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:9th Gibraltar
1337:
1335:
1334:8th Gibraltar
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1324:7th Gibraltar
1322:
1320:
1319:La Higueruela
1317:
1315:
1314:6th Gibraltar
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:5th Algeciras
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:5th Gibraltar
1265:
1263:
1262:4th Algeciras
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:4th Gibraltar
1230:
1228:
1227:3rd Gibraltar
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1207:2nd Gibraltar
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:3rd Algeciras
1195:
1193:
1192:1st Gibraltar
1190:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:2nd Algeciras
1168:
1166:
1165:1st Algeciras
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
664:
663:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
579:Piedra Pisada
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
539:Aqbat al-Bakr
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
512:
511:
508:
507:3rd Barcelona
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
472:Valdejunquera
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
447:Day of Zamora
445:
444:
440:
439:
436:
435:2nd Barcelona
433:
431:
430:2nd Cellorigo
428:
426:
425:1st Cellorigo
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
410:Monte Laturce
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
375:1st Barcelona
373:
372:
368:
367:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
320:
316:
315:
312:
307:
306:
296:
291:
289:
284:
282:
277:
276:
273:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
224:
219:
218:Third Crusade
211:
206:
204:
199:
197:
192:
191:
188:
180:400 prisoners
177:
170:
169:
164:
160:
158:
155:
154:
149:
146:
143:
139:
136:
135:
130:
122:
117:
116:
112:
109:
108:
103:
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
55:
54:
50:
44:
39:
36:
35:
29:
28:Third Crusade
24:
19:
4197:
4175:(2): 1–31 .
4172:
4168:
4164:
4155:
4146:
4142:
4129:. Routledge.
4126:
4114:
4105:
4101:
4082:
4075:
4053:
4042:
4029:
4017:
3992:
3988:
3979:
3970:
3946:
3942:
3925:(5): 48–53.
3922:
3918:
3909:
3900:
3892:Bibliography
3878:
3866:
3824:
3782:
3777:, p. 6.
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3695:
3683:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3605:
3593:
3558:
3546:
3519:
3488:
3476:
3454:Cushing 2017
3432:
3420:
3408:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3345:
3310:
3298:
3269:
3257:
3230:
3218:
3189:
3177:
3165:
3153:
3141:
3129:
3122:Cushing 2017
3117:
3105:
3093:
3049:
3037:
3010:
2983:
2956:
2944:
2924:, p. 1.
2917:
2905:
2874:
2862:
2855:Cushing 2017
2850:
2821:
2809:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2689:
2669:, p. 9.
2662:
2657:, p. 8.
2650:
2579:
2572:
2546:
2512:
2503:
2501:
2488:
2477:
2461:
2426:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2319:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2187:
2185:
2177:Hospitallers
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2131:
2125:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2102:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2004:, either in
1995:
1962:
1944:
1918:
1913:
1900:
1894:
1870:
1855:
1852:Gregory VIII
1841:
1832:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:rammed earth
1786:
1779:
1761:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1734:
1716:Ibn Abī Zarʿ
1708:Ibn al-Athīr
1693:
1687:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1656:
1639:
1627:
1621:
1613:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1586:
1575:
1573:
1567:
1537:
1529:
1510:
1490:sacked Alvor
1483:
1460:
1452:
1450:
1380:North Africa
1298:15th century
1186:14th century
1090:4th Valencia
1012:13th century
975:
966:4th Santarém
926:3rd Santarém
866:2nd Santarém
786:3rd Valencia
756:2nd Zaragoza
736:1st Santarém
671:2nd Valencia
665:12th century
629:1st Valencia
594:1st Zaragoza
513:11th century
497:Torrevicente
441:10th century
338:Orbieu River
333:Burbia River
303:
234:
132:Belligerents
33:
26:Part of the
4165:Reconquista
4072:Lecomte, G.
3802:Morton 2009
3787:Hosler 2018
3775:Wilson 2020
3751:Wilson 2020
3715:Hosler 2018
3563:Wilson 2020
3134:Wilson 2021
2922:Wilson 2020
2667:Wilson 2020
2655:Wilson 2020
2493:Montpellier
2413:as the new
2224:undermining
1975:La Rochelle
1924: [
1814:, from the
1712:Ibn Khaldūn
1700:Ibn ʿIdhārī
1661:Clement III
1649: [
1462:Reconquista
1438:2nd Tangier
1423:1st Tangier
1282:2nd Montiel
1202:3rd Almería
1120:3rd Seville
1048:2nd Majorca
951:2nd Seville
916:2nd Badajoz
896:2nd Almería
886:2nd Tortosa
856:1st Almería
841:1st Montiel
796:1st Badajoz
771:1st Granada
524:Calatañazor
452:1st Majorca
405:Guadalacete
380:1st Tortosa
369:9th century
317:8th century
305:Reconquista
245:Philomelion
118:Territorial
97: /
34:Reconquista
32:Portuguese
4210:Categories
4108:: 117–130.
4081:Volume IX:
4032:. Ashgate.
3883:David 1939
3859:David 1939
3844:Makki 1994
3817:David 1939
3763:David 1939
3739:David 1939
3688:David 1939
3646:David 1939
3634:David 1939
3610:David 1939
3598:David 1939
3551:David 1939
3413:David 1939
3362:David 1939
3350:David 1939
3315:David 1939
3303:David 1939
3274:David 1939
3235:David 1939
3223:David 1939
3194:David 1939
3170:David 1939
3158:David 1939
3146:David 1939
3110:David 1939
3098:David 1939
3054:David 1939
3042:David 1939
3015:David 1939
3003:David 1939
2988:David 1939
2961:David 1939
2949:David 1939
2826:David 1939
2802:David 1939
2787:Marín 1997
2772:David 1939
2760:David 1939
2748:David 1939
2736:David 1939
2709:David 1939
2643:David 1939
2613:David 1939
2314:20 in the
2294:gold coins
2266:Greek fire
1951:Winchelsea
1824:breastwork
1754:Almoravids
1726:Background
1720:al-Maqqarī
1532:breastwork
1525:Greek fire
1304:Collejares
1292:2nd Murcia
1257:Guadalmesí
1247:Río Salado
1145:1st Murcia
1105:2nd Xàtiva
1100:1st Xàtiva
996:2nd Silves
981:2nd Silves
976:1st Silves
891:2nd Lleida
876:5th Lisbon
836:4th Lisbon
766:1st Lleida
726:Candespina
721:6th Toledo
706:Formentera
696:3rd Lisbon
676:Mollerussa
659:5th Toledo
654:4th Toledo
634:2nd Lisbon
619:3rd Toledo
589:2nd Toledo
477:1st Toledo
420:Polvoraria
363:1st Lisbon
353:Río Quirós
348:Las Babias
82:37°11′13″N
4189:214374323
4009:245841435
3700:Loud 2010
3676:Loud 2010
3661:Loud 2010
3622:Loud 2010
3586:Loud 2010
3539:Loud 2010
3512:Loud 2010
3493:Loud 2010
3481:Loud 2010
3469:Loud 2010
3425:Loud 2010
3401:Loud 2010
3374:Loud 2010
3338:Loud 2010
3291:Loud 2010
3262:Loud 2010
3211:Loud 2010
3182:Loud 2010
3086:Loud 2010
3071:Loud 2010
3030:Loud 2010
2976:Loud 2010
2937:Loud 2010
2814:Loud 2010
2724:Loud 2010
2628:Loud 2010
2497:Marseille
2453:Aftermath
2387:Albufeira
2367:Carvoeiro
2359:Monchique
2335:Albarrana
1971:Belle Île
1959:Dartmouth
1936:Lowestoft
1850:and Pope
1828:al-Idrīsī
1802:albarrana
1780:albarrana
1655:into his
1628:Chronicon
1554:in July.
1540:Albufeira
1521:undermine
1418:4nd Ceuta
1408:3nd Ceuta
1401:2nd Ceuta
1396:1st Ceuta
1309:Antequera
1160:Andalusia
1140:3rd Jerez
1130:2nd Jerez
1065:1st Jerez
1038:Peníscola
1006:Talamanca
961:2nd Évora
946:Calatrava
936:Tarragona
921:Juromenha
911:1st Évora
861:Al-Ludjdj
831:2nd Coria
811:1st Coria
746:Martorell
731:Vatalandi
649:Consuegra
569:Golpejera
554:Barbastro
492:Estercuel
323:Covadonga
85:8°26′20″W
4149:: 25–44.
4074:(eds.).
3995:: 7–31.
3931:48578126
3871:Lay 2009
3829:Lay 2009
2910:Lay 2009
2898:Lay 2009
2879:Lay 2009
2867:Lay 2009
2843:Lay 2009
2565:Aljarafe
2563:and the
2489:Narratio
2427:Narratio
2411:Nicholas
2402:Narratio
2395:Narratio
2355:Portimão
2343:Narratio
2320:Narratio
2302:Narratio
2290:Narratio
2270:Narratio
2258:Narratio
2250:Narratio
2238:Narratio
2217:Narratio
2188:Narratio
2179:and the
2173:Templars
2169:Narratio
2165:Narratio
2157:Narratio
2150:Narratio
2132:Narratio
2117:Narratio
2113:Narratio
2109:Odelouca
2105:Narratio
2090:Narratio
2086:Narratio
2082:pinnaces
2065:Narratio
2057:Narratio
2048:maravedí
1967:Brittany
1955:Yarmouth
1940:Sandwich
1914:Narratio
1901:Narratio
1848:Ayyubids
1812:corrasce
1808:Narratio
1768:al-Gharb
1758:Ibn Qasī
1750:Narratio
1679:and the
1668:Isaac II
1626:and the
1614:Chronica
1612:and the
1475:Portugal
1252:Estepona
1180:Iznalloz
1115:3rd Jaén
1075:Burriana
1060:2nd Jaén
1033:1st Jaén
1018:Al-Dāmūs
956:Abrantes
851:Albacete
826:Trancoso
701:Talavera
681:Balaguer
599:Sagrajas
564:Llantada
487:Simancas
482:Alhandic
415:Morcuera
385:Pancorbo
171:75 ships
166:Strength
73:al-Gharb
64:Location
4083:San–Sze
4041:(ed.).
3969:(ed.).
2583:Seville
2561:Córdoba
2523:Sibrand
2443:Mértola
2375:Paderne
2213:Moorish
2121:Cartaya
2045:A gold
2022:Galicia
1989:in the
1981:to the
1908:in the
1873:Denmark
1846:by the
1820:couraça
1763:Murīdūn
1663:to the
1558:Sources
1502:galleys
1469:in the
1433:Melilla
1413:Tétouan
1272:Linuesa
1242:Getares
1095:Algarve
1085:El Puig
1080:Córdoba
1053:Portopí
1001:Alarcos
906:Palmela
881:Sacavém
871:Sacavém
816:Ourique
776:Corbins
761:Cutanda
751:Coimbra
639:Alcoraz
584:Morella
559:Paterna
549:Coimbra
519:Cervera
400:Albelda
395:Clavijo
250:Iconium
120:changes
4187:
4089:
4070:&
4007:
3955:985010
3953:
3929:
2509:Lübeck
2480:Tarifa
2468:Huelva
2464:Saltes
2439:Tavira
2435:Cacela
2383:Sagres
2304:, the
2175:, the
2128:skiffs
2094:knight
2026:Lisbon
2002:Tambre
1947:London
1921:Blexen
1897:Bremen
1877:Frisia
1690:Arabic
1638:, the
1494:Lisbon
1467:Silves
1428:Asilah
1391:Strait
1354:Málaga
1349:Lucena
1277:Guadix
1175:Moclín
1155:Martos
941:Cuenca
806:Leiria
781:Alcalá
644:Bairén
604:Tudela
534:Albesa
358:Oviedo
235:Silves
110:Result
69:Silves
4185:S2CID
4139:(PDF)
4058:. In
4005:S2CID
3951:JSTOR
3927:JSTOR
2594:Notes
2472:Cádiz
2447:Serpa
2431:Loulé
2351:Alvor
2347:Lagos
2311:Rajab
2138:Siege
2098:pilot
2006:Muros
1987:Gozón
1932:Weser
1928:]
1818:word
1782:tower
1745:Arade
1737:Shilb
1653:]
1582:Latin
1150:Écija
986:Tomar
971:Alvor
846:Soure
821:Oreja
801:Fraga
791:Aceca
711:Ibiza
686:Uclés
614:Aledo
609:Tévar
574:Cabra
544:Graus
502:Rueda
343:Lutos
260:Jaffa
255:Arsuf
230:Alvor
4167:?".
4087:ISBN
4056:ilb"
2502:The
2495:and
2445:and
2423:Faro
2148:the
2010:Noia
1875:and
1741:Xelb
1718:and
1544:Faro
1498:cogs
1451:The
1386:Salé
1222:Teba
1125:Faro
1110:Biar
1070:Ares
529:Torà
240:Acre
56:Date
30:and
4177:doi
3997:doi
2381:or
2123:.)
2018:Tui
2008:or
1822:, "
1739:or
1698:of
1630:of
1616:of
4212::
4183:.
4173:12
4171:.
4145:.
4141:.
4106:20
4104:.
4079:.
4066:;
4062:;
4054:Sh
4003:.
3993:24
3991:.
3947:81
3945:.
3921:.
3851:^
3836:^
3809:^
3794:^
3707:^
3668:^
3653:^
3570:^
3531:^
3500:^
3461:^
3444:^
3393:^
3322:^
3281:^
3242:^
3201:^
3078:^
3061:^
3022:^
2995:^
2968:^
2929:^
2886:^
2833:^
2794:^
2779:^
2716:^
2701:^
2674:^
2635:^
2620:^
2601:^
2525:.
2441:,
2437:,
2433:,
2373:,
2369:,
2365:,
2361:,
2357:,
2353:,
2349:,
2100:.
1953:,
1926:de
1868:.
1830:.
1722:.
1714:,
1710:,
1651:pt
71:,
4191:.
4179::
4147:2
4095:.
4052:"
4011:.
3999::
3957:.
3933:.
3923:7
2789:.
294:e
287:t
280:v
209:e
202:t
195:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
