528:
490:, although his text offers many difficulties. As Jan Olof Rosenqvist points out, Lazaropoulos drew on at least two different sources, which results in certain problems of interpretation, as well as raising the possibility that certain incidents are described twice. Moreover, Lazaropoulos has been shown to have introduced new details elsewhere that may be his own invention; the purpose of his account is not to offer an objective history but to glorify Trebizond's patron saint,
474:
time passed between the rapacious acts of
Etoumes, the Trapezuntine raid on Sinope, and the beginning of the siege itself, making it possible the first two happened earlier—perhaps years—before 1223. Fortunately, our third source, Ali ibn al-Athir, mentions that in 1223, a ship of refugees from the Mongols sank off Anatolia, which the Seljuks then plundered; so it is clear all three events happened over these six months between February and September 1223.
586:
camp and causing havoc. When the Sultan and his commanders learned of this attack, they withdrew from their assault on the city walls and proceeded back to Mount
Minthrion. The Trapezuntine army advanced toward them and took their position near the Church of St. Prokopios. They skirmished with an advance party of Turkish horsemen, and leading men of both armies fell there, including, according to Lazaropoulos, the
375:
probably right in identifying them as a confused report of the 1214 siege of Sinope. In his edition of
Lazaropoulos' work, Jon Olof Rosenqvist notes several problems in Lazaropoulos' account, which led Rosenqvist to argue that he used two sources, one he identifies as consisting of hagiographic materials, and a second Rosenqvist speculates was an "epic composition in verse" comparable to the
699:. Only Lazaropoulos furnishes the information that Melik was "the son of the great Sultan Alatines Saapatines", and in a later passage mentions his cousin "Iatatine", whose son was killed in combat; these details may either be from a tradition only Lazaropoulos preserved or his own speculation. In some older research, there are three possible persons Melik has been identified with: a son of
562:
498:
549:. Michel Kuršanskis believes the locals considered this the largest army they had ever seen. The Sultan's men encircled the formidable walls and set fire to the market of Trebizond, which was part of the suburbs east of the city. As night fell, we are told that Emperor Andronikos Gidos left the citadel and went to pray in
648:, should cease and that the Trapezuntines should no longer be obliged either to perform military service to the sultan or to render tribute or gifts. The Sultan Melik is reportedly so impressed by this moderation that he sent an annual present of Arab horses to Andronikos and money to the St Eugenios monastery.
610:
That night, according to
Lazaropoulos, Saint Eugenios visited the Sultan and presented himself as the leader of the common people of the city and told the sultan the inhabitants wanted to betray the city to him. The Sultan then gathered his forces as quickly as he could and led them towards the city,
473:
of
Michael Panaretos uses the same words to date the defeat of Melik, so we can be assured the siege also fell within this period. But Lazaropoulos does not usually provide exact dates: this is the only one in his writings. Beyond providing the sequence of actions, he gives no information on how much
540:
before leading his own 500 horsemen against the vanguard of the Sultan's army. Although his 500 horses were outnumbered four-to-one by the Sultan's scouts, Andronikos won the first major engagement, scattering the enemy; but seeing that this was only a portion of his foe, after he secured the castle
469:
the
Byzantine year started on 1 September and ended on the last day of August, and because Alexios I died 1 February 1222, it is clear the second year of the reign of Andronikos began in February 1223, Lazaropoulos' dating points to some time between February 1223 and September of the same year. The
590:
Etoumes (whose predations led to this siege), and
Iatatines, the son of the Sultan's cousin, on the Seljuk side, while on the Trapezuntine side fell George Tornikes, the commander of the Trapezuntine troops, and four other prominent Trapezuntines. When the rest of the Sultan's army began to arrive,
585:
While the Sultan's army attacked the gate on this side of the city, the
Emperor and his commanders observed that the troops stationed around the Sultan's camp next to the church of St. Eugenios were dispirited and vulnerable. He released a cavalry attack upon that position, overrunning the Sultan's
573:
The next assault came the following day. The wall facing the seashore was low and judged vulnerable. Hence, the besiegers moved their tents along the shore from the Old
Arsenal as far as the "Western river" — the ravine immediately to the west of the walled city. "The trumpeters gave the signal for
594:
The Sultan's troops renewed their assault the next day. After ringing Arabic cymbals, rattles, and Libyan percussion instruments, they attacked with a single cry, shooting arrows and throwing javelins, stones, and other missiles. The defenders responded with their own missiles until the attacker's
468:
The date of the attack on Sinope and the ensuing siege of
Trebizond can be determined from three sources: John Lazaropoulos, Michael Panaretos, and Ali ibn al-Athir. John Lazaropoulos dates these events to the Byzantine year of the world 6371, in the second year of the reign of Andronikos I Gidos;
374:
of John Lazaropoulos. A possible fifth one is the Syrian chronicler Ibn Natif, who refers to a conflict dated around 1230 between Sultan Kaykubad and "Laskari" where Kaykubad won the first battle but lost the second; R.M. Shukurov has tried to identify those conflicts with this one, but Peacock is
606:
By this point, the people from the countryside, as well as the region of Matzouka, decided that the Sultan's army was not as formidable as they had first thought. Once night fell, a number of them raided the Sultan's camp: they stole horses, plundered the camp, took prisoners, and chased away the
569:
Over the next few days the Sultan inspected the walls of Trebizond, finding only the defenders' arrows. Then he made his decision and ordered the first assault. Lazaropoulos' text is unclear here, but the first assault was against a part of the walls near the citadel. The attackers were met by an
343:, which had been in place since 1214. However, more recent scholarship that considers the context of Seljuk Turkish history suggests that this battle should be seen as one episode in a struggle between Trebizond and Iconium over control of Sinope, the northern coast of Anatolia, and access to the
634:
At this point, the Sultan Melik fled the field with some of his guards. Some light-armed Matzoukans captured him at Kouratoreion; a church to St. Eugenios was constructed at the site, still standing in Lazaropoulos' time. Loukites described the Sultan, after being caught fleeing the battlefield,
602:
The next day, the Sultan delivered a speech to the city, demanding their surrender. In response, the Emperor invited the Sultan to send an embassy to discuss a possible treaty of peace; when the emissaries were inside the city, Andronikos made a point of showing them the ample stocks of food and
535:
The Emperor Andronikos had sent Theodore Polemarches with a band of reliable men to keep watch at the Narrow Pass; these encountered the advancing Seljuk force and skirmished with them. It was Theodore who sent word to the Emperor that the Sultan had arrived; Lazaropoulos observes that Emperor
643:
Melik was brought a prisoner to Trebizond, where Andronikos received him with honor. Andronikos summoned a council for advice about what to do with their important prisoner; his councilors agreed to release him. A pact was made between them that in the future, the tie of vassalage, which had
517:" because that country "is difficult of access but also abounding in warlike men, and that the march would not be easy." Upon receiving this intelligence, the Sultan moved his camp to a place somewhere above the Narrow Pass (which Rosenqvist identifies with the Pontic Gates, also known as
387:." Rosenqvist goes as far as to identify some words and phrases that may have come from the epic verse, although admitting "for purely statistical reasons a certain amount of such verse fragments—perhaps even complete verses—should be expected in a given amount of average Greek prose."
611:
expecting to meet his night-time visitor who would open the gates to him; instead, a mighty storm caught his unprepared men, who were subjected to thunder, hail, lightning, and high winds. A flood of water swept through the Seljuk troops, drowning some and scattering the rest.
336:, the city was close to being captured but was saved by an unusually severe storm. The Seljuq assaults were repulsed, and their army was annihilated on its retreat through the attacks of the Matzoukaites, fierce mountain tribes under Trebizond's rule, and Melik was captured.
591:"the Emperor calmly led his army off, and passing across the ravine of St. George and the place of Three Hazels he safely entered the city". The assault infuriated the Sultan, and he ordered that the church of St. Eugenios be pulled down and the floor broken and pulled up.
607:
guards. Again the Sultan vented his resentment against the church of St. Eugenios, inviting his men to make their quarters in the building while "some lascivious women" entertained them by "exciting themselves to frenzy", much to the horror of Lazaropoulos.
614:
Whether this miraculous storm was the work of Saint Eugenios and whether this storm was the cause of the Seljuk defeat, other sources confirm that the Sultan suffered a serious loss and was forced to lift his siege and flee.
381:. He suggests the image of his astrologers who, upon being asked for advice, consult an astrolabe, could have come from this lost epic, as it was "a standing element in medieval Turkish epics such as the fourteenth-century
687:' is a title ('king, sovereign') rather than a name and is of little help in identifying his man", writes Rosenqvist. Melik is mentioned as the leader of the Seljuks who besieged Trebizond in three primary sources: the
666:
in the 1220s, was now a neighbor of Trebizond. Andronikos considered neutrality impossible and allied with the Khwarizmshah and agreed to war with the Seljuks. Many of Jalal-ad-din's troops, after their defeat at the
117:
1055:, Lazaropoulos provides details about the location of this church to allow Rosenqvist to place it either at the base or on the eastern slopes of Mount Minthron. Rosenqvist,
110:
390:
The most detailed account of the siege and the events leading up to it is that of Lazaropoulos; unless otherwise stated, the following narrative is based on what he wrote.
1594:
1589:
410:. One of Andronikos' first acts was to negotiate a treaty with Sultan Melik, which stipulated peaceful relations between the rulers. However, Melik's vassal Etoumes,
1599:
574:
fight, and one single cry was uttered by all the godless," Lazaropoulos writes. "The commanders placed the armoured cavalry near to the wall and behind them the
570:
equal number of defenders, and aided by the difficult terrain that prevented more than a few of the enemy from approaching and strike, they rebuffed the attack.
442:
Etoumes was pressured to ransom the captives by releasing Paktiares, the ship, and its goods, and the expedition returned to Trebizond, elated by their success.
103:
671:
in 1230, sought refuge at Trebizond, leading Miller to conclude that Andronikos had assisted the Shah in that battle. Miller also cites the information of
848:
Michel Kuršanskis believes this treaty was a renewal of the one Andronikos' predecessor negotiated. (Kuršanskis, "L'empire de Trébizonde", pp. 114f)
623:, states it was St. Eugenios who not only took both the Sultan's men and property but helped Andronikos Gidos to capture Melik. The one detail
193:
1387:
1364:
339:
Historians of Trebizond have traditionally seen the failure of this siege as leading to the termination of Trebizond's vassal status to the
265:
438:) and pillaged the countryside up to the marketplace of Sinope, seizing the ships in the harbor and killing or capturing their crews.
1420:
465:"—which is commonly assumed to define the borders of the Empire during his reign. Both sides were prepared for the coming conflict.
1536:
1531:
198:
275:
255:
1551:
1510:
744:
550:
453:. Emperor Andronikos learned of the Sultan's mobilization and prepared for the coming conflict, gathering soldiers "from
240:
505:
At some undefined time after the raid on Sinope, Sultan Melik brought his forces through Katoukion, which lies between
578:, the soldiers who would throw rocks, the archers and those who carried shields, and between these those who operated
541:
of Labra, the Emperor withdrew into the city of Trebizond. The Sultan descended from the Pass and set up his camp on
1624:
1619:
1604:
1561:
1478:
1463:
668:
651:
127:
1546:
1541:
603:
supplies they had stocked up. The Sultan's men returned and reported what they saw, which distressed the Sultan.
546:
399:
188:
176:
156:
328:
757:"The Saliūq Campaign against the Crimea and the Expansionist Policy of the Early Reign of'Alā' al-Dīn Kayqubād"
228:
449:, he decided he could not bear this attack on his chief port on the Black Sea, and he mobilized his army at
407:
250:
171:
527:
430:; in response Emperor Andronikos ordered a retaliatory raid on Sinope. The Trapezuntine fleet anchored off
213:
141:
1614:
1609:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1413:
1268:
789:
Original-Fragmente, Chroniken, Inschiften und anderes Materiale zur Geschichte des Kaiserthums Trapezunt
491:
260:
218:
662:, invaded Anatolia in a direct challenge to the Sultanate of Iconium. Jalal-ad-din, who had conquered
616:
363:
340:
146:
1526:
1353:Ιστορία της Αυτοκρατορίας των Μεγάλων Κομνηνών της Τραπεζούντας (1204–1461). 2η Έκδοση με προσθήκες
741:
Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History c. 1071-1330
672:
403:
315:
182:
161:
68:
743:, 1968 (New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 2014), pp. 166f, 284; Michel Kuršanskis,
1556:
663:
233:
208:
166:
151:
85:
1357:
History of the Empire of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond (1204–1461). 2nd Edition with additions
1458:
1383:
1360:
704:
624:
513:, where his men camped. The inhabitants explained the best route would be "beyond and outside
510:
483:
355:
333:
245:
635:
being led "by the hand like a slave, he that before this used to be an utterly haughty man."
1473:
1406:
645:
383:
367:
350:
The details of the siege and the events leading up to it are preserved in four sources: the
319:
270:
223:
73:
1494:
565:
Fortification plan of Trebizond. The walls enclosing the Lower City did not exist in 1222.
542:
427:
377:
285:
280:
203:
707:; the Sultan Ala'al-Din Kaykubad, son of Giyat al-Din Kaykhusraw; or the Seljuq emir of
1468:
575:
1583:
1297:
579:
536:
Andronikos was at church when the news came, and he waited until he had received the
435:
417:
1076:, p. 319. On the identity of these landmarks, see Rosenqvist's discussion at p. 448.
561:
1313:
Zehiroglu, Ahmet M. ; "Trabzon Imparatorlugu 2" (Trabzon, 2016) ; p.14-15
675:, who wrote the ruler of Trebizond used to send the sultan 200 lances (1,000 men).
819:
The Hagiographic Dossier of St Eugenios of Trebizond in Codex Athous Dionysiou 154
654:
considers the independence of Trebizond gained with this victory ended in 1230.
518:
454:
700:
596:
1304:(Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1851), p. 333 and note; A. Savvides, pp. 79-88
655:
537:
344:
1359:] (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Kyriakidis Brothers S.A. pp. 58–61.
909:
Rosenqvist provides a brief discussion of the issues with this source in
659:
756:
95:
1429:
1327:
793:
Abhandlungen der historischen Classe der königlich bayerischen Akademie
708:
514:
506:
462:
450:
446:
431:
311:
43:
1382:] (in Turkish). Trabzon: Lazika Yayin Kolektifi. pp. 11–36.
531:
A 1833 watercolor by Godfrey Thomas Vigne of Trebizond from the south
458:
422:
684:
560:
526:
497:
496:
323:
307:
1210:
Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204-1461
728:
Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204-1461
412:
1402:
99:
1302:
The History of Greece and the Empire of Trebizond, (1204-1461)
347:
and its hinterlands that lasted for most of the 13th century.
978:
Likely Meydan, in the suburbs east of the city. Rosenqvist,
627:
shares about the Sultan's attack on Trebizond in his terse
599:" made a sortie on horseback and drove the attackers back.
426:
Alexios Paktiares and the taxes of Trebizond's province of
1398:
553:
to relieve his stress. The siege now began in earnest.
795:
4 (1844), abth. 1, pp. 11f; German translation, p. 42
420:, broke that treaty when he plundered a ship bearing
1234:
Lazaropoulos, Miracle 23; translated by Rosenqvist,
817:, ll. 1141-1599; translated by Jan Olof Rosenqvist,
1519:
1503:
1487:
1436:
745:"L'empire de Trébizonde et les Turcs au 13e siècle"
482:The most complete account of this engagement is in
857:Kuršanskis, "L'empire de Trébizonde", p. 115 n. 24
839:Rosenqvist, "The Hagiographic Dossier", pp. 60-63
445:When word of this attack reached Sultan Melik at
991:This is where Rosenqvist places "Epiphaneia". (
21:
821:(Uppsala: University Press, 1996), pp. 309-335
1414:
1250:, ll. 1154f, 1304; translated by Rosenqvist,
111:
8:
969:Kuršanskis, "L'empire de Trébizonde", p. 116
631:is that "nearly all of his men were lost".
1195:, ll. 1492-1587; translated in Rosenqvist,
1154:
1152:
1150:
1140:, ll. 1411-1473; translated in Rosenqvist,
1106:, ll. 1364-1388; translated in Rosenqvist,
1089:, ll. 1323-1338; translated in Rosenqvist,
1072:, ll. 1315-1317; translated in Rosenqvist,
1038:, ll. 1284-1287; translated in Rosenqvist,
1008:, ll. 1271-1279; translated in Rosenqvist,
956:, ll. 1220-1230; translated in Rosenqvist,
870:, ll. 1183-1192; translated by Rosenqvist,
779:
777:
775:
773:
1421:
1407:
1399:
1328:"Greeks and Türkmens: The Pontic Exception
1178:, l. 1474-1477; translated in Rosenqvist,
118:
104:
96:
18:
1595:Battles involving the Empire of Trebizond
1271:, "Trebizond and the Turks (1352-1402)",
1212:, 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), pp. 23f
887:, ll. 1151-54; translated by Rosenqvist,
730:, 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), pp. 23f
830:Peacock, "The Saliūq Campaign", pp. 146f
695:of Michael Panaretos, and Lazaropoulos'
1161:ll. 846-861; translated by Rosenqvist,
926:, ll. 1201f; translated in Rosenqvist,
719:
1552:Trebizond during the Armenian Genocide
900:Peacock, "The Saliūq Campaign", p. 147
804:Peacock, "The Saliūq Campaign", p. 146
406:faced a serious rival in the adjacent
1600:Sieges involving the Sultanate of Rum
1123:, l. 1398; translated in Rosenqvist,
755:(1988), pp. 109-124; A.C.S. Peacock,
326:. According to the late 14th-century
7:
761:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
360:Encomium of St Eugenius of Trebizond
1590:Sieges of the Byzantine–Seljuk wars
16:Turkish siege of Trebizond in 1223
14:
1351:Savvides, Alexios G. K. (2009).
1279:(1979), p. 333 n. 3; Rosenqvist,
306:in 1222–1223 was an unsuccessful
1380:The Empire of Trebizond (Vol.2)
619:, alluding to the siege in his
1511:Karadeniz Technical University
1267:(Brussels, 1969), p. 72 n. 2;
644:previously bound Trebizond to
1:
1374:Zehiroglu, Ahmet. M. (2016).
726:For example, William Miller,
711:, Mugit al-Din Tughril Shah.
691:of Constantine Loukites, the
595:arrows were exhausted, when "
551:Panagia Chrysokephalos Church
224:Campaigns of John II Komnenos
1537:Siege of Trebizond (1222–23)
1532:Siege of Trebizond (1205–06)
1059:, p. 416, note on lines 421f
995:, p. 444, note on line 1276)
398:On the ascension of Emperor
370:, and most extensively, the
1025:, p. 445, note on line 1283
982:, p. 442, note on line 1254
749:Revue des études byzantines
547:Monastery of Saint Eugenios
1641:
1562:Trebizond Peace Conference
1479:World Trade Center Trabzon
1051:In another miracle in his
329:Synopsis of Saint Eugenios
1570:
1547:Siege of Trebizond (1461)
1542:Siege of Trebizond (1282)
137:
79:
62:
26:
1572:This list is incomplete.
1352:
889:The Hagiographic Dossier
872:The Hagiographic Dossier
1376:Trabzon İmparatorluğu 2
787:, ch. 2. Greek text in
408:Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
1265:Trébizonde en Colchide
566:
532:
502:
276:Antioch on the Meander
256:Hyelion and Leimocheir
80:Commanders and leaders
1332:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
1269:Elizabeth Zachariadou
564:
530:
500:
314:, the capital of the
129:Byzantine–Seljuk wars
1326:, p. 125; A. Bryer,
1281:Hagiographic Dossier
1252:Hagiographic Dossier
1236:Hagiographic Dossier
1223:Hagiographic Dossier
1197:Hagiographic Dossier
1180:Hagiographic Dossier
1163:Hagiographic Dossier
1142:Hagiographic Dossier
1125:Hagiographic Dossier
1108:Hagiographic Dossier
1091:Hagiographic Dossier
1074:Hagiographic Dossier
1057:Hagiographic Dossier
1040:Hagiographic Dossier
1023:Hagiographic Dossier
1010:Hagiographic Dossier
993:Hagiographic Dossier
980:Hagiographic Dossier
958:Hagiographic Dossier
941:Hagiographic Dossier
928:Hagiographic Dossier
911:Hagiographic Dossier
689:Encomium on Eugenios
669:Battle of Yassıçemen
621:Encomium on Eugenios
617:Constantine Loukites
557:Assaults and sorties
364:Constantine Loukites
341:Sultanate of Iconium
54:Trapezuntine victory
1527:Empire of Trebizond
1294:Original Fragmenten
813:John Lazaropoulos,
767:(2006), pp. 133-149
701:Ala'al-Din Kaykubad
673:Vincent de Beauvais
597:the sons of the Laz
404:Empire of Trebizond
384:Melikdanismendnameh
366:, the chronicle of
69:Empire of Trebizond
1557:Trebizond Campaign
1324:Pre-Ottoman Turkey
567:
533:
503:
400:Andronikos I Gidos
304:siege of Trebizond
86:Andronikos I Gidos
22:Siege of Trebizond
1625:Conflicts in 1223
1620:Conflicts in 1222
1605:Sieges of Trabzon
1577:
1576:
1464:Saint Anne Church
1459:New Friday Mosque
1389:978-605-4567-52-2
1366:978-960-467-121-2
705:Sultan of Iconium
679:Identity of Melik
625:Michael Panaretos
484:John Lazaropoulos
356:Michael Panaretos
334:John Lazaropoulos
299:
298:
94:
93:
58:
57:
1632:
1474:Walls of Trabzon
1423:
1416:
1409:
1400:
1393:
1370:
1339:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1305:
1290:
1284:
1261:
1255:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1172:
1166:
1156:
1145:
1134:
1128:
1117:
1111:
1100:
1094:
1083:
1077:
1066:
1060:
1049:
1043:
1032:
1026:
1019:
1013:
1002:
996:
989:
983:
976:
970:
967:
961:
950:
944:
937:
931:
920:
914:
907:
901:
898:
892:
881:
875:
864:
858:
855:
849:
846:
840:
837:
831:
828:
822:
811:
805:
802:
796:
781:
768:
737:
731:
724:
658:, the Sultan of
478:First skirmishes
368:Ali ibn al-Athir
322:under a certain
320:Sultanate of Rum
132:
130:
120:
113:
106:
97:
74:Sultanate of Rum
28:
27:
19:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1629:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1566:
1515:
1499:
1495:Trabzon Airport
1483:
1432:
1427:
1390:
1373:
1367:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1345:Further reading
1342:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1296:, pp. 107-109;
1291:
1287:
1273:Archeion Pontou
1262:
1258:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1203:
1190:
1186:
1173:
1169:
1157:
1148:
1135:
1131:
1118:
1114:
1101:
1097:
1084:
1080:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1046:
1033:
1029:
1020:
1016:
1003:
999:
990:
986:
977:
973:
968:
964:
951:
947:
938:
934:
921:
917:
908:
904:
899:
895:
882:
878:
865:
861:
856:
852:
847:
843:
838:
834:
829:
825:
812:
808:
803:
799:
782:
771:
738:
734:
725:
721:
717:
681:
641:
559:
543:Mount Minthrion
524:
480:
396:
378:Digenis Akritas
316:namesake empire
300:
295:
133:
128:
126:
124:
46:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1638:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1568:
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1565:
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1554:
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1529:
1523:
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1507:
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1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
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1484:
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1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Trabzon Museum
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1371:
1365:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1338:(1975), p. 123
1315:
1306:
1285:
1256:
1254:, pp. 311, 319
1240:
1227:
1214:
1201:
1191:Lazaropoulos,
1184:
1174:Lazaropoulos,
1167:
1146:
1136:Lazaropoulos,
1129:
1119:Lazaropoulos,
1112:
1102:Lazaropoulos,
1095:
1085:Lazaropoulos,
1078:
1068:Lazaropoulos,
1061:
1044:
1034:Lazaropoulos,
1027:
1014:
1004:Lazaropoulos,
997:
984:
971:
962:
952:Lazaropoulos,
945:
932:
922:Lazaropoulos,
915:
902:
893:
876:
866:Lazaropoulos,
859:
850:
841:
832:
823:
806:
797:
769:
763:, 3rd series,
739:Claude Cahen,
732:
718:
716:
713:
680:
677:
652:William Miller
640:
637:
580:battering-rams
558:
555:
479:
476:
395:
392:
297:
296:
294:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
237:
236:
231:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
138:
135:
134:
125:
123:
122:
115:
108:
100:
92:
91:
88:
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81:
77:
76:
71:
65:
64:
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59:
56:
55:
52:
48:
47:
42:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1637:
1626:
1623:
1621:
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1397:
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1333:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:George Finlay
1295:
1292:Fallmerayer,
1289:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1263:E. Janssens,
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1238:, pp. 309-335
1237:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
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1177:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1144:, pp. 325-329
1143:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1126:
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1116:
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1109:
1105:
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1028:
1024:
1018:
1015:
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1007:
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985:
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949:
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942:
936:
933:
929:
925:
919:
916:
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903:
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894:
890:
886:
883:Lazaropoulos
880:
877:
873:
869:
863:
860:
854:
851:
845:
842:
836:
833:
827:
824:
820:
816:
810:
807:
801:
798:
794:
791:, part 2; in
790:
786:
780:
778:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
736:
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686:
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676:
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632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
612:
608:
604:
600:
598:
592:
589:
583:
581:
577:
571:
563:
556:
554:
552:
548:
544:
539:
529:
525:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
499:
495:
493:
489:
485:
477:
475:
472:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:
419:
415:
414:
409:
405:
402:in 1222, the
401:
393:
391:
388:
386:
385:
380:
379:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
337:
335:
331:
330:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
292:
291:2nd Trebizond
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
266:1st Trebizond
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
251:Myriokephalon
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
184:
183:2nd Manzikert
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
157:1st Manzikert
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
136:
131:
121:
116:
114:
109:
107:
102:
101:
98:
89:
87:
84:
83:
78:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
61:
53:
50:
49:
45:
41:
38:
37:
33:
30:
29:
25:
20:
1615:1223 in Asia
1610:1222 in Asia
1454:Hagia Sophia
1449:Fatih Mosque
1444:Boztepe Hill
1396:
1379:
1375:
1356:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1222:
1221:Rosenqvist,
1217:
1209:
1204:
1199:, p. 329-335
1196:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1021:Rosenqvist,
1017:
1009:
1005:
1000:
992:
987:
979:
974:
965:
957:
953:
948:
940:
939:Rosenqvist,
935:
927:
923:
918:
913:, pp. 50-63.
910:
905:
896:
888:
884:
879:
871:
867:
862:
853:
844:
835:
826:
818:
814:
809:
800:
792:
788:
784:
764:
760:
752:
748:
740:
735:
727:
722:
696:
692:
688:
682:
656:Jalal-ad-din
650:
642:
633:
628:
620:
613:
609:
605:
601:
593:
587:
584:
572:
568:
545:next to the
534:
523:
504:
487:
481:
470:
467:
444:
439:
421:
411:
397:
389:
382:
376:
371:
359:
351:
349:
338:
327:
303:
301:
290:
261:Claudiopolis
189:2nd Caesarea
181:
167:1st Caesarea
63:Belligerents
783:Panaretos,
519:Zigana Pass
501:Zigana pass
455:Soteropolis
241:2nd Iconium
219:Philomelion
172:1st Iconium
1584:Categories
1283:, pp. 434f
1225:, pp. 434f
715:References
394:Background
214:2nd Nicaea
204:1st Nicaea
147:Vaspurakan
1504:Education
1488:Transport
1437:Landmarks
785:Chronicle
693:Chronicle
639:Aftermath
629:Chronicle
538:Eucharist
471:Chronicle
352:Chronicle
345:Black Sea
318:, by the
312:Trebizond
246:Turbessel
234:Sozopolis
194:Oinousses
44:Trebizond
34:1222–1223
1248:Synopsis
1208:Miller,
1193:Synopsis
1182:, p. 329
1176:Synopsis
1165:, p. 165
1159:Encomium
1138:Synopsis
1127:, p. 325
1121:Synopsis
1110:, p. 323
1104:Synopsis
1093:, p. 321
1087:Synopsis
1070:Synopsis
1053:Synopsis
1042:, p. 317
1036:Synopsis
1012:, p. 317
1006:Synopsis
960:, p. 315
954:Synopsis
943:, p. 407
930:, p. 313
924:Synopsis
891:, p. 311
885:Synopsis
874:, p. 313
868:Synopsis
815:Synopsis
697:Synopsis
660:Khwarizm
576:slingers
511:Zailousa
492:Eugenios
488:Synopsis
434:(modern
372:Synopsis
229:Laodicea
209:Mersivan
177:Sebastia
152:Kapetron
39:Location
1520:History
1430:Trabzon
1322:Cahen,
709:Bayburt
664:Georgia
646:Iconium
515:Chaldia
507:Bayburt
463:Oinaion
451:Erzurum
447:Iconium
432:Karousa
428:Cherson
271:Antalya
199:Antioch
1386:
1363:
459:Lazica
423:archon
418:Sinope
358:, the
281:Sinope
51:Result
1378:[
1355:[
685:Melik
436:Gerze
324:Melik
308:siege
286:Sudak
142:Ganja
90:Melik
1384:ISBN
1361:ISBN
588:rais
509:and
457:and
440:Rais
413:rais
302:The
31:Date
1330:",
582:."
521:).
461:to
416:of
362:by
354:of
332:of
310:of
162:Ani
1586::
1336:29
1334:,
1300:,
1277:35
1275:,
1149:^
772:^
765:16
759:,
753:46
751:,
747:,
703:,
683:"'
494:.
486:'
1422:e
1415:t
1408:v
1392:.
1369:.
119:e
112:t
105:v
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