39:
1393:, were disbanded and a garrison of governmental troops would be placed in the city to maintain order. The Catholic magistrate would have liked to comply, but dared not to contradict the consistory; the Calvinists there stubbornly resisted letting in a garrison. Instead, the consistory ordered that the magistrate defend, improve, and fortify the city walls; as a fortress city, Valenciennes was quite defensible. Because the magistrate did not comply with his demands, Noircarmes declared the city in rebellion on 17 September 1566. In November, Noircarmes tried to prevent a (costly) siege by seeking to persuade governor-general
1414:
1463:
Valenciennes were virtually on their own. Yet they continued to fight back, and made regular sorties out of the city to forage for food in the area, and returned to
Valenciennes resupplied. Several contemporary Catholic writers were amazed that untrained and ill-armed civilians lasted so long against governmental forces. The besiegers tried to starve the defenders by pillaging and destroying all the useful land in the area; in Protestant propaganda that the Calvinist rebels directed to the
172:
146:
1448:. Initially, the Calvinists only had the 300-strong urban militia, but they began arming the workers in late 1566. It is estimated by Kuttner (1949) that at least "far more than three hundred proletarians, and probably as many as two or three times as many fought for the city." The Calvinist theocracy that was established in beleaguered Valenciennes has led historians to draw comparisons with the
1375:
Calvinists actually had power in
Valenciennes. Under the leadership of the radical preachers Pérégrin de La Grange and Guido de Brès, especially the poor and textile workers were roused to lay down their work en masse, and come and listen to their sermons. The fanatical Calvinist preachers saw this as confirmation of their belief that all the people only wanted to hear God's Word, and so that the
1380:
economy, let alone the risk that the government would try to retake the city. Gilles le Clercq, who had served as general secretary of the
Calvinist movement during the summer months, had come to Valenciennes in order to collect money for war preparations, but he was sent away by De Brès, who said he wasn't interested in that sort of thing.
1404:
on 14 December 1566, imposed a ban on
Valenciennes. The rural population in the area was forbidden to trade or have any contact with the city, carrying weapons and holding armed gatherings was prohibited, and anyone violating these measures would be treated as an enemy of the king. This tightened the
1987:
The history of
Holland and the Dutch nation: from the beginning of the tenth century to the end of the eighteenth; including an account of the municipal institutions, commercial pursuits, and social habits of the people; the rise and progress of the Protestant reformation, in Holland; the intestine
1529:
Initially, De La Grange and De Brès managed to escape, but they were captured and brought to
Tournai on 31 March. The cities of Tournai and Valenciennes argued for a while about who should try them; Valenciennes won, and Tournai extradicted the two captives. On 31 May 1567, De La Grange and De Brès
1462:
After the
Protestant defeats at Wattrelos and Lannoy, the situation within the city became more serious, and Noircarmes increasingly isolated Valenciennes. When the stadtholder also occupied Tournai in the night of 1 to 2 January 1567 and expelled the Calvinists there, the rebellious Protestants in
1379:
would surely soon come. Meanwhile, however, Valenciennes fell into an economic crisis because the industry had declined sharply after many textile labourers started listening to de La Grange and De Brès's preaching instead of working. But the two were not concerned with such practicalities as the
1374:
reached the city on 24 August 1566, the Prévost-le Comte had been driven out of the city; during the iconoclasm, the
Catholic clergy were also expelled. Although the magistrate (the city council) was still Catholic, it did not dare to act against the will of the Reformed consistory, so that the
1397:
to impose a trade blockade on the city. However, she did not want to go that far yet, and instructed
Noircarmes to once again negotiate for a peaceful solution; when this failed once more, Noircarmes began to surround and cut off Valenciennes from the outside world in late November and early
1398:
December. De la Grange succeeded on the night of 5 to 6 December 1566 to persuade the
Assembly to (again) reject a royal garrison. Noircarmes' decision of 17 September to declare the city a rebel was finally confirmed by government
1516:
as mediators to the city, to no avail. De La Grange, De Brès and their allies addressed them with hubris, whereupon Noircarmes on 20 March decided to shell the city, which lasted for 36 hours. On 23 March 1567
1388:
As acting stadtholder of Hainaut, Noircarmes opened negotiations with the magistrate of Valenciennes to restore order. Noircarmes demanded that the urban militias, who had sided with the Protestants during the
205:
1429:
Initially Noircarmes limited himself to encirlement without shelling to prevent bloodshed. A group of Calvinists led by Jan Denys tried to relieve Valenciennes, but it was defeated by
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were hanged on the market square of Valenciennes. Due to Valenciennes' capitulation, other Calvinist strongholds quickly surrendered.
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1252:
884:
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299:
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1493:(1537–1567) gathered a Geuzen army at Oosterweel to relieve Valenciennes, but it was devastatingly defeated in the
1282:
1154:
1139:
1134:
971:
798:
793:
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496:
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1566:. This was later augmented with two more foreign regiments and five native Netherlandish ones, among whom two of
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nobility in the hope of outside support, they portrayed the Noircarmes government forces who employed these
1262:
1215:
1149:
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668:
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521:
426:
2012:
1521:), the defenders surrendered, and Noircarmes was able to make his entry into Valenciennes on the same day.
1503:
2075:"De economie als factor bij het begin van de opstand in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden door Herman van der Wee"
1981:
1413:
1362:, subdued the city after months of failed negotiations, starvation, and finally an artillery bombardment.
1240:
992:
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889:
813:
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536:
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783:
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688:
621:
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591:
384:
1430:
1370:
Valenciennes was one of the most important cities that fell to the Calvinists in 1566; even before the
1494:
1452:
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1159:
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803:
683:
606:
541:
476:
354:
324:
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215:
176:
30:
1475:
1405:
blockade, which increasingly took the form of a siege, although no artillery fire was employed yet.
1801:
1441:
1319:
1290:
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1144:
1107:
874:
844:
753:
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738:
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526:
339:
289:
264:
80:
1885:
1665:
1547:
1196:
466:
411:
399:
319:
294:
1546:
It is often presumed that these troops were Spanish mercenaries, but this is not correct. King
1960:
1456:
1394:
1355:
1346:
703:
616:
416:
76:
1435:
2000:
1445:
1341:
586:
531:
516:
359:
349:
279:
269:
164:
1112:
1087:
904:
601:
581:
571:
456:
436:
369:
1468:
849:
825:
334:
150:
44:
2112:
2107:
2101:
1488:
1484:
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2038:(in Dutch). Amsterdam: Amsterdamsche Boek- en Courantmaatschappij. pp. 374–381
1332:
1315:
758:
254:
72:
1954:
1444:
on 27 December 1566. Two days later another group of fighters lost to Noircarmes
1556:
1518:
1351:
546:
1985:
1956:
Lille and the Dutch Revolt: Urban Stability in an Era of Revolution, 1500–1582
1449:
1418:
2032:
Kuttner, Erich (1949). "XLVI De belegering van Valenciennes en de tous-nus".
183:
106:
93:
1337:
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1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1400:
1562:
1464:
84:
1323:
171:
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1350:) fortified themselves within Valenciennes' walls. The acting
1909:
1907:
1855:
1853:
1783:
1781:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1508:. Margaret still had patience with Valenciennes, and sent
1314:
took place between 14 December 1566 and 23 March 1567 at
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1823:
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1732:
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1600:
1598:
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1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1959:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 392.
1344:(also called "Guy de Bray", the author of the 1561
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1440:(lord of Rassenghien), commander of Lille, in the
1340:under the leadership of Pérégrin de La Grange and
1607:"Noircarmes, Filips van Sint-Aldegonde, heer van"
23:
2085:. Royal Netherlands Historical Society: 15–32
199:
8:
1336:, which reached the city on 24 August 1566,
1690:
206:
192:
184:
20:
2138:Battles involving the Spanish Netherlands
2048:(translated from German by Johan Winkler)
1937:
1471:tactics as the most horrific barbarians.
1417:The capture of Valenciennes according to
1412:
16:Spanish victory in the Eighty Years' War
1925:
1913:
1871:
1859:
1787:
1772:
1753:
1736:
1638:
1582:
1539:
1322:. It is sometimes considered the first
2079:BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review
7:
2143:Military history of Hauts-de-France
1714:, p. Valenciennes / Valencijn.
1552:Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
14:
1988:dissensions, foreign wars, &c
1711:
2173:1567 in the Habsburg Netherlands
2168:1566 in the Habsburg Netherlands
1474:At the beginning of March 1567,
170:
144:
63:14 December 1566 – 23 March 1567
37:
2128:Sieges of the Eighty Years' War
2060:(in Dutch). Universiteit Leiden
1554:to recruit ten thousand German
2019:(in French). Leiden University
1:
2123:Eighty Years' War (1566–1609)
1953:DuPlessis, Robert S. (2002).
1892:(in Dutch). Leiden University
1838:(in Dutch). Leiden University
1808:(in Dutch). Leiden University
1672:(in Dutch). Leiden University
1613:(in Dutch). Leiden University
49:De Bello belgico decades duae
43:Capture of Valenciennes from
2073:Van der Wee, Herman (1969).
1499:Philip of Lannoy (died 1574)
2005:siege of Valenciennes 1567.
1570:; Cf. Davies, pp. 531, 536.
2189:
2013:"Valenciennes / Valencijn"
225:
156:
134:
55:
36:
28:
1802:"Grange, Pérégrin de la"
1423:Nederlantsche oorloghen
2133:Sieges involving Spain
2058:dutchrevolt.leiden.edu
2017:dutchrevolt.leiden.edu
1890:dutchrevolt.leiden.edu
1836:dutchrevolt.leiden.edu
1806:dutchrevolt.leiden.edu
1670:dutchrevolt.leiden.edu
1611:dutchrevolt.leiden.edu
1426:
157:Commanders and leaders
1416:
1312:siege of Valenciennes
162:Pérégrin de La Grange
24:Siege of Valenciennes
1495:Battle of Oosterweel
1360:Philip of Noircarmes
1170:2nd Cape St. Vincent
1060:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch
967:1st Cape St. Vincent
910:1st 's-Hertogenbosch
826:1st English Channel
642:Ten Years, 1588–1598
177:Philip of Noircarmes
2118:History of Flanders
2052:Anton van der Lem.
2035:Het hongerjaar 1566
1884:Anton van der Lem.
1830:Anton van der Lem.
1800:Anton van der Lem.
1664:Anton van der Lem.
1605:Anton van der Lem.
1560:and three thousand
1442:Battle of Wattrelos
1320:Spanish Netherlands
1160:3rd English Channel
980:Twelve Years' Truce
962:2nd English Channel
870:1st Schenckenschans
724:3rd Geertruidenberg
659:2nd Geertruidenberg
365:1st Geertruidenberg
103: /
81:Spanish Netherlands
1928:, p. 379–380.
1916:, p. 378–379.
1886:"Wille, Ambrosius"
1874:, p. 377–378.
1862:, p. 376–377.
1790:, p. 375–376.
1756:, p. 374–375.
1427:
1093:2nd Schenkenschans
1035:2nd Bergen op Zoom
654:1st Bergen op Zoom
2163:Conflicts in 1567
2158:Conflicts in 1566
1550:had commissioned
1455:(1534–1535), and
1453:Münster rebellion
1431:Maximilian Vilain
1395:Margaret of Parma
1347:Belgic Confession
1328:Eighty Years' War
1307:
1306:
217:Eighty Years' War
182:
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130:
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77:County of Hainaut
31:Eighty Years' War
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2001:Internet Archive
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1666:"Brès, Guido de"
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1377:heavenly kingdom
1330:. Following the
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1241:2nd Saint Martin
1211:1st Saint Martin
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1497:on 13 March by
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1457:Calvin's Geneva
1433:
1411:
1386:
1368:
1308:
1303:
1287:
1192:Bay of Matanzas
1129:European waters
1014:
976:
946:European waters
854:
840:Gulf of Almería
820:European waters
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628:European waters
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441:
406:European waters
304:
239:
236:
234:List of battles
221:
216:
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212:
169:
163:
143:
126:Spanish victory
111:
109:
105:
102:
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94:
92:
90:
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88:
51:(reprint 1727).
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2186:
2184:
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2153:1567 in Europe
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2096:
2095:
2070:
2049:
2029:
2008:
1978:
1965:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1940:, p. 230.
1938:DuPlessis 2002
1930:
1918:
1903:
1876:
1864:
1849:
1819:
1792:
1777:
1775:, p. 375.
1758:
1741:
1739:, p. 374.
1716:
1695:
1683:
1643:
1641:, p. 378.
1624:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1538:
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1526:
1523:
1476:Jan van Marnix
1469:scorched earth
1410:
1407:
1385:
1382:
1367:
1364:
1318:, then in the
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1299:Historiography
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1236:Southern Chile
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1069:2nd Maastricht
1062:
1057:
1052:
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1042:
1037:
1032:
1024:Western Europe
1021:
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45:Famiano Strada
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2084:
2080:
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2050:
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2036:
2030:
2018:
2014:
2011:Junot, Yves.
2009:
2006:
2002:
1990:
1989:
1983:
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1968:
1966:9780521894173
1962:
1958:
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1702:
1700:
1696:
1693:, p. 15.
1692:
1687:
1684:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1533:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1459:(1536–1564).
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:Guido de Brès
1339:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
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1249:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:2nd Gibraltar
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:5th Rheinberg
1081:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1050:2nd Oldenzaal
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
1000:
994:
991:
990:
989:
988:
981:
978:
977:
973:
972:1st Gibraltar
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
944:
941:
938:
936:
935:4th Rheinberg
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
900:3rd Rheinberg
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
866:
865:
859:
856:
855:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
829:
824:
823:
819:
818:
815:
812:
810:
809:1st Oldenzaal
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
779:2nd Rheinberg
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
739:2nd Luxemburg
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:2nd Coevorden
727:
725:
722:
720:
719:1st Luxemburg
717:
715:
714:1st Coevorden
712:
710:
709:2nd Steenwijk
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
649:
643:
640:
639:
635:
634:Ponta Delgada
632:
631:
627:
626:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
612:1st Rheinberg
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
512:1st Steenwijk
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
493:
492:
486:
483:
482:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
453:
452:
446:
443:
442:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
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418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
405:
404:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
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371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
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341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
309:
306:
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301:
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296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
251:
250:
244:
241:
240:
235:
231:
228:
227:
224:
219:
209:
204:
202:
197:
195:
190:
189:
186:
178:
173:
168:
166:
165:Guido de Brès
161:
160:
155:
152:
147:
142:
139:
138:
133:
125:
122:
121:
116:
112:50.350; 3.517
86:
83:(present-day
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
66:
62:
59:
58:
54:
50:
46:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2087:. Retrieved
2082:
2081:(in Dutch).
2078:
2062:. Retrieved
2057:
2040:. Retrieved
2034:
2021:. Retrieved
2016:
2004:
1999:– via
1993:. Retrieved
1986:
1982:Davies, C.M.
1970:. Retrieved
1955:
1947:Bibliography
1933:
1926:Kuttner 1949
1921:
1914:Kuttner 1949
1894:. Retrieved
1889:
1879:
1872:Kuttner 1949
1867:
1860:Kuttner 1949
1840:. Retrieved
1835:
1810:. Retrieved
1805:
1795:
1788:Kuttner 1949
1773:Kuttner 1949
1754:Kuttner 1949
1737:Kuttner 1949
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1669:
1639:Kuttner 1949
1615:. Retrieved
1610:
1561:
1557:landsknechte
1555:
1542:
1528:
1473:
1461:
1428:
1422:
1399:
1391:Beeldenstorm
1390:
1387:
1384:Encirclement
1372:Beeldenstorm
1371:
1369:
1345:
1333:Beeldenstorm
1331:
1316:Valenciennes
1311:
1309:
1246:
1245:
1221:2nd Salvador
1203:
1182:1st Salvador
1175:
1174:
1150:Lizard Point
1128:
1127:
1108:2nd Roermond
1077:1st Roermond
1023:
1022:
998:
997:
986:
985:
952:Dover Strait
920:Hoogstraaten
890:Lekkerbeetje
863:
862:
827:
674:2nd Deventer
647:
646:
502:2nd Mechelen
490:
489:
472:1st Deventer
450:
449:
330:1st Mechelen
313:
312:
260:Valenciennes
255:Beeldenstorm
248:
247:
140:Dutch rebels
135:Belligerents
73:Valenciennes
48:
29:Part of the
18:
2054:"Wattrelos"
1991:. G. Willis
1832:"Wattrelos"
1519:Palm Sunday
1502: [
1479: [
1446:near Lannoy
1434: [
1352:stadtholder
1247:East Indies
1187:Puerto Rico
1055:4th Groenlo
1010:Playa Honda
999:East Indies
982:, 1609–1621
940:3rd Groenlo
885:San Andreas
789:2nd Groenlo
749:1st Groenlo
684:Knodsenburg
669:2nd Zutphen
617:1st Zutphen
572:3rd Antwerp
557:Steenbergen
547:2nd Antwerp
457:1st Antwerp
432:Reimerswaal
395:Schoonhoven
385:Mookerheyde
285:Heiligerlee
110: /
2102:Categories
1578:References
1450:Anabaptist
1419:Pieter Bor
1366:Background
1338:Calvinists
930:2nd Lingen
895:Nieuwpoort
875:Zaltbommel
814:1st Lingen
794:Bredevoort
477:Borgerhout
380:Valkenburg
355:IJsselmeer
345:Middelburg
300:Le Quesnoy
275:Oosterweel
1525:Aftermath
1295:Aftermath
1231:Itamaracá
1216:1st Unare
1202:Trujillo
1165:The Downs
1140:2nd Cádiz
1123:4th Hulst
1118:3rd Hulst
1103:3rd Venlo
1098:4th Breda
1073:2nd Venlo
1045:3rd Breda
1018:1621–1648
957:2nd Sluis
925:3rd Sluis
915:2nd Grave
858:1599–1609
845:1st Cádiz
804:Ootmarsum
784:1st Meurs
769:2nd Hulst
734:Groningen
689:1st Hulst
664:2nd Breda
622:1st Sluis
597:1st Venlo
592:1st Grave
552:Eindhoven
527:Noordhorn
522:1st Breda
485:1579–1588
445:1576–1579
427:Zuiderzee
400:Zierikzee
390:Oudewater
308:1572–1576
290:Jemmingen
265:Wattrelos
243:1566–1572
1984:(1851).
1568:Walloons
1514:Aarschot
1253:Mormugão
1206:Campeche
1197:Abrolhos
1176:Americas
830:Flanders
799:Enschede
774:Turnhout
759:2nd Lier
704:Caudebec
694:Nijmegen
679:Delfzijl
542:1st Lier
467:Rijmenam
462:Gembloux
412:Flushing
295:Jodoigne
68:Location
2089:31 July
2064:31 July
2042:31 July
2023:31 July
1972:31 July
1896:31 July
1842:31 July
1812:31 July
1676:31 July
1617:31 July
1425:(1621).
1401:placard
1356:Hainaut
1326:of the
1263:Malacca
1226:Cabañas
1155:Dunkirk
1040:Fleurus
1005:Ternate
532:Niezijl
417:Borsele
360:Alkmaar
350:Haarlem
340:Naarden
320:Brielle
230:Origins
95:50°21′N
1995:3 June
1963:
1563:reiter
1548:Philip
1510:Egmont
1465:Geuzen
1283:Cavite
1278:Manila
1088:Leuven
1030:Jülich
993:Aachen
905:Ostend
850:Azores
764:Calais
587:Boksum
577:Arnhem
537:Lochem
517:Kollum
370:Leiden
280:Dahlen
270:Lannoy
123:Result
98:3°31′E
85:France
1712:Junot
1534:Notes
1506:]
1491:]
1438:]
1409:Siege
1324:siege
1291:Peace
1258:Galle
1145:Slaak
1113:Kallo
1065:Meuse
754:Lippe
699:Rouen
607:Neuss
582:Empel
567:Aalst
562:Ghent
507:Diest
437:Lillo
375:Delft
2113:1567
2108:1566
2091:2022
2066:2022
2044:2022
2025:2022
1997:2018
1974:2022
1961:ISBN
1898:2022
1844:2022
1814:2022
1678:2022
1619:2022
1512:and
1310:The
880:Rees
602:Axel
335:Goes
325:Mons
60:Date
1421:'s
1354:of
744:Huy
47:'s
2104::
2083:83
2077:.
2056:.
2015:.
2003:.
1906:^
1888:.
1852:^
1834:.
1822:^
1804:.
1780:^
1761:^
1744:^
1719:^
1698:^
1668:.
1646:^
1627:^
1609:.
1585:^
1504:nl
1489:nl
1487:;
1485:it
1483:;
1481:de
1436:nl
1358:,
1297:–
1293:–
1075:,
1071:,
232:–
79:,
75:,
2093:.
2068:.
2046:.
2027:.
1976:.
1900:.
1846:.
1816:.
1680:.
1621:.
1517:(
1204:·
1079:)
1067:(
828:·
207:e
200:t
193:v
87:)
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