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clear that the
Americans had to abandon the wall or force the Chinese to retreat. At 2:00 am on July 3 the foreigners launched an assault against the Chinese barricade on the wall with 26 British, 15 Russian and 15 Americans under the command of American Capt. John T. Myers. As hoped, the attack caught the Chinese sleeping; about 20 of them were killed and the survivors expelled from the barricades. Two American Marines were killed, and Capt. Myers was wounded and spent the rest of the siege in the hospital. The capture of Chinese positions on the Wall was hailed as the "pivot of our destiny" by one of the besieged. The Chinese did not attempt to regain or advance their positions on the Tartar Wall for the remainder of the siege.
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1170:, the most admired military officer in the siege. Shiba, with his small group of Japanese soldiers, mounted a skillful defense against the Chinese who advanced behind walls built ever-closer to the Japanese, threatening to surround them in a vise-like grip. British soldiers were often detailed to reinforce the Japanese during attacks and all admired Shiba's work. The most desperate fighting took place near the French Legation, where 78 French and Austrians and 17 volunteers were under assault in convoluted urban terrain, in which the front lines were only 50 ft (15 m) from each other. The French also feared that Chinese
1002:, and German soldiers captured another Boxer. In response, that afternoon thousands of Boxers burst into the walled city of Beijing and burned most of the Christian churches and cathedrals in the city, murdering many Chinese Christians and several Catholic priests. The Boxers accused Chinese Christians of collaborating with the foreigners. American and British missionaries and their converts took refuge in the Methodist Mission and American marines repulsed an attack there by the Boxers. Soldiers at the British embassy and German legations shot and killed several Boxers. The siege was called by the
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occasions, had they been ready to make a sacrifice of a few hundred lives, they could have extinguished the defence in an hour." However, the equivocation on the part of the
Chinese to use their military assets decisively against the Legation Quarter does not deny the fact that soldiers on both sides fought and died in large numbers. The foreign soldiers defending the Legation Quarter suffered heavy casualties. Of the 409 soldiers, 55 were killed and 135 wounded, a casualty rate of 46.5%. In addition, 13 civilians were killed and 24 wounded, mostly men who participated in the defence.
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scaled the walls rather than attempting to force their way through a fortified gate. However, it was the
British who won the race to relieve the siege of the legations. They entered the city through an unguarded gate and proceeded with virtually no opposition. At 3:00 pm the British passed through a drainage ditch—the "water gate"—under the Tartar Wall. Sikh and Rajput soldiers from India and their British officers had the honor of being the first to enter the Legation Quarter. The Chinese armies ringing the legation quarter melted away. A short time later the British commander, Gen.
941:—for their acrobatic rituals which included martial arts, twirling swords, prayers and incantations. The Boxers believed that with the proper ritual they would become invulnerable to Western bullets. The religious and magical practices of the Boxers had "as a paramount goal the affording of protection and emotional security in the face of a future... that was fraught with danger and risk." The Boxers had no central organization but appear to have been organized on the village level. They were anti-foreign and anti-missionary. Their slogan was "Support the Qing! Destroy the Foreigner!"
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colonial powers. The
Chinese government supported the Boxers, who otherwise might have turned anti-Qing and hastened the extinction of the dynasty but was unsuccessful in killing the foreigners in the Legations. Had the Chinese succeeded, retribution from the Western nations and Japan might have been more severe. Ronglu later took credit for saving the besieged: "I was able to avert the crowning misfortune which would have resulted from the killing of the Foreign Ministers". Ronglu was being disingenuous, as his forces came very close to breaking the ability of the besieged to resist.
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1102:, an American diplomat, became his chief of staff. The guards of the different countries, however, operated semi-independently and MacDonald could only suggest, not order, coordinated action. The guards were not well armed. Only the American Marines had sufficient ammunition. The defenders had three machine guns. The Italians had a small cannon. An old cannon barrel was found in the Legation Quarter and from it a serviceable artillery piece was constructed that the Americans called "Betsy" and others called "the International".
826:. The Qing government, initially ambivalent, ultimately supported the Boxers following international military actions. The siege lasted 55 days, marked by intense combat and a brief truce, until an international relief force arrived from the coast, defeated the Qing forces, and lifted the siege. The failure of the siege and the subsequent occupation of Peking by foreign powers significantly weakened the Boxer Rebellion, leading to its eventual suppression and resulting in increased foreign influence and intervention in China.
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1193:, squabbled at the Chinese court. Cixi, the Dowager Empress, vacillated between the two. She declared a truce for negotiations on June 25, but it endured only a few hours. She declared a cease-fire on July 17 which lasted for most of the remainder of the siege. As a sign of good will, she sent food and supplies to the foreigners. The disagreements among the Chinese occasionally resulted in altercations and violence between Boxers and soldiers and between different units of the Imperial army.
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1182:, "and simply await the hour of execution." Added to the daily advances of the Chinese were the nightly serenades of rifle and artillery fire and firecrackers designed to keep the foreigners awake and alert. "From June 20 to July 17 we had nightly attacks," said a missionary woman. American Minister Conger said, "that some of them, for furious firing, exceeded anything he experienced in the
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amounts of false information to the West. This false information spread by Li played a part in the massive atrocities which the foreigners later committed upon the
Chinese in Beijing. For refusing to obey the Chinese government's orders and not sending his own troops to help the Chinese army at all during the Boxer Rebellion, Li Hongzhang was praised by the Westerners.
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983:, requested that foreign soldiers come to Beijing to defend the legations and the citizens of their countries. The Chinese government reluctantly acquiesced, and the next day more than 400 soldiers from eight countries disembarked from warships and traveled by train to Beijing from Tianjin. They set up defensive perimeters around their respective missions.
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Quarter. The German barricades faced east on top of the wall and 400 yd (370 m) west were the west-facing
American positions. The Chinese advanced toward both positions by building barricades ever closer. It was a claustrophobic existence for the soldiers on the wall. "The men all feel they are in a trap," said the American commander, Capt.
1364:. While the rescue of the besieged foreigners in the Legation Quarter was seen as a proof of the superiority of Western civilization, the sordid aftermath of the siege may have contributed to many people in the United States and Europe reevaluating the morality of forcing Western culture and religion on the Chinese.
1331:" was reached by provincial officials as a consensus not to follow Empress Cixi’s declaration of war. Li Hongzhang also totally refused to listen to orders from the government for more troops when they were needed to fight against the foreigners, which he had available, derailing the Chinese war effort.
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The military occupation of
Beijing and much of northern China became an orgy of looting and violence in which foreign soldiers, diplomats, missionaries, and journalists participated. Reports of the behaviour of the foreigners in Beijing caused widespread criticism in Western countries, including from
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province until 1902, when she was permitted by the foreign armies occupying
Beijing to return to reoccupy the throne. For China, the Boxer Rebellion was a disaster, but China remained together as a single country. Ironically, prior to the Boxer Rebellion it seemed likely China would be divided by the
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service; he exaggerated and lied, claiming that
Chinese forces committed atrocities and murder upon the foreigners and exterminated all of them. This information was sent to the Western world. He aimed to infuriate the Europeans against the Chinese forces in Beijing and succeeded in spreading massive
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distinguished itself defending the Fu and the
Chinese Christians there. It suffered greater than 100% casualties. This was possible because many of the Japanese troops were wounded, entered into the casualty lists, then returned to the line of battle only to be wounded once more and again entered in
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The foreigners were united in declaring the miraculous nature of their survival. "I seek in vain some military reason for the failure of the Chinese to exterminate the foreigners," said an American military officer. Missionary Arthur Smith summed up the Chinese military performance. "Upon unnumbered
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After many relatively quiet days, the night of August 13, with the rescue army just 5 mi (8.0 km) outside the gates of Beijing, may have been the most difficult of the siege. The Chinese broke the truce with an artillery barrage of the British Legation and heavy fire in the Fu. However, the
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The British, American, French, Italian, German, Japanese, and Russian military guards each took responsibility for the defense of their respective legations. The Austrians and Italians abandoned their isolated legations. The Austrians joined the French and the Italians collaborated with the Japanese.
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Sir Claude MacDonald said July 13 was the "most harassing day" of the siege. The Japanese and Italians in the Fu were driven back to their last defense line. While the Fu was under heavy attack, the Chinese detonated a mine beneath the French Legation, destroying most of it, killing two soldiers and
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The foreigners ransacked the Legation Quarter for food and other supplies. Food and water were adequate, although the foreigners without private food stocks subsisted on a steady diet of horsemeat and musty rice. However, the Chinese Christians, especially the Catholics, had a much harder time of it
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in an effort to damage the British Legation, which was only a few feet away. A census of civilians counted 473 foreign civilians in the Legation Quarter: 245 men, 149 women, and 79 children. About 150 of the men volunteered to participate, to a greater or lesser extent, in the defense. The civilians
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100 mi (160 km) away and would advance shortly to Beijing. The news was hardly reassuring, as the besieged had been expecting an earlier rescue. The Chinese government also passed along inquiries about the welfare of the besieged from their governments. A British soldier suggested that an
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The most critical threat to the survival of the foreigners came in early July. On June 30 the Chinese forced the Germans off the Tartar Wall, leaving the American Marines alone in its defense. At the same time a Chinese barricade advanced to within a few feet of the American positions and it became
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Muslim soldiers of Dong Fuxiang and on the east were units of the Peking Field Army. The overall commander of the Chinese forces was Ronglu—who was anti-Boxer and disapproved of the siege. Chinese policy equivocated between belligerence and conciliation during the 55-day siege. Several attempts by
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The Germans and the Americans occupied perhaps the most crucial of all defensive positions: the Tartar Wall. Holding the top of the 45 ft (14 m) tall and 40 ft (12 m) wide Wall was vital. If it fell to the Chinese, they would have an unobstructed field of fire into the Legation
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For several days after June 20—the official beginning of the siege—neither the foreigners inside the Legation Quarter nor the Chinese soldiers outside it had any coherent plan for defense or attack. The number of Chinese soldiers ringing the legations is uncertain but numbered in the thousands. On
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Five national contingents advanced on the walls of Beijing on August 14: British, American, Japanese, Russian and French. Each had a gate in the Wall for its objective. The Japanese and Russians were delayed at their gates by Chinese resistance. The small French contingent got lost. The Americans
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and German Marines held positions on the Tartar Wall behind their legations. The 409 foreign soldiers had the job of defending a line that snaked through 2,176 yd (1,990 m) of urban terrain. The great majority of foreign civilians took refuge in the British Embassy, the largest and most
1032:. "If the Boxers are not suppressed, the Legations threaten to take action—if the attempt to suppress them is made, this intensely patriotic organization will be converted into an anti-dynastic movement." The event that irrevocably pushed the Chinese government to the side of the Boxers was the
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On June 19 the Empress Dowager sent a diplomatic note to each of the legations in Beijing informing them of the attack on the Taku Forts and ordering all foreigners to depart Beijing for Tianjin within 24 hours. Otherwise, said the note, "China will find it a difficult matter to give complete
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Chinese confined themselves to firing from a distance rather than mounting an assault until, at 2:00 am on August 14, the defenders heard from the east the sound of a machine gun, a sign that the rescue army was on the way. At 5:00 am came the sound of artillery outside the walls of Beijing.
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But for the strong stand taken by some of the Viceroys, notably Chang Chih-tung, Yuan Shih-kai, Liu K'un-i, Tuan Fang and Li Hung-chang, the bloodshed would doubtless have been a thousandfold worse. Happily there were men in China at this crisis who were prepared to take the consequences of
937:) in 1898 and spread northward toward Beijing. They were an indigenous peasant movement, related to the secret societies that had flourished in China for centuries and that had, on occasion, threatened Chinese central governments. The Boxers were named—probably by American missionary
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cabled Washington, "The whole country is swarming with hungry, discontented, hopeless idlers." Requesting a warship to be stationed offshore of Tianjin, the nearest port to Beijing, he reported, "Situation becoming serious." On May 30, the diplomats, led by British Minister
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troops. The Boxers, fueled by anti-foreign and anti-Christian sentiments, targeted foreigners and Chinese Christians, leading to approximately 900 soldiers, sailors, marines, and civilians from various nations, along with about 2,800 Chinese Christians, seeking refuge in the
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The Boxer movement disintegrated during the siege. Some Boxers were incorporated into the army but, probably, most returned to their homes in the countryside where they became targets for punitive expeditions by the foreign military forces occupying Beijing after the siege.
1028:, for example—counseled the Empress Dowager that the Boxers were "rabble" who would be easily defeated by foreign soldiers. On the other side of the question were anti-foreign officials who advised cooperation with the Boxers. "The Court appears to be in a dilemma," said
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moored unmolested in the Chinese port; friendly exchanges took place for a few weeks; in Peking, the court, breathing war, was hampered by its generals, and by Li hung-chang in particular, who simply did not obey and send the reinforcements Tz'u-hsi ordered to the
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On July 28 the foreigners in the Legation Quarter received their first message from the outside world in more than a month. A Chinese boy—a student of the missionary William Scott Ament—sneaked into the Legation Quarter with the news that a rescue army of the
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and by the end of the siege were starving. The Protestant missionaries took care of their converts, but the Chinese Catholics were mostly neglected. Medical supplies were scarce but a sizeable number of doctors and nurses, mostly missionaries, were present.
1166:, the national library of China, and its books, many irreplaceable, burned. Both sides blamed the other for its destruction. The Chinese Army then turned its attention to the Fu, the refuge for most of the Chinese Christians, and the domain of Lt. Col.
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In early 1900 the Boxer movement spread rapidly north from Shandong into the countryside near Beijing. Boxers burned Christian churches, murdered Chinese Christians and intimidated Chinese officials who stood in their way. Two missionaries, Protestant
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The Chinese first attempted to massacre the foreigners in the Legation Quarter by using fire. For several days at the beginning of the siege they set fires in the buildings around the British Legation. On June 23, most of the buildings of the
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organizations in Beijing were not located in the Legation Quarter, but rather dispersed around the city. In total, about 500 citizens of Western countries and Japan resided in the city. The northern side of the Legation quarter was near the
846:. In 1900, there were eleven legations located in the quarter as well as a number of foreign businesses and banks. Ethnic Chinese-occupied houses and businesses were also scattered about the quarter. The twelve or so Christian
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protection." Upon receipt of the note, the diplomats convened and agreed it would be suicidal to leave the Legation Quarter and travel to the coast in an unfriendly countryside. The next morning, June 20,
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included at least 19 nationalities of which British and Americans were the most numerous. Large numbers of Chinese Christians were conscripted for labor, especially for building barricades.
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full diplomatic power to negotiate with foreign powers. Li Hongzhang telegraphed back to Sheng Xuanhuai on June 25, describing the war declaration a "false edict" (luanming). Later, the "
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American missionaries took over management of most necessities for life in the Legation Quarter, including food, water, sanitation, and health. MacDonald appointed Methodist Missionary
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The Legation Quarter was approximately 2 mi (3.2 km) long and 1 mi (1.6 km) wide. It was located in the area of the city designated by the Qing government for
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The Japanese and Italian force established defense lines in the Fu – a large mansion and park where most of the estimated 2,812 Chinese Christians taking refuge were housed. The
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pushing the French and Austrians out of most of the French Legation. Frank Gamewell began digging bombproof shelters as a last refuge for the besieged. The end seemed near.
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was wounded. However, American Minister Conger carried on a communication with the Chinese government and on July 17 firing died down on both sides and an armistice began.
1278:, entered and was greeted by Sir Claude MacDonald dressed in "immaculate tennis flannels" and a crowd of cheering ladies in party dresses. The American troops, under Gen.
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1064:, while en route to the meeting. With this, the Ministers informed all their citizens in Beijing to take refuge in the Legation Quarter. Thus began the 55-day siege.
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as chief of the Fortifications Committee. Gamewell and his crew of "fighting parsons" were acclaimed for their defensive works surrounding the British Legation.
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1124:, and more than 3,000 Chinese Christians held off the Chinese army and Boxers. In addition to Boxers, the cathedral was also attacked by Metropolitan Banner
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1252:). The location of the Legation Quarter and of the armies of Japan, Russia, the U.S. and Great Britain on the morning of August 14 is shown on the map.
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Frank Gamewell (second from left, standing) and the "Fighting Parsons" built fortifications to protect the British Legation from Chinese attacks.
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1286:, and four cousins of his were killed in action against the foreign forces. After the battle was over, the Chinese Muslim forces guarded the
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The Chinese were divided on the prosecution of the siege. The anti-Boxer faction, headed by Ronglu, and the anti-foreign faction, headed by
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which ringed the entire city of Beijing bordered the south. The eastern and western sides of the Legation Quarter were major streets.
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or North Cathedral of the Roman Catholic Church. 33 priests and nuns, 43 French and Italian soldiers under the command of Lieutenant
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The next day, a conciliatory message received from the Chinese raised hopes, but those hopes were dashed on July 16 when
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on June 17. The attack was made to try to maintain communications with Tianjin and aid an army under the command of Adm.
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By 1900, foreign powers had been chipping away at Chinese sovereignty for over six decades. After Chinese defeats in the
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1932:·義和拳》：「大學士啟秀獻策于端王、莊王曰：『此等義和拳，道術尚淺。五臺山有老和尚，其道最深，宜飛檄請之。』乃專騎馳請，十日而至。啟秀在軍機處賀曰：『明日太平矣。』人問其故，曰：『五臺山大和尚至矣。教堂一毀，則天下大定。』聞者為之匿笑。」
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1949:》：「尚書啟秀奏言，使臣不除，必為後患，五臺僧普濟，有神兵十萬，請召之會殲逆夷。曾廉、王龍文，請用決水灌城之法，引玉泉山水灌使館，必盡淹斃之。御史彭述，謂義和拳咒炮不燃，其術至神，無畏夷兵。太后亦欲用山東僧普法、余蠻子、周漢三人者。」
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Li Hongzhang used the siege as a political weapon against his rivals in Beijing, since he controlled the Chinese
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5 the Boxers cut the railroad line to Tianjin and Beijing became isolated from other foreign settlements. On June
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and the next day the first Boxer, dressed in his finery, was seen in the Legation Quarter. The German Minister,
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1789:
The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900
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Map of the Legation Quarter, showing the defensive lines. Most civilians took refuge in the British Legation.
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Oliphant, Nigel, A Diary of the Siege of the Legations in Peking. London: Longman, Greens, 1901, pp. 78–80
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Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
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Ronglu to bring about a cease-fire failed because of suspicions and misunderstandings on both sides.
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Oliphant, Nigel, A Diary of the Siege of the Legations in Peking. London: Longman, Greens, 1901
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Historicizing Online Politics: Telegraphy, the Internet, and Political Participation in China
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During the siege Sheng Xuanhuai and other provincial officials suggested the Qing court give
1060:, the Chinese Foreign Ministry, but he was murdered by a Manchu officer, Capt. En Hai of the
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The International Year Book: A ompendium of the world's progress during the year 1898–1902
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Authorities differ as to the origin of the Boxers, but they became prominent in Shantung (
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In mid-June the Chinese government was still indecisive about the Boxers. Some officials—
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Siege Days: Personal Experiences of American Women and Children during the Peking Siege.
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Siege Days: Personal Experiences of American Women and Children during the Peking Siege.
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the casualty lists. The French force of 57 men also suffered more than 100% casualties.
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Allen, 256; Fenn, Rev. Courtnay Hughes, "The American Marines in the Siege of Peking".
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William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the Ideal Missionary
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Miner, Luella, "A Prison in Peking: The Diary of an American Woman during the Siege".
2229:
Miner, Luella, "A Prison in Peking: The Diary of an American Woman during the Siege".
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William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the Ideal Missionary
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The Empress Dowager and her court fled Beijing on August 15. She remained in exile in
1186:." The hard-pressed Legation guards saw their numbers diminish daily with casualties.
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About three miles distant from the Legation Quarter a similar siege took place at the
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One of the historical oil paintings by Western artists depicting Empress Dowager Cixi
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The Dragon Empress: Life and Times of Tz'u-hsi, 1835–1908, Empress Dowager of China
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American Diplomatic and State Papers: The United States and China: Boxer Uprising
1889:. Studies on Ethnic Groups in China. University of Washington Press. p. 72.
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American Diplomatic and State Papers: The United States and China: Boxer Uprising
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Myers, Capt. John T. "Military Operations and Defenses of the Siege of Peking".
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2504:(New and Revised ed.). Boston: Sherman, French & company. p. 325
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Qing Dynasty Royal Decree on events leading to the signing of Boxer Protocol
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Fenn, Rev. Courtnay Hughes, "The American Marines in the Siege of Peking".
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A Boxer arrayed in his finery. Most were armed only with spears and swords.
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https://otik.uk.zcu.cz/bitstream/handle/11025/17656/Kocvar.pdf?sequence=1
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led attacks against the Catholic cathedral church. Manchu official Qixiu
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11 a Japanese diplomat, Sugiyama Akira, was murdered by soldiers of Gen.
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Protection of officials of foreign states according to international law
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The Man who Died Twice: The Life and Adventures of Morrison of Peking
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The Man who Died Twice: The Life and Adventures of Morrison of Peking
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Frank Moore Colby; Harry Thurston Peck; Edward Lathrop Engle (1901).
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Ingram, James H., M.D. "The Defense of the Legations in Peking II".
1962:》：「尚書啟秀函請五臺山普淨，來京攻西什庫教堂。僧言關聖降神附其身，攜青龍刀一柄、《春秋》一部，騎赤兔馬往攻，入陣便中炮亡，惟馬逃歸。」
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Ingram, James H., M.D. "The Defense of the Legations in Peking II".
1685:. Series 3, Vol. 5, Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1981, p. 83
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Lynch, George. "Vae Victis! The Allies in Peking after the Siege".
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Ingram, James H., M.D. "The Defense of the Legations in Peking I".
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The savage wars of peace: small wars and the rise of American power
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Lynch, George. "Vae Victis! The Allies in Peking after the Siege".
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The War of 1898, and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia
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Ingram, James H., M.D. "The Defense of the Legations in Peking I".
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Beijing in 1900 was surrounded by high walls broken by many gates (
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The Spirit Soldiers: A Historical Narrative of the Boxer Rebellion
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The Spirit Soldiers: A Historical Narrative of the Boxer Rebellion
1310:
A small Japanese force of one officer and 24 sailors commanded by
1243:
1209:
1190:
1154:
1129:
1071:
1015:
956:
833:
653:
514:
1086:
defensible of the International Legations despite the burning of
2652:
History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth
1484:
History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth
1056:, the German Minister, proposed to take up the matter with the
657:
2780:
William Scott Ament: Missionary of the American Board to China
2440:
Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military
2195:. Crow’s Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2005, pp. 190–191
1576:
Warriors of the Rising Sun: A History of the Japanese Military
1497:
William Scott Ament: Missionary of the American Board to China
2801:
Dragon Lady: the Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China
2668:. Series 3, Vol. 5, Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1981
1975:
China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects
1654:
Dragon Lady: the Life and Legend of the Last Empress of China
2754:
Morrison, Dr. George E. "The Siege of the Peking Legations"
2178:
Allen, 204; "The Fortification of Peking during the Siege".
1532:
Morrison, Dr. George E. "The Siege of the Peking Legations"
2304:
Familiar Strangers: A history of Muslims in Northwest China
1467:
Cohen, Paul (2007), Bickers, Robert; Tiedemann, RG (eds.),
2877:
Battles of the Boxer Rebellion involving the United States
891:, granting them the right to free trade in the previously
1743:"Imperial Decree on Day Nineteen of May (lunar calendar)"
2404:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cardinal. p. 138.
2307:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 169.
1732:. 2 Vols. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1901, pp. 243–255
1174:
were digging tunnels for mines beneath their positions.
1008:"the most exciting episode ever known to civilization."
2006:
2004:
1471:, Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, pp. 183, 192
59:: American troops scale the walls of Peking, with the
18:
Siege of the International Legations (Boxer Rebellion)
1868:
Société vaudoise d'histoire et d'archéologie (1955).
1282:, arrived at 5:00 pm. The commanding Muslim general,
903:
obtained similar privileges after its victory in the
67:
who first climbed the wall and was later awarded the
2595:
The United States marines in North China, 1894–1942
2026:, Historik Orders, pp. 282–283, archived from
2437:
1573:
1536:, Nov 17, 24 and Dec 1, 8, & 15, 1900, p. 475.
805:in 1900, in which foreign diplomatic compounds in
2831:. Crow's Nest, Australia: Allen & Unwin, 2005
2467:li hung-chang ownership of the Chinese telegraph.
1499:. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1911, pp. 175–179.
1266:appropriate reply would be, "Not massacred yet."
1098:was selected as the commander of the defense and
2813:"The Fortification of Peking during the Siege".
2373:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p.
1214:Edwin H. Conger, the American Minister to China
36:
27:1900 siege in Peking during the Boxer Rebellion
2907:United States Marine Corps in the 20th century
2735:The Only Man Dressing for Dinner. Beijing 1900
2698:, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1900
1627:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009, pp. 1, 83–85
1044:in its attempt to march to Beijing during the
669:
8:
2581:Washington: Government Printing Office, 1901
645:190 military casualties, 13 civilians killed
85:(1 month, 3 weeks and 4 days)
2810:. 2 Vols. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1901
2588:. Lanham, MD; Rowman and Littlefield, 2007
2579:Annual Reports of the War Department, 1901
2335:Annual Reports of the War Department, 1901
2160:. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1900, p. 83
676:
662:
654:
635:About 160,000 Qing Army and Boxer soldiers
33:
1872:(in French). Vol. 63–65. p. 23.
2758:, Nov 17, 24 and Dec 1, 8, and 15, 1900*
2079:Chicago: Fleming H. Revell, 1903, p. 216
1294:with the entire Imperial Court; general
1144:also led attacks against the cathedral.
948:
2867:Attacks on diplomatic missions in China
2763:Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute
2129:. Dodd, Mead & company. p. 207
1640:. New York: Moffat, Yard, 1911, p.. 161
1428:
2696:Foreign Relations of the United States
2444:. W. W. Norton & Company. p.
1914:. Charles Scribner's sons. p. 24.
1562:New York: Dodd, Mead, 1907, pp. 50–51.
1523:, 1900, Washington: GPO, pp. 122, 130.
1521:Foreign Relations of the United States
1509:Foreign Relations of the United States
2584:Bickers, Robert and Tiedemann, R.G.,
1020:British Minister Sir Claude MacDonald
7:
2827:Thompson, Peter and Macklin, Robert
2211:. Chicago: A.C McClurg, 1910, p. 135
2191:Thompson, Peter and Macklin, Robert
2095:. Taylor & Francis. p. 50.
915:helped lead to the formation of the
799:siege of the International Legations
37:Siege of the International Legations
2937:Sieges involving the United Kingdom
2897:Sieges involving the Russian Empire
2782:. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1911
2730:. New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1900
1910:Arnold Henry Savage Landor (1901).
1672:. New York: Harper, 1959, pp. 80–83
1580:. WW Norton & Company. p.
1486:. New York: Columbia U Press, 1997.
2902:Sieges involving the United States
2654:. New York: Columbia U Press, 1997
2346:Myers, 552, with minor corrections
25:
2824:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009.
2573:The Siege of the Peking Legations
2530:. New York: Berkley Books, 1999
1823:. London: Smith, Elder, 1901, 187
1821:The Siege of the Peking Legations
1656:. New York: Vantage, 1992, p. 318
1457:. New York: Putnams, 1973, p. 20.
1012:Dilemma of the Chinese government
899:for subjects of Western nations.
63:in flames. Depicted is trumpeter
2947:Sieges involving the Netherlands
2912:Sieges involving Austria-Hungary
2744:Chicago: Fleming H. Revell, 1903
2586:The Boxers, China, and the World
1469:The Boxers, China, and the World
1388:
1374:
1224:the most capable British officer
604:
593:
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571:
552:
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268:
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241:
228:
215:
202:
189:
176:
164:
50:
2862:1900 in international relations
2840:Indiscreet Letters from Peking.
2794:The Story of the Siege Hospital
2789:. New York: Berkley Books, 1999
2673:Two Years in the Forbidden City
2301:Jonathan Neaman Lipman (2004).
2233:, Nov. 10, 17, 24, 1900, p. 735
1847:The Story of the Siege Hospital
1695:Franciszek Przetacznik (1983).
1638:Two Years in the Forbidden City
1560:Indiscreet Letters from Peking.
801:was a pivotal event during the
2872:Battles of the Boxer Rebellion
2675:. New York: Moffat, Yard, 1911
2629:. Da Capo Press. p. 428.
1912:China and the allies, Volume 1
1858:Weale, 142–143; Smith, 743–747
1776:. Dec 20, 1900, pp. 2035–2040.
1768:. Dec 13, 1900, pp. 2979–2984.
1:
2706:. Dec 13, 1900, p. 2979-2984.
1883:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2017).
1791:. Berkley Books. p. 138.
1048:and reinforce the Legations.
2661:. Chicago: A.C McClurg, 1910
2575:. London: Smith, Elder, 1901
2498:Herbert Henry Gowen (1917).
1836:. Dec 6, 2000. pp. 2919–2920
883:was forced to sign several "
2892:Military history of Beijing
2715:. Dec 20, 1900, p. 2035-40.
2501:An Outline History of China
2436:Robert B. Edgerton (1997).
2246:. Nov 8, 1900, pp. 130–133.
1978:. Routledge. pp. 72–.
1603:provocations by foreigners.
1572:Robert B. Edgerton (1997).
1329:Southeast Mutual Protection
1298:assisted in guarding Cixi.
1148:Chinese attacks and resolve
1036:by foreign warships on the
813:) were besieged by Chinese
2968:
2842:New York: Dodd, Mead, 1907
2089:Benjamin R. Beede (1994).
1998:Fleming, pp. 127, 226–228.
1413:(1963 historical war film)
1237:
1226:was killed and journalist
315:Chinese Christian refugees
83:June 20 – August 14, 1900
2952:Battles involving Belgium
2820:Thompson, Larry Clinton.
2803:. New York: Vantage, 1992
2772:. New York: Putnams, 1973
2598:. McFarland. p. 25.
2592:Chester M. Biggs (2003).
1870:Revue historique vaudoise
1623:Thompson, Larry Clinton.
695:
639:
624:
345:
147:
75:
49:
41:
2917:Sieges involving Germany
2692:. New York: Harper, 1959
1206:Darkest days and a truce
981:Claude Maxwell MacDonald
945:Boxers attack Christians
732:Blagoveshchensk massacre
2922:Sieges involving France
2815:The Gospel in all Lands
2751:, Nov. 10, 17, 24, 1900
2737:(Verona: Gingko, 2019).
2733:Giuseppe Salvago Raggi
2484:March 11, 2016, at the
2365:Zhou, Yongming (2005).
2180:The Gospel in all Lands
1972:Michael Dillon (2013).
1787:Preston, Diana (2000).
1240:Battle of Peking (1900)
1234:Relief of the Legations
913:anti-Western sentiments
905:First Sino-Japanese War
2942:Sieges involving Spain
2932:Sieges involving Japan
2927:Sieges involving Italy
2557:Thompson, pp. 194–204.
2548:Thompson, pp. 194–204.
2539:Thompson, pp. 198–199.
2515:disobeying the Dowager
2398:Marina Warner (1974).
1801:Thompson, 83–85, 88–89
1701:. Brill. p. 229.
1253:
1228:George Ernest Morrison
1215:
1138:Tiger and Divine Corps
1077:
1021:
962:
954:
839:
346:Commanders and leaders
120:39.90306°N 116.40167°E
2887:Expeditionary warfare
2836:Bertram Lenox Simpson
2355:Fleming, pp. 143–144.
2023:Boxer Rebellion, 1900
1849:. London: SPCK, 1901.
1556:Bertram Lenox Simpson
1259:Eight-Nation Alliance
1247:
1213:
1094:The British Minister
1075:
1019:
960:
952:
859:resided. The massive
837:
640:Casualties and losses
155:Eight-Nation Alliance
2799:Seagrave, Sterling.
2796:. London: SPCK, 1901
2671:Der Ling, Princess.
2657:Conger, Sarah Pike,
2075:Mateer, Ada Haven.
2010:Fleming, pp. 228–229
1636:Der Ling, Princess.
1435:Thompson, pp. 29–39.
1288:Empress Dowager Cixi
1000:Clemens von Ketteler
857:Empress Dowager Cixi
470:Empress Dowager Cixi
414:Alfred von Waldersee
2808:China in Convulsion
2787:The Boxer Rebellion
2768:O'Connor, Richard.
2740:Mateer, Ada Haven.
2728:The Siege in Peking
2690:The Siege at Peking
2664:Davids, Jules, ed.
2571:Allen, Rev. Roland
2528:The Boxer Rebellion
2158:The Siege in Peking
2066:Myers, pp. 542–550.
1819:Allen, Rev. Roland
1745:. En.wikisource.org
1730:China in Convulsion
1681:Davids, Jules, ed.
1670:The Siege at Peking
1453:O’Connor, Richard.
968:William Scott Ament
897:extraterritoriality
125:39.90306; 116.40167
116: /
2659:Letters from China
2209:Letters from China
2205:Conger, Sarah Pike
2030:on October 8, 2010
1650:Seagrave, Sterling
1444:Thompson, pp. 7–8.
1254:
1216:
1184:American Civil War
1153:the west were the
1100:Herbert G. Squiers
1078:
1054:Baron von Ketteler
1046:Seymour Expedition
1022:
963:
955:
895:nation along with
840:
2882:Conflicts in 1900
2806:Smith, Arthur H.
2792:Ransome, Jessie.
2778:Porter, Henry D.
2273:Thompson, 174–182
1985:978-1-136-80933-0
1845:Ransome, Jessie.
1728:Smith, Arthur H.
1614:Morrison, p. 270.
1495:Porter, Henry D.
1410:55 Days at Peking
1290:when she fled to
1197:Fight on the Wall
1088:Peking University
925:) out of China.
844:foreign legations
792:
791:
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458:Angelo Klokgieter
403:Yevgeny Alekseyev
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2726:Martin, W.A.P.
2721:The Independent
2713:The Independent
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2680:The Independent
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57:I'll Try, Sir!
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2651:
2640:. Retrieved
2625:
2609:. Retrieved
2594:
2585:
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2572:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2527:
2522:
2513:
2506:. Retrieved
2500:
2493:
2474:
2466:
2461:November 28,
2459:. Retrieved
2439:
2431:
2422:
2415:. Retrieved
2400:
2393:
2368:
2360:
2351:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2303:
2296:
2287:
2282:Fleming, 203
2278:
2269:
2264:Fleming, 208
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2251:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2169:Fleming, 157
2165:
2157:
2152:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2125:
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2091:
2084:
2076:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2032:, retrieved
2028:the original
2022:
2015:
1994:
1974:
1967:
1954:
1937:
1920:
1911:
1905:
1885:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1815:
1806:
1797:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1737:
1729:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1697:
1690:
1682:
1677:
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1661:
1653:
1645:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1610:
1602:
1597:November 28,
1595:. Retrieved
1575:
1567:
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1533:
1528:
1520:
1516:
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1462:
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1408:
1382:China portal
1358:
1354:
1346:
1333:
1325:Li Hongzhang
1322:
1309:
1305:
1280:Adna Chaffee
1272:
1268:
1255:
1249:
1221:
1217:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1160:
1151:
1122:Eugène Darcy
1115:
1108:
1104:
1093:
1079:
1058:Zongli Yamen
1050:
1023:
1005:New York Sun
1004:
996:Dong Fuxiang
985:
964:
932:
923:Christianity
916:
893:isolationist
870:
841:
819:Qing Dynasty
798:
796:
782:
781:
704:
648:approx. 2500
616:
564:
526:Dong Fuxiang
492:Li Hongzhang
447:Adna Chaffee
425:Eugène Darcy
328:Qing dynasty
153:
148:Belligerents
65:Calvin Titus
56:
42:Part of the
29:
2749:The Outlook
2508:October 17,
2424:troublespot
2417:October 17,
2291:Conger, 161
2231:The Outlook
1749:October 17,
1191:Prince Duan
887:" with the
877:Tonquin War
861:Tartar Wall
772:Shanhaiguan
632:51 warships
515:Prince Duan
276:Netherlands
123: /
111:116°24′06″E
2851:Categories
2817:. Feb 1902
2384:0804751285
2255:Allen, 276
2057:Weale, 130
2048:Weale, 126
1418:References
1362:Mark Twain
1319:Propaganda
1312:Col. Shiba
1302:Casualties
1296:Ma Fuxiang
1168:Gorō Shiba
1132:'s Manchu
1062:Hushenying
1038:Taku Forts
873:Opium Wars
855:where the
848:missionary
727:Taku Forts
600:Cao Futian
578:Ma Fuxiang
436:Gorō Shiba
108:39°54′11″N
2621:Boot, Max
2337:, p. 456.
1423:Citations
1343:Aftermath
1336:telegraph
1134:bannermen
777:Manchuria
589:Ma Fuxing
548:Ma Haiyan
537:Ma Haiyan
61:Fox Tower
2642:June 28,
2623:(2003).
2611:June 28,
2482:Archived
2320:June 28,
2133:June 28,
2108:June 28,
1714:June 28,
1368:See also
1083:American
1068:Besieged
935:Shandong
918:Yihetuan
742:Tientsin
720:Langfang
625:Strength
90:Location
2565:Sources
2020:Smith,
1284:Ma Fulu
1263:Tianjin
1261:was in
1172:sappers
1136:in the
1126:Manchus
1118:Beitang
986:On June
811:Beijing
767:Beitang
757:Yangcun
747:Beicang
710:Tianjin
617:†
565:†
559:Ma Fulu
289:Belgium
95:Beijing
2633:
2602:
2488:p. 146
2452:
2408:
2381:
2311:
2099:
1982:
1930:諫書稀庵筆記
1893:
1705:
1588:
1349:Shanxi
1034:attack
1026:Ronglu
992:
988:
879:, the
815:Boxers
807:Peking
762:Peking
630:51,755
613:
561:
481:Ronglu
286:
273:
259:
246:
233:
220:
207:
197:France
194:
184:Russia
181:
136:Result
1958:清·高樹《
1947:庚子國變記
1292:Xi'an
1155:Gansu
1130:Zaiyi
901:Japan
809:(now
301:Spain
236:Italy
210:Japan
99:China
2644:2010
2631:ISBN
2613:2010
2600:ISBN
2510:2014
2463:2010
2450:ISBN
2419:2014
2406:ISBN
2379:ISBN
2322:2010
2309:ISBN
2135:2010
2110:2010
2097:ISBN
2036:2010
1980:ISBN
1960:金鑾瑣記
1891:ISBN
1751:2014
1716:2010
1703:ISBN
1599:2010
1586:ISBN
911:and
875:and
817:and
797:The
80:Date
2838:),
1943:李希聖
1926:陳恆慶
1558:),
1250:men
2853::
2688:.
2512:.
2465:.
2448:.
2446:86
2421:.
2377:.
2375:75
2207:,
2003:^
1941:清·
1924:清·
1770:,
1668:.
1652:.
1601:.
1584:.
1582:70
1142:啟秀
907:.
97:,
2646:.
2615:.
2387:.
2324:.
2137:.
2112:.
2039:.
1988:.
1945:《
1928:《
1899:.
1753:.
1718:.
1473:.
677:e
670:t
663:v
158::
71:.
20:)
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