Sikidy - Knowledge (XXG)

2364:

the illness is the same as one that has previously ended in recovery. The relationship between the client and spirit columns is directly referent to illness. If the client is a slave of the east and the spirit is a prince of the south, the client is dominated by the illness, and thus the illness is divined to be serious—but not fatal, because both the east and the south are in the Land of Princes. If the client is a prince of the north (in the Land of Slaves), and the spirit a prince of the south (in the Land of Princes), there would be a difficult battle with a significant chance of the client dying.

1337:('the fortunate lock'), is cut from the right side, and added to the mixture in the rice pan. The mélange is mixed well and held up in its pan by the youngest girl of the family, at which point the gathered (especially the women) make a rush for its contents. It is believed that those who obtain a portion of the mixture are bound to become mothers. The scramble also takes place with bananas, lemons, and sugarcane. The rice pan is then considered sacred, and cannot be removed from the house for three days, "otherwise the virtue of those observances is supposed to be lost". 644: 288: 257:, only the Antemoro diviners are considered true professionals. The area is still a famous place of learning where specialists go for training and then return to their home communities with a certain body of knowledge. Now we can better understand the degree of similarity of divination forms found throughout Madagascar. For centuries Matitanana has remained a training center for diviners who have migrated widely, usually attaining important positions in their home communities and with various royal families. 419: 2550: 2531: 2281:. The square is divided into a northwestern "Land of Slaves" and a southeastern "Land of Princes" by a diagonal line extending from its northeastern corner to its southeastern corner. Despite their names, each "Land" contains both slaves and princes, including one migrating prince and one migrating slave that move directionally with the sun, such that the migrators belong to different lands depending on the time of day at which the 2785: 2570: 2709: 2669: 3100: 2630: 3917: 2611: 2689: 2649: 2805: 2766: 2728: 1346: 2747: 2592: 2464: 2512: 22: 1787: 1177: 132: 1541:, the XOR operation is used to compare values in sequence across two existing columns and generate corresponding values for a third column: two seeds if the corresponding values are identical across the pair, and one seed if the values are different. The rules for generating a column from the XOR operation are (with 2359:

refer to hierarchies of power relating to position and class of figures. "Princes are more powerful than slaves; figures from the Land of Princes are more powerful than those from the Land of Slaves; slaves from the same land are never harmful to one another; and battles between two princes from the

1699:

For example, the first value of column 9 is determined by comparing the first values of columns 7 and 8. If they are the same (both one seed or both two seeds), the first value of column 9 will be two seeds. If they are different, the first value of column 9 will be one seed. This operation iterates

1384:

Awake, O cock, to awaken mankind! Awake, O mankind, to awaken the sikidy, not to tell lies, not to deceive, not to play tricks, not to talk nonsense, not to agree to everything indiscriminately; but to search into the secret; to look into what is beyond the hills and on the other side of the forest,

2363:

In divinations relating to illness, the client and creator columns being the same indicates that there will definitely be recovery; if the client and ancestors columns are the same, the illness is due to some discontent on the part of the ancestors; and if the client and house columns are the same,

575:

say: "When you were on the steep peak and in the dense forest, on you the crabs climbed, from you the crocodiles made their bed, with their paws the birds trod on you. Whether you are suspended in the trees or buried, you are never dried up nor rotten." In 1970, Decary reported that the salary paid

354:

and told the chief to kill all of his bulls, and that "great numbers would come to him" on the following Friday. The chieftain, doubting, asked what would happen if their prediction didn't come true, and the two men promised they would pay with their lives. The chief agreed and killed his bulls. On

167:

as "probably one of the oldest components of Malagasy culture", writing that it most likely the product of an indigenous divinatory art later influenced by Islamic practice. Umar H. D. Danfulani writes that the integration of Arabic divination into indigenous divination is "clearly demonstrated" in

3744:

This relates to Malagasy cultural connotations ascribing values to different directions: the northeast is good, the southwest lacks virtue, and the directions between "vary in religious and moral value". These same associations also prescribe house and tomb orientations, as well as the positioning

1424:

takes a fistful of awakened seeds from his bag and randomly divides the seeds into four piles. Seeds are removed two at a time from each pile until there is either one seed or two seeds remaining in each. The four remaining "piles" (now either single seeds or pairs) become the first entries in the

250:

live was a center of astrological study as early as the fourteenth century . This area was also the site of early Arab settlements, although strict Islamic observances were lost centuries ago . Historical evidence shows that Antemoro diviners, bearers of the astrological system, infiltrated nearly

1742:

are identical. Next, it is ensured that the pairs of columns 13 and 16, 14 and 1, and 11 and 2 (called "the three inseparables") all yield the same result when combined via the XOR operation. Finally, it is checked that there is an even number of seeds in the 15th column—the only column for which

1700:

for each pair of corresponding values in columns 7 and 8, creating a complete set of values for column 9. Column 10 is then generated by applying the XOR operation between the values in columns 5 and 6. Similarly, column 11 is generated from columns 3 and 4, and column 12 from columns 1 and 2.

1389:

from the high mountains, from ... Awake! for we have not got thee for nothing, for thou art dear and expensive. We have hired. thee. in exchange for a fat cow With a large hump, and for money on which there was no dust . Awake! for thou art the trust of the sovereign and the judgement of the

317:) giving it to Ranakandriana, who then gave it to a line of diviners (Ranakandriana to Ramanitralanana to Rabibi-andrano to Andriambavi-maitso (who was a woman) to Andriam-bavi-nosy), the last of whom terminated the monopoly by giving it to the people, declaring: "Behold, I give you the 1314:

to be lucky or good. The child's friends and family gather, and the child's mother is decorated with silver chains on her head. If the infant is a boy, the father carries him, along with some ripe bananas, on his back. In a rice pan, a mixture is cooked, consisting of the fat from a

2277:, the formations are associated with directions. The eight formations with an even number of seeds are designated as "princes", while the eight with an odd number of seeds are "slaves". Each slave and prince has its place in a square whose sides are associated with the four 1487: 1390:

people. If thou art a sikidy that can tell, a sikidy that can see, and does not speak about the noise of the people, the hen killed by its owner, the cattle killed in the market, the dust clinging to the feet [i.e. uninteresting commonplaces], awake here on the mat!

1680: 2395:). If the first and fourth are the same, then a piece of a tree that grows in the villages (not in the fields) must be offered. If the values of the tenth and fifteenth columns added together and subtracted by two equal the values of the first, a stone (called 355:

Thursday, thinking he'd been duped, he prematurely killed the first man of the two who'd told him about the divinatory art. On Friday, however, "vast herds" came amidst heavy rain, actually filling an immense plain in their crowd. The chieftain lamented the

1703:

Columns 13-16 are generated in the same manner, performing the XOR operation on ascending pairs of the algorithmically-generated columns, starting with columns 9 and 10 (to generate column 13) and ending with columns 15 and 1 (to generate column 16).

1304:

in order to read the child's destiny. When a child's destiny is declared to be favorable, "the child is nurtured with that tenderness and affection which nature inspires, and the warmest gratulations are tendered by the friends of the parents."

1362:

incants to the gods or earth spirits in attempt to constrain the gods/spirits to tell the truth, with emphasis on "the trickiness of the communicating entities, who misled if they ", and orates the practice's origin myth. As he incants, the

344:. The two men then went to their chief and told him that they could tell him "the past and the future—what was good and what was bad—what increased and what diminished." The chief asked them to tell him how he could obtain plenty of 104:

is consulted for a range of divinatory questions pertaining to fate and the future, including identifying sources of and rectifying misfortune, reading the fate of newborns, and planning annual migrations. The mathematics of

1437:

to the left of the previous. At the end of this, the array consists of four randomly-generated columns of four values (each being either one seed or two) each. The generated data represented in this array is called the

323:, of which you may inquire what offerings you should present in order to obtain blessings; and what expiation you should make so as to avert evils, when any are ill or under apprehension of some future calamity". 3763:

A term which "covers such ideas as spirit possession, god, feature of nature, and surprise." Gardenier observes that "if there is any reason to let it stand for spirit possession, the other possibilities are

1554: 535:, or he risks death. Before beginning to study, a student practitioner must make incisions at the tips of his index finger, his middle finger, and his tongue, and put within the incisions a paste containing 3249: 1777:, his analysis and divination can begin. Certain questions and answers rely on additional columns beyond the prepared sixteen. Some of these columns are read spatially in patterns across the existing 1559: 273:

The "infiltration" of Malagasy kingdoms by Antemoro diviners, and Matitanana's role as a place for astrological and divinatory learning, help to explain the relatively uniform practicing of

1157:

is believed "almost impossible". William Ellis recorded in 1838 that, though the application of indigenous remedies was most common, some patients had lately been instructed as part of the

1783:'s data, and some are generated with additional XOR operations referring to pairs of columns within the secondary series. These new columns can involve "about 100 additional algorithms". 3637:

Gardenier, William J. G. (1986). "Divination and Kinship Among the Sakalava of West Madagascar". In Kottak, Conrad Phillip; Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (eds.).

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across the Land of Slaves (northwestern half) and the Land of Princes (southeastern half), including the two migrators in the center square, whose positions depend on the time of day.

2455:

for 9.6%, the village chief for 2.6%, the contamination of food with dirt (which may involve carelessness or evil intentions) for .8%, ancestors for .7%, and undetermined for 48.7%.

1393:

But if thou art a sikidy that does not see, a sikidy that agrees to everything indiscriminately, and makes the dead living, and the living dead, then do not arise here on the mat.

338:. The two men seized him, and Ranakandriana promised that he would teach them something if they released him. They agreed, and Ranakandriana taught them in depth how to work the 85:

interpreted after being mathematically operated on. Columns of seeds, designated "slaves" or "princes" belonging to respective "lands" for each, interact symbolically to express

2271:

seeds in each column of four values. These formations are known to the diviner and identified with names, which vary regionally. Some names relate to names of months. For many

2449:

found that, assuming a male client and an inquiry about an illness' cause, the divined cause of illness would be sorcery 21.1% of the time, witchcraft 16.5% of the time,

168:

Madagascar, where the Arabic astrological system was adapted to the indigenous agricultural system and meshed with Malagasy lunar months by "adapting indigenous months,

1533: 91:('fate') in the interpretation of the diviner. The diviner also prescribes solutions to problems and ways to avoid fated misfortune, often involving a sacrifice. 477:, meaning 'prophet') who guides the client through the process and interprets the results in the context of the client's inquiries and desires. As part of an 3792: 607:

estimated in the late 19th century that roughly one in three Malagasy people had a firm grasp on the art; by 1970 Raymond Decary wrote that the number of

3994: 726:, it is "carried away to a distance on the shoulders of a man, who runs with all his might, mumbling as he goes, as if in the greatest rage against the 1308:

The "scrambling" ceremony, which only occurs with firstborn infants, takes place two or three months after the child's birth on a day divined by the

3939: 3856: 4067: 3871: 1204:, the finding of a spouse, the finding of lost objects, the identification of a thief, and the explanation for a misfortune, including illness or 3745:

and orientation of visitors based on social status (with the most important standing to the northeast and the least important to the southwest).

361:'s wrongful execution and ordered for him a pompous funeral. The chieftain took the second man as his close adviser and friend, and trusted the 1126:

objects include "a young bullock which just begins to bellow and to tear up the earth with his horns", fowl, rice mixed with milk and honey, a

3646: 3621: 3502: 3474: 3289: 3262: 668:

also provide guidance on how to avoid the misfortune divined in the subject's fate. Solutions include offerings, sacrifices, charms (called

4894: 4355: 4308: 3805: 722:

is ashes, they are blown from the hand to be carried off by the wind; if it is cut money, it is thrown to the bottom of deep waters; if a

2287:

is performed. The migrators are in the east from sunrise to 10 AM, in the north from 10 AM to 3 PM, and in the west from 3 PM to sunset.

1690:(the four-by-four grid of seeds representing eight datasets across its four columns and four rows). The last four columns (12–16) of the 4045: 597:

are considered specialists, dealing only with areas of inquiry and resolution within their expertise. In the process of divination, the

1483:'s columns, and eight additional columns are generated algorithmically and placed in a specific order below the four original columns. 309:

but then left, and to the names of the days of the week" and holds that the art was supernaturally communicated to the ancestors, with

4904: 3406: 3320:

Danfulani, Umar H. D. (1997). "Sixteen Figure Divination in Africa: Its Regional Spread and Relationship with Arab-Islamic Geomancy".

1221:

In cases of illness, which are understood to be either punishments or warnings from supernatural powers due to the transgression of a

371: 1331:('evil lock') is cut from the left side of the child's head and thrown away, "in order to avert calamity". A second lock, called the 3881: 3587: 326:

A mythic anecdote of Ranakandriana says that two men observed him one day playing in the sand. In fact he was practicing a form of

4899: 4255: 4072: 3906: 4126: 4030: 3984: 3901: 3785: 1696:

are derived from the algorithmically-generated columns, with column 16 operating on the first and fifteenth column as a pair.

4884: 4178: 4055: 3891: 1730:, one examining the results of combining some particular columns, and one parity check examining only one column. First, the 3608:

Jaovelo-Dzao, Robert (1996). "Le divin, le guérisseur, et le sorcier" [The diviner, the healer, and the sorcerer].

716:

objects can be trivial, such as "a little grass", some earth, or the water with which the patient rinses his mouth. If the

4272: 4195: 4136: 4040: 3964: 3959: 1675:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}o\oplus o&=oo\\oo\oplus oo&=oo\\o\oplus oo&=o\\oo\oplus o&=o\end{aligned}}} 4924: 4282: 4250: 4164: 4077: 3979: 3944: 3886: 1239:

To acquire wealth or foresee the growth of herds (gold prospecting and panning must take place on a day selected by the

483:'s formal initiation into the art, which includes a long period of apprenticeship, the initiate must gather 124 and 200 229:

using tamarind seeds, and another using fingered markings in the sand. The early colonial French governor of Madagascar

684:(taboos). The resolution often comes in the form of the ritual disposal of a symbolic object of misfortune, called the 4230: 4131: 3896: 251:

all the ancient kingdoms of Madagascar beginning in the sixteenth century. Today, although many persons claim to be

394:) is said of someone extremely impatient, and heavy rainshowers falling in rapid succession are called "sese omby" ( 4220: 4205: 4121: 4082: 4035: 4020: 3916: 3861: 3778: 2978: 2338:, who seek to understand them and the data which generate them as an unsolved intellectual challenge. Knowing many 1374: 368: 2426:

is each value in the first four columns (and thus in the entire tableau) being two seeds. This is called the "red

643: 4245: 4108: 3572: 1120:

may consist of a combination of beads, silver chains, ornaments, meats, herbs, and the singing of a child. Other

736:, it is carried away a short distance and then thrown on the ground with fury and indignation. The disposal of a 158: 4914: 4348: 4050: 3954: 3831: 3826: 3245: 1292:

As one of the "first acts" following a child's birth, the child's father or close relative consults the local

1248:

For all questions relating to women, including whether a potential bride has a fate aligned with her suitor's.

213:

was of central importance to pre-Christian Malagasy religion, with one practitioner quoted in 1892 as calling

2897:. African diasporic populations in Latin America have retained the practice, with the tradition being called 2134: 2128: 2032: 2026: 1990: 1943: 1886: 1853: 742:

may be as simple as a man standing at his doorway, throwing the object a few feet away, and saying the word "

4800: 4768: 4553: 4240: 4225: 4151: 4025: 3969: 3949: 3927: 1684:

The first 12 columns are generated algorithmically from pairs of adjacent columns in the randomly-generated

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include the selection of a day on which to do something (including taking a trip, planting, a wedding, and

287: 4277: 4190: 4008: 3989: 1205: 1142:

amulets and bracelets may continue to be worn after the cause of their prescription, effectively becoming

603:

relates interactively to the client, asking new questions and discussing the interpretation of the seeds.

262: 230: 4852: 4610: 4364: 4301: 4210: 4159: 4141: 4096: 3974: 3846: 3813: 536: 1431:(tableau). The process is repeated three more times, with each new column of seeds being placed on the 2849: 120: 1200:), whether a newborn child's destiny is compatible with its parents and thus whether it ought to be 515: 4909: 4889: 4341: 4317: 4262: 4060: 3561: 3522: 2436: 948: 95: 4793: 4739: 4622: 4451: 4267: 4235: 4200: 3447: 2861: 2278: 784: 569:

at its branches, shaking the tree and causing its large seed pods to fall. During this act, some

314: 2913:. Umar H. D. Danfulani records a breadth of sixteen-figure divinatory traditions across Africa: 4879: 4847: 4660: 4322: 3876: 3866: 3851: 3642: 3617: 3542: 3498: 3470: 3295: 3285: 3258: 3212: 3105: 3074: 2487:

The following are the most common names and meanings for the sixteen geomantic figures of the

2308:

with four directions represented but with one direction having only one representative. These

604: 3735:

The pairs of columns 2 and 16, 11 and 13, and 12 and 15 are also called "three inseparables".

2350:, with discovered examples being posted on doors and spread among diviners by word of mouth. 1518: 1025:

An object without life; or a piece of a stone, especially granite, in incipient degradation (

4616: 4441: 4215: 3841: 3534: 3439: 3204: 2965: 1747: 1535:), which determines a value based on whether two other values are the same or different. In 418: 306: 186:

of "houses" (lands) and "kings in their houses" as retained from medieval Arabic astrology.

56: 4783: 4431: 4113: 2906: 2440: 2417:) is thrown, retrieved, and carefully preserved by a friend or relation, and so not lost. 1754: 1289:

relating to infants: the declaring of the child's destiny, and the "scrambling" ceremony.

526: 154: 112: 1410:

in front of their seeds, which is set out before the seeds are produced from their sack.

2549: 2530: 1258:

The kind and color of sheep to be sacrificed in a wedding procession is also divined by

1130:

tree flush with fruit, "slime from frogs floating on the water", and a groundnut called

1052:

Partial danger of witchcraft (some person's partial inclination to bewitch the offerer)

197:, and the east coast of Africa in the 9th or 10th century C.E." Though the etymology of 189:

Most writers link the practice to the "sea-going trade involving the southwest coast of

4919: 4688: 4578: 4538: 4479: 3821: 2784: 2569: 1790:

The directional square showing the placements for the sixteen geomantic figures of the

1746:

Each of these three checks are mathematically proven valid in a 1997 paper by American

1486: 1127: 577: 116: 4873: 4683: 4645: 4474: 4446: 4389: 3429: 3188: 2921: 2910: 2890: 1750: 1370: 1096:, together with some earth, thrown away from a point measured eight to ten feet away 520: 2708: 2668: 4778: 4723: 4698: 4627: 4573: 4409: 3518: 3066: 3062: 3026: 2982: 2886: 2878: 2838: 2629: 1265: 679: 194: 94:

The centuries-old practice derives from Islamic influence brought to the island by

3538: 3523:"Divination among the Malagasy, Together with Native Ideas as to Fate and Destiny" 3355: 2610: 3641:(in English and French). Durham, N.C: Carolina Academic Press. pp. 337–351. 3410: 4703: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4469: 4423: 4384: 3044: 3016: 3006: 2992: 2969: 2944: 2902: 2688: 2648: 1386: 1345: 549:

and the tongue that will speak their revelations with the power to decipher the

2804: 2765: 2727: 4842: 4805: 4650: 4637: 4548: 4530: 4520: 4510: 4489: 4404: 4367: 3836: 3801: 3095: 2948: 2931: 2846: 2834: 2746: 2463: 2439:

the algorithmic generation and objective initial interpretation (according to

1236:

Before undertaking a journey, in order to divine an auspicious day for travel.

1197: 911: 613:

was now more limited, and the common knowledge of how to operate and read the

430: 243: 82: 68: 60: 3546: 3299: 3216: 2367:

If the ninth and fifteenth columns are the same, a bead must be offered as a

1385:

to see what no human eye can see. Wake up, for thou art from the long-haired

4815: 4773: 4763: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4558: 4543: 4515: 4505: 2842: 2830: 2591: 2293:

is never performed at night, and thus the migrators are never in the south.

1349: 707: 64: 21: 4655: 3451: 3433: 3279: 3208: 2511: 1786: 1176: 995:

A piece of a tree that has been injured by accident, cutting, or maiming (

4837: 4810: 4788: 4749: 4693: 4667: 4414: 4399: 3696: 3070: 2874: 2582: 1512: 1201: 503: 378:

used in Madagascar that come from this story: "Tsy mahandry andro Zoma" (

310: 247: 52: 4333: 3610:

Mythes, rites et transes à Madagascar - Angano, Joro et Tromba, Sakalava

3443: 2864:

methods using sixteen basic figures have been studied, including Yoruba

131: 4827: 4563: 4484: 4461: 4436: 3114: 1724:'s validity according to its generative logic: one examining the whole 1404: 1356:

To "awaken" the seeds in his bag as well as his own verbal powers, the

733: 585: 581: 223:

of our ancestors". A missionary report from 1616 describes one form of

49: 3770: 3560:

Rabedimy, Jean-François (2006) . "I.IV.8 The Mikea of Madagascar". In

1274:

is used "to direct the timing of residential movements to the forest (

203:

is unknown, it has been posited that the word derives from the Arabic

4832: 4568: 4394: 3700: 3058: 3002: 2870: 1849: 1407: 697: 543:. This paste impregnates the fingers that will move the seeds of the 491: 345: 4744: 3616:] (in French). Antananarivo; Paris: Karthala. pp. 273–292. 3192: 2866: 3754:

Some diviners associate migrators with the west regardless of time.

2302:

in which all four directions are represented, and most powerful in

1381:

Awake, O God, to awaken the sun! Awake, O sun, to awaken the cock!

4583: 3257:(1st ed.). London ; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 3065:"; "bone casting/throwing"; originating from the court circles of 3054: 2462: 1785: 1485: 1344: 1175: 723: 671: 642: 566: 417: 375: 302: 286: 220: 190: 130: 20: 4822: 1880: 1477:

data, four additional "columns" are read as the rows across the

1316: 540: 72: 4337: 3774: 2493:. Names that also refer to lunar months are marked with a '☾'. 1163:

resolution to ask the local foreign missionaries for medicine.

3586:

Gomez, Cristina; Oppenheim, H.; Yúrekli, O. (March 27, 2015).

3435:

Mathematics Elsewhere: An Exploration of Ideas Across Cultures

2326:-unique'). Beyond being powerful arrangements for divination, 576:

by an apprentice to his master is "not very high": up to five

3469:(in French) (Editions Alzieu ed.). Alzieu. p. 196. 706:. William Ellis compares this practice to the ancient Jewish 3915: 2360:

Land of Princes are always serious but never end in death."

1718:

performs three algorithmic and logical checks to verify the

647:

1913 painting by Henri Ratovo depicting the ceremony of the

529:, a man must be 40 years old before learning and practicing 153:

The practice is several centuries old, and is influenced by

1369:

turns the seeds on a mat eastward with his right hand. One

1081:

Danger from persons collecting together (foretells burial)

291:

15th century Arabic classification of the geomantic figures

2420:

The most exceptionally hopeless and severe outcome in a

2296:

The power to see into the past or future is greater in

1151:

Recovery without adherence to divined prescription and

555:. Once this is done, he leaves at dawn to search for a 3588:"Divination: Using Excel to explore ethnomathematics" 1557: 1521: 1217:

is consulted "in all circumstances", but especially:

1757:

was achieved and published by Gomez et al. in 2015.

75:, which are ritually arranged in a tableau called a 4732: 4676: 4636: 4529: 4498: 4460: 4422: 4378: 4177: 4150: 4095: 4007: 3926: 3812: 3566:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers

1055:The kernel or gland in a bullock's fat, called the 3689:Identified by Lars Dahle as a common name for the 2443:tradition) of the 65,536 possible arrangements of 1674: 1527: 1190:Problems and questions for divined resolution via 301:"links both to the return by walking on water of 1319:ox's hump, rice, milk, honey, and a grass called 1283:William Ellis describes two ritual occasions for 157:traditions of Arab Muslim traders on the island. 754:for various sources and manifestations of evil: 732:, for the evils it is bearing away." If it is a 2139:, meaning 'the beneficient' and 'the generous' 1379: 241: 3713: 3690: 3081: 2810: 2790: 2771: 2752: 2733: 2714: 2694: 2674: 2654: 2635: 2616: 2597: 2575: 2555: 2536: 2517: 2488: 2474: 2468: 2450: 2444: 2427: 2421: 2396: 2374: 2368: 2354: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2288: 2282: 2272: 2266: 2250: 2233: 2227: 2210: 2204: 2187: 2181: 2164: 2147: 2117: 2111: 2078: 2045: 2015: 2009: 2003: 1979: 1973: 1963:The fifth child; descendants; children; youth 1956: 1932: 1899: 1891:, meaning 'goodness', 'richness', 'property'. 1872: 1866: 1838: 1811: 1801: 1791: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1691: 1685: 1536: 1506: 1491: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1456: 1439: 1432: 1426: 1419: 1398: 1364: 1357: 1332: 1326: 1320: 1309: 1299: 1293: 1284: 1275: 1269: 1259: 1240: 1228: 1222: 1212: 1191: 1181: 1168: 1158: 1152: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1121: 1115: 1109: 1103: 1091: 1085: 1056: 1026: 996: 983: 966: 962:(the reproach or blame of parents or friends) 957: 941: 928: 915: 898: 869: 848: 819: 806: 778: 765: 749: 743: 737: 727: 717: 711: 701: 691: 685: 677: 669: 663: 654: 648: 635: 629: 620: 614: 608: 598: 592: 570: 556: 550: 544: 530: 507: 506:) tree seeds for his subsequent ritual use in 497: 484: 478: 468: 462: 440: 434: 362: 356: 349: 339: 333: 327: 318: 296: 274: 252: 246:country in southeastern Madagascar where the 234: 224: 214: 208: 198: 181: 175: 169: 162: 143: 136: 106: 99: 86: 76: 33: 26: 4349: 3786: 3251:Terrestrial astrology: Divination by geomancy 3193:"Malagasy Sikidy: A Case in Ethnomathematics" 2829:Other Malagasy methods of divination include 2265:There are sixteen possible configurations of 8: 3497:(First ed.). Indiana University Press. 2856:African sixteen-figure divinatory traditions 2332:represent a particular abstract interest to 1403:, Sakalava diviners work with a fragment of 180:". Danfulani also describes the concepts in 3495:African Divination Systems: Ways of Knowing 3467:Dictionnaire des noms malgaches de végétaux 3278:Randrianja, Solofo; Ellis, Stephen (2009). 2402: 2380: 2086: 2053: 1907: 1445: 1062: 1032: 1002: 875: 825: 446: 395: 379: 295:Mythic tradition relating to the origin of 4375: 4356: 4342: 4334: 4183: 4101: 4013: 3932: 3793: 3779: 3771: 2803: 2783: 2764: 2745: 2726: 2707: 2687: 2667: 2647: 2628: 2609: 2590: 2568: 2548: 2529: 2510: 2818:Robbers, rogues; unhappiness, misfortune 1558: 1556: 1520: 1227:(taboo), or poisonings or curses (called 433:is performed by a practitioner called an 3284:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2860:Aside from Arabic geomancy, a number of 2495: 1808: 1736:checks that at least two columns in the 1251:In order to cast a bad spell on someone. 976: 756: 700:should be killed and thrown away as the 696:predicts the death of two men, then two 3665: 3614:Myths, Rites, and Trances in Madagascar 3127: 565:) tree. Upon finding it, he throws his 267:l'Histoire de la Grande Isle Madagascar 3364:] (in French). Paris: P. Geuthner. 16:Malagasy algebraic divination by seeds 3488: 3486: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 2467:The sixteen geomantic figures of the 1939:The domicile; the country; the Earth 7: 3424: 3422: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3357:La divination malgache par le Sikidy 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 2778:Diviner; crowd, mob; grief, trouble 1490:A diagrammed example of a 16-column 1254:To search for or track down thieves. 860:The mouth or brim of a small basket 619:was now more basic, with masters of 305:ancestors who had intermarried with 2344:leads to personal prestige for the 1198:the exhumation of ancestral corpses 2052:The sorcerer; illness; the enemy ( 1753:. Verification through the use of 14: 3362:Malagasy divination by the Sikidy 2124:Nourishment; the healing diviner 1501:Algorithmically-generated columns 1496:with a valid arrangement of seeds 3564:; Daly, Richard Heywood (eds.). 3098: 1806:has a distinct divine referent: 1373:incantation quoted by Norwegian 676:), stored remedies, or observed 525:writes that, at least among the 367:forever afterwards. The British 3639:Madagascar: society and history 2682:Money; unhappiness, misfortune 1948:, meaning 'country' or 'land'. 1211:Raymond Decary writes that the 748:". Ellis reports the following 161:and Solofo Randrianja describe 3438:. Princeton University Press. 2877:divination, also known by its 2031:, meaning 'house', and النساء 980:Foretold danger or misfortune 174:, to the astrological months, 1: 3539:10.1080/0015587X.1892.9720105 3493:Peek, Philip M., ed. (1991). 2473:, arranged from seeds of the 2257:The house or its inhabitants 2154:Everything that can be eaten 1743:parity is logically certain. 1465:). There are 65,536 possible 405:a crowding together of cattle 2951:cultures; same tradition as 1816:and their symbolic meanings 1264:. Among the forest-dwelling 1167:Occasions and questions for 1108:, is also prescribed by the 1102:A divine offering, called a 207:('incantation' or 'charm'). 4895:Algebra of random variables 3281:Madagascar: a short history 2934:culture; same tradition as 2135: 2129: 2033: 2027: 1991: 1944: 1887: 1854: 1545:representing one seed, and 1418:After his incantation, the 1202:cared for by another family 348:. The two men worked their 4941: 1800:Each column making up the 389:He cannot wait 'til Friday 4905:Mathematics and mysticism 4374: 4295: 4186: 4104: 4016: 3935: 3913: 3595:Spreadsheets in Education 965:A broken fragment of the 473:(derived from the Arabic 239:in the mid-17th century: 71:data generated from tree 3832:Indian Ocean slave trade 3465:Boiteau, Pierre (1999). 3354:Decary, Raymond (1970). 1879:Material goods; riches; 1511:are generated using the 111:include the concepts of 4900:Mathematics and culture 4554:Cowrie-shell divination 3087:– from Malagasy culture 3073:) and "in the southern 2524:Emaciation; path, road 2390:overcoming the calamity 1528:{\displaystyle \oplus } 1325:. One lock, called the 414:Rites and practitioners 3920: 3897:Transitional Authority 3714: 3691: 3209:10.1006/hmat.1997.2159 3082: 2811: 2791: 2772: 2753: 2734: 2715: 2702:Chief or child; tears 2695: 2675: 2655: 2636: 2617: 2598: 2576: 2556: 2537: 2518: 2489: 2484: 2475: 2469: 2451: 2445: 2428: 2422: 2397: 2375: 2369: 2355: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2289: 2283: 2273: 2267: 2251: 2234: 2228: 2211: 2205: 2194:The chiefs and elders 2188: 2182: 2165: 2148: 2118: 2112: 2079: 2046: 2022:The wife of the house 2016: 2010: 2004: 1980: 1974: 1957: 1933: 1900: 1873: 1867: 1845:The client or patient 1839: 1812: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1779: 1773: 1767: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1692: 1686: 1676: 1537: 1529: 1507: 1497: 1492: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1457: 1440: 1433: 1427: 1420: 1399: 1395: 1365: 1358: 1353: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1310: 1300: 1294: 1285: 1276: 1270: 1260: 1241: 1229: 1223: 1213: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1169: 1159: 1153: 1144: 1138: 1132: 1122: 1116: 1110: 1104: 1092: 1086: 1057: 1027: 997: 984: 967: 958: 942: 929: 916: 899: 885:not residing northward 870: 849: 820: 807: 779: 766: 750: 744: 738: 728: 718: 712: 702: 692: 690:: for example, if the 686: 678: 670: 664: 660: 655: 649: 636: 630: 621: 615: 609: 599: 593: 571: 557: 551: 545: 531: 508: 498: 485: 479: 469: 463: 441: 435: 426: 363: 357: 350: 340: 334: 332:worked in sand called 328: 319: 313:(the supreme deity of 297: 292: 275: 271: 253: 235: 225: 215: 209: 199: 182: 176: 170: 163: 150: 144: 137: 107: 100: 87: 77: 65:algorithmic operations 40: 34: 27: 4885:Culture of Madagascar 3919: 3892:2009 political crisis 3847:Malagasy Protectorate 3412:History of Madagascar 3322:Africana Marburgensia 2721:Slave; evil thoughts 2563:Child; evil thoughts 2466: 1858:, meaning 'to rise'. 1789: 1677: 1530: 1513:XOR logical operation 1489: 1348: 1179: 847:A grasshopper called 805:A grasshopper called 646: 421: 376:idiomatic expressions 374:recorded in 1839 two 290: 134: 96:medieval Arab traders 24: 3995:World Heritage Sites 3197:Historia Mathematica 2850:dream-interpretation 1995:, meaning 'slaves'. 1555: 1549:representing two): 1519: 1505:Columns 9–16 of the 1397:When practicing the 1233:) from other humans. 940:A red flower called 857:The mouth; speaking 818:A small fish called 625:becoming more rare. 563:Entada chrysostachys 424:Entada chrysostachys 4925:Islam in Madagascar 3882:Democratic Republic 3444:10.2307/j.ctv39x5q7 2798:Food; anger, wrath 2543:Slave; cool speech 2437:computer-simulating 2279:cardinal directions 1817: 1414:Arranging the seeds 949:Euphorbia splendens 758: 279:across Madagascar. 263:Étienne de Flacourt 231:Étienne de Flacourt 4623:Tarot card reading 3940:Biosphere reserves 3921: 3857:Colonial governors 2862:African divination 2825:Related traditions 2759:Water spirit; joy 2642:Earth; auspicious 2485: 2353:Divination of the 2037:, meaning 'wife'. 1906:A male evil-doer ( 1885:From Arabic المال 1809: 1798: 1748:ethnomathematician 1672: 1670: 1525: 1498: 1425:first column of a 1377:Lars Dahle reads: 1354: 1188: 786:Portulaca oleracea 757: 661: 427: 293: 151: 41: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4661:Spirit possession 4331: 4330: 4291: 4290: 4173: 4172: 4091: 4090: 4068:Political parties 4056:National Assembly 4031:Foreign relations 4003: 4002: 3902:COVID-19 pandemic 3877:Malagasy Republic 3867:Malagasy Uprising 3852:French Madagascar 3648:978-0-89089-252-7 3623:978-2-86537-666-7 3504:978-0-253-20653-4 3476:978-2-910717-41-4 3291:978-0-226-70418-0 3264:978-0-7100-0553-3 3106:Madagascar portal 3075:Congo river-basin 2822: 2821: 2263: 2262: 2127:From Arabic محسن 1827:Symbolic meaning 1471:arrays. From the 1100: 1099: 975: 974: 605:Alfred Grandidier 315:Malagasy religion 4932: 4617:Sortes Sanctorum 4376: 4358: 4351: 4344: 4335: 4311: 4304: 4184: 4117: 4102: 4014: 3933: 3907:2021–2022 famine 3842:Franco-Hova Wars 3795: 3788: 3781: 3772: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3717: 3710: 3704: 3694: 3687: 3681: 3670: 3653: 3652: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3583: 3577: 3569: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3490: 3481: 3480: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3403: 3366: 3365: 3351: 3330: 3329: 3317: 3304: 3303: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3256: 3246:Skinner, Stephen 3242: 3221: 3220: 3185: 3108: 3103: 3102: 3101: 3085: 2968:speakers of the 2814: 2807: 2794: 2787: 2775: 2768: 2756: 2749: 2737: 2730: 2718: 2711: 2698: 2691: 2678: 2671: 2658: 2651: 2639: 2632: 2620: 2613: 2604:Charm; mourning 2601: 2594: 2579: 2572: 2559: 2552: 2540: 2533: 2521: 2514: 2496: 2492: 2478: 2472: 2454: 2448: 2431: 2425: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2376:vakantsileondoza 2372: 2358: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2292: 2286: 2276: 2270: 2254: 2237: 2231: 2214: 2208: 2191: 2185: 2168: 2151: 2138: 2132: 2121: 2115: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2049: 2036: 2030: 2025:From Arabic بيت 2019: 2013: 2007: 1994: 1989:From Arabic عبد 1983: 1977: 1960: 1947: 1942:From Arabic بلد 1936: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1890: 1876: 1870: 1857: 1842: 1818: 1815: 1805: 1795: 1782: 1776: 1771:has checked the 1770: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1723: 1717: 1695: 1689: 1681: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1671: 1540: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1510: 1495: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1436: 1430: 1423: 1402: 1368: 1361: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1313: 1303: 1298:, who works the 1297: 1288: 1279: 1273: 1263: 1244: 1232: 1226: 1216: 1195: 1185: 1172: 1162: 1156: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1125: 1119: 1113: 1107: 1095: 1089: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1000: 987: 977: 970: 961: 945: 932: 919: 902: 889: 886: 883: 880: 877: 873: 852: 839: 836: 833: 830: 827: 823: 810: 782: 780:tsikobon-danitra 769: 759: 753: 747: 741: 731: 721: 715: 705: 695: 689: 683: 675: 667: 658: 652: 639: 633: 624: 618: 612: 602: 596: 574: 560: 554: 548: 534: 524: 511: 501: 488: 482: 472: 466: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 444: 438: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 366: 360: 353: 343: 337: 331: 322: 300: 278: 269: 256: 238: 228: 218: 212: 202: 185: 179: 173: 166: 147: 140: 110: 103: 90: 80: 57:Malagasy peoples 37: 30: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4933: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4915:Boolean algebra 4870: 4869: 4868: 4859: 4784:Fortune-telling 4728: 4672: 4632: 4525: 4494: 4456: 4418: 4370: 4362: 4332: 4327: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4287: 4273:Public holidays 4169: 4146: 4137:Illegal logging 4115: 4087: 4041:Law enforcement 3999: 3965:Protected areas 3922: 3911: 3808: 3799: 3769: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3711: 3707: 3688: 3684: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3656: 3649: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3590: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3573:Credo Reference 3562:Lee, Richard B. 3559: 3558: 3554: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3492: 3491: 3484: 3477: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3428: 3427: 3420: 3405: 3404: 3369: 3353: 3352: 3333: 3319: 3318: 3307: 3292: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3254: 3244: 3243: 3224: 3187: 3186: 3129: 3124: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3094: 2907:Afro-Brazilians 2858: 2827: 2481:Entada africana 2461: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1810:Columns of the 1763: 1755:Microsoft Excel 1710: 1669: 1668: 1658: 1643: 1642: 1632: 1617: 1616: 1603: 1585: 1584: 1571: 1553: 1552: 1517: 1516: 1503: 1462: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1416: 1343: 1174: 1084:A grass called 1074: 1072:bewitching meat 1071: 1068: 1065: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 971:(water vessel) 927:An herb called 897:An herb called 887: 884: 881: 878: 837: 834: 831: 828: 797:A water-flower 777:An herb called 641: 518: 458: 455: 452: 449: 416: 407: 404: 401: 398: 391: 388: 385: 382: 285: 270: 261: 129: 113:Boolean algebra 17: 12: 11: 5: 4938: 4936: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4872: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4803: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4752: 4747: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4689:Cephalonomancy 4686: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4658: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4579:Obi divination 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4539:Astragalomancy 4535: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4480:Crystal gazing 4477: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4428: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4338: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4313: 4312: 4305: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4162: 4156: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4080: 4078:Prime Minister 4075: 4070: 4065: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4017: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3887:Third Republic 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3822:Merina Kingdom 3818: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3767: 3766: 3756: 3747: 3737: 3728: 3719: 3705: 3682: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3647: 3629: 3622: 3600: 3578: 3552: 3533:(2): 193–226. 3510: 3503: 3482: 3475: 3457: 3430:Ascher, Marcia 3418: 3407:Ellis, William 3367: 3331: 3305: 3290: 3270: 3263: 3222: 3203:(4): 376–395. 3189:Ascher, Marcia 3126: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3110: 3109: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3088: 3078: 3048: 3030: 3020: 3010: 2996: 2986: 2972: 2955: 2938: 2925: 2857: 2854: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2808: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2788: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2769: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2750: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2731: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2712: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2692: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2672: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2652: 2644: 2643: 2640: 2633: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2595: 2587: 2586: 2585:; most sacred 2580: 2573: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2553: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2534: 2526: 2525: 2522: 2515: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2502:Malagasy name 2500: 2460: 2457: 2412:stone-not-lost 2261: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2179: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2162: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2145: 2141: 2140: 2125: 2122: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2083: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2050: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2023: 2020: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1987: 1984: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1940: 1937: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1904: 1897: 1893: 1892: 1883: 1877: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1846: 1843: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1824:Malagasy name 1822: 1821:Column number 1762: 1759: 1709: 1706: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1524: 1502: 1499: 1415: 1412: 1342: 1339: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1237: 1234: 1173: 1165: 1098: 1097: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1023: 1019: 1018: 993: 989: 988: 981: 973: 972: 963: 954: 953: 938: 934: 933: 925: 921: 920: 908: 904: 903: 895: 891: 890: 871:tsiavaramonina 868:A tree called 866: 862: 861: 858: 854: 853: 845: 841: 840: 816: 812: 811: 808:tsiavaramonina 803: 799: 798: 795: 791: 790: 775: 771: 770: 763: 762:Evil's origin 640: 627: 516:Raymond Decary 415: 412: 335:sikidy alanana 284: 281: 259: 155:Arab geomantic 128: 125: 117:symbolic logic 63:. It involves 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4937: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4684:Anthropomancy 4682: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4666: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4475:Catoptromancy 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4447:Rhapsodomancy 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390:Alectryomancy 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4347: 4345: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4231:Ethnic groups 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4176: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4132:Food security 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3773: 3760: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3741: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3659: 3650: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3630: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3553: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3521:(June 1862). 3520: 3519:Sibree, James 3514: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3472: 3468: 3461: 3458: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3260: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3069:(present-day 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3047:(Edo) culture 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2911:Afro-Haitians 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2863: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2623:Woman; death 2622: 2619: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2482: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2399: 2398:vato-tsi-very 2377: 2371: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2269: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2131: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2085:The spirits ( 2084: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2029: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1807: 1804: 1794: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1769: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1752: 1751:Marcia Ascher 1749: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1522: 1514: 1509: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1459: 1442: 1435: 1429: 1422: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1382: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1360: 1351: 1347: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1278: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1225: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1184: 1178: 1171: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1149: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1106: 1094: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1059: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1029: 1024: 1021: 1020: 999: 994: 991: 990: 986: 982: 979: 978: 969: 964: 960: 956: 955: 951: 950: 944: 939: 936: 935: 931: 926: 923: 922: 918: 913: 909: 906: 905: 901: 900:antsiontsiona 896: 893: 892: 872: 867: 864: 863: 859: 856: 855: 851: 846: 843: 842: 822: 817: 814: 813: 809: 804: 801: 800: 796: 793: 792: 788: 787: 781: 776: 773: 772: 768: 764: 761: 760: 755: 752: 746: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 688: 682: 681: 674: 673: 666: 657: 651: 645: 638: 632: 628: 626: 623: 617: 611: 606: 601: 595: 589: 587: 583: 580:, plus a red 579: 573: 568: 564: 559: 553: 547: 542: 538: 533: 528: 522: 517: 513: 510: 505: 500: 495: 493: 487: 481: 476: 471: 465: 443: 437: 432: 425: 422:Seed pods of 420: 413: 411: 377: 373: 372:William Ellis 370: 365: 359: 352: 347: 342: 336: 330: 324: 321: 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 289: 282: 280: 277: 268: 264: 258: 255: 249: 245: 240: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 211: 206: 201: 196: 192: 187: 184: 178: 172: 165: 160: 159:Stephen Ellis 156: 148: 146: 139: 133: 126: 124: 122: 118: 114: 109: 102: 97: 92: 89: 84: 79: 74: 70: 67:performed on 66: 62: 58: 55:practiced by 54: 51: 48:is a form of 47: 46: 38: 36: 29: 23: 19: 4801:Mesopotamian 4794: 4779:Cledonomancy 4755: 4754: 4724:Scapulimancy 4699:Omphalomancy 4628:Tasseography 4615: 4604: 4603: 4574:Molybdomancy 4410:Ornithomancy 4221:Demographics 4206:Architecture 4122:Central bank 4083:Subdivisions 4036:Human rights 4021:Constitution 3872:Independence 3862:World War II 3759: 3750: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3708: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3638: 3632: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3594: 3581: 3571: 3565: 3555: 3530: 3526: 3513: 3494: 3466: 3460: 3434: 3411: 3361: 3356: 3325: 3321: 3280: 3273: 3250: 3200: 3196: 3113: 3080: 3067:Mwene Mutapa 3063:South Africa 3050: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3022: 3012: 2998: 2988: 2974: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2940: 2935: 2927: 2917: 2898: 2894: 2882: 2865: 2859: 2839:ornithomancy 2828: 2740:House; food 2486: 2480: 2434: 2419: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2341:tokan-sikidy 2329:tokan-sikidy 2317:tokan-sikidy 2295: 2264: 2171:The Creator 1799: 1764: 1745: 1711: 1702: 1698: 1687:renin-sikidy 1683: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1504: 1480:renin-sikidy 1474:renin-sikidy 1468:renin-sikidy 1441:renin-sikidy 1417: 1396: 1392: 1383: 1380: 1355: 1307: 1291: 1282: 1257: 1210: 1189: 1186:c. 1900–1905 1150: 1101: 1058:mosavin-kena 947: 850:tsimbolavola 785: 662: 590: 562: 539:and crushed 514: 490: 474: 428: 423: 325: 294: 283:Origin myths 272: 266: 242: 204: 195:Persian Gulf 188: 152: 142: 93: 44: 43: 42: 32: 18: 4704:Oracle bone 4677:Somatomancy 4646:Gastromancy 4599:Runic magic 4594:Rhabdomancy 4470:Aspidomancy 4424:Bibliomancy 4385:Ailuromancy 4379:Theriomancy 4246:LGBT rights 4109:Agriculture 3570:Cited from 3452:j.ctv39x5q7 3328:(1): 24–45. 2970:Jos Plateau 2903:Afro-Cubans 2847:necromantic 2314:are called 1387:Mohammedans 1341:Incantation 1328:sonia ratsy 943:songo songo 930:anantsinahy 835:water-sheep 821:ondrindrano 519: [ 233:documented 4910:Algorithms 4890:Divination 4874:Categories 4843:Revelation 4806:Numerology 4769:Apparition 4651:Mediumship 4638:Necromancy 4549:Cartomancy 4531:Cleromancy 4521:Hydromancy 4511:Capnomancy 4490:Oculomancy 4405:Myrmomancy 4368:divination 4365:Methods of 4256:newspapers 4116:(currency) 4051:Parliament 3955:Ecoregions 3837:Libertatia 3802:Madagascar 3695:among the 3122:References 3041:Iha Ogwega 2835:cartomancy 2662:Abundance 2063:the eighth 2011:Betsilisay 2005:Betsimisay 1761:Divination 1375:missionary 1093:atobahoaka 1042:dead-stone 998:hazomarary 894:The south 865:The north 794:The earth 537:red pepper 456:sacred one 431:divination 369:missionary 141:practices 61:Madagascar 31:practices 4816:Isopsephy 4774:Astrology 4764:Apophenia 4719:Rumpology 4714:Podomancy 4709:Palmistry 4559:Favomancy 4544:Belomancy 4516:Aeromancy 4506:Pyromancy 4499:Elemental 4268:Mythology 4241:Languages 4226:Education 4152:Transport 4127:Companies 4073:President 4026:Elections 3985:Volcanoes 3970:Provinces 3950:Districts 3928:Geography 3764:ignored". 3692:mpisikidy 3547:0015-587X 3415:. Fisher. 3300:243845225 3217:0315-0860 3033:Ominigbon 2843:extispicy 2831:astrology 2812:Alakarabo 2792:Alahasady 2773:Alahamora 2716:Alatsimay 2618:Alahijana 2599:Alikasajy 2373:, called 2347:mpisikidy 2335:mpisikidy 2274:mpisikidy 2240:The road 2217:The road 2096:the ninth 1958:Fianahana 1917:the third 1768:mpisikidy 1765:Once the 1733:mpisikidy 1715:mpisikidy 1653:⊕ 1624:⊕ 1595:⊕ 1566:⊕ 1523:⊕ 1421:mpisikidy 1366:mpisikidy 1359:mpisikidy 1350:Antandroy 1334:sonia soa 1322:voampamoa 1295:mpisikidy 1277:mihemotse 1206:sterility 1183:mpisikidy 1111:mpisikidy 1087:ahidratsy 1028:vato maty 1012:sick-tree 992:Sickness 924:The east 907:The west 708:scapegoat 665:Mpisikidy 610:mpisikidy 600:mpisikidy 594:mpisikidy 572:mpisikidy 480:mpisikidy 442:ny màsina 436:mpisikidy 358:mpisikidy 138:mpisikidy 50:algebraic 28:mpisikidy 4880:Geomancy 4838:Prophecy 4811:Gematria 4789:Geomancy 4694:Haruspex 4668:Taghairm 4589:Opon Ifá 4400:Myomancy 4318:Category 4278:Religion 4191:Abortion 4165:Railways 4046:Military 4009:Politics 3990:Wildlife 3827:Monarchs 3806:articles 3726:2=65,536 3703:peoples. 3697:Betsileo 3576:version. 3527:Folklore 3432:(2002). 3409:(1839). 3248:(1980). 3191:(1997). 3092:See also 3077:empires" 3071:Zimbabwe 3053:– "from 3009:cultures 2985:cultures 2885:and the 2754:Alabiavo 2676:Alohotsy 2656:Asombola 2583:Zanahary 2557:Alakaosy 2505:Meaning 2441:Sakalava 2435:A study 2189:Solotany 2183:Sorotany 2080:Fahasivy 2047:Fahavalo 2034:al-nisaa 1901:Fahatelo 1352:diviners 1268:people, 1128:plantain 710:. Other 650:fati-drà 527:Sakalava 504:tamarind 311:Zanahary 307:Malagasy 260:— 248:Antemoro 244:Matatane 83:divinely 53:geomancy 4848:Ecstasy 4828:Onmyodo 4795:I Ching 4740:African 4564:Kumalak 4485:Dowsing 4462:Scrying 4437:Falnama 4302:Outline 4216:Cuisine 4211:Culture 4179:Society 4160:Driving 4142:Tourism 4114:Ariary 4097:Economy 3975:Regions 3960:Islands 3814:History 3715:fàtidra 3115:I Ching 3043:– from 3029:culture 3025:– from 3019:culture 3015:– from 3001:– from 2999:Agbigba 2995:culture 2991:– from 2977:– from 2964:– from 2943:– from 2930:– from 2924:culture 2920:– from 2735:Alokola 2637:Alikisy 2577:Adabara 2519:Taraiky 2499:Figure 2459:Figures 2406: 2384: 2119:Ombiasa 2113:Omasina 2090: 2057: 1986:Slaves 1911: 1455:mother- 1449: 1405:hyaline 1154:faditra 1066: 1036: 1006: 985:Faditra 914:called 879: 829: 802:Cattle 774:Heaven 767:Faditra 751:faditra 745:faditra 739:faditra 734:pumpkin 729:faditra 719:faditra 713:faditra 703:faditra 698:locusts 687:faditra 656:faditra 631:Faditra 586:feather 582:rooster 470:ambiàsa 464:ombiasy 450: 399: 383: 254:ombiasy 177:vintana 149:in 1895 127:History 88:vintana 39:in 1900 4853:Vision 4833:Oracle 4756:Sikidy 4656:Séance 4611:Sortes 4605:Sikidy 4569:Mengdu 4452:Virgil 4395:Augury 4323:Portal 4283:Sports 4196:Anthem 4061:Senate 3980:Rivers 3945:Cities 3804: 3701:Merina 3678:sikiry 3674:sikily 3645: 3620: 3545: 3501: 3473: 3450: 3298: 3288: 3261: 3215: 3083:Sikidy 3059:Angola 3051:Hakata 3037:Ogwega 3003:Igbira 2966:Chadic 2922:Yoruba 2909:, and 2901:among 2871:cowrie 2845:, and 2538:Karija 2490:sikidy 2483:) tree 2470:sikidy 2446:sikidy 2429:sikidy 2423:toetry 2370:sōrona 2356:sikidy 2323:sikidy 2311:toetry 2305:toetry 2299:toetry 2290:Sikidy 2284:sikidy 2268:sikidy 2235:Lalana 2229:Safary 2136:mihsin 2130:mihsan 2017:Alisay 1934:Bilady 1888:al-mal 1850:Arabic 1830:Notes 1813:toetry 1803:toetry 1793:sikidy 1780:toetry 1774:toetry 1739:toetry 1727:toetry 1721:toetry 1708:Checks 1693:toetry 1538:sikidy 1508:toetry 1493:toetry 1458:sikidy 1434:toetry 1428:toetry 1408:quartz 1400:sikidy 1371:Merina 1311:sikidy 1301:sikidy 1286:sikidy 1271:sikidy 1261:sikidy 1242:sikidy 1230:tolaka 1214:sikidy 1193:sikidy 1170:sikidy 1160:sikidy 1139:Sōrona 1133:voanjo 1123:sōrona 1117:sōrona 1114:. The 1105:sōrona 1022:Death 959:Tsingy 917:harefo 844:Money 815:Sheep 693:sikidy 637:sōrona 622:sikidy 616:sikidy 578:francs 552:sikidy 546:sikidy 532:sikidy 509:sikidy 492:Entada 364:sikidy 351:sikidy 346:cattle 341:sikidy 329:sikidy 320:sikidy 298:sikidy 276:sikidy 236:sikidy 226:sikidy 216:sikidy 210:Sikidy 200:sikidy 193:, the 183:sikidy 171:volana 164:sikidy 145:sikidy 121:parity 108:sikidy 101:sikidy 98:. 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