51:
2515:
960:
57:
643:
1085:(18th c.), etc.âand histories authored by colonial bureaucrats, especially the British Gazetteers. However, some scholars view the Chachnama as an original workâthat claimed to be a translation only for political expediencyâand doubt the accuracy of the historical narratives contained within the text.
602:
Nothing particular is known about the first three kingsâRai Diwaji, Rai
Sahiras I, and Rai Sahasi I. The fourth king, Rai Sahiras II, is said to have ruled over a vast prosperous area, including the seaport of Debal, divided into four provinces; he was killed in an conflict with the Sassanian King of
1258:
Alexander M. Fishman and Ian Todd speculate a series of gold dinars and silver dammas found in the region â similar to the
Ranaditya Satya mints, in deriving from Sassanian coinage but bearing different legends and different crown patterns â to have been minted by the Rais. The legends might be read
1174:
However, as Chach gained access to the interiors of the palace, Deviâin an unfulfilling relationship with an ageing Sahasi IIâbegan to grow enamoured of him and proposed marriage. While Chach did not consent to it, fearing incurring the King's wrath and also swerving further away from the scriptural
1191:
However, the news of the King's death somehow made way to Sahasi II's brotherâRai Mahrit, ruler of
Chittorâwho claimed the throne and mounted a military offensive. Chach was ambiguous about the morality of taking on a legitimate successor but was coaxed by Devi. In the faceoff, he secured a freak
1183:
On Sahasi II's death, Devi proposed that Chach usurp the throne. He reluctantly conceded to Devi's plan and the news of Sahasi II's death was withheld from the public; meanwhile, she incited the familial claimants to the throne in a fatal internecine warfare. Then Devi proclaimed that Sahasi II,
1175:
ideals of a
Brahminical life, he acceded to her request to provide company, and their relationship continued to blossom. Sahasi II, ignorant of Chach's ways, allowed him gain unprecedented control in the affairs of the state until his death by natural causes; he did not have any children.
1009:
was accorded with particular importance as it documented the origins of Muslim rule in the subcontinent. The Rai dynasty, being the penultimate non-Muslim polity in the region and forming the backdrop of the rise of Chach in
Chachnama, received some attention in contemporary scholarship.
1337:
The claimants were asked to meet the frail King one by one. In reality, Devi had each of them imprisoned and claimed that the King had them imprisoned out of a quarrel with some other claimant. Thus, she suggested killing the other claimant to pacify the King and regain their
1347:
Chach challenged Mahrit to a one-on-one combat, claiming his
Brahmin origins had precluded learning the skills of cavalry. However, in the combat, Chach mounted a horse and beheaded Mahrit. Mahrit's forces went into a disarray receiving the news of his
1192:
victory and went on to organize public feasts to win the approval of the masses. Thereafter, Devi had him declared as the heir to the throne, being a man of unsurmountable intellect and bravery, and married him with the approval of the court.
1166:
Under his regime too, the kingdom exhibited socioeconomic prosperity; Chachnama praises Sahasi II as a benevolent ruler who always chose to abide by his counsel. He was married to Sohman Devi. During his regime, Chach, a poor, learned
1226:
Abundant
Sasanian mints but with significant variations âin typology, style, and especially, denominationâ have been excavated from Sind. Literary sources do not record Sasanian activity and details thereof in these frontier
1209:
working in conjunction with a willing yet ethical apprentice. Chach would subdue protracted resistance from
Bachhera, a relative of Sahasi II and the erstwhile governor / vassal of Multan province, but was never dislodged.
1920:
Schindel, Nikolaus (2016). "The
Coinages of Paradan and Sind in the Context of Kushan and Kushano-Sasanian Numismatics". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.).
1259:
as Sri Shahi Rasra(âŚ), Sri
Jayataka, Sri Harsharuka, and Sri Bharharsha some of which match, albeit roughly, with speculative reconstructions obtainable from the Chachnama â Diwaj > Diwaditya > Devaditya
1275:, upon a critical reading of the text, hypothesizes it to be an original work that drew on then-extant histories to imagine a romantic-nationalist past of Sindh with little fidelity to accuracy. In contrast,
1074:, purportedly, a literal Persian translation (c. 13th-century) of an undated Arabic text that is no longer extant. No epigraphic or archaeological or numismatic evidence, pertaining to the dynasty, exists.
1060:(484 C.E.), the Sassanians were no more a force to reckon with in their frontier territories and new dynasties arose in many of these places. The Rai dynasty's origin probably laid in this power vacuum.
1283:
emphasizes on unique features of the text that would have been impossible without a literal translation and rejects Asif's doubts on the veracity of the events described in Chachnama, as does
1184:
though recovering, could not hold court and, hence, had appointed Chach as the caretaker ruler for his lifetime. The courtiers were lured into supporting the coverup, and Chach ruled as the
1143:
as its capital. The western unit extended over a vast areaâBatia, Chachpur and Dehrpurâof western Sindh; Iskalanda was the capital. The northern unit, adjoining Kashmir, was centred around
610:
Rai Sahiras II was succeeded by Rai Sahasi II whose secretary, Chach, a Brahmin, usurped the throne after his death in connivance with Sohan Devi, the King's widow, and established the
1263:
Ranaditya (?), Sahiras I > Shahi Rasra(âŚ) (?), Sahsi I > ?, Sahiras II > Sri Harsha (?), and Sahsi II > ?. Pankaj Tandon does not find the attribution convincing.
1236:
Two series of Peroz's mintsâthe first crown and third crown âare observed in Sindh; only in the second does this legend appear, replacing the two attendants of the fire temple.
1123:
The kingdom was divided into four units, each under a governor or a vassal. The southern unit extended from the coasts of the Arabian Sea to Lohana and Samonaâincluding
1100:â 632 A.D. They allegedly had familial ties with other rulers of South Asia including Kashmir, Kabul, Rajasthan, Gujarat, etc. However, their origins remain unknown.
3137:
1789:
912:
2855:
1311:, claiming to be Sahasi II's brother. Rulers of pre-Sisodia Rajasthan usually claimed descent from Mauryas, and this identification went perfectly with
1158:; he was admired for not leaving the battlefield, despite being deserted by his forces. Makran and other unknown territories were lost in the conflict.
50:
2821:
2043:
1005:, as the colonial bureaucrats sought to justify their rule by highlighting how the deposed Muslim rulers had long-oppressed the Hindu natives, the
614:. Sahasi II's relativesâRai Mahrit, ruler of Chittor and Bachhera, the governor of Multan provinceâtook on Chach, individually, but in vain.
1120:
The Chachnama, in its opening verses, notes Rai Sahiras II to be famed for his justice and generosity; his coffers overflowed with wealth.
1068:
Sindh, as a region, had no extant written histories until the late-medieval era and our sole source of knowledge about the dynasty remains
1057:
360:
1995:
1930:
1771:
988:
3127:
2199:
1823:
Habib, Irfan (June 2017). "Book Review: Manan Ahmad Asif, A Book of Conquest: The ChachnĂĽma and Muslim Origins in South Asia".
213:
1814:
Habib, Irfan (2012). "Linguistic Materials from Eighth-century Sind: An Exploration of the Chachnama". In Jafri, S.Z.H (ed.).
1112:
Buddhiman (lit. Wise) informs Chach about the territorial expanses and administrative structure of Rais under Rai Sahiras II.
538:
513:
3157:
3132:
2848:
1951:
2953:
2764:
1108:
Nothing particular is known about the first three kings; their names are mentioned in a single line in the Chachnama, where
750:
2814:
374:
369:
63:
3152:
3142:
2093:
3045:
1155:
1082:
298:
2036:
3122:
3086:
2878:
2841:
2750:
2536:
2529:
2494:
2472:
1171:, was inducted into the epistolary office and rose through the ranks quickly, eventually becoming his secretary.
1026:
1002:
720:
2898:
2893:
2807:
2645:
2638:
2603:
2477:
2120:
2108:
1296:
1200:
735:
730:
611:
531:
518:
336:
3091:
1280:
1886:
2363:
2029:
626:
2394:
2267:
2162:
1941:
2436:
2326:
1325:
981:
804:
204:
155:
1077:
Chachnama's narrative about the Rais has since penetrated into the regional historiography in Persianâ
2426:
2316:
2211:
2060:
882:
785:
240:
231:
3101:
3147:
3081:
2797:
2421:
2375:
2336:
2184:
2078:
1816:
Recording the Progress of Indian History: Symposia Papers of the Indian History Congress, 1992â2010
872:
316:
307:
2514:
1799:"Recently Discovered Gold, Silver and Copper Coins of pre-Islamic Sindh and the Yashaditya Series"
2590:
2543:
2451:
2446:
2431:
2389:
2346:
2341:
2272:
2257:
2135:
2130:
2088:
2083:
2073:
1899:
1848:
1781:
835:
688:
92:
1150:
Sahiras II met his death while attempting to ward off an invasion by the Sassanian Governor of
3040:
2948:
2908:
2757:
2651:
2575:
2331:
2282:
2252:
2230:
2225:
2179:
2167:
1991:
1947:
1926:
1891:
1840:
1767:
959:
892:
1013:
In modern-day historiography, the dynasty has attracted sparse scholarship except from a few
3096:
3071:
3050:
3014:
2864:
2503:
2456:
2321:
2304:
2299:
2277:
2262:
2194:
2157:
2098:
1881:
1873:
1832:
1272:
1196:
1124:
974:
887:
848:
823:
816:
778:
740:
713:
671:
654:
596:
592:
327:
288:
249:
3076:
3066:
2938:
2928:
2903:
2723:
2701:
2660:
2609:
2554:
2404:
2351:
2287:
2140:
2113:
1151:
1044:
1032:
964:
855:
797:
768:
666:
661:
604:
349:
166:
83:
1971:
1328:, Brahmins ought not to engage in worldly activities and must lead a life of asceticism.
2989:
2943:
2923:
2913:
2883:
2730:
2694:
2680:
2594:
2550:
2409:
2399:
2309:
2150:
2145:
2052:
877:
745:
3116:
2933:
2918:
2714:
2687:
2441:
2189:
1903:
1852:
1300:
1284:
1140:
917:
267:
258:
222:
175:
137:
119:
101:
2006:
3035:
2969:
2708:
2560:
2414:
2292:
2245:
2068:
1205:
897:
642:
74:
56:
1877:
2240:
2172:
1861:
1276:
1132:
1014:
942:
193:
1788:. Islamabad, Pakistan: Institute of Islamic History, Culture and Civilization:
2569:
2235:
1246:
1078:
1070:
865:
700:
693:
278:
184:
110:
1895:
1844:
1836:
2999:
1786:
Fathnamah I-Sind: Being the Original Record of the Arab Conquest of The Sind
1036:
1006:
587:
3009:
2984:
2584:
2125:
1312:
1307:, by caste. This descent was proposed based on Rai Mahrit, then ruler of
557:
404:
146:
128:
3019:
2994:
2358:
1308:
1203:, as portrayed in Chachnama, was established out of the intrigues of a
1168:
1053:
1040:
930:
907:
902:
683:
634:
17:
3004:
1304:
1144:
1136:
1109:
1862:"A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia"
1798:
2833:
1977:. In Alram, Michael; Bodzek, Jaroslaw; Bursche, Aleksander (eds.).
2974:
2784:
2009:
A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia
1961:
Siddiqi, Iqtidar Husain (2013). "Chachnama and its Significance".
1764:
A Book of Conquest: The Chachnama and Muslim Origins in South Asia
1128:
937:
860:
755:
678:
582:
561:
2021:
1923:
The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: adaptation and expansion
2979:
947:
430:
2837:
2025:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1039:. The last Sassanian mints discovered from the region are of
1135:. The central unit spanned around Jankan and Rujaban to the
641:
1913:
Glimpses of Ancient Sind: A Collection of Historical Papers
585:
region. All that is known about the dynasty comes from the
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1495:
1493:
1456:
1454:
1963:
Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1043:(r. 459â484); they are inscribed with the name of one "
1972:"Research on the Guptas and (Iranian) Huns, 2014â2020"
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1703:
1701:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
3059:
3028:
2962:
2871:
2465:
2374:
2210:
2059:
1287:
criticizing his intensely source-critical approach.
1049:", who is assumed to be the eponymous local ruler.
552:
476:
466:
454:
437:
424:
410:
400:
32:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1981:. Vol. II. International Numismatic Council.
1887:20.500.11820/0c6e731b-6baf-4caa-a86b-d6b626bc2f1c
1421:
1031:Coinage attests to the indirect influence of the
1797:Fishman, A. M.; Todd, I. J.; Pieper, W. (2021).
1578:
2849:
2815:
2037:
1988:Al Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World
982:
8:
1367:
1979:The Survey of Numismatic Research 2014â2020
1518:
1315:'s noting the King of Sin-tu to be a Sudra.
1104:Rai Diwaji, Rai Sahiras I, and Rai Sahasi I
1093:The Rais reigned for a period of 144 years
2856:
2842:
2834:
2822:
2808:
2488:
2044:
2030:
2022:
989:
975:
621:
29:
1885:
1324:According to the Brahminical theology of
1946:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1484:
1472:
1460:
1445:
1433:
2502:
2491:
1656:
1360:
1219:
1056:suffered an overwhelming defeat in his
633:
3138:Medieval empires and kingdoms of India
1692:
1633:
1542:
581:â632 CE) was a dynasty that ruled the
1860:Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2018-10-02).
1566:
1530:
475:
465:
461:
436:
423:
419:
409:
7:
1866:Islam and ChristianâMuslim Relations
1746:
1719:
1707:
1680:
1668:
1602:
1590:
1554:
1499:
1402:
1379:
607:and lost territories around Makran.
1299:held the Rais to be descendants of
443:
25:
2513:
1943:A Historical atlas of South Asia
1940:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978).
1915:. Sindh: Saraswati M. Gulrajani.
1370:, p. 26, 145 map XIV.1 (i).
1245:For a parallel, see the rise of
958:
536:
511:
55:
49:
1422:Fishman, Todd & Pieper 2021
1:
1878:10.1080/09596410.2018.1522158
1094:
1035:over Sindh from the reign of
575:
388:
1766:. Harvard University Press.
1911:Mirchandani, B. D. (1985).
1825:Studies in People's History
1188:King for about six months.
411:
3174:
3046:Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III
1762:Asif, Manan Ahmed (2016).
1024:
27:Dynasty of Sindh (489â632)
3051:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi
2899:Caliphal province of Sind
2879:Indus Valley Civilisation
2473:Template:History of India
1803:Numismatische Zeitschrift
1058:war with the Hephthalites
1027:Sasanian coinage of Sindh
1003:British conquest of Sindh
721:Indus Valley Civilisation
490:
486:
462:
450:
420:
44:
39:
3092:Battle of Khari Khabarlo
2894:Brahmin dynasty of Sindh
2478:Template:Medieval Deccan
2005:Wink, Andre (May 2017).
1837:10.1177/2348448917694235
1297:Chintaman Vinayak Vaidya
1131:âand had its capital at
532:Brahmin dynasty of Sindh
519:Hind (Sasanian province)
1970:Tandon, Pankaj (2022).
3128:History of Balochistan
2600:c. 330 BCE â c. 224 CE
2537:Mature Harappan period
2268:Kingdom of Bundelkhand
2163:Kingdom of Anahilavada
1818:. Delhi: Primus Books.
646:
478:⢠Disestablished
3158:Rajput clans of Sindh
3133:Dynasties of Pakistan
2990:Mansura (Brahmanabad)
2547:c. 1900 â c. 1500 BCE
2540:c. 2600 â c. 1900 BCE
2533:c. 3300 â c. 2600 BCE
2530:Early Harappan period
2437:Sultanate of Khandesh
2273:Kingdom of Trikalinga
2216:(Post Tripartite Era)
2121:Kingdom of Mahishmati
2015:H-Asia, H-Net Reviews
1281:Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila
645:
387:Map of Sindh (Rais),
2788:c. 1947 CE â present
2768:c. 1936 â c. 1947 CE
2761:c. 1842 â c. 1936 CE
2754:c. 1775 â c. 1955 CE
2734:c. 1783 â c. 1843 CE
2727:c. 1701 â c. 1783 CE
2720:c. 1627 â c. 1707 CE
2566:c. 1500 â c. 500 BCE
2544:Late Harappan period
2427:Sultanate of Gujarat
2317:Kingdom of Jaisalmer
1986:Wink, Andre (1996).
805:Sindhi Gibraltarians
786:Sindhis in Sri Lanka
3082:Battle of Hyderabad
2798:History of Pakistan
2581:c. 516 â c. 330 BCE
2422:Sultanate of Bengal
2337:Sultanate of Multan
2226:Kingdom of Junagadh
2212:Middle Medieval Era
2185:Tripartite Struggle
2126:Kingdom of Samatata
2079:Kingdom of Thanesar
1579:Hämeen-Anttila 2018
1475:, p. 128, 130.
468:⢠Established
3153:History of Gujarat
3143:Dynasties of India
3087:Battle of Fatehpur
3060:Wars & battles
2615:c. 224 â c. 489 CE
2591:Indo-Greek Kingdom
2447:Kingdom of Bikaner
2432:Sultanate of Malwa
2390:Sultanate of Delhi
2342:Kingdom of Mithila
2327:Kingdom of Kalyani
2258:Kingdom of Sambhar
2253:Kingdom of Amarkot
2136:Kingdom of Kashmir
2089:Kingdom of Gurjara
2084:Kingdom of Valabhi
2074:Kingdom of Kannauj
2061:Early Medieval Era
1790:Islamic University
1722:, p. 132-133.
1695:, p. 131-132.
1502:, p. 151-152.
1436:, p. 127-128.
836:Sindhi Australians
647:
3110:
3109:
3041:Dollah Darya Khan
2949:Bombay Presidency
2909:Emirate of Multan
2832:
2831:
2785:Province of Sindh
2758:Bombay Presidency
2718:
2705:c. 1554 â 1591 CE
2698:c. 1520 â 1554 CE
2691:c. 1351 â 1524 CE
2684:c. 1024 â 1524 CE
2655:
2652:Umayyad Caliphate
2613:
2598:
2579:
2576:Achaemenid Empire
2564:
2486:
2485:
2457:Kingdom of Orissa
2376:Late Medieval Era
2332:Kingdom of Marwar
2283:Kingdom of Bengal
2231:Emirate of Multan
2180:Kingdom of Dahala
2168:Kingdom of Bengal
1557:, p. 15, 20.
1368:Schwartzberg 1978
999:
998:
741:Soomra-Samma rule
591:, a 13th-century
568:
567:
548:
547:
544:
543:
524:
523:
16:(Redirected from
3165:
3123:History of Sindh
3097:Battle of Kachhi
3072:Battle of Halani
2865:History of Sindh
2858:
2851:
2844:
2835:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2712:
2664:c. 841 â 1024 CE
2649:
2607:
2588:
2573:
2558:
2555:Sauvira kingdoms
2517:
2507:
2489:
2452:Kingdom of Mewat
2442:Kingdom of Sindh
2382:
2381:
2359:Lords of Magadha
2322:Kingdom of Kutch
2305:Kingdom of Sindh
2300:Kingdom of Amber
2278:Kingdom of Malwa
2263:Kingdom of Mewar
2218:
2217:
2158:Kingdom of Gauda
2131:Kingdom of Nepal
2099:Kingdom of Sindh
2094:Kingdom of Malwa
2046:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2018:
2001:
1982:
1976:
1966:
1957:
1936:
1916:
1907:
1889:
1856:
1819:
1810:
1793:
1777:
1750:
1744:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1637:
1631:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1519:Mirchandani 1985
1516:
1503:
1497:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1406:
1400:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1294:
1288:
1273:Manan Ahmed Asif
1270:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1197:Manan Ahmed Asif
1099:
1096:
1052:In 484 C.E., as
991:
984:
977:
962:
824:Sindhi Canadians
817:Sindhi Americans
779:Sindhis in India
622:
580:
577:
540:
539:
528:
527:
515:
514:
508:
507:
492:
491:
393:
390:
379:
377:
372:
365:
363:
356:
354:
345:
343:
332:
330:
323:
321:
312:
310:
303:
301:
294:
291:
283:
281:
274:
272:
263:
261:
254:
252:
245:
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236:
234:
227:
225:
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216:
209:
207:
200:
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189:
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171:
169:
162:
160:
151:
149:
142:
140:
133:
131:
124:
122:
115:
113:
106:
104:
97:
95:
88:
86:
79:
77:
70:
68:
59:
53:
30:
21:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3077:Battle of Miani
3067:Battle of Rasil
3055:
3024:
2958:
2939:Kalhora dynasty
2929:Tarkhan dynasty
2904:Habbari dynasty
2867:
2862:
2828:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2724:Kalhora dynasty
2719:
2711:
2704:
2702:Tarkhan dynasty
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:Habbari dynasty
2657:c. 712 â 860 CE
2656:
2648:
2642:c. 644 â 712 CE
2641:
2639:Brahmin dynasty
2635:c. 489 â 644 CE
2634:
2627:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2610:Sasanian Empire
2606:
2599:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2505:
2498:
2487:
2482:
2461:
2380:(Sultanate Era)
2379:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2190:Kingdom of Lata
2069:Magadhan Empire
2055:
2050:
2004:
1998:
1985:
1974:
1969:
1965:. Primus Books.
1960:
1954:
1939:
1933:
1925:. Oxbow Books.
1919:
1910:
1859:
1822:
1813:
1796:
1780:
1774:
1761:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1640:
1632:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1517:
1506:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1409:
1401:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1295:
1291:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1201:Brahman dynasty
1181:
1164:
1137:Makran frontier
1118:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1083:Tuhfatul karaam
1066:
1046:Ranaditya Satya
1029:
1023:
995:
963:
953:
952:
933:
923:
922:
851:
841:
840:
771:
761:
760:
716:
706:
705:
657:
620:
612:Brahmin dynasty
578:
564:
560:
537:
512:
479:
469:
440:
439:⢠(?)â632
427:
426:⢠489â(?)
396:
395:
391:
384:
383:
382:
381:
380:
375:
370:
368:
366:
361:
359:
357:
352:
350:
348:
346:
341:
339:
337:
335:
333:
328:
326:
324:
319:
317:
315:
313:
308:
306:
304:
299:
297:
295:
289:
286:
284:
279:
277:
275:
270:
268:
266:
264:
259:
257:
255:
250:
248:
246:
241:
239:
237:
232:
230:
228:
223:
221:
219:
214:
212:
210:
205:
203:
201:
194:
192:
190:
185:
183:
181:
176:
174:
172:
167:
165:
163:
158:
156:
154:
152:
147:
145:
143:
138:
136:
134:
129:
127:
125:
120:
118:
116:
111:
109:
107:
102:
100:
98:
93:
91:
89:
84:
82:
80:
75:
73:
71:
66:
64:
62:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3171:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3102:Battle of Jhok
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2954:British period
2951:
2946:
2944:Talpur dynasty
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Arghun dynasty
2921:
2916:
2914:Soomra dynasty
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Sindhu kingdom
2881:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2751:Khairpur State
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:Talpur dynasty
2728:
2721:
2706:
2699:
2695:Arghun dynasty
2692:
2685:
2681:Soomra dynasty
2677:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2601:
2595:Indo-Scythians
2582:
2567:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2510:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2386:
2384:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2233:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2053:Medieval India
2051:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2002:
1996:
1983:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1917:
1908:
1872:(4): 536â538.
1857:
1831:(1): 105â109.
1820:
1811:
1794:
1784:, ed. (1983).
1778:
1772:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1749:, p. 133.
1724:
1712:
1710:, p. 132.
1697:
1685:
1683:, p. 131.
1673:
1671:, p. 133.
1661:
1638:
1607:
1605:, p. 153.
1595:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1504:
1489:
1487:, p. 129.
1477:
1465:
1463:, p. 130.
1450:
1448:, p. 127.
1438:
1426:
1407:
1384:
1372:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1317:
1289:
1265:
1251:
1249:in Zabulistan.
1238:
1229:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1180:
1177:
1163:
1160:
1117:
1116:Rai Sahiras II
1114:
1105:
1102:
1090:
1087:
1065:
1062:
1022:
1019:
997:
996:
994:
993:
986:
979:
971:
968:
967:
955:
954:
951:
950:
945:
940:
934:
929:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
869:
868:
863:
852:
847:
846:
843:
842:
839:
838:
827:
826:
820:
819:
808:
807:
801:
800:
798:Sindhi British
789:
788:
782:
781:
772:
767:
766:
763:
762:
759:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
731:Chacha dynasty
728:
723:
717:
712:
711:
708:
707:
704:
703:
698:
697:
696:
686:
681:
676:
675:
674:
664:
658:
653:
652:
649:
648:
638:
637:
631:
630:
619:
616:
597:Sindhi history
566:
565:
556:
554:
550:
549:
546:
545:
542:
541:
534:
525:
522:
521:
516:
504:
503:
498:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
477:
474:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
452:
451:
448:
447:
441:
438:
435:
434:
428:
425:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
408:
407:
402:
398:
397:
386:
385:
367:
358:
347:
334:
325:
314:
305:
296:
285:
276:
265:
256:
247:
238:
229:
220:
211:
202:
191:
182:
173:
164:
153:
144:
135:
126:
117:
108:
99:
90:
81:
72:
61:
54:
48:
47:
46:
45:
42:
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3170:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Mughal Empire
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Samma dynasty
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2766:
2765:Sind Province
2763:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2715:Mughal Empire
2710:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2688:Samma dynasty
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2373:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2209:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2027:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2003:
1999:
1997:90-04-09249-8
1993:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1932:9781785702105
1928:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:Baloch, N. A.
1779:
1775:
1773:9780674660113
1769:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1659:, p. 31.
1658:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1545:, p. 28.
1544:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:Schindel 2016
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:Schindel 2016
1469:
1466:
1462:
1461:Schindel 2016
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:Schindel 2016
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:Schindel 2016
1430:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1382:, p. 21.
1381:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1344:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1162:Rai Sahasi II
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1103:
1101:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:Tarikh i Sind
1075:
1073:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1004:
992:
987:
985:
980:
978:
973:
972:
970:
969:
966:
961:
957:
956:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
935:
932:
927:
926:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
857:
854:
853:
850:
845:
844:
837:
834:
833:
832:
831:
825:
822:
821:
818:
815:
814:
813:
812:
811:North America
806:
803:
802:
799:
796:
795:
794:
793:
787:
784:
783:
780:
777:
776:
775:
770:
765:
764:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
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965:Sindh portal
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501:Succeeded by
500:
495:
309:LATER GUPTAS
287:
215:PANDUVAMSHIS
195:
2889:Rai dynasty
2632:Rai dynasty
2504:History of
2236:Kabul Shahi
2200:Rashtrakuta
2007:"Review of
1693:Baloch 1983
1634:Baloch 1983
1543:Tandon 2022
1303:and hence,
1277:Irfan Habib
1195:Thus, says
1133:Brahmanabad
1081:(17th c.),
943:Thar Desert
756:Current Era
726:Rai dynasty
689:Nationalism
618:Scholarship
595:work about
572:Rai dynasty
496:Preceded by
34:Rai dynasty
3148:Chach Nama
3117:Categories
2570:Sattagydia
2364:Pithipatis
1953:0226742210
1809:: 389â392.
1567:Habib 2017
1531:Habib 2012
1356:References
1285:AndrĂŠ Wink
1247:Nezak Huns
1179:Usurpation
1129:Debal port
1098: 489
1071:Chach Nama
1025:See also:
1021:Background
1001:After the
913:Television
893:Literature
736:Arab Sindh
701:Sindhology
579: 489
431:Rai Diwaji
401:Government
392: 550
300:PRATIHARAS
280:TOCHARIANS
224:SHASHANKAS
112:ZHANGZHUNG
65:South Asia
3015:Hyderabad
3000:Agham Kot
2626:Classical
1990:. BRILL.
1904:150269490
1896:0959-6410
1853:165517641
1845:2348-4489
1747:Asif 2016
1720:Asif 2016
1708:Asif 2016
1681:Asif 2016
1669:Wink 1996
1603:Wink 1996
1591:Wink 2017
1555:Asif 2016
1500:Wink 1996
1403:Asif 2016
1380:Asif 2016
1139:; it had
1037:Shapur II
1033:Sasanians
1007:Chachnama
903:Festivals
588:Chachnama
329:CHALUKYAS
290:MAITRAKAS
251:MAUKHARIS
130:SAMATATAS
94:LICCHAVIS
3010:Khudabad
2995:Umer Kot
2985:Banbhore
2963:Capitals
2779:Pakistan
2745:Colonial
2675:Medieval
2646:As-Sindh
2585:Patalene
2495:a series
2493:Part of
1338:freedom.
1313:Xuanzang
1227:regions.
1186:de facto
1141:Sewistan
948:Siwistan
908:Religion
856:Clothing
769:Diaspora
672:Dialects
667:Language
662:Folklore
655:Identity
627:a series
625:Part of
558:Pakistan
405:Monarchy
394:â600 CE.
351:SASANIAN
242:GONANDAS
206:KALINGAS
168:PALLAVAS
159:KUNDINAS
148:KAMARUPA
3020:Karachi
2872:Periods
2524:Ancient
2466:Related
2405:Tughlaq
2352:Oiniwar
2288:Chandra
2195:Gurjara
2141:Karkota
2114:Habbari
2109:Brahman
1309:Chittor
1301:Mauryas
1169:Brahmin
1064:Sources
1054:Peroz I
1041:Peroz I
931:Regions
878:Cuisine
849:Culture
830:Oceania
746:Talpurs
714:History
684:Sindhis
635:Sindhis
593:Persian
455:History
433:(first)
318:PUSHYA-
269:WESTERN
196:ALCHONS
157:VISHNU-
85:PANDYAS
40:489â632
18:Siharus
3029:People
3005:Thatta
2709:Thatta
2551:Sindhu
2497:on the
2410:Sayyid
2400:Khalji
2395:Mamluk
2347:Karnat
2310:Soomra
2151:Lohara
2146:Utpala
1994:
1950:
1929:
1902:
1894:
1851:
1843:
1770:
1348:death.
1305:Shudra
1199:, the
1156:Kirman
1152:Nimroz
1145:Multan
1089:Rulers
918:Cinema
888:Poetry
792:Europe
605:Nimroz
458:
446:(last)
416:
362:
353:EMPIRE
342:CHURIS
320:BHUTIS
186:NEZAKS
177:ALUPAS
121:CHERAS
103:CHOLAS
67:600 CE
2975:Debal
2506:Sindh
2246:Hindu
1975:(PDF)
1900:S2CID
1849:S2CID
1326:caste
1261:alias
1214:Notes
1154:into
1125:Nerun
1110:Wazir
938:Sindh
898:Music
883:Dance
861:Shawl
694:State
679:Sindh
583:Sindh
562:India
340:KALA-
338:EARLY
271:TURKS
260:TAKKA
139:GAUDA
76:MORIS
2980:Aror
2604:Hind
2593:and
2553:and
2415:Lodi
2293:Sena
2241:Turk
2173:Pala
1992:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1927:ISBN
1892:ISSN
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1768:ISBN
1279:and
1127:and
774:Asia
570:The
412:King
2104:Rai
1882:hdl
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873:Day
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3119::
2013:.
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1147:.
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