289:
inflammation. Other conditions that can cause marked changes in CRP levels include infection, trauma, surgery, burns, inflammatory conditions, and advanced cancer. Moderate changes can also occur after strenuous exercise, heatstroke, and childbirth. Increased levels of CRP as measured by a CRP test or the more sensitive high serum CRP (hsCRP) test have a close correlation to increased risk of silent stroke. Interleukin-6 is an
457:(TCD), which measures cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) in the large intracranial arteries in the brain, has been shown in various studies to be an effective tool to diagnose children with sickle cell anemia at increased risk of having an initial or recurrent silent stroke. The narrowing of these arteries which is a risk factor for cerebral infarction, is characterized by an increased velocity of blood flow.
494:, as detected by transcranial Doppler, and previous silent infarct, even when the initial MRI showed no abnormality. A finding of elevated TCD ultrasonographic velocity warrants MRI of the brain, as those with both abnormalities who are not provided transfusion therapy are at higher risk for developing a new silent infarct or stroke than are those whose initial MRI showed no abnormality.
231:. are at increased risk for having a silent stroke according to a study released at American Stroke Association's International Stroke Conference 2011. The researchers suggested a thorough examination for evidence of silent stroke in all severely anemic children in order to facilitate timely intervention to ameliorate the potential brain damage.
241:
genetic blood disorder caused in the gene (HBB gene) which codes for hemoglobin (Hg) and results in lowered levels. The blood cells in sickle cell disease are abnormally shaped (sickle-shaped) and may form clots or block blood vessels. Estimates of children with sickle cell anemia who suffer strokes
390:
Individuals who have had silent strokes often have various neuropsychological deficits and have significant impairment in multiple areas of cognitive performance. One study has shown an association between silent stroke and a history of memory loss and lower scores on tests of cognitive function. In
376:
or slower than normal. Sleep apnea is a common finding in stroke patients but recent research suggests that it is even more prevalent in silent stroke and chronic microvascular changes in the brain. In the study presented at the
American Stroke Association's International Stroke Conference 2012 the
422:
Major depression is a risk factor and also a consequence of silent brain infarction (SBI). Persons who present with symptoms of presenile and senile major depression showed a markedly higher incidence of SBI (65.9% and 93.7%). Individuals with major depression who have had an SBI present with more
2320:
Price, TR; Manolio, TA; Kronmal, RA; Kittner, SJ; Yue, NC; Robbins, J; Anton-Culver, H; O'Leary, DH (1997). "Silent brain infarction on magnetic resonance imaging and neurological abnormalities in community-dwelling older adults. The
Cardiovascular Health Study. CHS Collaborative Research Group".
288:
concentrations increase (or decrease) by 25% or more during inflammatory disorders) which is produced by the liver. The level of CRP rises in response to inflammation in various parts of the body including vascular inflammation. The level of CRP can rise as high as 1000-fold in response to
158:) infarcts caused by the occlusion of a single penetrating branch of a larger blood vessel that provides blood to the brain's deep structures including the white matter. LACIs are strongly associated with the development of white matter lesions (WML) which can be detected via the use of
121:
A silent stroke differs from a transient ischemic attack (TIA). In TIA, symptoms of stroke are exhibited which may last from a few minutes to 24 hours before resolving. A TIA is a risk factor for having a major stroke and subsequent silent strokes in the future.
63:
and major stroke in the future. In a broad study in 1998, more than 11 million people were estimated to have experienced a stroke in the United States. Approximately 770,000 of these strokes were symptomatic and 11 million were first-ever silent MRI infarcts or
350:(MetS):Metabolic syndrome is a name for a group of risk factors that occur together and increase the risk for coronary artery disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. A higher number of these MetS risk factors the greater the chance of having a silent stroke.
2100:
Price TR, Manolio TA, Kronmal RA, et al. (June 1997). "Silent brain infarction on magnetic resonance imaging and neurological abnormalities in community-dwelling older adults. The
Cardiovascular Health Study. CHS Collaborative Research Group".
2679:
2660:
1202:
Bernaudin, F; Verlhac, S; Fréard, F; Roudot-Thoraval, F; Benkerrou, M; Thuret, I; Mardini, R; Vannier, JP; et al. (2000). "Multicenter prospective study of children with sickle cell disease: Radiographic and psychometric correlation".
317:
to injury and infection may act as both an anti-inflammatory agent and a pro-inflammatory. Increased levels of CRP as measured by a CRP test or the more sensitive high serum CRP (hsCRP) test and elevated levels of I6 as measured by an IL6
1834:"Association of plasma total homocysteine levels with subclinical brain injury: Cerebral volumes, white matter hyperintensity, and silent brain infarcts at volumetric magnetic resonance imaging in the Framingham Offspring Study"
248:: is an autosomal recessive genetically inherited form of hemolytic anemia, characterized by red blood cell (hemoglobin) production abnormalities. Children with this disorder are at increased risk for silent stroke.
103:, pain, or an alteration in the sense of touch. A silent stroke typically affects regions of the brain associated with various thought processes, mood regulation and cognitive functions and is a leading cause of
59:, and the patient is typically unaware they have suffered a stroke. Despite not causing identifiable symptoms, a silent stroke still causes damage to the brain and places the patient at increased risk for both
99:. These strokes are termed "silent" because they typically affect "silent" regions of the brain that do not cause a noticeable change in an afflicted person's motor functions such as contralateral paralysis,
1522:
Lind, L; Sarabi, M; Millgård, J (2003). "The effect of smoking on endothelial vasodilatory function evaluated by local infusion of metacholine in the forearm is dependent on the duration of smoking".
1330:
Caksen, H; Odabaş, D; Akbayram, S; Faik Oner, A; Arslan, S; Cesur, Y; Uner, A (2003). "Silent stroke in a case of beta-thalassemia major associated with chronic renal failure and diabetes mellitus".
1473:"Pathophysiological impact of cigarette smoke exposure on the cerebrovascular system with a focus on the blood–brain barrier: Expanding the awareness of smoking toxicity in an underappreciated area"
410:
Silent strokes are the most common form of neurologic injury in children with sickle cell anemia, who may develop subtle neurocognitive deficits in the areas of attention and concentration,
1963:
Kwon, HM; Kim, BJ; Park, JH; Ryu, WS; Kim, CK; Lee, SH; Ko, SB; Nam, H; et al. (2009). "Significant association of metabolic syndrome with silent brain infarction in elderly people".
1789:
Vermeer, SE; Van Dijk, EJ; Koudstaal, PJ; Oudkerk, M; Hofman, A; Clarke, R; Breteler, MM (2002). "Homocysteine, silent brain infarcts, and white matter lesions: The
Rotterdam Scan Study".
407:
Children who have suffered silent strokes often have a variety of neuropsychological deficits. These deficits may include lowered I.Q., learning disabilities, and an inability to focus.
171:
There are various individual risk factors associated with having a silent stroke. Many of these risk factors are the same as those associated with having a major symptomatic stroke.
1648:
Yoshida, M; Tomitori, H; Machi, Y; Katagiri, D; Ueda, S; Horiguchi, K; Kobayashi, E; Saeki, N; et al. (2009). "Acrolein, IL-6 and CRP as markers of silent brain infarction".
2444:"Silent brain infarcts in 755 consecutive patients with a first-ever supratentorial ischemic stroke. Relationship with index-stroke subtype, vascular risk factors, and mortality"
803:
Fried, LP; Borhani, NO; Enright, P; Furberg, CD; Gardin, JM; Kronmal, RA; Kuller, LH; Manolio, TA; et al. (1991). "The
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114:
In the
Cardiovascular Health Study, a population study conducted among 3,660 adults over the age of 65, 31% showed evidence of silent stroke in neuroimaging studies utilizing
197:
serve as a marker for silent stroke, when elevated in conjunction with C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 the confidence levels in predicting a silent stroke risk increase.
242:(with silent strokes predominating in the younger patients) range from 15%-30%. These children are at significant risk of cognitive impairment and poor educational outcomes.
838:
Coutts, SB; Hill, MD; Simon, JE; Sohn, CH; Scott, JN; Demchuk, AM; Vision Study, Group (2005). "Silent ischemia in minor stroke and TIA patients identified on MR imaging".
217:: the prevalence of silent stroke rises with increasing age with a prevalence rate of over twenty percent of the elderly increasing to 30%-40% in those over the age of 70.
140:: occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain becomes weakened and ruptures. Typically hemorrhagic stroke is caused by two types of weakened blood vessel:
901:
Van Zagten, M; Boiten, J; Kessels, F; Lodder, J (1996). "Significant progression of white matter lesions and small deep (lacunar) infarcts in patients with stroke".
2185:
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2399:
Corea, F; Tambasco, N; Luccioli, R; Ciorba, E; Parnetti, L; Gallai, V (2002). "Brain CT-scan in acute stroke patients: Silent infarcts and relation to outcome".
2075:
134:: occurs when a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain becomes blocked. This type of stroke accounts for approximately 87 percent of all stroke cases.
484:
118:. These individuals were unaware they had suffered a stroke. It is estimated that silent strokes are five times more common than symptomatic stroke.
368:: encompasses a heterogeneous group of sleep-related breathing disorders in which there is repeated intermittent episodes of breathing cessation or
270:(rCBF). The chances of having a stroke increase with the amount of cigarettes smoked and the length of time an individual has smoked (pack years).
76:. The risk of silent stroke increases with age but may also affect younger adults. Women appear to be at increased risk for silent stroke, with
953:
1598:
Love, BB; Biller, J; Jones, MP; Adams Jr, HP; Bruno, A (1990). "Cigarette smoking. A risk factor for cerebral infarction in young adults".
1018:
Bang, OY; Saver, JL; Ovbiagele, B; Choi, YJ; Yoon, SR; Lee, KH (2007). "Adiponectin levels in patients with intracranial atherosclerosis".
2786:
2698:
539:
Miwa, K; Hoshi, T; Hougaku, H; Tanaka, Makiko; Furukado, Shigetaka; Abe, Yuko; Okazaki, Shuhei; Sakaguchi, Manabu; et al. (2010).
392:
334:: which affects up to 50 million people in the United States alone is the major treatable risk factor associated with silent strokes.
2224:
756:"Functional and cognitive consequences of silent stroke discovered using brain magnetic resonance imaging in an elderly population"
95:
of the brain): the white matter is more susceptible to vascular blockage due to reduced amount of blood vessels as compared to the
476:
is the most immediate step that can be taken, with the effective management of hypertension the major medically treatable factor.
1287:
King, AA; Debaun, MR; White, DA (2008). "Need for cognitive rehabilitation for children with sickle cell disease and strokes".
396:
2073:
American Stroke
Association Meeting Report - Abstract 3434/P161: Sleep apnea linked to silent strokes, small lesions in brain
2798:
414:, and visual-motor speed and coordination due to silent strokes which may not have been detected on physical examination.
104:
399:—a test designed for children aged 5 through 11 years, mentally and physically impaired individuals, and elderly people.
1733:
1633:
Ridker PM, Libby P (2007). "Risk
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Leary, MC; Saver, JL (2003). "Annual incidence of first silent stroke in the United States: A preliminary estimate".
541:"Silent cerebral infarction is associated with incident stroke and TIA independent of carotid intima-media thickness"
2079:
585:"Silent stroke in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group"
356:(PCOS): is associated with double the risk for arterial disease including silent stroke independent of the subjects
439:
223:: children with acute anemia caused by medical conditions other than sickle cell anemia with hemoglobin below 5.5
145:
2551:
Pegelow, CH; Wang, W; Granger, S; Hsu, LL; Vichinsky, E; Moser, FG; Bello, J; Zimmerman, RA; et al. (2001).
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353:
60:
2219:
Sam
Goldstein, Cecil R. Reynolds: Handbook of Neurodevelopmental and Genetic Disorders in Children p.105 (2010)
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2821:
2709:
87:
These types of strokes include lacunar and other ischemic strokes and minor hemorrhages. They may also include
2483:
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159:
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328:: untreated or improperly managed diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk for silent stroke.
2008:"PCOS, coronary heart disease, stroke and the influence of obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
936:
Igarashi, K; Kashiwagi, K (2011). "Use of Polyamine Metabolites as Markers for Stroke and Renal Failure".
266:
effects of smoking increase the risk for silent stroke. Smoking also has a deleterious effect on regional
875:
472:
Preventive measures that can be taken to avoid sustaining a silent stroke are the same as for stroke.
1424:"Tobacco smoke induces the generation of procoagulant microvesicles from human monocytes/macrophages"
451:
378:
314:
2356:
Vermeer, SE; Longstreth Jr, WT; Koudstaal, PJ (2007). "Silent brain infarcts: A systematic review".
1063:"Risk of "silent stroke" in patients older than 60 years: Risk assessment and clinical perspectives"
256:(AF): atrial fibrillation (irregular heartbeat) is associated with a doubled risk for silent stroke.
2683:
669:"Prevalence and risk factors of silent brain infarcts in the population-based Rotterdam Scan Study"
491:
445:
432:
281:
267:
253:
238:
2138:"Silent cerebral infarction and cognitive function in middle-aged neurologically healthy subjects"
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Tomitori, H; Usui, T; Saeki, N; Ueda, S; Kase, H; Nishimura, K; Kashiwagi, K; Igarashi, K (2005).
2424:
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2281:"Background factors and clinical symptoms of major depression with silent cerebral infarction"
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979:"Polyamine oxidase and acrolein as novel biochemical markers for diagnosis of cerebral stroke"
959:
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606:
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325:
298:
259:
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81:
30:
1685:"Untreated type 2 diabetes and its complications are associated with subcortical infarctions"
2613:
2605:
2594:"Stroke Prevention Trial in Sickle Cell Anemia (STOP): Extended follow-up and final results"
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2408:
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2019:
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marked neurological deficits and more severe depressive symptoms than do those without SBI.
306:
2553:"Silent infarcts in children with sickle cell anemia and abnormal cerebral artery velocity"
2076:"Sleep apnea linked to silent strokes, small lesions in brain / American Heart Association"
1883:"Elevated plasma homocysteine levels and risk of silent brain infarction in elderly people"
2802:
2790:
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887:
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208:
155:
131:
108:
96:
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914:
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1113:
1089:
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1031:
995:
978:
851:
313:(acts in relaying information between cells). IL6 is involved in the regulation of the
151:
2369:
1559:"Effects of smoking on regional cerebral blood flow in neurologically normal subjects"
583:
Herderscheê, D; Hijdra, A; Algra, A; Koudstaal, PJ; Kappelle, LJ; Van Gijn, J (1992).
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Dowling, Michael M.; Quinn, Charles T.; Rogers, Zora R.; Buchanan, George R. (2010).
816:
772:
755:
557:
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are an independent risk factor for silent stroke, even in healthy middle-aged adults.
277:
194:
88:
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1992:
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1316:
1232:
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789:
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653:
2428:
1818:
1734:"Prevalence, incidence, and risk factors of lacunar infarcts in a community sample"
1264:
1247:
508:
435:(by chance) of various neuroimaging techniques. Silent strokes may be detected by:
337:
331:
285:
92:
77:
2760:
2512:"The use of transcranial ultrasonography to predict stroke in sickle cell disease"
754:
Schmidt, WP; Roesler, A; Kretzschmar, K; Ladwig, KH; Junker, R; Berger, K (2004).
2714:
2609:
1940:
1923:
1758:
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1343:
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2569:
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2528:
2511:
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Kubota, K; Yamaguchi, T; Abe, Y; Fujiwara, T; Hatazawa, J; Matsuzawa, T (1983).
1535:
1179:
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200:
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1471:
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1439:
1216:
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a second study, individuals who have a had a silent stroke scored lower on the
2769:
2725:
2460:
2443:
2249:
1976:
1849:
721:
341:
211:
properties. Lower levels of s-adiponectin are associated with ischemic stroke.
190:
183:
179:
154:(LACI) are small (0.2 to 15 mm in diameter) noncortical (does not affect
100:
65:
2334:
2114:
1899:
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601:
584:
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2673:
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2024:
1575:
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35:
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2006:
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1984:
1949:
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lowers the risk for a new silent stroke in children who have both abnormal
2537:
2469:
2412:
2342:
2306:
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2047:
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1619:
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294:
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1079:
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1390:
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The diagnosis of a silent stroke is usually made as an
72:
which are detected via the use of neuroimaging such as
207:
cells that improves insulin sensitivity and possesses
16:
Stroke with no outward symptoms associated with stroke
2642:
322:
are markers for the increased risk of silent stroke.
2735:
2646:
29:
24:
1428:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
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381:, the more likely patients had a silent stroke.
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883:
873:
578:
576:
1662:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.07.022
7:
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14:
68:. Silent strokes typically cause
2199:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2008.01045.x
2155:10.1034/j.1600-0404.2002.1o068.x
773:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52300.x
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57:symptoms associated with stroke
55:that does not have any outward
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309:. IL6 is also classified as a
293:(type of protein) produced by
1:
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393:mini–mental state examination
105:vascular cognitive impairment
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146:arteriovenous malformations
2838:
2485:Acta Neurologica Taiwanica
1440:10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.209577
1332:Journal of Child Neurology
1217:10.1177/088307380001500510
1205:Journal of Child Neurology
1061:Lim, JS; Kwon, HM (2010).
465:
440:Magnetic resonance imaging
2461:10.1161/01.STR.25.12.2384
2012:Human Reproduction Update
1977:10.1007/s00415-009-5201-8
1850:10.1001/archneur.65.5.642
722:10.1007/s11883-004-0063-0
354:Polycystic ovary syndrome
61:transient ischemic attack
2335:10.1161/01.STR.28.6.1158
2115:10.1161/01.STR.28.6.1158
1900:10.1161/01.STR.32.5.1116
1301:10.1586/14737175.8.2.291
626:Cerebrovascular Diseases
602:10.1161/01.STR.23.9.1220
468:Stroke § Prevention
2298:10.1161/01.STR.25.4.798
2250:10.1023/A:1012901124088
1576:10.1161/01.STR.14.5.720
262:: The procoagulant and
160:computerized tomography
805:Annals of Epidemiology
2557:Archives of Neurology
2413:10.1081/CEH-120015343
2025:10.1093/humupd/dmr001
1838:Archives of Neurology
1759:1959.4/unsworks_40331
1600:Archives of Neurology
1490:10.3390/ijerph7124111
1167:Archives of Neurology
903:Archives of Neurology
686:10.1161/hs0102.101629
1965:Journal of Neurology
452:Transcranial Doppler
379:apnea-hypopnea index
372:, when breathing is
315:acute phase response
282:acute phase proteins
1791:Annals of Neurology
492:blood flow velocity
485:Transfusion therapy
446:Computed tomography
268:cerebral blood flow
254:Atrial fibrillation
239:autosomal recessive
2801:2021-07-31 at the
2789:2013-05-05 at the
2736:External resources
2142:Acta Neurol. Scand
2049:Indian J. Med. Res
1161:Adams, RJ (2007).
886:has generic name (
480:Sickle cell anemia
433:incidental finding
418:Link to depression
412:executive function
348:Metabolic syndrome
274:C-reactive protein
235:Sickle cell anemia
182:produced from the
138:Hemorrhagic stroke
2779:
2778:
1803:10.1002/ana.10111
1701:10.2337/dc10-0602
1130:10.1002/pbc.22242
1080:10.2147/cia.s7382
955:978-1-61779-033-1
638:10.1159/000071128
474:Smoking cessation
326:Diabetes mellitus
307:endothelial cells
299:white blood cells
260:Cigarette smoking
246:Thalassemia major
82:cigarette smoking
41:
40:
19:Medical condition
2829:
2644:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2572:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2358:Lancet Neurology
2353:
2347:
2346:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2300:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2238:Neuropsychol Rev
2233:
2227:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2193:(Pt 5): 437–45.
2182:
2176:
2175:
2157:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2078:. Archived from
2071:
2065:
2064:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1943:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1761:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1578:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1492:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1451:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1391:10.7326/M14-0538
1370:
1364:
1363:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1082:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1015:
1009:
1008:
998:
974:
968:
967:
933:
927:
926:
898:
892:
891:
885:
881:
879:
871:
835:
829:
828:
800:
794:
793:
775:
751:
742:
741:
705:
699:
698:
688:
664:
658:
657:
621:
615:
614:
604:
580:
571:
570:
560:
536:
514:Cerebral hypoxia
284:(proteins whose
152:Lacunar infarcts
91:(changes in the
22:
2837:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2822:Types of stroke
2812:
2811:
2803:Wayback Machine
2791:Wayback Machine
2780:
2775:
2774:
2731:
2730:
2655:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2591:
2590:
2586:
2563:(12): 2017–21.
2550:
2549:
2545:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2454:(12): 2384–90.
2441:
2440:
2436:
2407:(7–8): 669–76.
2398:
2397:
2393:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2218:
2214:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1971:(11): 1825–31.
1962:
1961:
1957:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1650:Atherosclerosis
1647:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1483:(12): 4111–26.
1470:
1469:
1465:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1338:(11): 798–800.
1329:
1328:
1324:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1173:(11): 1567–74.
1160:
1159:
1155:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1017:
1016:
1012:
989:(12): 2609–13.
976:
975:
971:
956:
935:
934:
930:
900:
899:
895:
882:
872:
837:
836:
832:
802:
801:
797:
753:
752:
745:
707:
706:
702:
666:
665:
661:
623:
622:
618:
582:
581:
574:
538:
537:
533:
528:
500:
489:cerebral artery
482:
470:
464:
455:ultrasonography
429:
420:
405:
388:
358:Body mass index
209:antiatherogenic
169:
156:cerebral cortex
132:Ischemic stroke
128:
109:urinary bladder
97:cerebral cortex
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2835:
2833:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2793:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2752:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2717:
2706:
2695:
2676:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:Classification
2640:
2639:External links
2637:
2634:
2633:
2584:
2543:
2502:
2475:
2434:
2391:
2348:
2329:(6): 1158–64.
2312:
2291:(4): 798–801.
2271:
2228:
2212:
2177:
2128:
2109:(6): 1158–64.
2092:
2066:
2039:
2018:(4): 495–500.
1998:
1955:
1914:
1873:
1824:
1781:
1724:
1675:
1640:
1625:
1590:
1549:
1514:
1463:
1434:(9): 1818–24.
1414:
1379:Ann Intern Med
1365:
1322:
1279:
1238:
1194:
1153:
1104:
1053:
1026:(22): 1931–7.
1010:
969:
954:
928:
893:
830:
795:
766:(7): 1045–50.
743:
700:
659:
616:
572:
530:
529:
527:
524:
523:
522:
516:
511:
506:
499:
496:
481:
478:
466:Main article:
463:
460:
459:
458:
449:
443:
428:
425:
419:
416:
404:
401:
395:(MMSE) and on
387:
384:
383:
382:
363:
362:
361:
345:
335:
329:
323:
271:
257:
251:
250:
249:
243:
218:
212:
198:
168:
165:
164:
163:
149:
135:
127:
124:
101:slurred speech
39:
38:
33:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2834:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2604:(3): 847–52.
2603:
2599:
2595:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2522:(9): 605–10.
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:(4): 179–96.
2243:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:1-60623-990-2
2222:
2216:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2148:(3): 179–84.
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2093:
2082:on 2012-02-11
2081:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1934:(5): 1607–9.
1933:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1893:(5): 1116–9.
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:(4): 266–72.
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1689:Diabetes Care
1686:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1656:(2): 557–62.
1655:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:(1): 125–30.
1529:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:(5): 333–43.
1210:
1206:
1198:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1002:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
973:
970:
965:
961:
957:
951:
947:
943:
939:
932:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
894:
889:
884:|first7=
877:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
834:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
811:(3): 263–76.
810:
806:
799:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
774:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
748:
744:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
716:(4): 307–13.
715:
711:
704:
701:
696:
692:
687:
682:
678:
674:
670:
663:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
620:
617:
612:
608:
603:
598:
595:(9): 1220–4.
594:
590:
586:
579:
577:
573:
568:
564:
559:
554:
551:(9): 817–22.
550:
546:
542:
535:
532:
525:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
497:
495:
493:
490:
486:
479:
477:
475:
469:
461:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
437:
436:
434:
426:
424:
417:
415:
413:
408:
402:
400:
398:
394:
385:
380:
375:
371:
367:
364:
359:
355:
352:
351:
349:
346:
343:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:(specialized
296:
292:
287:
283:
279:
278:Interleukin 6
275:
272:
269:
265:
261:
258:
255:
252:
247:
244:
240:
236:
233:
232:
230:
226:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
206:
202:
199:
196:
195:amine oxidase
192:
188:
185:
181:
177:
174:
173:
172:
166:
161:
157:
153:
150:
147:
143:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
125:
123:
119:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
89:leukoaraiosis
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:silent stroke
37:
34:
32:
28:
25:Silent stroke
23:
2754:
2743:
2719:
2708:
2697:
2678:
2659:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2491:(4): 221–5.
2488:
2484:
2478:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2364:(7): 611–9.
2361:
2357:
2351:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2215:
2190:
2186:
2180:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2084:. Retrieved
2080:the original
2069:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1844:(5): 642–9.
1841:
1837:
1827:
1797:(3): 285–9.
1794:
1790:
1784:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1695:(1): 184–6.
1692:
1688:
1678:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1606:(6): 693–8.
1603:
1599:
1593:
1569:(5): 720–4.
1566:
1562:
1552:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1431:
1427:
1417:
1385:(9): 650–8.
1382:
1378:
1368:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1295:(2): 291–6.
1292:
1288:
1282:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1124:(3): 461–4.
1121:
1117:
1107:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1023:
1019:
1013:
986:
982:
972:
937:
931:
909:(7): 650–5.
906:
902:
896:
876:cite journal
846:(4): 513–7.
843:
839:
833:
808:
804:
798:
763:
759:
713:
709:
703:
676:
672:
662:
632:(3): 280–5.
629:
625:
619:
592:
588:
548:
544:
534:
509:Hypertension
483:
471:
430:
421:
409:
406:
389:
338:Homocysteine
332:Hypertension
170:
167:Risk factors
120:
113:
93:white matter
86:
80:and current
78:hypertension
48:
44:
42:
2745:MedlinePlus
679:(1): 21–5.
403:In children
377:higher the
366:Sleep apnea
303:macrophages
291:interleukin
264:atherogenic
201:Adiponectin
162:(CT scans).
66:hemorrhages
2721:DiseasesDB
2086:2012-02-05
2055:: 126–40.
1252:Hematology
1073:: 239–51.
938:Polyamines
526:References
462:Prevention
342:amino acid
276:(CRP) and
191:spermidine
184:polyamines
180:metabolite
2767:emerg/557
2764:emerg/558
2756:eMedicine
1738:Neurology
1258:: 31–46.
1020:Neurology
840:Neurology
519:DASH diet
448:(CT scan)
427:Diagnosis
374:shallower
142:aneurysms
111:control.
36:Neurology
31:Specialty
2816:Category
2807:Medscape
2799:Archived
2787:Archived
2628:16861341
2579:11735775
2497:18220015
2421:12450242
2386:11286803
2378:17582361
2266:10970844
2258:11883668
2207:18312310
2172:40398490
2164:11886361
2061:20308738
2034:21335359
1993:28634392
1985:19533202
1950:18323475
1909:11340219
1868:18474741
1811:11891822
1776:25658551
1768:19636046
1719:20980413
1670:18757054
1544:12745514
1509:21317997
1458:20558816
1409:25364886
1360:28433612
1352:14696909
1317:43723218
1309:18271713
1274:11722977
1233:25470082
1225:10830200
1189:17998439
1148:19813251
1099:20852671
1048:41415046
1040:17536050
1005:16269634
964:21318888
868:24762370
860:16116107
790:19351339
782:15209640
738:19688830
730:15191706
695:11779883
654:33095581
646:12865617
567:20453400
498:See also
370:hypopnea
311:cytokine
237:: is an
187:spermine
176:Acrolein
2770:pmr/187
2761:neuro/9
2715:D020521
2619:1895848
2538:1734251
2470:7974577
2429:5972382
2343:9183343
2307:8160223
2123:9183343
1859:2700952
1819:7860349
1710:3005470
1620:2189378
1585:6658956
1500:3037043
1449:2939448
1400:5578742
1139:2807470
1090:2938031
923:8929172
825:1669507
611:1519274
295:T-cells
205:adipose
193:and by
148:(AVMs).
70:lesions
51:) is a
2750:000726
2704:601367
2693:434.91
2689:434.01
2626:
2616:
2577:
2536:
2495:
2468:
2427:
2419:
2384:
2376:
2341:
2305:
2264:
2256:
2223:
2205:
2170:
2162:
2121:
2103:Stroke
2059:
2032:
1991:
1983:
1948:
1907:
1866:
1856:
1817:
1809:
1774:
1766:
1717:
1707:
1668:
1618:
1583:
1542:
1507:
1497:
1456:
1446:
1407:
1397:
1358:
1350:
1315:
1307:
1272:
1231:
1223:
1187:
1146:
1136:
1097:
1087:
1046:
1038:
1003:
962:
952:
921:
866:
858:
823:
788:
780:
736:
728:
693:
652:
644:
609:
565:
504:Stroke
360:(BMI).
286:plasma
221:Anemia
53:stroke
2598:Blood
2425:S2CID
2382:S2CID
2262:S2CID
2168:S2CID
1989:S2CID
1815:S2CID
1772:S2CID
1356:S2CID
1313:S2CID
1229:S2CID
1044:S2CID
864:S2CID
786:S2CID
734:S2CID
650:S2CID
442:(MRI)
320:ELISA
215:Aging
126:Types
2726:2247
2710:MeSH
2699:OMIM
2684:9-CM
2624:PMID
2575:PMID
2534:PMID
2493:PMID
2466:PMID
2417:PMID
2374:PMID
2339:PMID
2303:PMID
2254:PMID
2221:ISBN
2203:PMID
2160:PMID
2119:PMID
2057:PMID
2030:PMID
1981:PMID
1946:PMID
1905:PMID
1864:PMID
1807:PMID
1764:PMID
1715:PMID
1666:PMID
1616:PMID
1581:PMID
1540:PMID
1505:PMID
1454:PMID
1405:PMID
1348:PMID
1305:PMID
1270:PMID
1256:2001
1221:PMID
1185:PMID
1144:PMID
1095:PMID
1036:PMID
1001:PMID
960:PMID
950:ISBN
919:PMID
888:help
856:PMID
821:PMID
778:PMID
726:PMID
691:PMID
642:PMID
607:PMID
563:PMID
305:and
144:and
47:(or
2680:ICD
2674:I64
2670:I61
2661:ICD
2614:PMC
2606:doi
2602:108
2565:doi
2524:doi
2520:326
2456:doi
2409:doi
2366:doi
2331:doi
2293:doi
2246:doi
2195:doi
2150:doi
2146:105
2111:doi
2053:131
2020:doi
1973:doi
1969:256
1936:doi
1895:doi
1854:PMC
1846:doi
1799:doi
1754:hdl
1746:doi
1705:PMC
1697:doi
1658:doi
1654:203
1608:doi
1571:doi
1532:doi
1495:PMC
1485:doi
1444:PMC
1436:doi
1395:PMC
1387:doi
1383:161
1340:doi
1297:doi
1260:doi
1213:doi
1175:doi
1134:PMC
1126:doi
1085:PMC
1075:doi
1028:doi
991:doi
942:doi
911:doi
848:doi
813:doi
768:doi
718:doi
681:doi
634:doi
597:doi
553:doi
301:),
116:MRI
74:MRI
2818::
2805:,
2759::
2748::
2724::
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2622:.
2612:.
2600:.
2596:.
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2561:58
2559:.
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2191:52
2189:.
2166:.
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2107:28
2105:.
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2016:17
2014:.
2010:.
1987:.
1979:.
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1932:39
1930:.
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1693:34
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1602:.
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