623:, this petition was presented by a member of the town council in Bielsko – Robert Piesch – to a member of the Austrian delegation in Paris. The International Commission in Cieszyn had received "Petition regarding the rights of Cieszyn Land’s people to self-determination", whose author, Silesian economist and theoretical lawyer Eduard August Schroeder, supported the independence of Cieszyn Silesia. This option was supported by three members of the International Commission: Dubois from the United States, Tissi from Italy and Coulson from the United Kingdom, but the fourth – Grenard, the representative of France – was opposed to even including independence as an option in the planned plebiscite. The plebiscite was supposed to decide whether Cieszyn Silesia would belong to Poland or Czechoslovakia. Soon the leader of the SPP gained close contacts with leading Czechoslovak politicians: president
667:, along with 139 communal plebiscite committees in the counties of Bielsko (50 committees), Cieszyn (61 committees) and Fryštát (28 committees). In the winter of 1920 in Fryštat, František Janku and Paweł Bajtek founded the Silesian Social-Democratic Party, formed from Silesian workers, who were mainly former members of the Polish Socialist Party and the Silesian People's Party from Wisła, Ustroń and Goleszów. Karol Smyczek, Kożdoń’s personal secretary, was important in the formation of this new party's local organizations. Taken together, the members and supporters of the Szlonzakian movement numbered about 100,000 in 1920.
714:
Gustaw Wałach, Józef
Santarius, Adam Broda and Paweł Tomanek); and a third pro-Czech (including Karol Smyczek, Karol Pawlas and Alfred Farnik). The German-language faction started in some communal and all-district elections in a coalition with the German-minority election community. The Polish-language faction formed election coalitions with Polish minority parties. Kożdoń, as leader of all the party, linked these two factions. In some communes he stood for election alone. The pro-Czech faction cut ties with Kożdoń and became a separate organization, closely affiliated with the
849:, thait reminded him of the question of the plebiscite in 1920. In the new emergency, the SPP demanded four allied powers to execute a plebiscite regarding the future of Cieszyn Silesia. The petition, to which was attached Kurt Witt's work "Die Teschener Frage" ("The Cieszyn question"), was signed by Kożdoń as mayor of Český Těšín, along with Bruno Kappel, Karol Kubik, Robert Wallach, Walter Harbich and Český Těšín county council member Rudolf Francus. On 18 September 1938 Walter Harbich as leader of the "assembly of the Silesian nationality" sent a telegram to
577:. SPP candidates lost many socialist votes and were defeated by Polish and Czech candidates. Kożdoń did not even win in majority municipalities that his party had ruled in local elections. Eight municipalities around Bielsko, called a "German language island", which had voted for Kożdoń in the Silesian Parliament elections in 1909, constituted an exception within the rural Bielsko electoral district. Kożdoń won 26% of the votes in the Bielsko electoral district and 19% of the votes in the Cieszyn electoral district. Louis Schindler took 7.5% votes in the
810:, Ernst Franz, founded the Committee for the Protection of Silesian Rights, which opposed this decision. The committee produced a German-language brochure by Kożdoń, "Right of our Silesian homeland for administration unhabitance", in which he argued that the merging of Czech Silesia with Moravia was irrational, based on historical, social and economic issues. The SPP, the Union of Silesians and all the organizations of Polish and German minorities protested the decision, but authorities in
643:
1395:
751:), which incorporated weak SPP organizations in Frydek county and connected it to the Czech political camp. The leading members of the Silesian People's Party in Czechoslovakia were: Józef Kożdoń, Rudolf Pierniczek, Karol Malina, Rudolf Francus, Walter Harbich in Český Těšín, Ludwik Niedoba i Alojzy Kuchejda in Jablunkov, Oswald Bayer in
794:
from the Union of
Silesian Catholics and Wiesław Wójcik from the Polish Socialist Workers Party. The election slogan of the Polish coalition was "Silesia for Silesians", which was originally an SPP slogan that all Polish organizations had opposed in the Austrian period. Leon Wolf was elected deputy.
731:
too, and it had a large number of communal council members, starting in various political configurations (alone as the
Silesian People's Party, in a separate Polish-language faction, in a separate German-language faction, in a broad German and Polish coalition, and in various communal and citizens
713:
In 1923 there was a schism in the
Silesian People's Party. Three factions appeared: one German-speaking (including Rudolf Francus, Walter Harbich, Karol Sikora, Arthur Wohrizek, Emmanuel Harbich, Otto Wohlman, Karl Kordula and Hans Peschke); a second Polish-speaking (including Karol Folwartschny,
889:
in protest of the cession of the Trans-Olza to Poland. All the telegrams were sent without Kożdoń's knowledge. On 6 October 1938 Polish authorities banned all non-Polish organizations in Trans-Olza. German and
Czechoslovak organizations were banned, as well as the Silesian People's Party and the
277:– but this was the first time that supporters of Silesian independence were organized into a distinct political party. Silesian nationalist positions were first advocated by the Union of Austrian Silesians, which was founded in 1848 by Silesian deputies of the Austrian Parliament: Franz Hein,
890:
Union of
Silesians. Kożdoń was deposed as mayor of Český Těšín and authorities forced him to leave Cieszyn Silesia and go to Opava. At this time, Walter Harbich, in cooperation with Paul Lamatsch but without Kożdoń's knowledge, subordinated the illegal Silesian People's Party to the
1323:, Silesia and Central European Nationalisms: The Emergence of National and Ethnic Groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848–1918 (Ser: Central European Studies; foreword by Professor Charles W. Ingrao). 2007. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 386 pp.
903:
Two weeks after the invasion of Poland by
Germany, Kożdoń "was welcomed by ovation" back to Cieszyn. In December 1939, Nazi Germans organized a police census, in which 157,000 citizens of Cieszyn Silesia declared themselves members of the "Szlonzakian nationality"
978:
Rede des
Landtagabg Koždon in der Budgetdebatte des schlesischen Landtages (44. Sitzung) am 8. November 1910 in: Josef Koždon, Über die Sonderstellung der schlesischen Polen, die nationalen Verhältnisse und die allpolnische Propaganda in Ostschlesien, Skotschau
650:
Even when the SPP officially supported
Czechoslovakia, the party did not abandon the option of independence, which was still advocated by its allies, the Germans of Cieszyn Silesia. Kożdoń cooperated with the leader of the Upper Silesian independence advocates,
1124:
Schroeder Eduard August, Denkschrift zum
Selbstbestimmungsrechte des Teschner Landes (mit Beilage Die Neutralitätserklärung des Herzogtums Teschen vom 5. März 1779. Denkschrift zur völkerrechtlichen und staatsrechtlichen Stellung des Teschener Landes) Teschen
726:
county council, and the number of its members in the town council of Český Těšín was still expanding (five in 1923, ten in 1927, twelve in 1931), and from 1923 to 1928, Kożdoń served four terms as mayor of Český Těšín. The SPP dominated the commune of
231:
817:
In the 1928 elections to the Silesia–Moravia regional assembly, the SPP formed a coalition with the Poles again. A Szlonzakian–Polish–Jewish election list included Gustaw Wałach from the SPP, but nobody from this list was elected.
821:
In the National Assembly elections in 1929 and the elections to Silesian-Moravian Regional Assembly in 1935, the SPP supported the Polish-Jewish list. In the National Assembly elections of 1935, the SPP supported Polish candidate
662:
In this period the Szlonzakian movement had a broad base of support. The SPP had more than 10,000 members and the Union of Silesians had 52,000. At this time, the Plebiscite Committee of the Silesian People's Party was founded in
721:
Sometimes in one commune started all three factions of the SPP, which competed among themselves. In communal elections the SPP gained various success. Its two candidates (Rudolf Francus and Karol Sikora) were members in the
678:
On the Polish side, where about 80% of the Szlonzakian movement's organization was located, its activity was prohibited. Members of the Silesian People’s Party and Union of Silesians were subject to persecution and arrests.
1380:
912:) to be their native language. The Germans did not legalise the activities of the Silesian People's Party or reinstate Kożdoń as mayor. The Germans used the immense popularity of party's ideals for the purpose of
345:
electoral district, Fraciszek Halfar of the Union of Silesian Catholics won with support from the SPP and Polish parties as well. The second deputy from this circle, Jan Michejda, defeated the SPP candidate,
350:, thanks to the votes of Polish Catholics and Czechs. Michejda became leader of the Protestant Polish National Party. The third SPP candidate, Edward Quasnitza, won the first round of elections in the rural
619:
Kożdoń, along with Richter and Fulda – the leaders of the Delegation of German Parties of East Silesia – wrote "Petition regarding an independent Republic of East Silesia – Cieszyn". During the
1373:
608:
a place as a free state in the federation of Austrian states. When this effort failed, they pushed for the independence of Cieszyn Silesia and probably a union with the formerly Prussian
845:
region. In this situation, on 8 September 1938, the Silesian People's Party, as "representative of the Silesian nationality", sent a message to the representative of the United Kingdom,
408:
379:
207:
158:
715:
1537:
1366:
266:, so the largest organizations within the party existed in Bielsko and Cieszyn, where large Protestant communities lived. The party's largest local groups, as of 1913, existed in
285:(New Time), edited by preacher Theodor Haase. "The Szlonzakian movement had expanded in the nineties of the 19th century, collecting Slavic people who didn’t want to vote for
846:
313:. The Silesian People's Party and German liberals had established a united election list, the Silesian Progressive Coalition, which included SPP candidates in rural
1542:
1532:
1507:
1064:", Katowice – Cieszyn 1963; Josef Koždon, Aus der jüngster Geschichte der Teschener Landes – Errinerungen und Erlebnisse, "Schlesisches Jahrbuch", Breslau 1940.
1512:
1156:
1455:
682:
In January 1934, Konrad Markiton, Jan Pokrzyk, Paweł Teda, Alfons Pośpiech, Jerzy Jeleń and Waleska Kubistowa re-formed the Silesian People's Party in
1517:
783:
698:
and Józef Kożdoń from the Polish part of Cieszyn Silesia. On 15 April 1934 Polish police confiscated the first issue of the party's bilingual paper,
881:. On 2 October 1938 Rudolf Francus and Walter Harbich, the leaders of the German-language faction of the Silesian People's Party sent a telegram to
1077:(1840–1917), Śląsk Cieszyński. Środowisko naturalne. Zarys dziejów. Zarys kultury materialnej i duchowej pod red. W. Sosny, Cieszyn 2001, s. 185,
690:(Silesian Tribune), the Cultural-Economic Association of Silesia and the Union of Upper Silesian Defence. They connected with the former electors
1358:
1352:
1328:
1293:
1227:
779:
826:
from a Polish-Slovak-Ruthenian list, the Autonomy Bloc. On the other hand, Walter Harbich, leader of the German-language faction, supported
289:
or Czechs and chose attachment to a separate Silesian nation". Silesian nationalism achieved successes mainly in the judicial districts of
1213:
Dobrowolski Piotr, Ugrupowania i kierunki separatystyczne na Górnym Śląsku i w Cieszyńskiem w latach 1918–1939, Warszawa – Kraków 1972.
1195:
Dobrowolski Piotr, Ugrupowania i kierunki separatystyczne na Górnym Śląsku i w Cieszyńskiem w latach 1918–1939, Warszawa – Kraków 1972.
443:
1222:
Dariusz Jerczyński, Historia Narodu Śląskiego (History of Silesian Nation), second edition (implemented and corrected), Zabrze 2006,
455:
1476:
1082:
451:
483:
705:(Silesian People’s Watch) and stamped its editorial office. This act marked the end of the organization's activities in Katowice.
1275:
Otokar Kaňa, Dokumenty o proněmeske angažovnosti Josefa Koždoně a jeho stoupenců (Šlonzaků), Opava /otisk "Slezsky Sbornik" 1971
1419:
612:. Upper Silesia's independence was advocated by the Upper Silesian Committee (which, beginning in January 1919, was called the
431:
1522:
787:
1527:
1177:
Andrzej Stępniak, Kwestia narodowa a społeczna na Śląsku Cieszyńskim pod koniec XIX i na początku XX wieku, Katowice 1986.
499:
427:
1424:
686:. These people were also members of other Silesian organizations: the Association of Regional Writers, which edited the
620:
426:
In 1911 there were local elections in Austria. The SPP won in 39 municipalities of the counties of Bielsko and Cieszyn:
219:
100:
624:
1502:
1204:
Arnulf Hein, Vor 55 Jahren starb der Schlonsakenführer Josef Koždoň, "Unser Oberschlesien" nr 23-24 von Dezember 2004.
1186:
Arnulf Hein, Vor 55 Jahren starb der Schlonsakenführer Josef Koždoň, "Unser Oberschlesien" nr 23-24 von Dezember 2004.
701:
563:
281:
and Johann Demel von Elswehr. Such sentiments were also voiced informally by community institutions, like the paper
1460:
1440:
960:
892:
471:
723:
639:. They promised Kożdoń that if Silesia lay within the borders of Czechoslovakia it would have political autonomy.
1497:
1409:
945:
656:
613:
398:), founded by Kożdoń, Cichy, and Paul Wania, originally under the name Silesian People's Union "Our Homeland" (
642:
369:
In July 1910, the non-political cultural base of Silesian People's Party was formed: the Union of Silesians (
1450:
1248:
Josef Koždon, Das Recht unserer schlesischer Heimat auf die verwaltungmässige Selbständigkeit, Troppau 1927.
646:
Workers of the plebiscite committee of the Silesian People’s Party. Józef Kożdoń is marked with a white "X".
495:
1047:
998:
827:
186:
112:
1340:
329:
electoral district chose one deputy – the leader of Silesian People’s Party, Józef Kożdoń, who defeated
262:
county formed later. Members and electors of the SPP came from Protestant circles among the citizens of
105:
1146:
Vogel Rudolf, Deutsche Presse und Propaganda des Abstimmungkampfes in Oberschlesien, Beuthen O.S. 1931.
1061:
925:
747:(Our Silesian) were the pro-Czech papers. The Czechs founded the organization Czech-Szlonzakian Unity (
519:
362:
electoral district, but in the second round he was defeated by the Czech candidate Jan Poppe, mayor of
239:
63:
1103:
273:
The goals of the SPP were not new – similar sentiments had been present in Cieszyn Silesia since the
459:
238:
The Silesian People's Party was founded in summer of 1908 by the principal of an elementary school,
858:
333:
from the Union of Silesian Catholics, who was leader of the Poles in Cieszyn Silesia. In the rural
330:
274:
120:
798:
In 1927 the Czechoslovak authorities, against their own guarantees to the SPP, decided to connect
359:
246:. On 7 February 1909, the party counted about 2,000 members in 30 local groups in the counties of
1445:
823:
559:
314:
628:
363:
355:
791:
1348:
1324:
1289:
1223:
1078:
760:
588:, the Silesian People's Party reached the largest popularity in the triangle between Cieszyn,
547:
527:
133:
841:
and other Czechoslovak territories inhabited by ethnic German majorities. Poland claimed the
1334:
1333:
Upper Silesia 1870–1920: Between Region, Religion, Nation and Ethnicity: journal article by
1320:
1305:
605:
447:
317:
and German liberal candidates in urban electoral districts. Finally electors from the rural
174:
1155:
Andrea Schmidt-Rösler, Autonomie und Separatismusbestrebungen in Oberschlesien 1918–1922, „
778:
In the 1925 parliamentary elections in Czechoslovakia, the SPP formed a coalition with the
511:
636:
585:
412:
399:
383:
370:
263:
211:
190:
170:
162:
141:
632:
523:
554:(here with a coalition of Szlonzakians and Poles) in the judicial district of Cieszyn;
1347:(History of Silesian Nation), second edition (implemented and corrected), Zabrze 2006,
1288:(History of Silesian Nation), second edition (implemented and corrected), Zabrze 2006,
670:
In July 1920, the Western allies divided Cieszyn Silesia without holding a plebiscite.
391:
198:
178:
149:
1266:
Andělin Grobelny, Tešinsko jako předmět německe politiky v letech 1933–39, Opava 1970.
1257:
Grobelny Andělin, Tešinsko jako předmět německe politiky v letech 1933–39, Opava 1970.
419:). From 1909 to 1923 the official paper of the Silesian People's Party was the weekly
1491:
955:
940:
913:
838:
799:
695:
609:
507:
467:
286:
1115:
Piątkowski Kazimierz, Stosunki narodowościowe w Księstwie Cieszyńskim, Cieszyn 1918.
338:
255:
1134:
935:
882:
878:
854:
850:
834:
652:
278:
58:
772:
535:
487:
718:. In communal elections it stood for election alone or entered Czech coalitions.
478:(here with a coalition of Szlonzakians and Germans) in the judicial district of
1394:
930:
870:
601:
503:
439:
347:
322:
294:
1094:
Ružena Vyhnalikova w A. Grobelny (red.), K otazkam dějin Slezska, Ostrava 1956.
790:. Gustaw Wałach, a member of the Szlonzakian movement, took third place, after
502:(here with a coalition of Szlonzakians and Poles) in the judicial district of
950:
886:
842:
768:
764:
691:
555:
551:
479:
351:
326:
290:
267:
243:
181:. The party included mainly Slavic people, who saw themselves as members of a
116:
874:
567:
435:
342:
182:
177:, which later became international plebiscite territory and finally part of
1239:
Krzysztof Nowak, Leon Wolf (1883–1968) Biografia polityczna, Katowice 2002.
857:. Another petition about the issue was sent to the British prime minister,
756:
752:
475:
853:, requesting the independence of Cieszyn Silesia under the protection of
683:
589:
543:
463:
230:
1389:
1028:
Czesi, Niemcy – „ślązakowcy”, „Dziennik Cieszyński” nr 190, 21.08.1909.
803:
728:
664:
539:
491:
334:
318:
251:
247:
1106:, Nad Olzą. Śląsk Cieszyński w wiekach XVIII, XIX i XX, Katowice 1971.
988:
Kronika.(Śląskim „Ślązakom”), „Dziennik Cieszyński” nr 56, 10.03.1909.
877:
incorporated Silesian territory near Opava and other territories into
1037:
Ciesz się narodzie śląski!, „Dziennik Cieszyński” nr 218, 24.09.1909.
897:
811:
578:
574:
531:
298:
259:
807:
592:
and Strumień, centering on Skoczów, Jaworze, Ustroń and Goleszów.
515:
310:
1075:
Od wspólnoty etnicznej do ukształtowania się wspólnot narodowych
573:
In 1911 there were also elections to the Austrian Parliament in
1362:
1308:, Syndrom śląski. Szkice o ludziach i dziełach, Katowice 1986.
1168:
Protest „Śląskiej Partyi Ludowej, „Ślązak” nr 31, 6.08.1920.
309:
In 1909 there were elections to the Silesian Parliament in
1392:
nationalist or/and separatist associations/organizations
885:, speaking for the Silesian people and German people from
1060:
Andrzej Szefer, Współpraca tzw. Ślązakowców z Niemcami, "
873:
incorporated Trans-Olza into Poland, and eventually the
775:, Karol Bruck in Svibice and Józef Pellar in Bystrzyca.
716:
Republican Party of Agricultural and Smallholder People
1296:
page 233; equal to A. Grobelny, 1970 and O. Kaňa, 1971
896:("Central office of ethnic Germans living abroad") in
434:
in the judicial district of Bielsko; Bładnice Dolne,
1137:, Uczony spod Beskidów, "Kalendarz Cieszyński" 1991.
1469:
1433:
1402:
99:
84:
69:
57:
49:
41:
33:
21:
735:The newspaper of the Polish-language faction was
454:, Hermanice, Kozakowice Górne, Kozakowice Dolne,
604:members of Silesian People's Party hoped to get
584:In the period when Cieszyn Silesia belonged to
782:parties: the Union of Silesian Catholics, the
1538:Ethnic organizations based in Austria-Hungary
1374:
8:
1456:Jurassic-Silesian Association European Home
1381:
1367:
1359:
659:, which had about half a million members.
18:
1420:Association of Defense of Upper Silesians
1157:Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung
417:Schlesischer Volksverband "Unsere Heimat"
270:(214 members) and Cieszyn (210 members).
1337:; East European Quarterly, Vol. 38, 2004
641:
229:
971:
1543:1908 establishments in Austria-Hungary
404:Śląski Związek Ludowy "Nasza Ojczyzna"
1533:Political parties established in 1908
7:
1508:Political parties in Austria-Hungary
1048:"Portal - Urząd Miejski w Skoczowie"
908:) and 184,000 declared Szlonzakian (
1513:Political parties in Czechoslovakia
763:, Karol Sikora and Jan Pasterny in
185:. The party is seen as part of the
700:Śląska Straż Ludowa – Schlesische
366:, who was supported by the Poles.
173:that existed from 1909 to 1938 in
169:) was a political organization in
14:
743:(Silesian in Czechoslovakia) and
16:Former political party in Silesia
1518:Separatism in the Czech Republic
1393:
788:Polish Socialist Workers Party
1:
1461:People of the Silesian Nation
1425:Silesian Separatist Movement
566:in the judicial district of
220:Silesian Separatist Movement
806:. In response the mayor of
631:, foreign affairs minister
1559:
1477:German Minority in Silesia
1441:Silesian Autonomy Movement
961:Silesian Autonomy Movement
893:Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle
709:Activity in Czechoslovakia
635:and future prime minister
1345:Historia Narodu Śląskiego
1286:Historia Narodu Śląskiego
741:"Ślązak w Czechosłowacji"
694:from the former Prussian
1410:Union of Upper Silesians
997:„Ślązak” a socyaliści, „
946:Union of Upper Silesians
657:Union of Upper Silesians
614:Union of Upper Silesians
596:In the plebiscite period
1451:Silesian Regional Party
1415:Silesian People's Party
1010:„Ślązak” z 28.01. 1910.
749:Česko-šlonzacká jednota
167:Schlesische Volkspartei
137:
130:Silesian People’s Party
53:Schlesische Volkspartei
24:Silesian People's Party
828:Sudetendeutsche Partei
655:, the chairman of the
647:
625:Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
621:Paris Peace Conference
416:
403:
395:
387:
374:
235:
215:
202:
194:
166:
153:
145:
138:Ślōnskŏ Ludowŏ Partyjŏ
27:Ślōnskŏ Ludowŏ Partyjŏ
1523:Separatism in Germany
1019:„Ślązak” z 18.12.1909
784:Polish People's Party
645:
233:
154:Slezská lidová strana
106:Silesian independence
45:Slezská lidová strana
1528:Separatism in Poland
1284:Dariusz Jerczyński,
1001:” nr 16, 24.02.1909.
906:Volk der Schlonsaken
759:, Robert Wallach in
581:electoral district.
187:Szlonzakian movement
146:Śląska Partia Ludowa
113:Silesian nationalism
37:Śląska Partia Ludowa
999:Gwiazdka Cieszyńska
859:Neville Chamberlain
847:Sir Walter Runciman
755:, Gustaw Wałach in
315:electoral districts
305:Activity in Austria
275:Revolutions of 1848
216:Schlonsakenbewegung
121:Economic liberalism
1503:History of Silesia
1446:Silesians Together
1341:Dariusz Jerczyński
869:On 2 October 1938
771:, Bruno Kappel in
648:
560:Mosty u Jablunkova
388:Bund der Schlesier
258:. Local groups in
236:
1485:
1484:
1353:978-83-60540-55-8
1329:978-1-55753-371-5
1294:978-83-60540-55-8
1228:978-83-60540-55-8
1104:Józef Chlebowczyk
767:, Karol Kubik in
627:, prime minister
126:
125:
1550:
1397:
1383:
1376:
1369:
1360:
1335:Tomasz Kamusella
1321:Tomasz Kamusella
1309:
1306:Wilhelm Szewczyk
1303:
1297:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1220:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1071:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
995:
989:
986:
980:
976:
606:Austrian Silesia
411:
382:
375:Związek Ślązaków
210:
195:ruch ślązakowski
175:Austrian Silesia
161:
95:
93:
80:
78:
19:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1498:Cieszyn Silesia
1488:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1465:
1429:
1398:
1387:
1317:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1072:
1068:
1062:Zaranie Śląskie
1059:
1055:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
996:
992:
987:
983:
977:
973:
969:
922:
867:
780:Polish minority
711:
676:
637:Vlastimil Tusar
598:
586:Austria-Hungary
407:
378:
364:Slezská Ostrava
356:Slezská Ostrava
307:
264:Cieszyn Silesia
228:
206:
203:Šlonzácké hnutí
183:Silesian nation
171:Cieszyn Silesia
157:
119:
115:
111:
91:
89:
76:
74:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1490:
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1480:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1466:
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1463:
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1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
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1422:
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1406:
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1399:
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1386:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1338:
1331:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1298:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1170:
1161:
1159:” 1999, Heft 1
1148:
1139:
1127:
1117:
1108:
1096:
1087:
1066:
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1021:
1012:
1003:
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981:
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968:
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963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
921:
918:
866:
863:
837:, claimed the
814:ignored them.
761:Komorní Lhotka
739:(Our People).
710:
707:
688:Trybuna Śląska
675:
672:
597:
594:
528:Komorní Lhotka
306:
303:
227:
224:
179:Czechoslovakia
124:
123:
103:
97:
96:
86:
82:
81:
71:
67:
66:
61:
55:
54:
51:
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15:
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2:
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1219:
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1207:
1201:
1198:
1192:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1135:Spyra, Janusz
1131:
1128:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1083:83-88271-07-5
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1000:
994:
991:
985:
982:
975:
972:
966:
962:
959:
957:
956:Theofil Kupka
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
941:Joseph Musiol
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
919:
917:
915:
914:Germanization
911:
910:Schlonsakisch
907:
901:
899:
895:
894:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
864:
862:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
839:Opava Silesia
836:
831:
829:
825:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:Czech Silesia
796:
793:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
732:committees).
730:
725:
719:
717:
708:
706:
704:
703:
697:
696:Upper Silesia
693:
689:
685:
680:
673:
671:
668:
666:
660:
658:
654:
644:
640:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
610:Upper Silesia
607:
603:
595:
593:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:, Nierodzim,
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:Górki Wielkie
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
372:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Józef Londzin
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
304:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
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253:
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245:
241:
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225:
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221:
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213:
209:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
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176:
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155:
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147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
122:
118:
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
87:
83:
72:
68:
65:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
20:
1414:
1344:
1301:
1285:
1280:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1164:
1151:
1142:
1130:
1120:
1111:
1099:
1090:
1074:
1069:
1056:
1042:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1006:
993:
984:
974:
936:Ewald Latacz
926:Józef Kożdoń
909:
905:
902:
891:
883:Adolf Hitler
879:Nazi Germany
868:
855:Nazi Germany
851:Adolf Hitler
835:Nazi Germany
832:
820:
816:
797:
777:
748:
744:
740:
736:
734:
720:
712:
699:
687:
681:
677:
669:
661:
653:Ewald Latacz
649:
633:Edvard Beneš
629:Karel Kramář
618:
599:
583:
572:
564:Oldřichovice
524:Leszna Górna
425:
423:(Silesian).
420:
396:Svaz Slezanů
368:
308:
282:
279:Hans Kudlich
272:
240:Józef Kożdoń
237:
234:Józef Kożdoń
129:
127:
109:(after 1918)
108:
64:Józef Kożdoń
1073:E. Buława,
931:Josef Cichy
871:Polish Army
824:Karol Junga
745:Nasz Ślązak
724:Český Těšín
602:World War I
548:Horní Žukov
460:Międzyświeć
452:Harbutowice
348:Josef Cichy
50:German name
34:Polish name
1492:Categories
967:References
951:Jan Kustos
843:Trans-Olza
702:Volkswacht
692:Jan Kustos
512:Dzięgielów
508:Bażanowice
472:Wilamowice
468:Wieszczęta
117:Secularism
42:Czech name
875:Wehrmacht
792:Leon Wolf
773:Třanovice
674:In Poland
568:Jablunkov
488:Drogomyśl
444:Godziszów
436:Cisownica
432:Jasienica
409:‹See Tfd›
380:‹See Tfd›
343:Jablunkov
283:Nowy Czas
208:‹See Tfd›
159:‹See Tfd›
85:Dissolved
1390:Silesian
1230:page 195
920:See also
833:In 1938
786:and the
737:Nasz Lud
684:Katowice
544:Zamarski
504:Strumień
464:Simoradz
440:Goleszów
323:Strumień
295:Strumień
134:Silesian
101:Ideology
1434:Current
1315:Sources
887:Bohumín
865:Decline
804:Moravia
769:Lyžbice
765:Šumbark
729:Svibice
665:Karwina
556:Lyžbice
552:Šumbark
540:Svibice
500:Rudzica
496:Zaborze
492:Pruchna
480:Skoczów
428:Jaworze
352:Bohumín
339:Fryštát
335:Cieszyn
327:Skoczów
319:Bielsko
291:Skoczów
268:Skoczów
256:Fryštát
252:Cieszyn
248:Bielsko
244:Skoczów
226:History
90: (
75: (
70:Founded
1403:Former
1351:
1327:
1292:
1226:
1081:
898:Berlin
812:Prague
757:Orlová
753:Třinec
600:After
579:Frydek
575:Vienna
536:Puńców
532:Nebory
520:Konská
476:Ustroń
456:Łączka
421:Ślązak
413:German
400:Polish
384:German
371:Polish
360:Frýdek
299:Frydek
260:Frydek
212:German
191:Polish
163:German
142:Polish
59:Leader
1470:Other
979:1910.
808:Opava
802:with
590:Wisła
516:Gumna
484:Bąków
474:and
392:Czech
311:Opava
287:Poles
242:, in
218:) or
199:Czech
150:Czech
1349:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1125:1919
1079:ISBN
562:and
550:and
498:and
430:and
297:and
254:and
128:The
92:1938
88:1938
77:1908
73:1908
616:).
1494::
1343:,
916:.
900:.
861:.
830:.
570:.
558:,
546:,
542:,
538:,
534:,
530:,
526:,
522:,
518:,
514:,
510:,
506:;
494:,
490:,
486:,
482:;
470:,
466:,
458:,
450:,
446:,
442:,
438:,
415::
406:,
402::
394::
390:,
386::
377:,
373::
301:.
293:,
250:,
222:.
214::
205:,
201::
197:,
193::
165::
156:,
152::
148:,
144::
140:,
136::
1382:e
1375:t
1368:v
1355:.
1085:.
1050:.
904:(
358:-
354:-
341:-
337:-
325:-
321:-
189:(
132:(
94:)
79:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
