Silky shark - Knowledge (XXG)

1539:, almost every tuna school has silky sharks trailing behind, and in the eastern Pacific, these sharks inflict such damage to tuna fishing gear and catches that fishery workers have given them the moniker "net-eating sharks". Silky sharks and bottlenose dolphins compete when both species target the same school of fish; the amount eaten by the dolphins decreases relative to the number of sharks present. If a large number of sharks is present, they tend to remain inside the prey school, while the dolphins consign themselves to the periphery, possibly to avoid incidental injury from the sharks' slashing attacks. Conversely, if a large enough group of dolphins gathers, they become able to chase the sharks away from the prey school. Regardless of which one dominates, the two predators do not engage in any overtly aggressive behavior against each other. 1288:. Each dermal denticle is diamond-shaped and bears horizontal ridges leading to posterior marginal teeth, which increase in number as the shark grows. The back is metallic golden-brown to dark gray and the belly is snowy white, which extends onto the flank as a faint lighter stripe. The fins (except for the first dorsal) darken at the tips; this is more obvious in young sharks. The coloration quickly fades to a dull gray after death. One of the largest members of its genus, the silky shark commonly reaches a length of 2.5 m (8.2 ft), with a maximum recorded length and weight of 3.5 m (11 ft) and 346 kg (763 lb), respectively. Females grow larger than males. 238: 1160:

in the Alboran Sea, subsequently in Algerian waters, the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia) and more recently in the Ligurian Sea. It occurs throughout the Indian Ocean, as far south as Mozambique in the west and Western Australia in the east, including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. In the Pacific Ocean, the northern extent of its range runs from southern China and Japan to southern Baja California and the Gulf of California, while the southern extent runs from Sydney, Australia, to northern New Zealand to northern Chile. Based on life history differences, four distinct populations of silky sharks have been identified in

1241: 1739: 1520:), irregular pulses. Experiments in which these sounds were played underwater attracted sharks from hundreds of meters away. Silky sharks likely orient to these sounds because they are similar to the noise generated by feeding animals such as birds or dolphins, thus indicating promising sources of food. These studies have also demonstrated that a silky shark attracted by one sound will quickly withdraw if that sound abruptly changes in amplitude or character; this change need not be a sound produced by a predator to evoke the reaction. Over repeated exposures, silky sharks 31: 1230: 1217: 1209: 1171:, the silky shark is most common from the surface to a depth of 200 m (660 ft), but may dive to 500 m (1,600 ft) or more. Tracking studies in the tropical eastern Pacific and northern Gulf of Mexico have found that cruising silky sharks spend 99% of their time within 50 m (160 ft) of the surface, and 80–85% of their time in water with a temperature of 26–30 °C (79–86 °F); the pattern was constant regardless of day or night. This species favors the edges of 1548: 1148: 1417: 92: 1257:(protective third eyelids). Short, shallow furrows are present at the corners of the mouth. 14-16 and 13–17 tooth rows are found on either side of the upper and lower jaws, respectively (typically 15 for both). The upper teeth are triangular and strongly serrated, with a notch in the posterior edge; they are erect at the center and become more oblique towards the sides. The lower teeth are narrow, erect, and smooth-edged. The five pairs of 562: 1817:

without effect on the total population. Fishery data on this shark are often confounded by under-reporting, lack of species-level separation, and problematic identification. Nevertheless, mounting evidence indicates the silky shark has, in fact, declined substantially worldwide, a consequence of its modest reproductive rate which is unable to sustain such high levels of exploitation. The total annual catch reported to the

1312:, though it will defer to the slower but more powerful oceanic whitetip shark in competitive situations. When approaching something of interest, it may seem inattentive, sedately circling and sometimes swinging its head from side to side. However, it can respond with startling swiftness to any shift in its immediate surroundings. This shark is often found around floating objects such as logs or tethered naval buoys. 50: 1184:, though the details of their movements are little-known. Tagging data have recorded individual sharks moving up to 60 km (37 mi) per day, and covering distances up to 1,339 km (832 mi). Larger sharks generally move longer distances than smaller ones. In the Pacific Ocean and possibly elsewhere, it spends the summer at slightly higher latitudes, particularly during warmer 1308:, and counts among the most numerous large oceanic animals in the world with a population of at least tens of millions. Compared to the other two species, it is less strictly pelagic with the greatest numbers found in offshore waters associated with land, where food is more readily obtained than farther out in the truly open ocean. The silky shark is an active, inquisitive, and aggressive 1316:

to "tilt", presenting their full lateral profile towards each other, as well as gape their jaws or puff out their gills. On occasion, sharks have also been seen suddenly charging straight up, veering away just before reaching the surface and gliding back down to deeper water. The significance of these behaviors is unknown. When confronted, the silky shark may perform a

1277:, with a drawn-out free rear tip up to three times as long as the fin is tall. A narrow dorsal ridge runs between the dorsal fins. The pectoral fins are narrow and sickle-shaped, and particularly long in adults. The anal fin originates slightly ahead of the second dorsal fin and has a deep notch in the posterior margin. The 1821:

fell steadily from 11,680 tons in 2000 to 4,358 tons in 2004. Regional assessments have found similar trends, estimating declines of some 90% in the central Pacific from the 1950s to the 1990s, 60% off Costa Rica from 1991 to 2000, 91% in the Gulf of Mexico from the 1950s to the

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The overall growth rate of the silky shark is moderate compared to other shark species and similar for both sexes, though it varies significantly between individuals. One central Pacific study has found females growing much slower than males, but the results may have been skewed by missing data from

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of 12 months, either every year or every other year. The litter size ranges from one to 16 and increases with female size, with six to 12 being typical. The pups are born in reef nursery areas on the outer continental shelf, where ample food supplies and protection from large pelagic

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Younger silky sharks are known to form large, loosely organized aggregations, possibly for mutual defense. During migrations, over a thousand individuals may gather. These groups are generally segregated by size, and in the Pacific perhaps also by sex. Silky sharks within a group have been observed

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are distinctive and help to distinguish the silky shark from similar species. The first dorsal fin is relatively small, measuring less than a tenth as high as the shark is long, and originates behind the free rear tips of the pectoral fins. It has a rounded apex, an S-shaped rear margin, and a free

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in marine waters warmer than 23 °C (73 °F). In the Atlantic Ocean, it is found from Massachusetts (USA) to Spain in the north, and from southern Brazil to northern Angola in the south, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. In the Mediterranean Sea, it has been recorded first

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As one of the most abundant and widely distributed sharks on Earth, the silky shark was once thought to be mostly immune to depletion despite heavy fishing mortality. In 1989 alone, some 900,000 individuals were taken as bycatch in the southern and central Pacific tuna longline fishery, seemingly

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The life history characteristics of the silky shark differ across its range (see table). Northwestern Atlantic sharks tend to be larger than those in the western-central Pacific at all ages, while eastern Pacific sharks tend to be smaller than sharks in other regions. Eastern Atlantic and Indian

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Given its formidable size and dentition, the silky shark is regarded as potentially dangerous to humans. However, it only rarely comes into contact with people due to its oceanic habits. Its natural curiosity and boldness may lead it to repeatedly and closely approach divers, and it can become

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in tuna fisheries. Although slow-reproducing like most other sharks, the wide distribution and large population of the silky shark was once thought to buffer the species against fishing pressures. However, data suggest that silky shark numbers are declining around the world, which prompted the

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have also taken steps to improve fishery monitoring, with the ultimate goal of reducing shark bycatch. However, given the highly migratory nature of the silky shark and its association with tuna, no simple way is known to reduce bycatch without also affecting the economics of the fishery.

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collapse. However, Japanese fisheries in the Pacific and Indian Oceans have recorded no change in catch rate between the 1970s and the 1990s, and the validity of the methodologies used to assess declines in the Gulf of Mexico and the northwestern Atlantic have come under much debate.

513:, where it follows a seasonal cycle. Females give birth to litters of up to 16 pups annually or biennially. The newborn sharks spend their first months in relatively sheltered reef nurseries on the outer continental shelf, growing substantially before moving into the open ocean. 1747:

dangerously excited in the presence of food. The silky shark tends to be more aggressive if encountered on a reef than in open water. Cases of individual sharks persistently harassing divers and even forcing them out of the water have been reported. As of May 2009, the

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for fast growth in young sharks, which add 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) to their length within their first year of life. After a few months (or by the first winter in the Gulf of Mexico), the now-subadult sharks migrate out from the nursery into the open ocean.

1846:, though this has yet to result in any management schemes. The species should benefit from bans on shark finning, which are being increasingly implemented by nations and supranational entities, including the United States, Australia, and the 1598:

and birthing in the Gulf of Mexico take place in late spring or early summer (May to August). However, in some cases, the presence of reproductive seasonality may have been obscured by biases in data collection. Females give birth after a

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down to 50 m (164 ft). The silky shark has a slender, streamlined body and typically grows to a length of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in). It can be distinguished from other large requiem sharks by its relatively small first

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and around islands. Its range extends farther north and south along continental margins than in oceanic waters. On occasion, it may venture into coastal waters as shallow as 18 m (59 ft). Silky sharks are highly mobile and

1320:, in which it arches its back, drops its tail and pectoral fins, and elevates its head. The shark then proceeds to swim in tight loops with a stiff, jerky motion, often turning broadside towards the perceived threat. 1826:) in the northwestern Atlantic from 1986 to 2005. The silky shark fishery off Sri Lanka reported a drop from a peak catch of 25,400 tons in 1994 to only 1,960 tons in 2006, indicative of a local 4634: 1504:

on whale carcasses. Good feeding opportunities can draw silky sharks in large numbers; one such feeding aggregation in the Pacific has been documented "herding" a school of small fishes into a compact mass (a

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at sea and the rest of the body discarded. Fins from an estimated one-half to one and a half million silky sharks are traded globally per year; it is the second- or third-most common species auctioned on the

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multispecies shark fisheries operating off Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica, the United States, Ecuador, Spain, Portugal, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Yemen, and Côte d'Ivoire. Even greater numbers are

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Watson, J. T.; Essington, T. E.; Lennert-Cody, C. E. & Hall, M. A. (2009). "Trade-Offs in the Design of Fishery Closures: Management of Silky Shark Bycatch in the Eastern Pacific Ocean Tuna Fishery".

1851: 493:, a favored prey. Its sense of hearing is extremely acute, allowing it to localize the low-frequency noises generated by other feeding animals, and, by extension, sources of food. The silky shark is 1509:) and trapping it against the surface, whereupon the sharks consumed the entire school. When attacking tightly packed fish, silky sharks charge through the ball and slash open-mouthed, catching the 1253:

Slim and streamlined, the silky shark has a fairly long, rounded snout with barely developed flaps of skin in front of the nostrils. The circular, medium-sized eyes are equipped with

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Myrberg, A. A. (Jr.); Ha, S. J.; Walewski, S. & Banbury, J. C. (October 1972). "Effectiveness of Acoustic Signals in Attracting Epipelagic Sharks to an Underwater Sound Source".

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large females. The highest reported growth rates are from sharks in the northern Gulf of Mexico, and the lowest from sharks off northeastern Taiwan. Males and females reach

1779:. It is the most common shark caught as bycatch in the eastern Pacific and Gulf of Mexico tuna fisheries, and the second-most common shark caught as bycatch (next to the 2037: 1067:

sequence data, found that the silky shark is part of a group containing large sharks with a ridge between the dorsal fins. One branch within this group contains the

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at ages of 6–10 years and 7–12+ years, respectively. Sharks from more temperate waters may grow slower and mature later than those in warmer regions. The

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Ocean sharks seem to match or exceed the size of northwestern Atlantic sharks, but the figures are based on relatively few individuals and more data are needed.

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connection through which the mother delivers nourishment. Relative to other viviparous sharks, the placenta of the silky shark is less similar to the analogous

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Wilson, 1932 (Siphonostomatoida: Kroyeriidae), copepods parasitic on chondrichthyans, with descriptions of four new species and the erection of a new genus,

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Studies conducted off the Florida coast and the Bahamas have shown that silky sharks are highly sensitive to sound, in particular low-frequency (10–20

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Stevens, J. D. & McLouhlin, K. J. (1991). "Distribution, size and sex composition, reproductive biology and diet of sharks from northern Australia".

3713: 4924: 4894: 4864: 2322: 4899: 4673: 3763: 667:), grey whaler shark, olive shark, reef shark, ridgeback shark, sickle shark, sickle silk shark, sickle-shaped shark, silk shark, and silky whaler. 4904: 4712: 2223:"The phylogenetic relationships among requiem and hammerhead sharks: inferring phylogeny when thousands of equally most parsimonious trees result" 1855: 4919: 4889: 1804:

may also be used, as well as the jaws: this species is the predominant source of dried shark jaw curios sold to tourists in the tropics. Some

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Burgess, G. H.; et al. (October 2005). "Is the collapse of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico real?".

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The large size and cutting teeth of the silky shark make it potentially dangerous, and it has behaved aggressively towards divers. However,

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Whittaker, F. H.; Apkarian, R. P.; Curless, B. & Carvajal, G. J. (1985). "Scanning electron microscopy of the scolices of the cestodes

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Cadenat, J. & Blache, J. (1981). "Requins de Méditerranée et d'Atlantique (plus particulièrement de la côte occidentale d'Afrique)".

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Hoffmayer, E. R., Franks, J. S., Driggers, W. B. (III) and Grace, M. A. (March 26, 2009). "Movements and Habitat Preferences of Dusky (

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With prey often scarce in its oceanic environment, the silky shark is a swift, inquisitive, and persistent hunter. It feeds mainly on

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to the sound change and stop withdrawing, though it takes them much longer to do so compared to the bolder oceanic whitetip shark.

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are much smaller than maternal blood cells, which is opposite the pattern seen in mammals. Adult females have a single functional

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Kohin, S.; Arauz, R.; Holts D. & Vetter, R. (2006). "Preliminary Results: Behavior and habitat preferences of silky sharks (

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Cicimurri, D. J. & Knight, J. L. (2009). "Two Shark-bitten Whale Skeletons from Coastal Plain Deposits of South Carolina".

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worldwide: in the northwestern Atlantic, in the western and central Pacific, in the eastern Pacific, and in the Indian Ocean.

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The Conservation Status of Pelagic Sharks and Rays: Report of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group Pelagic Shark Red List Workshop

2416: 4717: 2222: 3756: 574: 227: 4560: 91: 4608: 4582: 2581: 2504:) Sharks in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Preliminary Results". 2009 MTI Bird and Fish Tracking Conference Proceedings. 1513:

at the corners of their jaws. Although multiple individuals may feed at once, each launches its attack independently.

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Joung, S. J.; Chen, C. T.; Lee H. H. & Liu, K. M. (April 2008). "Age, growth, and reproduction of silky sharks,

2948:"A review of shark agonistic displays: comparison of display features and implications for shark-human interactions" 2518:

Bonfil, R., Mena R. and de Anda, D. (September 1993). Biological parameters of commercially exploited silky sharks,

4756: 4600: 4435: 3996: 3657:"Reply to 'Robust estimates of decline for pelagic shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico'" 4874: 4426: 4399: 4113: 2536: 1156: 799: 614: 1579:

structure in that no interdigitation exists between the tissues of the fetus and mother. Furthermore, the fetal

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analysis, which included the silky, blue, and bignose sharks, confirmed the closeness of those three species.

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with a curving rear margin, its tiny second dorsal fin with a long free rear tip, and its long, sickle-shaped

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is Latin for "sickle-shaped", which refers to the outline of the dorsal and pectoral fins. The silky shark's

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Stevens, J. D. (1984). "Biological observations on sharks caught by sport fishermen off New South Wales".

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Initial efforts to resolve the evolutionary relationships of the silky shark were inconclusive; based on

4869: 4800: 4613: 4333: 4261: 4204: 3631:"Robust estimates of decline for pelagic shark populations in the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico" 3217:) measured under field conditions". Naval Undersea Research and Development Center, San Diego. pp. 1–12. 816: 718: 651:

comes from the fine texture of its skin compared to other sharks, a product of its tiny, densely packed

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Gilbert, P. W. & Schlernitzauer, D. A. (September 7, 1966). "The Placenta and Gravid Uterus of

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Distinctive features of the silky shark include its small first dorsal fin and large pectoral fins.

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in many countries. Furthermore, their association with tuna results in many sharks being taken as

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Müller and Henle's illustration of a silky shark, accompanying their original species description

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rear tip about half as long as the fin is tall. The second dorsal fin is tiny, smaller than the

4805: 4704: 3550: 4787: 4621: 3978: 3816: 3579: 3531: 3194: 3035:(Crustacea, Isopoda, Gnathiidae), ectoparasites of elasmobranchs from Okinawan coastal waters" 2878: 2872: 2827: 2770: 2690: 2663: 2627: 2440: 2395: 2255: 2078: 2018: 2014: 1605: 1172: 1084: 462: 163: 3557:. Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida. Retrieved on September 12, 2009. 3188: 2684: 2657: 4828: 4792: 4228: 4219: 4195: 3942: 3671: 3608: 3498: 3460: 3422: 3395: 3349: 3332:

Stevens, J. D. (1984). "Life-history and ecology of sharks at Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean".

3281: 3248: 3158: 3115: 3084: 3049: 2999: 2967: 2920: 2728: 2619: 2482:) tagged in the Eastern Tropical Pacific". In Rojas M.; R. Zanella & I. Zanella (eds.). 2432: 2351: 2293: 2245: 2237: 2135: 2006: 1907: 1768: 1751:

lists six attacks attributable to the silky shark, three of them unprovoked and none fatal.

1727: 1600: 1576: 1009: 618: 447: 4730: 3578:. Newbury: IUCN Species Survival Commission Shark Specialist Group. pp. 24–25, 55–56. 3229:"Interactions between marine predators: dolphin food intake is related to number of sharks" 2338:

Carnevale, G.; Marsili, S.; Caputo, D. & Egisti, L. (December 2006). "The Silky Shark,

4639: 4468: 4309: 4300: 4104: 4086: 4077: 3987: 3969: 3872: 3845: 3836: 3717: 3562: 2769:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. pp. 288–290. 2537:"NMFS Cooperative Shark Tagging Program 1962–63: An atlas of shark tag and recapture data" 2075:

Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date

1801: 1759: 1723: 1389: 1381: 1285: 1193: 1104: 1017: 1001: 850: 662: 656: 652: 561: 537: 529: 2177:. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on August 12, 2009. 569:

A scientific description of the silky shark was first published by the German biologists

453:, named for the smooth texture of its skin. It is one of the most abundant sharks in the 3345: 3244: 3026: 2963: 1420:

Tuna are a favored prey of the silky shark, which is often found trailing their schools.

1408:, which snatch scraps of food and rub against the shark's skin to scrape off parasites. 4381: 4252: 4032: 4014: 3863: 3804: 3798: 3773: 2903:

Branstetter, S. (July 1987). "Age, growth and reproductive biology of the silky shark,

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Primer Seminario-Taller del Estado del Conocimiento de la Condrictiofauna de Costa Rica

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A silky shark caught by a sport angler – this shark is heavily fished in many regions.

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before launching open-mouthed, slashing attacks. This species often trails schools of

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Camhi, M. D.; Valenti, S. V.; Fordham, S. V.; Fowler, S. L. & Gibson, C. (2009).

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Silky sharks in most parts of the world are thought to reproduce year-round, whereas

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are rare, as few humans enter its oceanic habitat. Silky sharks are valued for their

450: 443: 173: 59: 3512: 3369: 3011: 2932: 2639: 2582:"Distribution, abundance, and habits of pelagic sharks in the central Pacific Ocean" 2305: 2267: 2007: 4177: 3960: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3827: 3127: 2823: 2816: 2099: 1429: 1416: 1324: 1297: 1269: 1197: 1060: 1041: 997: 918: 622: 517: 471: 454: 183: 4626: 3464: 3106:

Pintner (Cestoda: Trypanorhyncha), parasitic in elasmobranch and teleost fishes".

969:, an earlier representative of its lineage with smooth-edged teeth, is known from 4818: 2990:

Myrberg, A. A. (Jr.) (February 2001). "The Acoustical Biology of Elasmobranchs".

4738: 4686: 4554: 4342: 4159: 4144: 4135: 4095: 4050: 3213:

Evans, W. R. and P. W. Gilbert. (1971). "The force of bites by the Silky Shark (

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A juvenile silky shark – this species gives birth to live, fully formed young.

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connection to their mother. Significant geographical variation is seen in its

494: 482: 467: 4652: 4545: 3704: 4459: 4324: 4243: 1793: 1535:). A well-established association exists between this species and tuna: off 1510: 1506: 1501: 1425: 1258: 970: 478: 103: 3353: 2631: 2444: 2259: 1934: 1591:, which are divided lengthwise into separate compartments for each embryo. 904:

Phylogenetic relationships of the silky shark, based on allozyme sequences

457:, and can be found around the world in tropical waters. Highly mobile and 245:

Confirmed (dark blue) and suspected (light blue) range of the silky shark

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Garrick, J. A. F.; Backus, R. H. & Gibbs, R. H. Jr (June 30, 1964). "

1842:. The silky shark is listed on Annex I, Highly Migratory Species, of the 1572: 1568: 1477: 1461: 1437: 1346: 1309: 1274: 1064: 1013: 974: 926: 502: 123: 1147: 4678: 3293: 3253: 3228: 3170: 3119: 2924: 2861:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved on September 12, 2009. 2740: 2522:, from the Campeche Bank, Mexico. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 115:73–86. 2463:

https://ciesm.org/atlas/fishes_2nd_edition/Carcharhinus_falciformis.pdf

2147: 1764: 1465: 1449: 1441: 1369: 1339: 985:(56–34 Mya) teeth resembling those of this species are known from 958: 950: 946: 933:

12,000 years ago) and the other in Goose Creek Limestone dating to the

541: 532:, and jaws. Because of their abundance, they form a major component of 439: 4665: 3426: 3399: 2551: 2342:(Bibron, 1841), in the Pliocene of Cava Serredi (Fine Basin, Italy)". 2328:. The Life and Times of Long Dead Sharks. Retrieved on April 18, 2010. 4691: 4595: 3786: 3698: 3361: 2715:

Bane, G. W. (Jr.) (June 21, 1966). "Observations on the Silky shark,

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Rigby, C.L.; Sherman, C.S.; Chin, A. & Simpfendorfer, C. (2017).

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Sharks of Florida, the Bahamas, the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico

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Beveridge, I. & Campbell, R. A. (February 1993). "A revision of

3088: 2732: 2139: 1404:), which "ride" the pressure wave ahead of the shark, as well as by 2766:

Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes

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The bite force of a 2-m-long silky shark has been measured at 890

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Potential predators of the silky shark include larger sharks and

949:(23–5.3 Mya). Fossil teeth have also been found in Pliocene 4779: 2001:

Bonfil, R. (2008). "The Biology and Ecology of the Silky Shark,

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The silky shark is an opportunistic predator, feeding mainly on

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Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes

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International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas

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Sharks of the Open Ocean: Biology, Fisheries and Conservation

2005:". In Camhi, M.; Pikitch, E. K. & Babcock, E. A. (eds.). 1796:

fin market, which represents over half the global trade. The

585:. Subsequent authors have assigned this species to the genus 3067:

Deets, G. B. (1987). "Phylogenetic analysis and revision of

2461:). 2nd Edition. 2021. 366p. CIESM Publishers, Paris, Monaco. 474:. It is a deep, metallic bronze-gray above and white below. 2344:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen

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fisheries throughout its range, particularly those using

973:(34–23 Mya) deposits in the Old Church formation of 601:, adult silky sharks were historically not recognized as 3722:

Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department

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10.1577/1548-8446(2005)30[19:ITCOSP]2.0.CO;2

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10.1577/1548-8446(2005)30[19:ITCOSP]2.0.CO;2

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Kohler, N. E.; Casey, J. G. & Turner, P. A. (1998).

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describes 25 silky sharks following a large pod of

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sp. Silky sharks frequently intermingle with schools of

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years. In the northern Atlantic, most sharks follow the

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to an informal "transitional group" also containing the

2279: 2277: 2077:. Food and Agriculture Organization. pp. 470–472. 1396:). Silky sharks are themselves accompanied by juvenile 1151:

The silky shark is typically encountered in open water.

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Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen (volume 2)

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teeth belonging to the silky shark have been found in

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details. Reproduction occurs year-round except in the

461:, this shark is most often found over the edge of the 1555:

Like other members of its family, the silky shark is

3415:

Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

3388:

Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

4529: 4490: 4457: 4379: 4355: 4322: 4298: 4274: 4241: 4217: 4157: 4133: 3825: 3182: 3180: 1783:) overall. The fins are valued as an ingredient in 1284:The skin is densely covered by minute, overlapping 3481:Oshitani, S.; Nakano, S. & Tanaka, S. (2003). 2815: 941:3.5 million years ago – Mya), as well as from the 485:, and has been known to drive them into compacted 3476: 3474: 2457:Atlas of Exotic Fishes in the Mediterranean Sea ( 1834:As of 2017, the silky shark is classified by the 1281:is fairly high with a well-developed lower lobe. 2790: 2788: 2786: 2417:"The phylogenetic relationship within the genus 2394:. Princeton University Press. pp. 319–320. 2380:". NOAA Technical Report, NMFS Circ. 445: 1–194. 1296:The silky shark is one of the three most common 3736:Species Description of Carcharhinus falciformis 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2604: 2602: 2530: 2528: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2376:Garrick, J. A .F. (1982). "Sharks of the genus 2113: 2111: 1913:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T39370A117721799.en 1844:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1200:, it is most common in late spring and summer. 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 2952:Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 2898: 2896: 2894: 2689:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 30–31. 1836:International Union for Conservation of Nature 3757: 3551:ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark 2656:McEachran, J.D. & Fechhelm, J.D. (1998). 1331:). Known parasites of this shark include the 8: 3655:Burgess, G. H.; et al. (October 2005). 3334:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 2575: 2573: 2571: 1800:(sold fresh or dried and salted), skin, and 1754:Large numbers of silky sharks are caught by 3629:; Kehler, R. A. & Myers, R. A. (2005). 3381: 3379: 2683:Randall, J. E. & Hoover, J. P. (1995). 1613:Life history parameters of the silky shark 583:Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen 4517: 3764: 3750: 3742: 3327: 3325: 2985: 2983: 2317: 2315: 2185: 2183: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2050: 1611: 1087:member of the other branch and the sister 605:and were described as a separate species, 236: 48: 29: 20: 3502: 3252: 3025:Ota, Y. & Euichi, H. (May 22, 2009). 2971: 2911:, from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico". 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2662:. University of Texas Press. p. 77. 2249: 2216: 2214: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2098:Müller, J. & Henle, F. G. J. (1839). 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1911: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1604:sharks occur. The risk of predation has 410:), also known by numerous names such as 375:Bigelow, Schroeder & Springer, 1943 2710: 2708: 2706: 1867: 1856:Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission 1587:(on the right side) and two functional 4885:Near threatened fauna of North America 3193:. Trident Press. pp. 24, 34, 49. 1883: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1871: 2871:Villegas, B. & L. Sesana (2007). 2392:Sharks of the Order Carcharhiniformes 1697:2.00–2.18 m (6.56–7.15 ft) 661:), grey reef shark (usually used for 7: 4767:302e9db1-37e0-40a9-9b72-33f4ce089827 3149:sp. Beneden 1849 (Tetraphyllidea)". 1008:) as its closest relative. In 1988, 3731:ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research 3483:"Age and growth of the silky shark 2877:. Villegas Asociados. p. 335. 2763:Fowler, S. L.; et al. (2005). 1899:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1711:1.80–1.82 m (5.9–6.0 ft) 1683:2.02–2.20 m (6.6–7.2 ft) 1669:2.16–2.60 m (7.1–8.5 ft) 1655:2.38–2.50 m (7.8–8.2 ft) 1641:2.32–2.46 m (7.6–8.1 ft) 1500:, and fossil evidence indicates it 1059:More recently, Gavin Naylor's 1992 791: 767: 743: 693: 686: 679: 2242:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1992.tb00073.x 1708:1.80–1.82 m (5.9–6.0 ft) 1680:2.10–2.14 m (6.9–7.0 ft) 1666:2.39–2.40 m (7.8–7.9 ft) 1638:2.15–2.25 m (7.1–7.4 ft) 579:Carcharias (Prionodon) falciformis 14: 1819:Food and Agriculture Organization 1364:), and have been known to follow 4925:Extant Miocene first appearances 4895:Near threatened biota of Oceania 4865:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 3711:Biological Profiles: Silky Shark 3504:10.1046/j.1444-2906.2003.00645.x 3451:in northeastern Taiwan waters". 3145:Kruse 1959 (Trypanorhyncha) and 3143:Parachristianella monomegacantha 2907:, and the scalloped hammerhead, 2624:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01121.x 2478:) and a big eye thresher shark ( 2175:Biological Profiles: Silky Shark 2122:, the Silky Shark, a Synonym of 1239: 1228: 1083:), while the silky shark is the 90: 4900:Near threatened biota of Mexico 3555:International Shark Attack File 2992:Environmental Biology of Fishes 2913:Environmental Biology of Fishes 1749:International Shark Attack File 1173:continental and insular shelves 1167:Primarily an inhabitant of the 524:, and to a lesser extent their 359:Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1899 4905:Fish of the Dominican Republic 3233:Marine Ecology Progress Series 3227:Acevedo-Gutiérrez, A. (2002). 2013:. Blackwell Science. pp. 1822:1990s, and 85% (for all large 977:, and the Ashley formation of 497:, meaning that the developing 1: 4920:Miocene fish of North America 4890:Near threatened biota of Asia 3530:. Trident Press. p. 72. 3526:Stafford-Deitsch, J. (2000). 3465:10.1016/j.fishres.2007.09.025 3187:Stafford-Deitsch, J. (1999). 1787:, with captured sharks often 1691:65–81 cm (26–32 in) 1663:56–87 cm (22–34 in) 1635:68–84 cm (27–33 in) 1135:). Mine Dosay-Abkulut's 2008 981:. A set of poorly described, 589:. Because Müller and Henle's 391:Deng, Xiong & Zhan, 1981 4436:Australian sharpnose shark ( 3997:Smoothtooth blacktip shark ( 2946:Martin, R. A. (March 2007). 2193:& Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2104:. Veit und Comp. p. 47. 1850:. Organizations such as the 4427:Caribbean sharpnose shark ( 4400:Brazilian sharpnose shark ( 4114:Australian blacktip shark ( 3738:at www.shark-references.com 3077:Canadian Journal of Zoology 2390:Compagno, L. J. V. (1988). 2073:Compagno, L. J. V. (1984). 1730:is at least 22 years. 1350:Dasyrhynchus variouncinatus 921:, one in mud dating to the 917:: from the vicinity of two 4946: 4910:Vulnerable biota of Africa 4445:Atlantic sharpnose shark ( 2797:Bulletin of Marine Science 2719:, in the Gulf of Guinea". 2437:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.04.001 2415:Dosay-Akbulut, M. (2008). 2356:10.1127/njgpa/242/2006/357 2042:(Müller & Henle, 1839) 1627:Female length at maturity 319:(Müller & Henle, 1839) 311:(Müller & Henle, 1839) 303:(Müller & Henle, 1839) 271:(Müller & Henle, 1839) 4478:Pacific spadenose shark ( 4409:Pacific sharpnose shark ( 3927:Pacific smalltail shark ( 3781: 3054:10.11646/zootaxa.2114.1.2 2973:10.1080/10236240601154872 2822:. Voyager Press. p. 2580:Strasburg, D. W. (1958). 2550:(2): 1–87. Archived from 2221:Naylor, G. J. P. (1992). 1694:1.86 m (6.1 ft) 1652:2.20 m (7.2 ft) 1380:sp.), along with 25 1157:cosmopolitan distribution 847: 830: 813: 800:Carcharhinus galapagensis 796: 789: 772: 765: 748: 741: 715: 698: 691: 684: 538:artisanal shark fisheries 364:Aprionodon sitankaiensis 268:Carcharhinus falciformes 256: 249: 244: 235: 212: 205: 87:Scientific classification 85: 68: 46: 37: 28: 23: 4640:carcharhinus-falciformis 4601:carcharhinus-falciformis 4588:Carcharhinus_falciformis 4575:Carcharhinus_falciformis 4561:Carcharhinus falciformis 4531:Carcharhinus falciformis 4024:Oceanic whitetip shark ( 3693:Carcharhinus falciformis 3561:August 31, 2012, at the 3485:Carcharhinus falciformis 3449:Carcharhinus falciformis 3270:Carcharhinus falciformis 3215:Carcharhinus falciformis 2905:Carcharhinus falciformis 2717:Carcharhinus falciformis 2520:Carcharhinus falciformis 2502:Carcharhinus falciformis 2486:. INBIO. pp. 17–19. 2476:Carcharhinus falciformis 2459:Carcharhinus falciformis 2425:Comptes Rendus Biologies 2340:Carcharhinus falciformis 2321:Bourdon, J. (May 2009). 2197:Carcharhinus falciformis 2040:Carcharhinus falciformis 2003:Carcharhinus falciformis 1892:Carcharhinus falciformis 1777:fish aggregating devices 1261:are moderate in length. 1143:Distribution and habitat 752:Carcharhinus falciformis 593:was a 53-cm-long female 407:Carcharhinus falciformis 388:Carcharhinus atrodorsus 372:Carcharhinus floridanus 335:Müller & Henle, 1839 327:Müller & Henle, 1839 316:Carcharhinus menisorrah 300:Carcharhinus menisorrah 295:Müller & Henle, 1839 263:Müller & Henle, 1839 216:Carcharhinus falciformis 4880:Near threatened animals 4334:Sicklefin lemon shark ( 4262:Borneo broadfin shark ( 4205:Irrawaddy river shark ( 3727:Open Ocean: Silky Shark 3487:from the Pacific Ocean" 3151:Journal of Parasitology 3108:Systematic Parasitology 3004:10.1023/A:1007647021634 2859:Open Ocean: Silky Shark 2544:Marine Fisheries Review 2286:Southeastern Naturalist 2120:Carcharhinus floridanus 1705:70 cm (28 in) 1624:Male length at maturity 1563:exhausts its supply of 1428:from all levels of the 1368:. One account from the 1306:oceanic whitetip sharks 1175:, often over deepwater 834:Carcharhinus longimanus 671:Phylogeny and evolution 607:Carcharhinus floridanus 553:to Vulnerable in 2017. 276:Carcharius falcipinnis 4915:Fish described in 1839 4418:Grey sharpnose shark ( 4187:Northern river shark ( 4060:Caribbean reef shark ( 3354:10.1098/rspb.1984.0050 2874:Colombia Natural Parks 2686:Coastal Fishes of Oman 2207:. August 2009 version. 1906:: e.T39370A117721799. 1743: 1559:: once the developing 1552: 1421: 1394:C. albimarginatus 1343:Kroeyerina cortezensis 1300:sharks along with the 1221: 1213: 1155:The silky shark has a 1152: 1113:oceanic whitetip shark 1000:in 1982 suggested the 967:Carcharhinus elongatus 625:, Richard Backus, and 566: 332:Carcharius menisorrah 324:Carcharins menisorrah 284:Carcharias falcipinnis 260:Carcharias falciformis 4801:Paleobiology Database 4502:Whitetip reef shark ( 4042:Blacktip reef shark ( 3707:on Sealife Collection 2498:Carcharhinus obscurus 2480:Alopias superciliosus 1741: 1632:Northwestern Atlantic 1550: 1419: 1386:C. amblyrhynchos 1358:scalloped hammerheads 1255:nictitating membranes 1219: 1211: 1150: 817:Carcharhinus obscurus 719:Carcharhinus plumbeus 664:C. amblyrhynchos 564: 380:Eulamia malpeloensis 356:Gymnorhinus pharaonis 292:Carcharias menisorrah 4169:Borneo river shark ( 3031:and a new record of 2814:Perrine, D. (2002). 2612:Conservation Biology 2298:10.1656/058.008.0107 1935:"Appendices | CITES" 1808:catch silky sharks. 1571:is converted into a 1192:northward along the 1109:C. galapagensis 1097:Caribbean reef shark 1030:C. melanopterus 953:at the Cava Serredi 702:Carcharhinus altimus 3979:Pondicherry shark ( 3866:C. amblyrhynchoides 3346:1984RSPSB.222...79S 3245:2002MEPS..240..267A 3033:Gnathia trimaculata 2964:2007MFBP...40....3M 1765:caught incidentally 1614: 1488:. It may also take 1374:bottlenose dolphins 1336:Gnathia trimaculata 1292:Biology and ecology 1063:analysis, based on 1026:blacktip reef shark 776:Carcharhinus perezi 635:C. falciformis 603:C. falciformis 551:conservation status 501:are sustained by a 432:sickle-shaped shark 308:Eulamia menisorrah 198:C. falciformis 40:Conservation status 4229:Daggernose shark ( 4196:Speartooth shark ( 3943:Whitecheek shark ( 3716:2014-10-18 at the 3453:Fisheries Research 3254:10.3354/meps240267 3120:10.1007/BF00009597 2925:10.1007/BF00005346 1840:vulnerable species 1744: 1734:Human interactions 1612: 1553: 1422: 1222: 1214: 1153: 1117:C. longimanus 1046:C. brachyurus 631:C. floridanus 567: 4852: 4851: 4788:Open Tree of Life 4523:Taxon identifiers 4514: 4513: 4469:Spadenose shark ( 4310:Whitenose shark ( 4105:Spot-tail shark ( 4087:Blackspot shark ( 4078:Smalltail shark ( 3988:Finetooth shark ( 3970:Galapagos shark ( 3873:Grey reef shark ( 3848:C. albimarginatus 3846:Silvertip shark ( 3837:Blacknose shark ( 3817:Carcharhiniformes 3585:978-0-9561063-1-5 3537:978-1-900724-45-6 3491:Fisheries Science 3427:10.1071/MF9910151 3400:10.1071/MF9840573 3200:978-1-900724-28-9 2884:978-958-8156-87-3 2833:978-0-89658-604-8 2776:978-2-8317-0700-6 2696:978-0-8248-1808-1 2669:978-0-292-75206-1 2401:978-0-691-08453-4 2084:978-92-5-101384-7 2024:978-0-632-05995-9 1715: 1714: 1022:C. acronotus 908: 907: 898: 897: 889: 888: 880: 879: 871: 870: 862: 861: 730: 729: 615:William Schroeder 463:continental shelf 436:sickle silk shark 416:gray whaler shark 398: 397: 392: 384: 376: 368: 360: 352: 344: 336: 328: 320: 312: 304: 296: 288: 280: 272: 264: 164:Carcharhiniformes 80: 63: 4937: 4875:Pantropical fish 4845: 4844: 4832: 4831: 4822: 4821: 4809: 4808: 4796: 4795: 4783: 4782: 4770: 4769: 4760: 4759: 4747: 4746: 4734: 4733: 4721: 4720: 4708: 4707: 4695: 4694: 4682: 4681: 4669: 4668: 4656: 4655: 4643: 4642: 4630: 4629: 4617: 4616: 4604: 4603: 4591: 4590: 4578: 4577: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4518: 4480:S. macrorhynchos 4253:Broadfin shark ( 4033:Hardnose shark ( 4015:Blacktip shark ( 3972:C. galapagenisis 3875:C. amblyrhynchos 3864:Graceful shark ( 3766: 3759: 3752: 3743: 3680: 3679: 3661: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3635: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3596: 3590: 3589: 3571: 3565: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3506: 3478: 3469: 3468: 3444: 3431: 3430: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3340:(1226): 79–106. 3329: 3320: 3319: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3224: 3218: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3184: 3175: 3174: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3083:(9): 2121–2148. 3064: 3058: 3057: 3039: 3029:Gnathia maculosa 3027:"Description of 3022: 3016: 3015: 2987: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2900: 2889: 2888: 2868: 2862: 2855: 2838: 2837: 2821: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2792: 2781: 2780: 2760: 2745: 2744: 2712: 2701: 2700: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2653: 2644: 2643: 2606: 2597: 2596: 2589:Fishery Bulletin 2586: 2577: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2562: 2556: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2516: 2505: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2471: 2465: 2455: 2449: 2448: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2387: 2381: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2350:(2–3): 357–370. 2335: 2329: 2319: 2310: 2309: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2253: 2227: 2218: 2209: 2208: 2187: 2178: 2171: 2152: 2151: 2115: 2106: 2105: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2070: 2045: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2012: 1998: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1885: 1728:maximum lifespan 1646:Eastern Atlantic 1615: 1601:gestation period 1402:Naucrates ductor 1382:grey reef sharks 1286:dermal denticles 1243: 1232: 1125:C. obscurus 1073:C. plumbeus 1054:C. signatus 1010:Leonard Compagno 945:, dating to the 792: 768: 744: 694: 687: 680: 675: 674: 653:dermal denticles 642:specific epithet 627:Robert Gibbs Jr. 619:Stewart Springer 581:, in their 1839 549:to reassess its 390: 382: 374: 366: 358: 350: 348:Prionodon tiburo 342: 334: 326: 318: 310: 302: 294: 286: 278: 270: 262: 240: 218: 95: 94: 74: 57: 52: 51: 33: 21: 4945: 4944: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4934: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4848: 4840: 4835: 4827: 4825: 4817: 4812: 4804: 4799: 4791: 4786: 4778: 4773: 4765: 4763: 4755: 4750: 4742: 4737: 4729: 4724: 4716: 4711: 4703: 4698: 4690: 4685: 4677: 4672: 4664: 4659: 4651: 4646: 4638: 4633: 4625: 4620: 4612: 4607: 4599: 4594: 4586: 4581: 4573: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4553: 4544: 4543: 4538: 4525: 4515: 4510: 4486: 4453: 4375: 4351: 4345:N. brevirostris 4318: 4294: 4286:Sliteye shark ( 4270: 4237: 4213: 4153: 4129: 4069:Sandbar shark ( 4044:C. melanopterus 3963:C. fitzroyensis 3918:Nervous shark ( 3909:Spinner shark ( 3855:Bignose shark ( 3821: 3777: 3770: 3718:Wayback Machine 3688: 3683: 3659: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3633: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3563:Wayback Machine 3549: 3545: 3538: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3480: 3479: 3472: 3446: 3445: 3434: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3331: 3330: 3323: 3309: 3308: 3301: 3286:10.2307/1441064 3267: 3266: 3262: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3186: 3185: 3178: 3163:10.2307/3282025 3140: 3139: 3135: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3089:10.1139/z87-327 3066: 3065: 3061: 3037: 3024: 3023: 3019: 2989: 2988: 2981: 2945: 2944: 2940: 2902: 2901: 2892: 2885: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2856: 2841: 2834: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2794: 2793: 2784: 2777: 2762: 2761: 2748: 2733:10.2307/1441150 2714: 2713: 2704: 2697: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2655: 2654: 2647: 2608: 2607: 2600: 2584: 2579: 2578: 2569: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2539: 2534: 2533: 2526: 2517: 2508: 2495: 2491: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2456: 2452: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2402: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2375: 2371: 2337: 2336: 2332: 2323:Fossil Genera: 2320: 2313: 2283: 2282: 2275: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2212: 2189: 2188: 2181: 2172: 2155: 2140:10.2307/1441029 2117: 2116: 2109: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2072: 2071: 2048: 2036: 2032: 2025: 2000: 1999: 1952: 1943: 1941: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1887: 1886: 1869: 1865: 1814: 1736: 1724:sexual maturity 1702:Eastern Pacific 1688:Central Pacific 1674:Western Pacific 1621:Length at birth 1581:red blood cells 1567:, the depleted 1545: 1486:porcupinefishes 1414: 1390:silvertip shark 1294: 1251: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1206: 1194:U.S. East Coast 1145: 1133:Prionace glauca 1105:Galapagos shark 1095:containing the 1081:C. altimus 1018:blacknose shark 1002:blackspot shark 899: 890: 881: 872: 863: 851:Prionace glauca 731: 673: 577:under the name 571:Johannes Müller 559: 424:ridgeback shark 412:blackspot shark 340:Squalus tiburo 231: 220: 214: 201: 89: 81: 64: 53: 49: 42: 17: 16:Species of fish 12: 11: 5: 4943: 4941: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4857: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4833: 4823: 4810: 4797: 4784: 4771: 4761: 4748: 4735: 4722: 4709: 4696: 4683: 4670: 4657: 4644: 4631: 4618: 4605: 4592: 4579: 4566: 4551: 4535: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4475: 4465: 4463: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4447:R. terraenovae 4442: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4382:Rhizoprionodon 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4349: 4340: 4330: 4328: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4288:L. macrorhinus 4282: 4280: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4235: 4231:I. oxyrhynchus 4225: 4223: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4178:Ganges shark ( 4175: 4165: 4163: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4151: 4141: 4139: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4127: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3961:Creek whaler ( 3958: 3954:C. falciformis 3949: 3940: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3906: 3900:Copper shark ( 3897: 3891:Borneo shark ( 3888: 3884:C. amboinensis 3882:Pigeye shark ( 3879: 3870: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3833: 3831: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3805:Elasmobranchii 3801: 3799:Chondrichthyes 3795: 3789: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3771: 3769: 3768: 3761: 3754: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3733: 3724: 3708: 3701: 3687: 3686:External links 3684: 3682: 3681: 3647: 3618: 3591: 3584: 3566: 3543: 3536: 3518: 3497:(3): 456–464. 3470: 3459:(1–3): 78–85. 3432: 3421:(2): 151–199. 3405: 3394:(5): 573–590. 3375: 3321: 3299: 3280:(3): 451–457. 3260: 3219: 3206: 3199: 3190:Red Sea Sharks 3176: 3157:(3): 376–381. 3147:Phyllobothrium 3133: 3114:(2): 129–157. 3094: 3059: 3017: 2998:(1–3): 31–46. 2979: 2938: 2919:(3): 161–173. 2909:Sphyrna lewini 2890: 2883: 2863: 2857:Martin, R. A. 2839: 2832: 2806: 2782: 2775: 2746: 2727:(2): 354–356. 2702: 2695: 2675: 2668: 2645: 2618:(3): 626–635. 2598: 2567: 2524: 2506: 2489: 2466: 2450: 2431:(7): 500–509. 2407: 2400: 2382: 2369: 2330: 2311: 2273: 2236:(4): 295–318. 2210: 2191:Froese, Rainer 2179: 2153: 2134:(2): 369–375. 2124:C. falciformis 2107: 2090: 2083: 2046: 2044:. fishbase.org 2030: 2023: 1950: 1926: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1848:European Union 1824:requiem sharks 1813: 1810: 1785:shark fin soup 1735: 1732: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1544: 1541: 1498:swimming crabs 1494:paper nautilus 1458:mackerel scads 1413: 1410: 1366:marine mammals 1362:Sphyrna lewini 1354:Phyllobothrium 1318:threat display 1293: 1290: 1245: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1205: 1202: 1144: 1141: 1101:C. perezi 1038:C. cautus 1006:C. sealei 979:South Carolina 915:North Carolina 906: 905: 901: 900: 896: 895: 892: 891: 887: 886: 883: 882: 878: 877: 874: 873: 869: 868: 865: 864: 860: 859: 856: 855: 846: 843: 842: 839: 838: 829: 826: 825: 822: 821: 812: 809: 808: 805: 804: 795: 790: 788: 785: 784: 781: 780: 771: 766: 764: 761: 760: 757: 756: 747: 742: 740: 737: 736: 733: 732: 728: 727: 724: 723: 714: 711: 710: 707: 706: 697: 692: 690: 685: 683: 678: 672: 669: 658:C. sealei 558: 555: 511:Gulf of Mexico 451:Carcharhinidae 396: 395: 394: 393: 385: 377: 369: 361: 353: 345: 337: 329: 321: 313: 305: 297: 289: 281: 273: 265: 254: 253: 247: 246: 242: 241: 233: 232: 221: 210: 209: 203: 202: 195: 193: 189: 188: 181: 177: 176: 174:Carcharhinidae 171: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 146: 144:Elasmobranchii 141: 137: 136: 134:Chondrichthyes 131: 127: 126: 121: 117: 116: 111: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 83: 82: 69: 66: 65: 47: 44: 43: 38: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4942: 4931: 4930:Fish of Aruba 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4507: 4505: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4471:S. laticaudus 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4450: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4343:Lemon shark ( 4341: 4339: 4337: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4315: 4313: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4265: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4255:L. temminckii 4251: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4210: 4208: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4180:G. gangeticus 4176: 4174: 4172: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4145:Tiger shark ( 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4096:Night shark ( 4094: 4092: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4051:Dusky shark ( 4049: 4047: 4045: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4026:C. longimanus 4022: 4020: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3952:Silky shark ( 3950: 3948: 3946: 3945:C. dussumieri 3941: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3911:C. brevipinna 3907: 3905: 3903: 3902:C. brachyurus 3898: 3896: 3894: 3893:C. borneensis 3889: 3887: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3790: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3774:requiem shark 3767: 3762: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3744: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3695:, Silky shark 3694: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3677: 3673: 3670:(10): 30–31. 3669: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3614: 3610: 3607:(10): 19–26. 3606: 3602: 3595: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3519: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3486: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3409: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3261: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3210: 3207: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2810: 2807: 2803:(4): 926–949. 2802: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2778: 2772: 2768: 2767: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2698: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2679: 2676: 2671: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2568: 2557:on 2016-04-09 2553: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2500:) and Silky ( 2499: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2420: 2411: 2408: 2403: 2397: 2393: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2251:2027.42/73088 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2224: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2094: 2091: 2086: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2041: 2034: 2031: 2026: 2020: 2016: 2011: 2010: 2004: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1806:sport fishers 1803: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1549: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482:triggerfishes 1479: 1475: 1474:lanternfishes 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1418: 1411: 1409: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1388:) and a lone 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325:killer whales 1321: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1291: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1270:pectoral fins 1267: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1242: 1231: 1218: 1210: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1149: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1137:ribosomal DNA 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:bignose shark 1074: 1070: 1069:sandbar shark 1066: 1062: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034:nervous shark 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 935:Late Pliocene 932: 928: 924: 920: 919:baleen whales 916: 912: 903: 902: 894: 893: 885: 884: 876: 875: 867: 866: 858: 857: 854: 853: 852: 845: 844: 841: 840: 837: 836: 835: 828: 827: 824: 823: 820: 819: 818: 811: 810: 807: 806: 803: 802: 801: 794: 793: 787: 786: 783: 782: 779: 778: 777: 770: 769: 763: 762: 759: 758: 755: 754: 753: 746: 745: 739: 738: 735: 734: 726: 725: 722: 721: 720: 713: 712: 709: 708: 705: 704: 703: 696: 695: 689: 688: 682: 681: 677: 676: 670: 668: 666: 665: 660: 659: 654: 650: 646: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 611:Henry Bigelow 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 591:type specimen 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 563: 556: 554: 552: 548: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 475: 473: 472:pectoral fins 469: 464: 460: 456: 452: 449: 445: 444:requiem shark 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 408: 403: 389: 386: 383:Fowler, 1944 381: 378: 373: 370: 365: 362: 357: 354: 351:(Poey, 1860 ) 349: 346: 341: 338: 333: 330: 325: 322: 317: 314: 309: 306: 301: 298: 293: 290: 285: 282: 277: 274: 269: 266: 261: 258: 257: 255: 252: 248: 243: 239: 234: 229: 225: 219: 217: 211: 208: 207:Binomial name 204: 200: 199: 194: 191: 190: 187: 186: 182: 179: 178: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154:Selachimorpha 152: 150:Subdivision: 149: 148: 145: 142: 139: 138: 135: 132: 129: 128: 125: 122: 119: 118: 115: 112: 109: 108: 105: 102: 99: 98: 93: 88: 84: 78: 72: 67: 61: 56: 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 4870:Carcharhinus 4530: 4503: 4491: 4479: 4470: 4458: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4420:R. oligolinx 4419: 4410: 4401: 4392: 4391:Milk shark ( 4380: 4368: 4367:Blue shark ( 4356: 4344: 4336:N. acutidens 4335: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4287: 4275: 4264:L. tephrodes 4263: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4220:Isogomphodon 4218: 4207:G. siamensis 4206: 4197: 4188: 4179: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4123: 4115: 4106: 4097: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4043: 4034: 4025: 4016: 4007: 4006:Bull shark ( 3998: 3989: 3980: 3971: 3962: 3953: 3951: 3944: 3936: 3928: 3919: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3839:C. acronotus 3838: 3828:Carcharhinus 3826: 3809:Subdivision 3692: 3667: 3663: 3650: 3644:(10): 27–30. 3641: 3637: 3621: 3604: 3600: 3594: 3575: 3569: 3554: 3546: 3527: 3521: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3391: 3387: 3337: 3333: 3315: 3311: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3214: 3209: 3189: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3136: 3111: 3107: 3104:Dasyrhynchus 3103: 3097: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3045: 3041: 3032: 3028: 3020: 2995: 2991: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2873: 2866: 2817: 2809: 2800: 2796: 2765: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2685: 2678: 2658: 2615: 2611: 2592: 2588: 2559:. Retrieved 2552:the original 2547: 2543: 2519: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2458: 2453: 2428: 2424: 2419:Carcharhinus 2418: 2410: 2391: 2385: 2378:Carcharhinus 2377: 2372: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2325:Carcharhinus 2324: 2292:(1): 71–82. 2289: 2285: 2233: 2229: 2202: 2196: 2173:Knickle, C. 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2100: 2093: 2074: 2039: 2038:Synonyms of 2033: 2008: 2002: 1942:. Retrieved 1938: 1929: 1917:. Retrieved 1903: 1897: 1891: 1833: 1815: 1812:Conservation 1753: 1745: 1720: 1716: 1593: 1554: 1543:Life history 1526: 1515: 1432:, including 1430:water column 1423: 1401: 1393: 1385: 1377: 1361: 1353: 1349: 1342: 1335: 1329:Orcinus orca 1328: 1322: 1314: 1295: 1283: 1263: 1252: 1198:Gulf of Aden 1166: 1162:ocean basins 1154: 1132: 1124: 1116: 1108: 1100: 1080: 1072: 1061:phylogenetic 1058: 1053: 1045: 1042:copper shark 1037: 1029: 1021: 1014:phenetically 1012:assigned it 1005: 998:Jack Garrick 991: 966: 938: 930: 909: 849: 848: 832: 831: 815: 814: 798: 797: 774: 773: 751: 750: 749: 717: 716: 700: 699: 663: 657: 644: 639: 634: 630: 629:synonymized 623:Jack Garrick 606: 602: 587:Carcharhinus 586: 582: 578: 568: 515: 507:life history 476: 455:pelagic zone 435: 431: 428:sickle shark 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 406: 405: 401: 399: 387: 379: 371: 367:Herre, 1934 363: 355: 347: 339: 331: 323: 315: 307: 299: 291: 283: 275: 267: 259: 224:J. P. Müller 215: 213: 197: 196: 185:Carcharhinus 184: 24:Silky shark 18: 4739:NatureServe 4687:iNaturalist 4555:Wikispecies 4411:R. longurio 4402:R. lalandii 4189:G. garricki 4171:G. fowlerae 4116:C. tilstoni 4098:C. signatus 4071:C. plumbeus 4053:C. obscurus 4017:C. limbatus 3981:C. hemiodon 3705:Silky shark 3627:Baum, J. K. 3239:: 267–271. 3073:Prokroyeria 2958:(1): 3–34. 1773:purse seine 1466:sea catfish 1426:bony fishes 1220:Lower teeth 1212:Upper teeth 1204:Description 1190:Gulf Stream 1121:dusky shark 1050:night shark 1048:), and the 943:Pungo River 923:Pleistocene 649:common name 645:falciformis 575:Jakob Henle 483:cephalopods 479:bony fishes 420:olive shark 402:silky shark 343:Poey, 1860 287:Lowe, 1839 279:Lowe, 1839 73:Appendix II 4859:Categories 4493:Triaenodon 4438:R. taylori 4429:R. porosus 4198:G. glyphis 4136:Galeocerdo 4124:C. tjutjot 4080:C. porosus 4035:C. macloti 3999:C. leiodon 3937:C. coatesi 3929:C. cerdale 3857:C. altimus 3703:Photos of 3069:Kroeyerina 2595:: 335–361. 2561:2016-03-01 2230:Cladistics 1944:2022-01-14 1919:10 January 1863:References 1781:blue shark 1756:commercial 1557:viviparous 1531:(200 1478:filefishes 1398:pilot fish 1345:, and the 1279:caudal fin 1259:gill slits 1169:open ocean 1129:blue shark 1075:) and the 994:morphology 911:Fossilized 534:commercial 495:viviparous 468:dorsal fin 140:Subclass: 55:Vulnerable 4504:T. obesus 4460:Scoliodon 4393:R. acutus 4369:P. glauca 4325:Negaprion 4301:Nasolamia 4244:Lamiopsis 4147:G. cuvier 4107:C. sorrah 4089:C. sealei 4062:C. perezi 4008:C. leucas 3990:C. isodon 3920:C. cautus 3803:Subclass 3664:Fisheries 3638:Fisheries 3601:Fisheries 3048:: 50–60. 2364:132221450 1939:cites.org 1802:liver oil 1794:Hong Kong 1760:artisanal 1577:mammalian 1573:placental 1522:habituate 1511:prey fish 1507:bait ball 1502:scavenged 1462:sea chubs 1347:tapeworms 1196:. In the 1182:migratory 971:Oligocene 637:in 1964. 621:in 1943. 530:liver oil 503:placental 459:migratory 446:, in the 192:Species: 110:Kingdom: 104:Eukaryota 4814:Species+ 4744:2.104899 4705:10580003 4661:FishBase 4540:Wikidata 4358:Prionace 4312:N. velox 3811:Selachii 3793:Chordata 3787:Animalia 3785:Kingdom 3714:Archived 3699:FishBase 3559:Archived 3513:52257818 3370:85954905 3318:: 1–330. 3012:19488903 2933:41048341 2640:24343550 2632:19040650 2445:18558373 2306:86113934 2268:39697113 2260:34929961 2204:FishBase 1854:and the 1769:longline 1767:by tuna 1606:selected 1569:yolk sac 1454:snappers 1450:groupers 1442:sardines 1438:mackerel 1378:Tursiops 1310:predator 1275:anal fin 1065:allozyme 975:Virginia 927:Holocene 557:Taxonomy 528:, hide, 251:Synonyms 170:Family: 124:Chordata 120:Phylum: 114:Animalia 100:Domain: 60:IUCN 3.1 4679:2418095 4546:Q252029 4277:Loxodon 4160:Glyphis 3791:Phylum 3776:species 3772:Extant 3342:Bibcode 3294:1441064 3241:Bibcode 3171:3282025 3128:6769785 3042:Zootaxa 2960:Bibcode 2741:1441150 2148:1441029 1529:newtons 1446:mullets 1412:Feeding 1370:Red Sea 1340:copepod 1298:pelagic 1186:El Niño 1127:), and 1040:), the 1032:), the 1024:), the 959:Tuscany 947:Miocene 542:bycatch 518:attacks 499:embryos 487:schools 440:species 438:, is a 230:, 1839) 180:Genus: 160:Order: 130:Class: 75: ( 58: ( 4842:105789 4829:122887 4826:uBio: 4793:787198 4780:105789 4764:NZOR: 4757:202609 4718:160310 4653:124121 4596:ARKive 3815:Order 3797:Class 3582: 3534: 3511: 3368: 3360: 3312:ORSTOM 3292: 3274:Copeia 3197: 3169: 3126: 3010: 2931: 2881: 2830: 2818:Sharks 2773: 2739: 2721:Copeia 2693: 2666: 2638: 2630: 2443: 2398: 2362: 2304: 2266: 2258: 2146: 2128:Copeia 2081: 2021: 2017:–127. 1789:finned 1660:Indian 1618:Region 1596:mating 1561:embryo 1496:, and 1484:, and 1338:, the 1333:isopod 1266:dorsal 983:Eocene 955:quarry 951:strata 617:, and 448:family 226:& 4837:WoRMS 4819:67979 4806:83188 4731:39370 4700:IRMNG 4692:96754 4648:EUNIS 4614:72353 3660:(PDF) 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