1364:
705:
896:
535:
1329:(180 AD). The philosophic prose of a good emperor was in no way compatible with either Teuffel's view of unnatural language, or Cruttwell's depiction of a decline. Having created these constructs, the two philologists found they could not entirely justify them. Apparently, in the worst implication of their views, there was no such thing as Classical Latin by the ancient definition, and some of the very best writing of any period in world history was deemed stilted, degenerate, unnatural language.
1299:
800:
58:
1197:
1838:
759:." He says the language "is marked by immaturity of art and language, by a vigorous but ill-disciplined imitation of Greek poetical models, and in prose by a dry sententiousness of style, gradually giving way to a clear and fluent strength..." These abstracts have little meaning to those not well-versed in Latin literature. In fact, Cruttwell admits "The ancients, indeed, saw a difference between
779:
left hanging. By assigning the term "pre-classical" to Old Latin and implicating it to post-classical (or post-Augustan) and silver Latin, Cruttwell realized that his construct was not accordance with ancient usage and assertions: "he epithet classical is by many restricted to the authors who wrote in it . It is best, however, not to narrow unnecessarily the sphere of classicity; to exclude
1067:. In the wars that followed, a generation of Republican literary figures was lost. Cicero and his contemporaries were replaced by a new generation who spent their formative years under the old constructs, and forced to make their mark under the watchful eye of a new emperor. The demand for great orators had ceased, shifting to an emphasis on poetry. Other than the historian
1356:
728:, setting out the Golden and Silver Ages of classical Latin. Wilhem Wagner, who published Teuffel's work in German, also produced an English translation which he published in 1873. Teuffel's classification, still in use today (with modifications), groups classical Latin authors into periods defined by political events rather than by style.
885:
1619:
488:, in addition to being a naval fleet, was a social class in one of the diachronic divisions of Roman society in accordance with property ownership under the Roman constitution. The word is a transliteration of Greek κλῆσις (clēsis, or "calling") used to rank army draftees by property from first to fifth class.
1779:
that differed from it was a different style. Thus, in rhetoric, Cicero was able to define sublime, intermediate, and low styles within
Classical Latin. St. Augustine recommended low style for sermons. Style was to be defined by deviation in speech from a standard. Teuffel termed this standard "Golden
1288:
The content of new literary works was continually proscribed by the emperor, who exiled or executed existing authors and played the role of literary man, himself (typically badly). Artists therefore went into a repertory of new and dazzling mannerisms, which
Teuffel calls "utter unreality." Cruttwell
1626:
Of the additional century granted by
Cruttwell to Silver Latin, Teuffel says: "The second century was a happy period for the Roman State, the happiest indeed during the whole Empire... But in the world of letters the lassitude and enervation, which told of Rome's decline, became unmistakeable... its
746:
Cruttwell adopts the time periods found in
Teuffel's work, but he presents a detailed analysis of style, whereas Teuffel was more concerned with history. Like Teuffel, Cruttwell encountered issues while attempting to condense the voluminous details of time periods in an effort to capture the meaning
856:
The Second Age of Latin began about the time of Caesar , and ended with
Tiberius. This is what is called the Augustan Age, which was perhaps of all others the most brilliant, a period at which it should seem as if the greatest men, and the immortal authors, had met together upon the earth, in order
430:
The standards, authors and manuals from the
Classical Latin period formed the model for the language taught and used in later periods across Europe and beyond. While the Latin used in different periods deviated from "Classical" Latin, efforts were periodically made to relearn and reapply the models
1309:
In
Cruttwell's view (which had not been expressed by Teuffel), Silver Latin was a "rank, weed-grown garden," a "decline." Cruttwell had already decried what he saw as a loss of spontaneity in Golden Latin. Teuffel regarded the Silver Age as a loss of natural language, and therefore of spontaneity,
876:. Cruttwell omits the first half of Teuffel's Ciceronian, and starts the Golden Age at Cicero's consulship in 63 BC—an error perpetuated in Cruttwell's second edition. He likely meant 80 BC, as he includes Varro in Golden Latin. Teuffel's Augustan Age is Cruttwell's Augustan Epoch (42 BC – 14 AD).
839:
The golden age of the Roman literature is that period in which the climax was reached in the perfection of form, and in most respects also in the methodical treatment of the subject-matters. It may be subdivided between the generations, in the first of which (the
Ciceronian Age) prose culminated,
778:
Also problematic in
Teuffel's scheme is its appropriateness to the concept of classical Latin. Cruttwell addresses the issue by altering the concept of the classical. The "best" Latin is defined as "golden" Latin, the second of the three periods. The other two periods (considered "classical") are
1252:, in which the forms seemed to break loose from their foundation and float freely. That is, men of literature were confounded about the meaning of "good Latin." The last iteration of Classical Latin is known as Silver Latin. The Silver Age is the first of the Imperial Period, and is divided into
774:
In time, some of
Cruttwell's ideas become established in Latin philology. While praising the application of rules to classical Latin (most intensely in the Golden Age, he says "In gaining accuracy, however, classical Latin suffered a grievous loss. It became cultivated as distinct from a natural
1763:
for "to", "from" and "of" rather than simple case endings is a matter of style. Latin has a large number of styles. Each and every author has a style, which typically allows his prose or poetry to be identified by experienced Latinists. Problems in comparative literature have risen out of group
903:
The literary histories list includes all authors from Canonical to the Ciceronian Age—even those whose works are fragmented or missing altogether. With the exception of a few major writers, such as Cicero, Caesar, Virgil and Catullus, ancient accounts of Republican literature praise jurists and
1324:
of Pliny shows how much remained to be done in fields of great interest." The idea of Pliny as a model is not consistent with any sort of decline. Moreover, Pliny did his best work under emperors who were as tolerant as Augustus had been. To include some of the best writings of the Silver Age,
844:
The Ciceronian Age was dated 671–711 AUC (83–43 BC), ending just after the death of Marcus Tullius Cicero. The Augustan 711–67 AUC (43 BC – 14 AD) ends with the death of Augustus. The Ciceronian Age is further divided by the consulship of Cicero in 691 AUC (63 BC) into a first and second half.
1293:
The foremost of these is unreality, arising from the extinction of freedom... Hence arose a declamatory tone, which strove by frigid and almost hysterical exaggeration to make up for the healthy stimulus afforded by daily contact with affairs. The vein of artificial rhetoric, antithesis and
814:
Teuffel's definition of the "First Period" of Latin was based on inscriptions, fragments, and the literary works of the earliest known authors. Though he does use the term "Old Roman" at one point, most of these findings remain unnamed. Teuffel presents the Second Period in his major work,
1280:...the continual apprehension in which men lived caused a restless versatility... Simple or natural composition was considered insipid; the aim of language was to be brilliant... Hence it was dressed up with abundant tinsel of epigrams, rhetorical figures and poetical terms...
526:("first-class" or "reliable authors") in the second century AD. Their works were viewed as models of good Latin. This is the first known reference (possibly innovated during this time) to Classical Latin applied by authors, evidenced in the authentic language of their works.
872:), which corresponds to Teuffel's findings. Of the "Second Period", Cruttwell paraphrases Teuffel by saying it "represents the highest excellence in prose and poetry." The Ciceronian Age (known today as the "Republican Period") is dated 80–42 BC, marked by the
1264:(96–117). Subsequently, Teuffel goes over to a century scheme: 2nd, 3rd, etc., through 6th. His later editions (which came about towards the end of the 19th century) divide the Imperial Age into parts: 1st century (Silver Age), 2nd century (the
1751:. This is an ancient practice continued by moderns rather than a philological innovation of recent times. That Latin had case endings is a fundamental feature of the language. Whether a given form of speech prefers to use prepositions such as
1742:
of language refers to repeatable features of speech that are somewhat less general than the fundamental characteristics of a language. The latter provides unity, allowing it to be referred to by a single name. Thus Old Latin, Classical Latin,
427:(spoken language), and as such, retains spontaneity. No texts by Classical Latin authors are noted for the type of rigidity evidenced by stylized art, with the exception of repetitious abbreviations and stock phrases found on inscriptions.
912:, and many others who gained notoriety without readable works, are presumed by their association within the Golden Age. A list of canonical authors of the period whose works survived in whole or in part is shown here:
1216:, Teuffel initiated a slight alteration in approach, making it clear that his terms applied to Latin and not just to the period. He also changed his dating scheme from AUC to modern BC/AD. Though he introduces
742:
produced a similar work in English. In his preface, Cruttwell notes "Teuffel's admirable history, without which many chapters in the present work could not have attained completeness." He also credits Wagner.
4718:
791:
on the other, would savour of artificial restriction rather than that of a natural classification." The contradiction remains—Terence is, and is not a classical author, depending on the context.
484:) was devised by the Romans to translate Greek ἐγκριθέντες (encrithentes), and "select" which refers to authors who wrote in a form of Greek that was considered model. Before then, the term
775:
language... Spontaneity, therefore, became impossible and soon invention also ceased... In a certain sense, therefore, Latin was studied as a dead language, while it was still a living."
1316:
2881:
1310:
implying that it was last seen in the Golden Age. Instead, Tiberius brought about a "sudden collapse of letters." The idea of a decline had been dominant in English society since
4738:
861:
Evidently, Teuffel received ideas about golden and silver Latin from an existing tradition and embedded them in a new system, transforming them as he thought best.
1236:, which at this point must be interpreted as Classical Latin. He may have been influenced in that regard by one of his sources E. Opitz, who in 1852 had published
904:
orators whose writings, and analyses of various styles of language cannot be verified because there are no surviving records. The reputations of Aquilius Gallus,
4743:
2768:
3310:
3352:
3340:
645:
3399:
634:
1232:(a slight influence of silver Latin). It is clear that his mindset had shifted from Golden and Silver Ages to Golden and Silver Latin, also to include
857:
to write the Latin language in its utmost purity and perfection... and of Tacitus, his conceits and sententious style is not that of the golden age...
3315:
476:. "hat is to say, that of belonging to an exclusive group of authors (or works) that were considered to be emblematic of a certain genre." The term
1083:. Although Augustus evidenced some toleration to republican sympathizers, he exiled Ovid, and imperial tolerance ended with the continuance of the
4748:
4687:
3325:
2556:
4723:
4632:
3320:
3054:
660:
church as "classical meetings", defined by meetings between "young men" from New England and "ancient men" from Holland and England. In 1715,
4602:
3427:
2954:
931:(106–43 BC), orator, philosopher, essayist, whose works define golden Latin prose and are used in Latin curricula beyond the elementary level
747:
of phases found in their various writing styles. Like Teuffel, he has trouble finding a name for the first of the three periods (the current
4692:
4567:
3720:
2349:
1363:
1272:), and the 3rd through 6th centuries. Of the Silver Age proper, Teuffel points out that anything like freedom of speech had vanished with
4713:
3273:
1764:
styles finding similarity by period, in which case one may speak of Old Latin, Silver Latin, Late Latin as styles or a phase of styles.
2944:
2285:
Citroni, Mario (2006), "The Concept of the Classical and the Canons of Model Authors in Roman Literature", in Porter, James I. (ed.),
1368:
1058:
323:
is now understood by default to mean "Classical Latin"; for example, modern Latin textbooks almost exclusively teach Classical Latin.
4612:
3372:
2939:
2934:
2910:
2761:
1470:
319:. In some later periods, the former was regarded as good or proper Latin; the latter as debased, degenerate, or corrupted. The word
2337:, vol. II, The Imperial Period, translated by Warr, George C.W. (from the 5th German ed.), London: George Bell & Sons
1786:, who was an authority in Latin style for several decades, summarizes the differences between Golden and Silver Latin as follows:
810:, 1890. An artist's view of the classical. Maecenas knew and entertained everyone literary in the Golden Age, especially Augustus.
4627:
3300:
2949:
2876:
669:
2499:
848:
The Golden Age had already made an appearance in German philology, but in a less systematic way. In a translation of Bielfeld's
2893:
2826:
3647:
3572:
3330:
2724:
329:
and his contemporaries of the late republic referred to the Latin language, in contrast to other languages such as Greek, as
4143:
1627:
forte is in imitation." Teuffel, however, excepts the jurists; others find other "exceptions", recasting Teuffels's view.
1488:
1294:
epigram... owes its origin to this forced contentment with an uncongenial sphere. With the decay of freedom, taste sank...
704:
4728:
3983:
3587:
3039:
2754:
2517:
2278:
The Elements of Universal Erudition, Containing an Analytical Abridgement of the Science, Polite Arts and Belles Lettres
1896:
828:
4682:
4607:
4366:
3422:
3305:
2851:
2549:
1045:
905:
354:
217:
1775:
selected by authors who were attuned to literary and upper-class languages of the city as a standardized style. All
4642:
4306:
4198:
3968:
3740:
3562:
3470:
3335:
3278:
1386:
4662:
3755:
3710:
3637:
3557:
3505:
3495:
3447:
2794:
1705:
1655:
1561:
1476:
139:
252:
4263:
4173:
3682:
3662:
3657:
3642:
3595:
3535:
3490:
3292:
2321:
1618:
1573:
1567:
1549:
1464:
1446:
1410:
1021:
997:
752:
739:
713:
280:
274:
188:
4733:
4672:
4652:
4592:
4582:
4572:
3978:
3667:
3567:
3547:
3462:
3452:
3157:
3097:
2789:
1717:
1674:
1537:
1513:
1039:
946:
934:
922:
511:
129:
2373:
2138:, p. 385, "Public life became extinct, all political business passed into the hands of the monarch..."
895:
534:
4677:
4667:
4617:
4597:
4411:
4386:
4351:
4233:
3958:
3605:
3367:
2898:
2542:
1543:
1500:
1452:
1416:
1380:
1372:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1084:
916:
4647:
4577:
4401:
4153:
3953:
3948:
3745:
3652:
3577:
3540:
3525:
3500:
3480:
3382:
1711:
1681:
1603:(AD 56 − 120), imperial officer, historian and in Teuffel's view "the last classic of Roman literature."
1525:
1422:
1298:
1033:
991:
799:
2363:
644:
entered modern English in 1599, some 50 years after its re-introduction to the continent. In Governor
4657:
4622:
4311:
4301:
4178:
4078:
4003:
3868:
3831:
3207:
2871:
2718:
2703:
1866:
1482:
1178:
1142:
1118:
1015:
807:
400:
2233:
4587:
4436:
4238:
4108:
4058:
3377:
2974:
1856:
1404:
1184:
1166:
1009:
985:
827:(83 BC – AD 14), according to his own recollection. The timeframe is marked by the dictatorship of
582:. Each author's work in the Roman lists was considered equivalent to one in the Greek. In example,
574:
and not strictly in the period of classical Latin. The classical Romans distinguished Old Latin as
4637:
4361:
4168:
4023:
3963:
3883:
3826:
3690:
2926:
2905:
2671:
1687:
1637:
1440:
873:
4276:
618:
598:, etc. The lists of classical authors were as far as the Roman grammarians went in developing a
2508:
57:
4271:
4123:
3878:
3838:
3816:
3024:
2713:
2708:
2639:
2494:
2429:
1783:
1606:
1428:
1130:
1106:
296:
293:
17:
4336:
4296:
4228:
4163:
4088:
4083:
3855:
3778:
3725:
3520:
3515:
3404:
3263:
3212:
3172:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3122:
3044:
2991:
2984:
2969:
2964:
2888:
2816:
2693:
2688:
2417:
2222:
1881:
1843:
1649:
1643:
1552:
Titus Aufidius Hoenius Severianus (1st and early 2nd centuries AD), imperial officer, jurist
1398:
1392:
1225:
1027:
940:
468:. The term refers to the canonical relevance of literary works written in Latin in the late
465:
134:
2004:
4431:
4243:
4223:
4183:
4118:
4068:
4063:
3938:
3888:
3630:
3610:
3530:
2979:
2804:
2503:
2383:
1739:
1723:
1693:
1583:
1519:
1507:
1494:
1326:
1302:
1136:
1112:
979:
973:
824:
788:
661:
121:
2030:
Ainsworth, Robert (January 1736). "Article XXX: Thesaurus Linguae Latinae Compendarius".
2466:
1771:, or "speech". By valuing Classical Latin as "first class", it was better to write with
4486:
4128:
3863:
3811:
3783:
3730:
3715:
3695:
3510:
3485:
3442:
3432:
3258:
3232:
3162:
3147:
3112:
3072:
2833:
2626:
2289:, translated by Packham, RA, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 204–34
2229:
1886:
1699:
1555:
1434:
1334:
1196:
724:) defined the philological notion of classical Latin through a typology similar to the
689:
630:
617:
saw a revival in Roman culture, and with it, the return of Classic ("the best") Latin.
607:
469:
300:
206:
181:
86:
75:
2397:
A History of Roman Literature from the Earliest Period to the Death of Marcus Aurelius
2368:
2296:
A History of Roman Literature from the Earliest Period to the Death of Marcus Aurelius
4707:
4018:
3988:
3903:
3437:
3414:
3227:
3082:
3067:
3014:
2821:
2730:
1972:
1767:
The ancient authors themselves first defined style by recognizing different kinds of
1747:, etc., are not considered different languages, but are all referred to by the term,
1727:
1714:(d. AD 250), apologist of Christianity, "the first Christian work in Latin" (Teuffel)
1661:
1594:
1588:
1311:
1064:
1003:
955:
768:
677:
563:
245:
2528:
1204:, limited free speech, precipitating the rise of Silver Latin, with its emphasis on
4496:
4356:
3801:
3750:
3705:
3700:
3552:
3362:
3248:
3192:
3187:
3077:
2959:
2843:
2777:
2698:
1997:
Bradford, William (1855) . "Gov. Bradford's Dialogue". In Morton, Nathaniel (ed.).
1744:
967:
961:
626:
519:
473:
308:
304:
210:
100:
90:
1998:
1726:
Antoninus Augustus (121–180 AD), stoic philosopher, Emperor in Latin, essayist in
1320:. Once again, Cruttwell evidences some unease with his stock pronouncements: "The
1240:, which includes Silver Latinity. Though Teuffel's First Period was equivalent to
1220:, (The Silver Age of Roman Literature) from the death of Augustus to the death of
964:(1st century BC), secretary to Julius Caesar, probable author under Caesar's name
676:
turned English words and expressions into "proper and classical Latin." In 1768,
4291:
3913:
3735:
3625:
3019:
2735:
725:
614:
440:
436:
2224:
Literary Language and its Public in Late Latin Antiquity and in the Middle Ages
1837:
4516:
4456:
4421:
4213:
4148:
4138:
4033:
3918:
3806:
3389:
3357:
3102:
3029:
2861:
2856:
2613:
2421:
1871:
1833:
1531:
1249:
657:
543:
342:
316:
112:
2452:
Latine Loqui: Trends and Directions In the Crystallization of Classical Latin
419:(polished) texts may give the appearance of an artificial language. However,
4546:
4541:
4501:
4426:
4396:
4376:
4253:
4193:
4103:
4053:
4048:
3973:
3933:
3821:
3791:
3600:
3475:
3268:
3152:
3127:
3006:
2655:
2585:
1891:
1804:
1631:
1355:
1340:
1281:
1269:
1241:
1205:
1154:
771:, but it may be questioned whether the advance would be perceptible by us."
748:
693:
692:, or list of authentic books of the Bible. In doing so, Ruhnken had secular
684:
recast the molded view of the classical by applying the word "canon" to the
606:
declined in the medieval period as the best form of the language yielded to
599:
571:
461:
444:
312:
261:
233:
171:
63:
30:
This article is about written Classical Latin. For the spoken language, see
2249:
A Companion to Latin Studies Edited for the Syndics of the University Press
1305:, emperor over the last generation of classicists and himself a classicist.
845:
Authors are assigned to these periods by years of principal achievements.
731:
Teuffel went on to publish other editions, but the English translation of
4506:
4491:
4481:
4466:
4381:
4371:
4341:
4331:
4326:
4316:
4218:
4133:
4013:
3998:
3928:
3908:
3898:
3893:
3873:
3672:
3253:
3217:
3107:
3034:
2866:
1861:
1800:
1668:
1582:(1st and 2nd centuries AD), poet, rhetorician and probable author of the
1458:
1273:
1201:
909:
864:
In Cruttwell's introduction, the Golden Age is dated 80 BC – AD 14 (from
832:
764:
408:
2395:
4526:
4521:
4511:
4476:
4471:
4461:
4406:
4391:
4208:
4203:
4188:
4158:
4113:
4093:
4073:
4028:
3760:
3615:
3394:
3202:
3197:
3087:
2427:
Getty, Robert J. 1963. "Classical Latin meter and prosody, 1935–1962".
2316:, translated by Cameron, Allan, Cambridge, UK; Malden, MA: Polity Press
1851:
1600:
1443:(4 BC – AD 65), educator, imperial advisor, philosopher, man of letters
1265:
884:
784:
780:
567:
2746:
2522:
1332:
The Silver Age furnishes the only two extant Latin novels: Apuleius's
411:
were taken into consideration, additional rules applied. Since spoken
4536:
4416:
4346:
4286:
4281:
4248:
4008:
3993:
3943:
3923:
3345:
3222:
3117:
2436:
Levene, David. 1997. "God and man in the Classical Latin panegyric".
2051:
The making of the modern canon: genesis and crisis of a literary idea
1799:"increase in the number of Greek words in ordinary use" (the Emperor
1579:
1284:
supplanted style, and bombastic pathos took the place of quiet power.
1221:
1100:
1094:
1076:
1072:
928:
888:
865:
760:
591:
583:
515:
432:
404:
326:
1244:
and his Second Period was equal to the Golden Age, his Third Period
415:
has become extinct (in favor of subsequent registers), the rules of
4321:
4043:
3770:
3062:
2566:
2490:
1876:
1748:
1617:
1297:
1195:
894:
891:, after whom Teuffel named his Ciceronian period of the Golden Age
883:
798:
756:
703:
653:
595:
587:
533:
144:
31:
2412:
Dickey, Eleanor. 2012. "How to Say 'Please' in Classical Latin".
4531:
4098:
4038:
3620:
2996:
2534:
1124:
1080:
1068:
869:
554:
modeled after the ones created by the Greeks, which were called
2750:
2538:
2328:, translated by Wagner, Wilhelm, London: George Bell & Sons
443:, producing the highly classicising form of Latin now known as
399:
was spoken and written. It was the language taught in schools.
3092:
1730:, role model of the last generation of classicists (Cruttwell)
633:, who the first modern application of the words. According to
403:
rules therefore applied to it, and when special subjects like
2251:(3rd ed.). Cambridge: University Press. pp. 824–26.
1644:
Lucius Octavius Cornelius Publius Salvius Julianus Aemilianus
1248:
encompasses both the Silver Age and the centuries now termed
506:. It contains nuances of the certified and the authentic, or
2513:
1609:(AD 62 – 114), historian, imperial officer and correspondent
625:(1548), "les bons et classiques poètes françois", refers to
389:("in (good) Latin", literally "Latinly") or its comparative
2388:
Vox Latina: A Guide to the Pronunciation of Classical Latin
1413:(15 BC – AD 19), royal family, imperial officer, translator
1071:, the most remarkable writers of the period were the poets
840:
while poetry was principally developed in the Augustan Age.
835:. Wagner's translation of Teuffel's writing is as follows:
2335:
Teuffel's History of Roman Literature Revised and Enlarged
2280:, vol. III, translated by Hooper, W., London: G Scott
1796:"occasional archaic words and phrases derived from poetry"
1208:
rather than on solid content, according to Teuffel's model
970:(1st century BC), public figure, correspondent with Cicero
498:("first class"), such as the authors of polished works of
2228:. Bollingen Series LXXIV. Translated by Mannheim, Ralph.
1181:(late 1st century BC – early 1st century AD), rhetorician
602:. The topic remained at that point while interest in the
2400:. London: Charles Griffin and Company, Project Gutenberg
1461:(10 BC – AD 54), emperor, man of letters, public officer
925:(112/109 – 35/32), publisher and correspondent of Cicero
2445:
How to Insult, Abuse & Insinuate In Classical Latin
2443:
Lovric, Michelle, and Nikiforos Doxiadis Mardas. 1998.
2003:. Boston: Congregational Board of Publication. p.
1591:(1st and 2nd centuries AD), grammarian, literary critic
1558:(1st and 2nd centuries AD), grammarian, literary critic
510:("reliable witness"). It was under this construct that
1915:
When rarely used in English, the term is capitalized:
988:(1st century BC), public figure and writer on rhetoric
27:
Literary form of the Latin language (75 BC-3rd ct. AD)
1813:"The literary use of words from the common dialect" (
1151:(55 BC – AD 20), grammarian, philologist, calendarist
2333:
Teuffel, Wilhelm Sigismund; Schwabe, Ludwig (1892),
4719:
1st-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic
4555:
4449:
4262:
3854:
3847:
3769:
3681:
3586:
3461:
3413:
3291:
3241:
3180:
3171:
3053:
3005:
2925:
2842:
2803:
1325:Cruttwell extended the period through the death of
273:
259:
243:
231:
226:
216:
200:
195:
178:
164:
118:
107:
96:
82:
70:
41:
2221:
1063:The Golden Age is divided by the assassination of
2438:Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society
1491:(1st century AD), imperial officer and public man
1224:(14–117 AD), he also mentions parts of a work by
2390:. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1807:refers to "both our languages," Latin and Greek)
1684:(2nd century AD), educator, literary commentator
1497:(AD 23 – 79), imperial officer and encyclopedist
558:. The Greek lists were considered classical, or
111:75 BC to AD 3rd century, when it developed into
1291:
1278:
1103:(65 – 8 BC), known for lyric poetry and satires
837:
393:("in better Latin", literally "more Latinly").
2207:
2171:
1473:(AD 4 – 70), military officer, agriculturalist
1218:das silberne Zeitalter der römischen Literatur
1145:(64 BC – AD 17), librarian, poet, mythographer
1006:(90–43 BC), public officer, military historian
292:is the form of Literary Latin recognized as a
2762:
2550:
2305:Early Schools and School-books of New England
1658:(2nd century AD), grammarian, literary critic
1157:(80–70 BC — after 15 BC), engineer, architect
1097:(Virgil, spelled also as Vergil; 70 – 19 BC),
1018:(87–48 BC), orator, correspondent with Cicero
817:das goldene Zeitalter der römischen Literatur
8:
2032:The Present State of the Republic of Letters
1614:Through the death of Marcus Aurelius, 180 AD
1467:(1st century AD), general, natural historian
1459:Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus
1389:(19 BC – AD 31), military officer, historian
982:(1st century BC), writer of mimes and maxims
542:Imitating Greek grammarians, Romans such as
2017:
368:
358:
336:
330:
315:, and developed by the 3rd century AD into
47:
4739:Languages attested from the 1st century BC
3851:
3177:
2809:
2769:
2755:
2747:
2575:
2557:
2543:
2535:
2459:Constituent Order In Classical Latin Prose
2287:The Classical Tradition of Greece and Rome
1664:(AD 125 – after 180), grammarian, polymath
1576:(1st and 2nd centuries AD), poet, satirist
958:(100–44 BC), general, statesman, historian
919:(116–27 BC), highly influential grammarian
377:("speech of the city"), and in rare cases
56:
38:
2195:
2183:
2075:
2063:
1419:(25 BC – AD 50), physician, encyclopedist
1238:specimen lexilogiae argenteae latinitatis
1169:(1st century BC & AD), Latin educator
1139:(1st century BC and AD), astrologer, poet
431:of the Classical period, for instance by
2123:
2111:
1789:Silver Latin is to be distinguished by:
1449:(1st century AD or possibly later), poet
1362:
1354:
994:(Lucretius; 94–50 BC), poet, philosopher
2509:Greek and Roman Authors on LacusCurtius
2159:
2147:
2135:
2099:
2087:
1984:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1937:
1908:
1175:(1st century BC), historian, naturalist
1793:"an exaggerated conciseness and point"
1646:(AD 110–170), imperial officer, jurist
1597:(1st and 2nd centuries AD), grammarian
1230:wenig Einfluss der silbernen Latinität
1000:(98–45 BC), public officer, grammarian
674:Thesaurus Linguae Latinae Compendarius
363:, sometimes translated as "Latinity".
2529:A collection of Latin and Greek texts
1720:(2nd century AD), Christian historian
1671:Platonicus (123/125–180 AD), novelist
1163:(d. AD 10 or 11), jurist, philologist
682:Critical History of the Greek Orators
385:, it was referred to with the adverb
74:
7:
4744:Languages extinct in the 3rd century
1317:Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1030:(Cato the Younger; 95–46 BC), orator
2394:Cruttwell, Charles Thomas (2005) .
2298:, London: Charles Griffin & Co.
1516:(d. AD 76), general, man of letters
1479:(9 BC – 76 AD), historian, Latinist
1431:(1st century AD), natural historian
1347:Writers of the Silver Age include:
610:, inferior to classical standards.
381:("noble speech"). Besides the noun
2471:(in German). Leipzig: B.G. Teubner
2468:Geschichte der Römischen Literatur
2303:Littlefield, George Emery (1904),
2294:Cruttwell, Charles Thomas (1877),
1708:(2nd century AD), educator, jurist
1677:(AD 100–170), advocate, grammarian
1634:(70/75 – after 130 AD), biographer
1601:Publius or Gaius Cornelius Tacitus
1564:(AD 40 – 104), poet, epigrammatist
1367:Ancient bust of Seneca, part of a
1059:Augustan literature (ancient Rome)
1036:(1st century BC), poet, grammarian
718:Geschichte der Römischen Literatur
522:lawyer and language teacher) used
25:
2307:, Boston, MA: Club of Odd Volumes
1471:Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella
1455:(1st century AD), literary critic
1254:die Zeit der julischen Dynastie (
666:Classical Geographical Dictionary
373:("speech of the good families"),
2038:. London: W. Innys and R. Manby.
1836:
1607:Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus
1485:(AD 20 – 101), stoic philosopher
1258:die Zeit der flavischen Dynastie
570:, who are considered writers of
341:. They distinguished the common
1540:(AD 40 – 103), engineer, writer
850:Elements of universal erudition
222:Schools of grammar and rhetoric
4749:Latin language in ancient Rome
2725:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum
2053:. London: Athlone. p. 51.
1133:(a contemporary of Ovid), poet
821:Golden Age of Roman Literature
18:Silver Age of Latin literature
1:
4724:3rd-century disestablishments
2326:A History of Roman Literature
2314:The Future of the "Classical"
1546:(AD 39 – 65), poet, historian
1528:(34–62 AD), poet and satirist
1489:Quintus Marcius Barea Soranus
1262:die Zeit des Nerva und Trajan
1028:Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis
831:and the death of the emperor
733:A History of Roman Literature
722:A History of Roman Literature
353:), in contrast to the higher
3341:Frontiers and fortifications
2518:Packard Humanities Institute
2374:Resources in other libraries
1897:Social class in ancient Rome
1395:(20 BC – AD 50), rhetorician
949:(1st century BC), writer of
943:(105–43 BC), writer of mimes
829:Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix
345:, however, as Vulgar Latin (
49:LINGVA·LATINA, lingua·latīna
3400:Decorations and punishments
2247:Sandys, John Edwin (1921).
1971:, p. 206, reported in
1640:(2nd century AD), historian
1632:Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus
1503:(1st century AD), epic poet
1425:(1st century AD), historian
1046:Gaius Licinius Macer Calvus
906:Quintus Hortensius Hortalus
640:, the term classical (from
4765:
4714:Classical Latin literature
4307:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
2882:historiography of the fall
2461:. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
2322:Teuffel, Wilhelm Sigismund
2312:Settis, Salvatore (2006),
2261:Suetonius, Claudius, 24.1.
2208:Teuffel & Schwabe 1892
2172:Teuffel & Schwabe 1892
1696:(2nd century AD), educator
1532:Marcus Fabius Quintilianus
1387:Marcus Velleius Paterculus
1127:(64 BC – AD 12), historian
1107:Sextus Aurelius Propertius
1090:Augustan writers include:
1056:
1042:(Catullus; 84–54 BC), poet
735:gained immediate success.
29:
4688:External wars and battles
2812:
2785:
2684:
2573:
2495:Public domain Latin texts
2422:10.1017/S0009838812000286
2369:Resources in your library
2220:Auerbach, Erich (1965) .
1706:Lucius Volusius Maecianus
1656:Quintus Terentius Scaurus
1562:Marcus Valerius Martialis
1477:Quintus Asconius Pedianus
1407:(15 BC – AD 50), fabulist
1192:Authors of the Silver Age
937:(106–43 BC), jurist, poet
795:Authors of the Golden Age
751:phase), calling it "from
714:Wilhelm Sigismund Teuffel
708:Wilhelm Sigismund Teuffel
202:Official language in
76:[ˈlɪŋɡʷaɫaˈtiːna]
62:Latin inscription in the
55:
46:
2465:Teuffel, W. S. (2001) .
2276:Bielfeld, Baron (1770),
1810:"literary reminiscences"
1690:(2nd century AD), writer
1652:(2nd century AD), jurist
1638:Marcus Junianus Justinus
1574:Decimus Junius Juvenalis
1568:Publius Papinius Statius
1550:Publius Juventius Celsus
1534:(35–100 AD), rhetorician
1510:(AD 28 – 103), epic poet
1465:Gaius Suetonius Paulinus
1447:Titus Calpurnius Siculus
1411:Germanicus Julius Caesar
1401:(1st century AD), jurist
1115:(54–19 BC), elegiac poet
1101:Quintus Horatius Flaccus
1048:(82–47 BC), orator, poet
1022:Gaius Sallustius Crispus
998:Publius Nigidius Figulus
910:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
740:Charles Thomas Cruttwell
668:was published. In 1736,
464:is known as "classical"
307:. It formed parallel to
189:Classical Latin alphabet
4683:Roman–Iranian relations
3158:Optimates and populares
2414:The Classical Quarterly
1718:Sextus Julius Africanus
1675:Marcus Cornelius Fronto
1538:Sextus Julius Frontinus
1514:Gaius Licinius Mucianus
1383:(died AD 25), historian
1351:From Tiberius to Trajan
1246:die römische Kaiserheit
1155:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
1040:Gaius Valerius Catullus
976:(100–24 BC), biographer
947:Marcus Furius Bibaculus
935:Servius Sulpicius Rufus
923:Titus Pomponius Atticus
652:(1648), he referred to
512:Marcus Cornelius Fronto
494:refers to those in the
451:Philological constructs
439:, and later during the
299:by writers of the late
4693:Civil wars and revolts
3959:Sextus Pompeius Festus
3606:Conflict of the Orders
2965:Legislative assemblies
2447:. London: Ebury Press.
2000:New England's Memorial
1623:
1580:Publius Annaeus Florus
1544:Marcus Annaeus Lucanus
1522:(1st century AD), poet
1501:Gaius Valerius Flaccus
1495:Gaius Plinius Secundus
1453:Marcus Valerius Probus
1437:(d. AD 45), geographer
1417:Aulus Cornelius Celsus
1381:Aulus Cremutius Cordus
1376:
1373:Antikensammlung Berlin
1360:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1212:In his second volume,
1209:
1173:Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus
1161:Marcus Antistius Labeo
1149:Marcus Verrius Flaccus
1095:Publius Vergilius Maro
1085:Julio-Claudian dynasty
1012:(1st century BC), poet
917:Marcus Terentius Varro
900:
892:
859:
842:
811:
804:At Maecenas' Reception
709:
594:was the equivalent of
566:includes authors like
539:
472:, and early to middle
369:
359:
337:
331:
48:
4402:Simplicius of Cilicia
4154:Quintus Curtius Rufus
3383:Siege in Ancient Rome
2992:Executive magistrates
2514:Classical Latin Texts
2450:Rosén, Hannah. 1999.
2384:Allen, William Sidney
1821:as well as classical
1712:Marcus Minucius Felix
1682:Sulpicius Apollinaris
1621:
1526:Aulus Persius Flaccus
1441:Lucius Annaeus Seneca
1423:Quintus Curtius Rufus
1366:
1358:
1301:
1289:picks up this theme:
1199:
1121:(43 BC – AD 18), poet
1034:Publius Valerius Cato
1024:(86–34 BC), historian
992:Titus Lucretius Carus
929:Marcus Tullius Cicero
898:
889:Marcus Tullius Cicero
887:
854:
802:
707:
688:of orators after the
637:Collegiate Dictionary
546:drew up lists termed
537:
4412:Stephanus Byzantinus
4317:Eusebius of Caesaria
4179:Sidonius Apollinaris
3869:Ammianus Marcellinus
3208:Tribune of the plebs
2719:Latino sine flexione
2704:Ecclesiastical Latin
2531:at the Schola Latina
2457:Spevak, Olga. 2010.
1867:Ecclesiastical Latin
1702:(AD 130–180), jurist
1483:Gaius Musonius Rufus
1200:The second emperor,
1187:(consul 12 BC), poet
1179:Marcus Porcius Latro
1143:Gaius Julius Hyginus
1119:Publius Ovidius Naso
1016:Marcus Caelius Rufus
562:("select writers").
435:during the reign of
311:around 75 BC out of
4729:Classical languages
4588:Distinguished women
4239:Velleius Paterculus
4079:Nicolaus Damascenus
4059:Marcellus Empiricus
3448:Republican currency
2454:. München: W. Fink.
2416:62, no. 2: 731–48.
2049:Gorak, Jan (1991).
1857:Classical antiquity
1185:Gaius Valgius Rufus
1167:Lucius Cestius Pius
1010:Gaius Helvius Cinna
986:Quintus Cornificius
956:Gaius Julius Caesar
783:on the one hand or
604:classici scriptores
524:scriptores classici
4362:Phlegon of Tralles
4169:Seneca the Younger
3643:Naming conventions
3373:Personal equipment
2906:Later Roman Empire
2672:Contemporary Latin
2504:Perseus Collection
1688:Granius Licinianus
1624:
1622:Sketch of Apuleius
1570:(AD 45 – 96), poet
1377:
1361:
1307:
1210:
1109:(50 – 15 BC), poet
901:
893:
874:Battle of Philippi
812:
710:
635:Merriam Webster's
560:recepti scriptores
540:
480:(masculine plural
4701:
4700:
4663:Pontifices maximi
4445:
4444:
4302:Diogenes Laërtius
4124:Pliny the Younger
3879:Asconius Pedianus
3839:Romance languages
3711:Civil engineering
3453:Imperial currency
3326:Political control
3287:
3286:
2921:
2920:
2744:
2743:
2714:Romance languages
2709:Neo-Latin studies
2679:
2678:
2640:Renaissance Latin
2491:The Latin Library
2350:Library resources
1784:John Edwin Sandys
1429:Cornelius Bocchus
1359:Germanicus Caesar
1131:Grattius Faliscus
823:), dated 671–767
808:Stefan Bakałowicz
357:that they called
287:
286:
218:Regulated by
16:(Redirected from
4756:
4653:Magistri equitum
4568:Cities and towns
4561:
4487:Constantinopolis
4297:Diodorus Siculus
4229:Valerius Maximus
4164:Seneca the Elder
4084:Nonius Marcellus
3852:
3405:Hippika gymnasia
3368:Infantry tactics
3274:Consular tribune
3264:Magister equitum
3213:Military tribune
3178:
3138:Pontifex maximus
3133:Princeps senatus
3123:Magister militum
2889:Byzantine Empire
2810:
2771:
2764:
2757:
2748:
2694:Latin literature
2689:History of Latin
2668:
2652:
2598:
2576:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2536:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2338:
2329:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2027:
2021:
2018:Littlefield 1904
2015:
2009:
2008:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1920:
1913:
1882:Latin literature
1846:
1844:Languages portal
1841:
1840:
1735:Stylistic shifts
1650:Sextus Pomponius
1506:Tiberius Catius
1399:Masurius Sabinus
1393:Valerius Maximus
1338:and Petronius's
1226:Seneca the Elder
941:Decimus Laberius
670:Robert Ainsworth
646:William Bradford
576:prisca Latinitas
508:testis classicus
466:Latin literature
460:"Good Latin" in
372:
370:sermo familiaris
367:was also called
362:
340:
334:
283:
255:
236:
184:
124:
78:
60:
51:
39:
21:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4559:
4557:
4551:
4441:
4277:Aëtius of Amida
4258:
4244:Verrius Flaccus
4224:Valerius Antias
4184:Silius Italicus
4119:Pliny the Elder
4064:Marcus Aurelius
3939:Cornelius Nepos
3889:Aurelius Victor
3843:
3765:
3677:
3611:Secessio plebis
3582:
3457:
3409:
3283:
3237:
3167:
3049:
3001:
2917:
2838:
2799:
2781:
2775:
2745:
2740:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2630:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2604:
2601:Classical Latin
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2569:
2563:
2487:
2474:
2472:
2464:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2358:
2357:
2355:Classical Latin
2353:
2346:
2344:Further reading
2341:
2332:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2271:
2269:General sources
2266:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2174:, pp. 4–5.
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
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2082:
2074:
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2058:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1967:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1842:
1835:
1832:
1737:
1724:Marcus Aurelius
1694:Lucius Ampelius
1616:
1584:epitome of Livy
1520:Lucilius Junior
1508:Silius Italicus
1353:
1327:Marcus Aurelius
1322:Natural History
1303:Marcus Aurelius
1214:Imperial Period
1194:
1137:Marcus Manilius
1113:Albius Tibullus
1061:
1055:
980:Publilius Syrus
974:Cornelius Nepos
882:
797:
702:
662:Laurence Echard
619:Thomas Sébillet
532:
458:
453:
290:Classical Latin
279:
251:
248:
232:
203:
196:Official status
185:
180:
174:
167:
160:
150:Classical Latin
140:Latino-Faliscan
125:
122:Language family
120:
66:
42:Classical Latin
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4762:
4760:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4734:Forms of Latin
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4706:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
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4665:
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4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
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4451:
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4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
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4369:
4364:
4359:
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4349:
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4319:
4314:
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4299:
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4279:
4274:
4268:
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4260:
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4256:
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4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4129:Pomponius Mela
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3864:Aelius Donatus
3860:
3858:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3832:Ecclesiastical
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3573:Toys and games
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3113:Vigintisexviri
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3073:Cursus honorum
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3009:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2872:Western Empire
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2676:
2662:
2660:
2646:
2644:
2633:
2631:
2627:Medieval Latin
2620:
2618:
2607:
2605:
2596:75 BC – 200 AD
2592:
2590:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2506:
2497:
2486:
2485:External links
2483:
2482:
2481:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2425:
2410:
2391:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2330:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2254:
2239:
2230:Pantheon Books
2212:
2210:, p. 192.
2200:
2198:, p. 341.
2196:Cruttwell 1877
2188:
2184:Cruttwell 1877
2176:
2164:
2162:, p. 530.
2152:
2150:, p. 526.
2140:
2128:
2126:, p. 345.
2116:
2114:, p. 244.
2104:
2102:, p. 226.
2092:
2090:, p. 216.
2080:
2078:, p. 142.
2076:Cruttwell 1877
2068:
2064:Cruttwell 1877
2056:
2041:
2022:
2020:, p. 301.
2010:
1989:
1987:, p. 207.
1977:
1961:
1959:, p. 205.
1949:
1947:, p. 204.
1936:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Medieval Latin
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1811:
1808:
1797:
1794:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1678:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1556:Aemilius Asper
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1435:Pomponius Mela
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1352:
1349:
1335:The Golden Ass
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1057:Main article:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
881:
878:
796:
793:
701:
698:
690:Biblical canon
631:Alain Chartier
608:medieval Latin
586:was the Latin
580:sermo vulgaris
531:
528:
470:Roman Republic
457:
454:
452:
449:
423:was a form of
347:sermo vulgaris
301:Roman Republic
285:
284:
277:
271:
270:
265:
257:
256:
249:
244:
241:
240:
237:
229:
228:
227:Language codes
224:
223:
220:
214:
213:
207:Roman Republic
204:
201:
198:
197:
193:
192:
186:
182:Writing system
179:
176:
175:
170:
168:
165:
162:
161:
159:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
128:
126:
119:
116:
115:
109:
105:
104:
98:
94:
93:
87:Roman Republic
84:
83:Native to
80:
79:
72:
68:
67:
61:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4761:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4019:Julius Paulus
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3954:Fabius Pictor
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3691:Amphitheatres
3689:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3585:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Deforestation
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3378:Siege engines
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:Establishment
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:Extraordinary
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3228:Promagistrate
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Twelve Tables
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2779:
2772:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2731:Hiberno-Latin
2729:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2560:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2470:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2258:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2124:Bielfeld 1770
2120:
2117:
2113:
2112:Bielfeld 1770
2108:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:Aulus Gellius
1970:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1728:ancient Greek
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1662:Aulus Gellius
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:Flavius Caper
1593:
1590:
1589:Velius Longus
1587:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1313:
1312:Edward Gibbon
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:(69–96), and
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Julius Caesar
1060:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:Aulus Hirtius
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
952:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
914:
913:
911:
907:
899:Julius Caesar
897:
890:
886:
879:
877:
875:
871:
867:
862:
858:
853:
851:
846:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
809:
805:
801:
794:
792:
790:
786:
782:
776:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
744:
741:
736:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
706:
700:Ages of Latin
699:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
678:David Ruhnken
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
638:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:Aulus Gellius
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
538:David Ruhnken
536:
529:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:sermo urbanus
501:
497:
496:prima classis
493:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
455:
450:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:sermo nobilis
376:
375:sermo urbanus
371:
366:
361:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
338:sermo latinus
333:
332:lingua latina
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:
291:
282:
278:
276:
272:
269:
266:
264:
263:
258:
254:
250:
247:
246:Linguist List
242:
238:
235:
230:
225:
221:
219:
215:
212:
208:
205:
199:
194:
190:
187:
183:
177:
173:
169:
163:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
132:
131:
130:Indo-European
127:
123:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
71:Pronunciation
69:
65:
59:
54:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4633:Institutions
4497:Leptis Magna
4450:Major cities
4357:Philostratus
4144:Quadrigarius
3964:Rufus Festus
3827:Contemporary
3796:
3548:Romanization
3471:Architecture
3078:Collegiality
2927:Constitution
2778:Ancient Rome
2723:
2699:Vulgar Latin
2664:
2663:
2648:
2647:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2621:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2581:
2580:
2475:25 September
2473:. Retrieved
2467:
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2428:
2413:
2404:26 September
2402:. Retrieved
2396:
2387:
2364:Online books
2354:
2334:
2325:
2313:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2257:
2248:
2242:
2223:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2186:, p. 6.
2179:
2167:
2160:Teuffel 1873
2155:
2148:Teuffel 1873
2143:
2136:Teuffel 1873
2131:
2119:
2107:
2100:Teuffel 1873
2095:
2088:Teuffel 1873
2083:
2071:
2066:, p. 3.
2059:
2050:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2013:
1999:
1992:
1985:Citroni 2006
1980:
1969:Citroni 2006
1964:
1957:Citroni 2006
1952:
1945:Citroni 2006
1940:
1916:
1911:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:Vulgar Latin
1738:
1625:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1321:
1315:
1308:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1125:Titus Livius
1089:
1062:
968:Gaius Matius
962:Gaius Oppius
950:
902:
863:
860:
855:
849:
847:
843:
838:
820:
816:
813:
803:
777:
773:
745:
737:
732:
730:
721:
717:
711:
685:
681:
673:
665:
649:
641:
636:
627:Jean de Meun
623:Art Poétique
622:
612:
603:
579:
575:
559:
555:
551:
547:
541:
523:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
490:
485:
481:
477:
474:Roman Empire
459:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
401:Prescriptive
396:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
364:
350:
346:
325:
320:
309:Vulgar Latin
305:Roman Empire
289:
288:
275:Linguasphere
267:
260:
211:Roman Empire
149:
103:-ruled lands
91:Roman Empire
36:
4628:Geographers
4312:Dioscorides
4292:Cassius Dio
3914:Cassiodorus
3817:Renaissance
3423:Agriculture
3395:Auxiliaries
3336:Engineering
3173:Magistrates
3025:Citizenship
3020:Mos maiorum
2955:Late Empire
2736:Judeo-Latin
2582:until 75 BC
2523:Latin Texts
2500:Latin Texts
2440:43: 66–103.
1825:, "to say")
1369:double herm
726:Ages of Man
615:Renaissance
441:Renaissance
437:Charlemagne
351:sermo vulgi
4708:Categories
4517:Mediolanum
4457:Alexandria
4422:Themistius
4387:Porphyrius
4214:Tertullian
4149:Quintilian
4139:Propertius
4034:Lactantius
3984:Fulgentius
3919:Censorinus
3741:Sanitation
3726:Metallurgy
3683:Technology
3648:Demography
3596:Patricians
3563:Spectacles
3521:Literature
3516:Hairstyles
3353:Technology
3103:Praefectus
3055:Government
3045:Litigation
3030:Auctoritas
2975:Centuriate
2862:Principate
2857:Pax Romana
2817:Foundation
2614:Late Latin
2525:at Attalus
2433:8: 104–60.
2232:. p.
1927:References
1872:Late Latin
1250:Late Latin
880:Republican
658:separatist
642:classicus)
544:Quintilian
343:vernacular
317:Late Latin
303:and early
281:51-AAB-aaa
166:Early form
113:Late Latin
4673:Quaestors
4603:Empresses
4593:Dynasties
4583:Dictators
4558:and other
4547:Volubilis
4542:Vindobona
4502:Londinium
4427:Theodoret
4397:Procopius
4377:Polyaenus
4352:Pausanias
4254:Vitruvius
4199:Symmachus
4194:Suetonius
4104:Petronius
4089:Obsequens
4054:Macrobius
4049:Lucretius
3974:Frontinus
3949:Eutropius
3934:Columella
3884:Augustine
3874:Appuleius
3822:Neo-Latin
3797:Classical
3788:Versions
3696:Aqueducts
3638:Patronage
3558:Sexuality
3531:Mythology
3506:Education
3496:Cosmetics
3321:Campaigns
3316:Structure
3269:Decemviri
3128:Imperator
2827:overthrow
2656:Neo-Latin
2636:1300–1500
2586:Old Latin
1975:, 9.8.15.
1932:Citations
1917:Latinitas
1892:Neo-Latin
1819:dictitare
1805:Suetonius
1773:Latinitas
1341:Satyricon
1282:Mannerism
1270:Antonines
1242:Old Latin
1234:Latinitas
1206:mannerism
749:Old Latin
738:In 1877,
712:In 1870,
696:in mind.
694:catechism
600:philology
572:Old Latin
530:Canonical
500:Latinitas
492:Classicus
478:classicus
462:philology
456:Classical
445:Neo-Latin
421:Latinitas
413:Latinitas
397:Latinitas
383:Latinitas
365:Latinitas
360:latinitas
313:Old Latin
262:Glottolog
234:ISO 639-3
172:Old Latin
64:Colosseum
4678:Tribunes
4668:Praetors
4618:Generals
4598:Emperors
4507:Lugdunum
4492:Eboracum
4482:Carthage
4467:Aquileia
4382:Polybius
4372:Plutarch
4342:Libanius
4332:Josephus
4327:Herodian
4219:Tibullus
4134:Priscian
4109:Phaedrus
4069:Manilius
4014:Jordanes
3999:Hydatius
3929:Claudian
3909:Catullus
3899:Boëthius
3894:Ausonius
3812:Medieval
3784:Alphabet
3756:Theatres
3731:Numerals
3716:Concrete
3706:Circuses
3673:Bagaudae
3663:Adoption
3658:Marriage
3631:Assembly
3536:Religion
3511:Folklore
3491:Clothing
3486:Calendar
3443:Currency
3433:Commerce
3331:Strategy
3293:Military
3279:Triumvir
3259:Dictator
3254:Interrex
3233:Governor
3218:Quaestor
3181:Ordinary
3163:Province
3153:Tetrarch
3143:Augustus
3108:Vicarius
3098:Officium
3035:Imperium
2985:Plebeian
2945:Republic
2867:Dominate
2834:Republic
2795:Timeline
2623:700–1500
2565:Ages of
2386:. 1978.
2324:(1873),
1862:Classics
1830:See also
1801:Claudius
1780:Latin".
1669:Apuleius
1405:Phaedrus
1274:Tiberius
1268:and the
1256:14–68);
1202:Tiberius
1053:Augustan
833:Augustus
765:Pacuvius
650:Dialogue
578:and not
482:classici
409:rhetoric
391:latinius
355:register
297:standard
294:literary
4648:Legions
4608:Fiction
4578:Consuls
4573:Climate
4527:Ravenna
4522:Pompeii
4512:Lutetia
4477:Bononia
4472:Berytus
4462:Antioch
4437:Zosimus
4432:Zonaras
4407:Sozomen
4392:Priscus
4367:Photius
4209:Terence
4204:Tacitus
4189:Statius
4174:Servius
4159:Sallust
4114:Plautus
4094:Orosius
4074:Martial
4029:Juvenal
4004:Hyginus
3989:Gellius
3848:Writers
3779:History
3761:Thermae
3751:Temples
3701:Bridges
3668:Slavery
3616:Equites
3588:Society
3568:Theatre
3541:Deities
3501:Cuisine
3481:Bathing
3463:Culture
3438:Finance
3415:Economy
3306:Borders
3301:History
3203:Tribune
3198:Praetor
3088:Legatus
3083:Emperor
2970:Curiate
2940:Kingdom
2935:History
2911:History
2894:decline
2852:History
2822:Kingdom
2805:History
2790:Outline
2667:present
2651:present
2610:200–700
2516:at the
2502:at the
2430:Lustrum
1852:Classic
1815:dictare
1667:Lucius
1266:Hadrian
951:ludicra
852:(1770):
806:, oil,
785:Tacitus
781:Terence
686:pinakes
568:Plautus
556:pinakes
552:ordines
548:indices
516:African
486:classis
417:politus
253:lat-cla
4658:Nomina
4643:Legacy
4623:Gentes
4560:topics
4556:Lists
4537:Smyrna
4417:Strabo
4347:Lucian
4337:Julian
4287:Arrian
4282:Appian
4272:Aelian
4249:Vergil
4024:Justin
4009:Jerome
3994:Horace
3979:Fronto
3969:Florus
3944:Ennius
3924:Cicero
3904:Caesar
3802:Vulgar
3626:Tribes
3553:Romans
3363:Legion
3346:castra
3223:Aedile
3193:Censor
3188:Consul
3148:Caesar
3118:Lictor
3040:Status
2980:Tribal
2960:Senate
2950:Empire
2844:Empire
2780:topics
2352:about
1823:dicere
1680:Gaius
1222:Trajan
1079:, and
1077:Horace
1073:Virgil
866:Cicero
769:Accius
767:, and
761:Ennius
753:Livius
654:synods
592:Aeneid
584:Ennius
433:Alcuin
405:poetry
387:latine
327:Cicero
191:
135:Italic
97:Region
4322:Galen
4264:Greek
4234:Varro
4044:Lucan
3856:Latin
3771:Latin
3746:Ships
3736:Roads
3721:Domes
3653:Women
3601:Plebs
3526:Music
3068:Forum
3063:Curia
2665:1900–
2649:1300–
2567:Latin
1903:Notes
1877:Latin
1777:sermo
1769:sermo
1749:Latin
1740:Style
1700:Gaius
789:Pliny
757:Sulla
656:of a
596:Iliad
588:Homer
520:Roman
502:, or
425:sermo
321:Latin
145:Latin
101:Roman
32:Latin
4638:Laws
4613:Film
4532:Roma
4099:Ovid
4039:Livy
3807:Late
3621:Gens
3578:Wine
3390:Navy
3358:Army
2997:SPQR
2899:fall
2877:fall
2477:2009
2406:2009
2036:XVII
1817:and
1228:, a
1081:Ovid
1069:Livy
870:Ovid
787:and
629:and
613:The
514:(an
349:and
268:None
3792:Old
3476:Art
3249:Rex
3093:Dux
3007:Law
2418:doi
2005:330
1803:in
1761:de,
1314:'s
868:to
825:AUC
755:to
716:'s
680:'s
672:'s
664:'s
648:'s
621:'s
550:or
407:or
335:or
108:Era
4710::
2234:33
2034:.
1759:,
1757:ex
1755:,
1753:ad
1344:.
1276::
1087:.
1075:,
908:,
763:,
590:,
447:.
209:,
89:,
2770:e
2763:t
2756:v
2558:e
2551:t
2544:v
2493:—
2479:.
2424:.
2420::
2408:.
2236:.
2007:.
1919:.
1375:)
1371:(
819:(
720:(
518:-
239:–
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
