999:
Dainton modifies
Bostrom's trilemma by substituting "neural ancestor simulations" (ranging from literal brains in a vat, to far-future humans with induced high-fidelity hallucinations that they are their own distant ancestors) for Bostrom's "ancestor simulations", on the grounds that every philosophical school of thought can agree that sufficiently high-tech neural ancestor simulation experiences would be indistinguishable from non-simulated experiences. Even if high-fidelity computer Sims are never conscious, Dainton's reasoning leads to the following conclusion: either the fraction of human-level civilizations that reach a posthuman stage and are able and willing to run large numbers of neural ancestor simulations is close to zero, or some kind of (possibly neural) ancestor simulation exists.
965:". Bostrom states he personally sees no strong argument as to which of the three trilemma propositions is the true one: "If (1) is true, then we will almost certainly go extinct before reaching posthumanity. If (2) is true, then there must be a strong convergence among the courses of advanced civilizations so that virtually none contains any individuals who desire to run ancestor-simulations and are free to do so. If (3) is true, then we almost certainly live in a simulation. In the dark forest of our current ignorance, it seems sensible to apportion one's credence roughly evenly between (1), (2), and (3)... I note that people who hear about the simulation argument often react by saying, 'Yes, I accept the argument, and it is obvious that it is possibility #
1427:, made him aware of a strong objection to the simulation hypothesis. The objection claims that the common trait that all hypothetical high-fidelity simulated universes possess is the ability to produce high-fidelity simulated universes. And since our current world does not possess this ability, it would mean that either humans are in the real universe, and therefore simulated universes have not yet been created, or that humans are the last in a very long chain of simulated universes, an observation that makes the simulation hypothesis seem less probable. Regarding this objection, Tyson remarked "that changes my life".
816:
super-powerful computers is run detailed simulations of their forebears or of people like their forebears. Because their computers would be so powerful, they could run a great many such simulations. Suppose that these simulated people are conscious (as they would be if the simulations were sufficiently fine-grained and if a certain quite widely accepted position in the philosophy of mind is correct). Then it could be the case that the vast majority of minds like ours do not belong to the original race but rather to people simulated by the advanced descendants of an original race.
3652:
know that you are not currently dreaming? Morpheus raises a similar question: 'Have you ever had a dream, Neo, that you were so sure was real. What if you were unable to wake from that dream? How would you know the difference between the dream world and the real world?' ... I think this case is analogous to the Evil Genius
Hypothesis: it's just that the role of the "evil genius" is played by a part of my own cognitive system! If my dream-generating system simulates all of space-time, we have something like the original Matrix Hypothesis.
3475:"There is no logical impossibility in the supposition that the whole of life is a dream, in which we ourselves create all the objects that come before us. But although this is not logically impossible, there is no reason whatever to suppose that it is true; and it is, in fact, a less simple hypothesis, viewed as a means of accounting for the facts of our own life, than the common-sense hypothesis that there really are objects independent of us, whose action on us causes our sensations."
1397:, Musk said "If you assume any rate of improvement at all, games will eventually be indistinguishable from reality" before concluding "that it's most likely we're in a simulation". At various other press conferences and events, Musk has also speculated that the likelihood of us living in a simulated reality or computer made by others is about 99.9%, and stated in a 2016 interview that he believed there was "a one in billion chance we're in base reality".
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about computing as arising from faulty components, it seems as if the abstraction that uses perfectly operating computers is unlikely to exist as anything but a platonic ideal. Another critique of such a point of view is that there is no evidence for the kind of digitization that characterizes computers nor are there any predictions made by those who advocate such a view that have been experimentally confirmed.
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599:: either such simulations are not created due to technological limitations or self-destruction; advanced civilizations choose not to create them; or we are almost certainly living in one. This assumes that consciousness is not uniquely tied to biological brains but can arise from any system that implements the right computational structures and processes.
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constrained. They are local; they don't change in time; they don't change in place. In a programmed environment, there's no reason to obey any of those constraints... And then there's the embarrassing question of, okay if this is a simulated world, what is the thing in which it is simulated made out of? What are the laws for that? So it begs the question.
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1270:, existing as conscious beings within a simulated environment, even if consciousness cannot be simulated. It has been suggested that whereas virtual reality would enable a participant to experience only three senses (sight, sound and optionally smell), simulated reality would enable all five (including taste and touch).
1234:. It is relevant to the simulation hypothesis in that it illustrates how a simulation could contain conscious subjects, as required by a "virtual people" simulation. For example, it is well known that physical systems can be simulated to some degree of accuracy. If computationalism is correct and if there is no
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Evil Genius
Hypothesis: I have a disembodied mind and an evil genius is feeding me sensory inputs to give the appearance of an external world. This is René Descartes's classical skeptical hypothesis... Dream Hypothesis: I am now and have always been dreaming. Descartes raised the question: how do you
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objects to the notion that posthumans would have a reason to run simulated universes: "...being so advanced they would have collected enough knowledge about their past to have little interest in this kind of simulation. ...They may have virtual-reality museums, where they could go and experience the
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explores the idea of the world being a simulation, with an infinite or near-infinite number of "world layers" of simulations running inside other simulations. The main problem with this system is that in some of these "world layers", both above and below the one the characters find themselves living
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saying: "You are living in a simulation. Click here for more information". However, imperfections in a simulated environment might be difficult for the native inhabitants to identify and for purposes of authenticity, even the simulated memory of a blatant revelation might be purged programmatically.
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A comparable civilization reaching aforementioned technological status will likely not produce a significant number of simulated realities (one that might push the probable existence of digital entities beyond the probable number of "real" entities in a
Universe) for any of a number of reasons, such
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In many respects this point of view may be nothing more than a result of the fact that the notion of computation is the disease of our age—everywhere we look today we see examples of computers, computation, and information theory and thus we extrapolate this to our laws of physics. Indeed, thinking
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argues that a self-interested occupant of a high-fidelity simulation should strive to be entertaining and praiseworthy in order to avoid being turned off or being shunted into a non-conscious low-fidelity part of the simulation. Hanson additionally speculates that someone who is aware that he might
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Some point out that there is currently no proof of technology that would facilitate the existence of sufficiently high-fidelity ancestor simulation. Additionally, there is no proof that it is physically possible or feasible for a posthuman civilization to create such a simulation, and therefore for
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has argued that the future humans of our universe cannot be the ones performing the simulation, since the simulation argument considers our universe to be the one being simulated. In other words, it has been argued that the probability that humans live in a simulated universe is not independent of
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tells the unfinished story of a simulation scenario in which multiple persons find themselves in a circumstance of multiplicities and simultaneities. The storyline involves an amnesia, seemingly to protect the integrity of the simulation, as suggested would be necessary by the philosopher
Preston
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it follows that humans probably live in a simulation. Some philosophers disagree, proposing that perhaps "Sims" do not have conscious experiences the same way that unsimulated humans do, or that it can otherwise be self-evident to a human that they are a human rather than a Sim. Philosopher Barry
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Many works of science fiction as well as some forecasts by serious technologists and futurologists predict that enormous amounts of computing power will be available in the future. Let us suppose for a moment that these predictions are correct. One thing that later generations might do with their
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and his companions. A secret
Vatican document describes the truth about the simulated reality by inviting its reader to choose any series of numbers at random. The document lists the same numbers on the next page since the simulated program cannot produce a truly random event. The simulation is
1820:
is set in a simulated reality known as the Neo World
Program, which in this instance simulates a class trip to Jabberwock Island which, while initially peaceful, turns into a "killing game" involving the students in the simulation killing each other and trying to not be found guilty. Similarly,
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raises an empirical objection, saying that the laws of the universe have hidden complexity which is "not used for anything" and the laws are constrained by time and location – all of this being unnecessary and extraneous in a simulation. He further argues that the simulation argument amounts to
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The laws that we observe just don't look like a competently programmed simulation... They have a lot of hidden complexity. So when you dig deeper you find that there's a hidden structure that's not used for anything. Why would you do that, if you're simulating a world? Also, the laws are very
1508:
Once
Zhuangzi dreamt he was a butterfly, a butterfly flitting and fluttering around, happy with himself and doing as he pleased. He didn't know he was Zhuangzi. Suddenly he woke up and there he was, solid and unmistakable Zhuangzi. But he didn't know if he was Zhuangzi who had dreamt he was a
1430:
Rizwan Virk, of
Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a founder of PlayLabs, and author of the novel, "The Simulation Hypothesis". A story about Virk trying on a virtual reality headset and forgetting he was in an empty room makes him wonder if the real world was created by more tech-savvy
1741:) tells the story of a virtual city developed as a computer simulation for market research purposes, in which the simulated inhabitants possess consciousness; all but one of the inhabitants are unaware of the true nature of their world. The book was made into a German made-for-TV film called
925:
The trilemma points out that a technologically mature "posthuman" civilization would have enormous computing power; if even a tiny percentage of them were to run "ancestor simulations" (that is, "high-fidelity" simulations of ancestral life that would be indistinguishable from reality to the
1871:, the universe is a simulated universe run by The Atlas. According to in-game lore, many vastly different iterations of the universe existed, with very different histories and races. As the Atlas AI became more and more corrupted, the universes became more and more similar to each other.
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argues that the simulation hypothesis leads to a contradiction: if humans are typical, as it is assumed, and not capable of performing simulations, this contradicts the arguer's assumption that it is easy for us to foresee that other civilizations can most likely perform simulations.
1096:. This argument runs as follows: if there were a near-infinite multiverse, there would be posthuman civilizations running ancestor simulations, which would lead to the untenable and scientifically self-defeating conclusion that humans live in a simulation; therefore, by
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universe? Sounds like a colossal waste of time". Gleiser also points out that there is no plausible reason to stop at one level of simulation, so that the simulated ancestors might also be simulating their ancestors, and so on, creating an infinite regress akin to the
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magazine, March 2013, pages 43–45. Interview with physicist Silas Beane of the
University of Bonn discussing a proposed test for simulated reality evidence. Three pages, three photos, including one of Beane and a computer-generated scene from the film
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that, if observed, would be consistent with the simulation hypothesis according to these physicists. In 2017, Campbell et al. proposed several experiments aimed at testing the simulation hypothesis in their paper "On Testing the Simulation Theory".
595:, which suggests that if future civilizations become capable of creating conscious simulations, they could generate so many simulated beings that a randomly chosen conscious entity would almost certainly be in a simulation. The argument presents a
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René Descartes, Meditations on the First Philosophy, from Descartes, The Philosophical Works of Descartes, trans. Elizabeth S. Haldane and G.R.T. Ross (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911 – reprinted with corrections 1931), Volume I,
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are comparable or equivalent to those of a naturally occurring human consciousness, and that one or more levels of simulation within simulations would be feasible given only a modest expenditure of computational resources in the real world.
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that he called "the simulation argument". Despite its name, the "simulation argument" does not directly argue that humans live in a simulation; instead, it argues that one of three unlikely-seeming propositions is almost certainly true:
1056:," due to the "embarrassing question" of the nature of the underlying reality in which this universe is simulated. "Okay if this is a simulated world, what is the thing in which it is simulated made out of? What are the laws for that?"
1180:
of their environment, when in fact these mental lives are simulated separately (and are thus, in fact, not governed by the simulated physics). Chalmers claims that they might eventually find that their thoughts fail to be physically
1529:, he states "... there are no certain indications by which we may clearly distinguish wakefulness from sleep", and goes on to conclude that "It is possible that I am dreaming right now and that all of my perceptions are false".
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First, if one assumes that humans will not be destroyed nor destroy themselves before developing such a technology, and that human descendants will have no overriding legal restrictions or moral compunctions against simulating
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or their own historical biosphere, then, Bostrom argues it would be unreasonable to count ourselves among the small minority of genuine organisms who, sooner or later, will be vastly outnumbered by artificial simulations.
1143:: that if anyone in the Universe should actually work out 'The Meaning of Life, the Universe and Everything', it would instantly disappear and be immediately replaced with something "even more complex and inexplicable".
1305:
has explored the simulation hypothesis and has argued for a kind of mathematical Platonism according to which every object (including, for example, a stone) can be regarded as implementing every possible computation.
1314:
In physics, the view of the universe and its workings as the ebb and flow of information was first observed by Wheeler. Consequently, two views of the world emerged: the first one proposes that the universe is a
1341:), and Zohreh Davoudi and Martin J. Savage from the University of Washington, Seattle. Under the assumption of finite computational resources, the simulation of the universe would be performed by dividing the
1266:'s simulation argument; humans cannot be a simulated consciousness, if consciousness, as humans understand it, cannot be simulated. The skeptical hypothesis remains intact, however, and humans could still be
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claim about the world is true", the third of the three disjunctive propositions being that humans are almost certainly living in a simulation. Thus, Bostrom, and writers in agreement with Bostrom such as
1408:
interview that the hypothesis was correct, giving "better than 50–50 odds" and adding, "I wish I could summon a strong argument against it, but I can find none". However, in a subsequent interview with
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Some scholars accept the trilemma, and argue that the first or second of the propositions are true, and that the third proposition (the proposition that humans live in a simulation) is false. Physicist
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Therefore, if we don't think that we are currently living in a computer simulation, we are not entitled to believe that we will have descendants who will run lots of such simulations of their forebears.
1849:", demonstrates a low-quality simulation that attempts to trap the two titular protagonists, but because the operation is less "realistic" than typically operated "reality", it becomes obvious.
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could be considered a type of simulation capable of fooling someone who is asleep. As a result, Bertrand Russell has argued that the "dream hypothesis" is not a logical impossibility, but that
1130:
In 2019, philosopher Preston Greene suggested that it may be best not to find out if we are living in a simulation, since, if it were found to be true, such knowing might end the simulation.
1319:, while the other one proposes that the system performing the simulation is distinct from its simulation (the universe). Of the former view, quantum-computing specialist Dave Bacon wrote:
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It is then possible to argue that, if this were the case, we would be rational to think that we are likely among the simulated minds rather than among the original biological ones.
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is not necessarily as problematic of a philosophical view as is commonly supposed, though he does not endorse it. Similar arguments have been made for philosophical views about
1832:
has not been solved, dooming the world to end on January 19, 2038 at 3:14:07 am UTC. The characters have to hack all the way into the highest world layer, the real world that
845:
Bostrom attempted to assess the probability of our reality being a simulation. His argument states that at least one of the following statements is very likely to be true:
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Besides attempting to assess whether the simulation hypothesis is true or false, philosophers have also used it to illustrate other philosophical problems, especially in
1075:
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Some critics propose that the simulation could be in the first generation, and all the simulated people that will one day be created do not yet exist, in accordance with
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It is nothing more than a moral prejudice that truth is worth more than semblance; it is, in fact, the worst proved supposition in the world.... Why might not the world
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Lucid dreaming is characterized as an idea where the elements of dreaming and waking are combined to a point where the user knows they are dreaming, or waking perhaps.
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As a corollary to the trilemma, Bostrom states that "Unless we are now living in a simulation, our descendants will almost certainly never run an ancestor-simulation".
870:
Bostrom's argument rests on the premise that given sufficiently advanced technology, it is possible to represent the populated surface of the Earth without recourse to
915:"The fraction of human-level civilizations that reach a posthuman stage (that is, one capable of running high-fidelity ancestor simulations) is very close to zero", or
866:
Humans will have no way of knowing that they live in a simulation because they will never reach the technological capacity to realize the marks of a simulated reality.
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918:"The fraction of posthuman civilizations that are interested in running simulations of their evolutionary history, or variations thereof, is very close to zero", or
961:, argue there might be empirical reasons for the "simulation hypothesis", and that therefore the simulation hypothesis is not a skeptical hypothesis but rather a "
1102:, existing multiverse theories are likely false. (Unlike Bostrom and Chalmers, Davies (among others) considers the simulation hypothesis to be self-defeating.)
109:
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Wheeler, J.A. (1990) Information, Physics, Quantum. In: Zurek, W.H., Ed., Complexity, Entropy, and the Physics of Information, Addison-Wesley, Boston, 354–368.
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Nonetheless, should any evidence come to light, either for or against the skeptical hypothesis, it would radically alter the aforementioned probability.
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1804:, which depicted a world in which artificially intelligent robots enslaved humanity within a simulation set in the contemporary world. The 2012 play
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or cognition, it would establish the theoretical possibility of a simulated reality. Nevertheless, the relationship between cognition and phenomenal
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categorically reject—or are uninterested in—anthropic reasoning, dismissing it as "merely philosophical", unfalsifiable, or inherently unscientific.
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scenario). In both cases, the claim is that all this would require is hooking up the mental lives to the simulated physics in a different way.
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as diversion of computational processing power for other tasks, ethical considerations of holding entities captive in simulated realities, etc.
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be in a simulation might care less about others and live more for today: "your motivation to save for retirement, or to help the poor in
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Science fiction has highlighted themes such as virtual reality, artificial intelligence and computer gaming for more than fifty years.
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3992:, December 2013, pages 24–25. Subtitle: "Physicists have proposed tests to reveal whether we are part of a giant computer simulation".
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Alva H. Katsoulis: The Limit of Knowledge, Wittgenstein's certain defeat of skepticism. Uppsala University, 2021. Available online at
1010:, who considers that it is physically impossible to simulate the universe without producing measurable inconsistencies, and called it
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898:, it is not impossible for humans to tell whether they are living in a simulation. For example, Bostrom suggests that a window could
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2839:"Are We Living in a Computer Simulation? Let's Not Find Out – Experimental findings will be either boring or extremely dangerous"
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1361:), several observational consequences of a grid-like space-time have been studied in their work. Among proposed signatures is an
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A method to test one type of simulation hypothesis was proposed in 2012 in a joint paper by physicists Silas R. Beane from the
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Humans are living in a reality in which post-humans have not developed yet, and current humans are actually living in reality.
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likened existing things to a scene-painting and supposed them to resemble the impressions experienced in sleep or madness.
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likened existing things to a scene-painting and supposed them to resemble the impressions experienced in sleep or madness.
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continuum into a discrete set of points, which may result in observable effects. In analogy with the mini-simulations that
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Human history is full of thinkers who observed the difference between how things seem and how they might actually be, with
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philosophically formalized these epistemic doubts, to be followed by a large literature with subsequent variations like
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1555:. Another state of mind in which some argue an individual's perceptions have no physical basis in the real world is
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1574:(i.e. non-sensical), as they doubt knowledge that is required in order to make sense of the hypotheses themselves.
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There is a long philosophical and scientific history to the underlying thesis that reality is an illusion. This
994:"the fraction of all people with our kind of experiences that are living in a simulation is very close to one",
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in which sentient beings themselves are constructs. There has been much debate over this topic, ranging from
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rule against it. One of the first philosophers to question the distinction between reality and dreams was
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A version of the simulation hypothesis was theorized as a part of a philosophical argument on the part of
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2618:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 395. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 125–144.
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the third proposition is the one of those three that is true, and almost all people live in simulations,
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capable of producing simulated realities, or such simulations are physically impossible to construct.
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2775:. STEAM-H: Science, Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Mathematics & Health. pp. 71–91.
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chastised philosophers for seeking to find the true world behind the deceptive world of appearances.
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that say that an individual could have been another human being in the past, as well as views about
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lives and tribulations of their ancestors. But a full-fledged, resource-consuming simulation of an
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Campbell, T., Owhadi, H., Sauvageau, J. and Watkinson, D. (2017) On Testing the Simulation Theory.
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In 2015, Kent Forbes published a documentary named "The Simulation Hypothesis", notably featuring
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butterfly or a butterfly dreaming he was Zhuangzi. Between Zhuangzi and a butterfly there must be
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that a computer cannot provide and that simulated people, while behaving appropriately, would be
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973:. Some think it obvious that (1) is true, others that (2) is true, yet others that (3) is true".
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The hypothesis is preceded by many earlier versions, several of which have also been featured in
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3708:"Artificial intelligence innovation in education: A twenty-year data-driven historical analysis"
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been dreaming, in which case the objects he perceives actually exist, albeit in his imagination.
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Chalmers (2003) discusses the dream hypothesis and notes that this comes in two distinct forms:
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lives in, to synchronize all the world layers and solve the Year 2038 problem in all of them.
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The dream hypothesis is also used to develop other philosophical concepts, such as Valberg's
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simulated ancestor), the total number of simulated ancestors, or "Sims", in the universe (or
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Any entities with our general set of experiences are almost certainly living in a simulation.
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2453:"The Simulation Argument: Why the Probability that You Are Living in a Matrix is Quite High"
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distinction! This is called the Transformation of Things. (2, tr. Burton Watson 1968:49)
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1885:
1841:
1823:
1770:
1619:(1596–1650) and his evil demon concept, sometimes also called his 'evil genius' concept
1445:
1350:
1294:
1267:
1169:
958:
687:
432:
3311:"Elon Musk Says There's a 'One in Billions' Chance Reality Is Not a Simulation – VICE"
3201:
1559:, though psychosis may have a physical basis in the real world and explanations vary.
952:", claiming that "... we have interesting empirical reasons to believe that a certain
4774:
4722:
4691:
4686:
4661:
4651:
4452:
4343:
4038:
3916:
3873:
3844:
3741:
3122:
2513:
2371:
1916:
1912:
1522:
1251:
1134:
1048:
1011:
850:
629:
3369:"Elon Musk says we may live in a simulation. Here's how we might tell if he's right"
3186:
3040:
2965:
1889:
finally revealed to be a practice world for aliens intent on real-world domination.
1694:
1106:
the present, the first proposition must be taken to be true. Additionally there are
17:
4712:
4681:
4671:
4589:
4497:
4307:
4006:
3894:
3251:
2865:
2019:
1812:
1729:
1609:
1563:
1485:
1302:
1263:
1247:
1165:
1149:
895:
808:
588:
384:
328:
2869:
3284:
Campbell, Tom; Owhadi, Houman; Sauvageau, Joe; Watkinson, David (June 17, 2017).
3235:
2623:
2402:
2325:
2207:
1273:
Some theorists have argued that if the "consciousness-is-computation" version of
1092:
uses Bostrom's trilemma as part of one possible argument against a near-infinite
4333:
4221:
3153:"Ubiquity symposium 'What is computation?': Computation and Fundamental Physics"
2780:
2044:
1861:
1853:
1833:
1497:
1459:
1382:
1231:
1161:
1089:
962:
849:
Human civilization or a comparable civilization is unlikely to reach a level of
703:
637:
399:
46:
3724:
3707:
3104:
4656:
4348:
4277:
4262:
4246:
4191:
4160:
4076:
3966:
3953:
3868:
3531:
3386:
3328:
3032:
2957:
2757:
1876:
1800:
1470:
1410:
1366:
1362:
1093:
927:
683:
652:
608:
577:
407:
38:
3733:
3243:
3178:
2452:
2136:
1301:
would contain every algorithm, including those that implement consciousness.
4641:
4507:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4201:
4165:
4155:
3961:
3946:
3169:
3152:
2497:
2387:
2341:
1893:
1752:
1636:
1556:
1518:
1394:
1378:
1342:
1227:
1182:
1146:
1063:
the prior probability that is assigned to the existence of other universes.
1019:
1003:
888:
581:
565:
4402:
4140:
3780:(Documentary), Paul Davies, James Gates, Max Tegmark, Top Documentary Films
2158:"Do we live in a simulation? The problem with this mind-bending hypothesis"
930:, if it exists) would greatly exceed the total number of actual ancestors.
3875:
Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes On the Cosmos
2989:
2437:
1808:
was partially inspired by the Bostrom essay on the simulation hypothesis.
1540:
dreaming, in which case many of his beliefs about the world are incorrect;
800:
4150:
4030:
3584:
2771:
Jaeger, Gregg (2018). "Clockwork Rebooted: Is the Universe a Computer?".
2740:
2064:
1984:
1551:
Both the dream argument and the simulation hypothesis can be regarded as
1405:
1255:
1154:
1015:
907:
625:
596:
442:
3775:
3015:
1517:
The philosophical underpinnings of this argument are also brought up by
606:, appearing as a central plot device in many stories and films, such as
4015:"The Implantation Argument: Simulation Theory is Proof that God Exists"
3978:
3391:
2505:
2125:"Opinion | We Might Be in a Simulation. How Much Should That Worry Us?"
1474:
1197:
that say that colors could have appeared differently than they do (the
1177:
1026:
656:
4522:
4014:
3505:
2910:"Reality+ by David J Chalmers review – are we living in a simulation?"
2895:
2467:
4610:
4216:
4181:
3655:
3285:
3001:
Hut, P.; Alford, M.; Tegmark, M. (2006). "On Math, Matter and Mind".
1386:
1243:
1194:
875:
389:
2978:
4002:
3411:"Are we living in a simulated universe? Here's what scientists say"
2948:
1400:
Another high-profile proponent of the hypothesis is astrophysicist
3646:
3218:
3095:
1874:
A 2017 episode of the long-running British science fiction series
1628:
1481:
1070:
799:
673:
621:
394:
3519:
https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1631134/FULLTEXT01.pdf
1083:
Simulation down to molecular level of very small sample of matter
1067:
Arguments, within the trilemma, against the simulation hypothesis
3437:"You're living in a computer simulation, and the math proves it"
2655:"Maybe We Do Not Live in a Simulation: The Resolution Conundrum"
2254:"You're living in a computer simulation, and the math proves it"
1173:
632:
providing poetic and philosophical metaphors. For example, the "
4406:
4049:
1627:
theorized that the world was a painting or book written by the
948:
Bostrom claims his argument goes beyond the classical ancient "
672:
theorized that the world was a painting or book written by the
1662:
697:
4045:
3668:
2294:
2183:"Could our Universe be a simulation? How would we even tell?"
3559:"The Neurobiology of Consciousness: Lucid Dreaming Wakes Up"
3335:
from the original on 2021-12-15 – via www.youtube.com.
3329:"Joe Rogan & Elon Musk – Are We in a Simulated Reality?"
3200:
Beane, Silas R.; Davoudi, Zohreh; J. Savage, Martin (2014).
1293:
and thus admits of simulation. This argument states that a "
1172:
has argued that simulated beings might wonder whether their
2726:
Davies, P. C. W. (2004). "Multiverse Cosmological Models".
2527:
Dainton, Barry (2012). "On singularities and simulations".
1604:(1685–1753) with his "immaterialism" (later referred to as
2934:
Conitzer, Vincent (2019). "A Puzzle about Further Facts".
3387:"Neil deGrasse Tyson Explains the Simulation Hypothesis"
1389:, stated that the argument for the simulation theory is
3202:"Constraints on the universe as a numerical simulation"
2809:"Why Reality Is Not a Video Game — and Why It Matters"
1454:
can be traced back to antiquity; for example, to the "
27:
Hypothesis that reality could be a computer simulation
3827:
A History of Philosophy, Volume IV: Modern Philosophy
3706:
Guan, Chong; Mou, Jian; Jiang, Zhiying (2020-12-01).
3348:"Do We Live in a Simulation? Chances Are about 50–50"
969:
that obtains.' But different people pick a different
1761:(1999) was also loosely based on both this book and
945:
humans are almost certainly living in a simulation.
4700:
4624:
4598:
4557:
4530:
4440:
4357:
4316:
4255:
4174:
4128:
4083:
2680:(Podcast). Sean Carroll. Event occurs at 0:53.37.
2403:"What is Simulation Theory and Why Does it Matter?"
1779:in April 1966, and was the basis for the 1990 film
3957:. Publisher: Immediate Media Company, Bristol, UK.
3872:
3807:. New York: Image Books (Doubleday). p. 160.
3805:A History of Philosophy, Volume I: Greece and Rome
3052:
3050:
3829:. New York: Image Books (Doubleday). p. 86.
3508:, Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona
2773:Quantum Foundations, Probability and Information
2584:"The multiverse: conjecture, proof, and science"
1002:The hypothesis has received criticism from some
662:In the Western philosophical tradition, Plato's
2832:
2830:
822:
813:
3696:(1886) II.34, Helen Zimmern translation (1906)
2614:. In Holder, Rodney D.; Mitton, Simon (eds.).
2612:"Multiverses, Science, and Ultimate Causation"
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
1570:has argued that such skeptical hypothesis are
4418:
4061:
3631:. Oxford University Press. pp. 157–158.
1798:The same theme was repeated in the 1999 film
1776:The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction
568:beings experience as the world is actually a
541:
8:
3305:
3303:
3290:International Journal of Quantum Foundations
2896:"How Cartesian Dualism Might Have Been True"
2558:"The Simulation Hypothesis is Pseudoscience"
2319:
2317:
2315:
2229:"The Matrix: Are we living in a simulation?"
1137:' humorous idea presented in his 1979 novel
3986:Merali, Zeeya. "Do We Live in the Matrix?"
3712:International Journal of Innovation Studies
1423:, a professor of astrophysical sciences at
4425:
4411:
4403:
4068:
4054:
4046:
3757:"'World of Wires' at the Kitchen — Review"
2616:Georges Lemaître: Life, Science and Legacy
2556:Hossenfelder, Sabine (February 13, 2021).
2372:"Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?"
2326:"Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?"
2208:"Are You Living In a Computer Simulation?"
1581:: what this world would be internal to if
980:Criticism of Bostrom's anthropic reasoning
548:
534:
115:
29:
3723:
3267:"Are We Living in a Computer Simulation?"
3217:
3168:
3094:
3014:
2947:
2739:
2540:
1713:Learn how and when to remove this message
1365:in the distribution of ultra-high-energy
788:Learn how and when to remove this message
3853:. London: Penguin Science (Allen Lane).
1990:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
1839:The 2014 episode of the animated sitcom
1693:Relevant discussion may be found on the
833:Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?
4003:Are We Living in a Computer Simulation?
3566:International Journal of Dream Research
3346:Ananthaswamy, Anil (October 13, 2020).
2115:
666:stands out as an influential example.
580:discourse to practical applications in
313:
180:
118:
37:
3490:
3488:
3089:. World Scientific. pp. 567–581.
3059:"Simulation, Consciousness, Existence"
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
1884:" features a simulated version of the
1769:" is a short story by American writer
724:Please improve this section by adding
2438:"The Simulation Argument Website FAQ"
2079:Philosophy of artificial intelligence
7:
4753:
3964:. Open access version of article in
3803:(1993) . "XIX Theory of Knowledge".
2067:, project to simulate the roundworm
1767:We Can Remember It for You Wholesale
1140:The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
3673:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
3367:Powell, Corey S. (3 October 2018).
2877:Journal of Evolution and Technology
2299:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1289:computation, which in principle is
979:
3755:Brantley, Ben (January 16, 2012).
3286:"On Testing the Simulation Theory"
3083:"The Universe as Quantum Computer"
2837:Greene, Preston (10 August 2019).
1185:, and argues that this means that
1133:Greene's suggestion is similar to
25:
4836:Thought experiments in philosophy
3944:"Are We Living in a Simulation?"
3265:Moskowitz, Clara (7 April 2016).
2672:Sean Carroll (January 18, 2021).
1494:inference to the best explanation
1339:University of Washington, Seattle
1329:Testing the hypothesis physically
933:Bostrom goes on to use a type of
515:Social and political philosophers
4752:
4741:
4740:
4521:
3597:from the original on 1999-10-11.
3399:from the original on 2021-12-15.
2894:Chalmers, David (January 1990).
2653:Carroll, Sean (22 August 2016).
2529:Journal of Consciousness Studies
2030:Mathematical universe hypothesis
1667:
1215:Mathematical universe hypothesis
702:
59:
45:
4781:Arguments in philosophy of mind
4387:List of skeptical organizations
3629:Philosophers Explore the Matrix
3583:Platt, Charles (October 1995).
3435:Grabianowski, Ed (7 May 2011).
3206:The European Physical Journal A
2252:Grabianowski, Ed (7 May 2011).
1527:Meditations on First Philosophy
1419:, Tyson shared that his friend
1285:) are true, then consciousness
4367:List of books about skepticism
4009:'s Simulation Argument webpage
3962:"A Puzzle About Further Facts"
3536:. Princeton University Press.
2401:Thomas, Mike (July 22, 2022).
1817:Danganronpa 2: Goodbye Despair
1462:, or the Indian philosophy of
1353:from the underlying theory of
644:, or the Indian philosophy of
1:
4377:List of skeptical conferences
3825:(1994) . "II Descartes (I)".
3163:(December): 1895419.1920826.
3151:Bacon, Dave (December 2010).
2870:"How to live in a simulation"
2123:Manjoo, Farhad (2022-01-26).
1488:as well as considerations of
726:secondary or tertiary sources
3593:. Vol. 3, no. 10.
2624:10.1007/978-3-642-32254-9_11
1792:Overdrawn at the Memory Bank
1431:individuals, other than us.
906:In 2003, Bostrom proposed a
4806:Internalism and externalism
4382:List of skeptical magazines
4372:List of scientific skeptics
3774:Forbes, Kent (2015-10-06),
3625:"The Matrix as Metaphysics"
2781:10.1007/978-3-319-74971-6_8
2486:The Philosophical Quarterly
2468:"The Matrix as Metaphysics"
2181:Sutter, Paul (2024-01-31).
1521:, who was one of the first
4857:
4575:Computational neuroscience
4478:Intelligence amplification
4392:List of skeptical podcasts
4013:Grupp, Jeff (2021-09-01).
3899:The Physics of Immortality
3725:10.1016/j.ijis.2020.09.001
3533:Dream, Death, and the Self
3481:The Problems of Philosophy
3236:10.1140/epja/i2014-14148-0
3105:10.1142/9789814374309_0029
3085:. In Zenil, Hector (ed.).
3081:Lloyd, Seth (2011-10-24).
2674:"SEAN CARROLL'S MINDSCAPE"
2484:(2003). "Are You a Sim?".
2233:BBC Science Focus Magazine
2156:Paul Sutter (2022-01-21).
1525:philosophers to do so. In
1504:," which went as follows:
1443:
1208:
1176:lives are governed by the
1125:problem of the First Cause
983:
4736:
4519:
3983:, April 25, 2019, page 6.
3777:The Simulation Hypothesis
3506:The Matrix as Metaphysics
3033:10.1007/s10701-006-9048-x
2958:10.1007/s10670-018-9979-6
2813:13.7 Cosmos & Culture
2758:10.1142/S021773230401357X
2084:Philosophy of information
1625:Aztec philosophical texts
1608:by others), and later by
670:Aztec philosophical texts
262:Middle Eastern philosophy
4786:Concepts in epistemology
4434:Brain–computer interface
4293:Problem of the criterion
3623:Chalmers, David (2005).
2728:Modern Physics Letters A
2678:Preposterousuniverse.com
2659:PreposterousUniverse.com
2025:Margolus–Levitin theorem
1749:Rainer Werner Fassbinder
1468:Ancient Greek philosophy
1435:Other uses in philosophy
1413:on a YouTube episode of
1240:artificial consciousness
1034:philosophical presentism
650:ancient Greek philosophy
4791:Concepts in metaphysics
3170:10.1145/1895419.1920826
2498:10.1111/1467-9213.00323
2388:10.1111/1467-9213.00309
2376:Philosophical Quarterly
2342:10.1111/1467-9213.00309
2330:Philosophical Quarterly
2215:Philosophical Quarterly
1975:Computational sociology
1867:In the 2016 video game
1347:lattice-gauge theorists
1262:. This would undermine
963:metaphysical hypothesis
880:simulated consciousness
737:"Simulation hypothesis"
4831:Science fiction themes
4570:Cognitive neuroscience
4283:Five-minute hypothesis
4175:Skeptical philosophers
4129:Skeptical philosophies
3608:Moravec, Hans (1992).
3557:Hobson, Allan (2009).
3530:Valberg, J.J. (2007).
3057:Moravec, Hans (1998).
3003:Foundations of Physics
2582:Ellis, George (2012).
2451:Bostrom, Nick (2003).
2370:Bostrom, Nick (2003).
2324:Bostrom, Nick (2003).
2206:Bostrom, Nick (2003).
2069:Caenorhabditis elegans
2060:Tipler's "Omega point"
1847:M. Night Shaym-Aliens!
1656:
1515:
1359:quantum chromodynamics
1349:run today to build up
1326:
1283:mathematical Platonism
1250:. It is possible that
1084:
851:technological maturity
838:
820:Bostrom's conclusion:
818:
805:
713:relies excessively on
485:Aesthetic philosophers
4826:Philosophical debates
4811:Limits of computation
4718:Simulation hypothesis
4303:Simulation hypothesis
3850:The Fabric of Reality
3464:Against the Logicians
3087:A Computable Universe
2281:Against the Logicians
2089:Simulation video game
2015:Holographic principle
1773:, first published in
1680:synthesis of material
1648:
1506:
1444:Further information:
1321:
1260:philosophical zombies
1108:limits of computation
1082:
984:Further information:
803:
562:simulation hypothesis
66:Philosophy portal
4538:Electrocorticography
4531:Scientific phenomena
4503:Sensory substitution
4329:Semantic externalism
4298:Problem of induction
4288:Münchhausen trilemma
4031:10.1515/mp-2020-0014
3823:Copleston, Frederick
3801:Copleston, Frederick
3694:Beyond Good and Evil
3692:Friedrich Nietzsche
3627:. In C. Grau (ed.).
3610:"Pigs in Cyberspace"
3331:. 6 September 2018.
2074:Perennial philosophy
1758:The Thirteenth Floor
1737:(alternative title:
1642:Beyond Good and Evil
1553:skeptical hypotheses
1452:skeptical hypothesis
1425:Princeton University
1393:. In a podcast with
1291:platform independent
1279:mathematical realism
1246:of consciousness is
1226:theory stating that
1099:reductio ad absurdum
1054:begging the question
990:Bostrom argues that
950:skeptical hypothesis
804:Nick Bostrom in 2014
664:allegory of the cave
510:Philosophers of mind
18:Simulated multiverse
4513:Synthetic telepathy
4334:Process reliabilism
4256:Skeptical scenarios
4136:Academic Skepticism
4084:Types of skepticism
3960:Conitzer, Vincent.
3353:Scientific American
3271:Scientific American
3228:2014EPJA...50..148B
3025:2006FoPh...36..765H
2750:2004MPLA...19..727D
2707:on December 8, 2020
2608:Ellis, George F. R.
2466:Chalmers, Davis J.
2099:Theory of knowledge
2010:Fine-tuned universe
1858:Neil degrasse Tyson
1747:(1973) directed by
1606:subjective idealism
1568:Ludwig Wittgenstein
1402:Neil Degrasse Tyson
1355:strong interactions
1008:Sabine Hossenfelder
986:Anthropic principle
935:anthropic reasoning
694:Simulation argument
593:simulation argument
574:computer simulation
564:proposes that what
520:Women in philosophy
250:Indigenous American
33:Part of a series on
4728:Walk Again Project
4647:J. C. R. Licklider
4585:Neural engineering
3975:Life in the Matrix
3921:Summa Technologiae
3761:The New York Times
3669:"Aztec Philosophy"
2844:The New York Times
2695:Eggleston, Brian.
2295:"Aztec Philosophy"
2129:The New York Times
2055:Monte Carlo method
2005:Experience machine
1955:Artificial society
1690:to the main topic.
1684:verifiably mention
1678:possibly contains
1659:In popular culture
1652:which concerns us
1585:were all a dream.
1566:, the philosopher
1335:University of Bonn
1224:philosophy of mind
1085:
1023:George F. R. Ellis
806:
213:Eastern philosophy
4768:
4767:
4708:Human enhancement
4637:Douglas Engelbart
4565:Cognitive science
4400:
4399:
4339:Epistemic closure
3930:978-3-518-37178-7
3908:978-0-385-46799-5
3886:978-1-4000-4092-6
3860:978-0-14-014690-5
3836:978-0-385-47041-4
3814:978-0-385-46843-5
3395:. 17 March 2020.
3114:978-981-4374-29-3
2807:(March 9, 2017).
2790:978-3-319-74970-9
2633:978-3-642-32253-2
2482:Weatherson, Brian
2094:Social simulation
1980:Consensus reality
1932:Calculating Space
1892:The 2022 Netflix
1864:and James Gates.
1830:Year 2038 Problem
1739:Counterfeit World
1735:Daniel F. Galouye
1723:
1722:
1715:
1592:Modern philosophy
1404:, who said in an
1299:ultimate ensemble
1199:inverted spectrum
1191:personal identity
1187:Cartesian dualism
1080:
896:Epistemologically
878:experienced by a
841:Expanded argument
798:
797:
790:
772:
570:simulated reality
558:
557:
366:
365:
16:(Redirected from
4848:
4756:
4755:
4744:
4743:
4667:Miguel Nicolelis
4606:Brain transplant
4525:
4488:Neuroprosthetics
4427:
4420:
4413:
4404:
4324:Here is one hand
4232:Sextus Empiricus
4212:Philo of Larissa
4070:
4063:
4056:
4047:
4042:
3980:Haaretz Magazine
3934:
3912:
3890:
3878:
3864:
3840:
3818:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3727:
3703:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3664:
3658:
3654:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3563:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3527:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3477:Bertrand Russell
3473:
3467:
3461:Sextus Empiricus
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3221:
3197:
3191:
3190:
3172:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3098:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3018:
2998:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2951:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2834:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2805:Gleiser, Marcelo
2801:
2795:
2794:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2743:
2741:astro-ph/0403047
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2703:. Archived from
2697:"Bostrom Review"
2692:
2686:
2685:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2588:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2492:(212): 425–431.
2478:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2382:(211): 243–255.
2367:
2346:
2345:
2336:(211): 243–255.
2321:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2290:
2284:
2278:Sextus Empiricus
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2120:
2000:Interface theory
1960:Avatamsaka Sutra
1718:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1579:personal horizon
1317:quantum computer
1275:computationalism
1220:Computationalism
1211:Computationalism
1205:Computationalism
1081:
1039:The cosmologist
836:
793:
786:
782:
779:
773:
771:
730:
706:
698:
550:
543:
536:
255:Aztec philosophy
134:Ancient Egyptian
116:
68:
64:
63:
62:
49:
30:
21:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4841:Virtual reality
4771:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4732:
4696:
4620:
4594:
4553:
4549:Neuroplasticity
4544:Neural ensemble
4526:
4517:
4493:Neurotechnology
4448:Biomechatronics
4436:
4431:
4401:
4396:
4353:
4312:
4251:
4170:
4124:
4079:
4074:
4012:
3999:
3941:
3939:Further reading
3931:
3915:
3909:
3893:
3887:
3867:
3861:
3843:
3837:
3821:
3815:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3783:
3781:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3691:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3667:Maffie, James.
3666:
3665:
3661:
3639:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3585:"Superhumanism"
3582:
3581:
3577:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3516:
3512:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3486:
3474:
3470:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3373:www.nbcnews.com
3366:
3365:
3361:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3309:
3308:
3301:
3283:
3282:
3278:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3127:
3125:
3115:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3016:physics/0510188
3000:
2999:
2995:
2990:Russel Standish
2988:
2984:
2977:
2973:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2836:
2835:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2770:
2769:
2765:
2734:(10): 727–743.
2725:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2542:10.1.1.374.7434
2526:
2525:
2521:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2420:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2369:
2368:
2349:
2323:
2322:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2293:Maffie, James.
2292:
2291:
2287:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2235:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2164:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2104:Virtual reality
2040:Maya (religion)
1995:Digital physics
1965:Boltzmann brain
1950:Artificial life
1945:Advaita Vedanta
1926:
1904:science fiction
1787:its 2012 remake
1763:World on a Wire
1744:World on a Wire
1719:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1692:
1682:which does not
1672:
1668:
1661:
1602:George Berkeley
1594:
1502:Butterfly Dream
1456:Butterfly Dream
1448:
1442:
1437:
1421:J. Richard Gott
1376:
1331:
1312:
1256:vital substrate
1217:
1209:Main articles:
1207:
1115:Marcelo Gleiser
1071:
1069:
1060:Brian Eggleston
1041:Sean M. Carroll
988:
982:
937:to claim that,
872:digital physics
843:
837:
830:
825:
794:
783:
777:
774:
731:
729:
723:
719:primary sources
707:
696:
634:Butterfly Dream
618:
604:science fiction
554:
525:
524:
490:Epistemologists
480:
479:
468:
467:
404:
380:
379:
368:
367:
113:
112:
101:
60:
58:
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4854:
4852:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4773:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4750:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4632:Charles Stross
4628:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4616:Mind uploading
4613:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4483:Isolated brain
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4273:Dream argument
4270:
4268:Brain in a vat
4265:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4242:René Descartes
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4087:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4025:(2): 189–221.
4010:
3998:
3997:External links
3995:
3994:
3993:
3984:
3971:
3958:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3917:Lem, Stanislaw
3913:
3907:
3891:
3885:
3865:
3859:
3845:Deutsch, David
3841:
3835:
3819:
3813:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3766:
3747:
3718:(4): 134–147.
3698:
3685:
3659:
3637:
3615:
3600:
3575:
3549:
3542:
3522:
3510:
3504:Chalmers, J.,
3497:
3484:
3468:
3453:
3427:
3402:
3378:
3359:
3338:
3320:
3317:. 2 June 2016.
3299:
3276:
3257:
3192:
3143:
3134:
3113:
3073:
3064:
3046:
3009:(6): 765–794.
2993:
2982:
2971:
2942:(3): 727–739.
2926:
2901:
2886:
2857:
2826:
2796:
2789:
2763:
2718:
2687:
2664:
2645:
2632:
2599:
2574:
2548:
2519:
2473:
2458:
2443:
2418:
2393:
2347:
2311:
2285:
2270:
2244:
2220:
2198:
2173:
2148:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:Mind uploading
2047:
2042:
2037:
2035:Matrix defense
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1970:Brain in a vat
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1886:Twelfth Doctor
1842:Rick and Morty
1824:Anonymous;Code
1806:World of Wires
1771:Philip K. Dick
1721:
1720:
1675:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1654:—be a fiction?
1653:
1647:
1646:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1620:
1617:René Descartes
1598:René Descartes
1593:
1590:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1446:Dream argument
1441:
1440:Dream argument
1438:
1436:
1433:
1391:"quite strong"
1375:
1372:
1330:
1327:
1311:
1308:
1295:Platonic realm
1238:in generating
1206:
1203:
1170:David Chalmers
1068:
1065:
981:
978:
959:David Chalmers
923:
922:
919:
916:
868:
867:
864:
861:
858:
854:
842:
839:
831:Nick Bostrom,
828:
796:
795:
710:
708:
701:
695:
692:
688:brain in a vat
680:René Descartes
630:hallucinations
617:
614:
556:
555:
553:
552:
545:
538:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
505:Metaphysicians
502:
497:
492:
487:
481:
475:
474:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
433:Metaphilosophy
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
381:
375:
374:
373:
370:
369:
364:
363:
362:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
318:
317:
311:
310:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
271:
270:
269:
259:
258:
257:
247:
246:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
210:
209:
208:
203:
198:
185:
184:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
168:
158:
153:
148:
143:
142:
141:
136:
123:
122:
114:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4853:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4816:Mixed reality
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4761:
4760:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4723:Transhumanism
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4692:Edward Boyden
4690:
4688:
4687:Yoky Matsuoka
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4662:Merlin Donald
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4652:Kevin Warwick
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4524:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4453:Brain implant
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4423:
4421:
4416:
4414:
4409:
4408:
4405:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4344:Contextualism
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4091:Philosophical
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4059:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3973:Lev, Gid'on.
3972:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:. Doubleday.
3900:
3896:
3895:Tipler, Frank
3892:
3888:
3882:
3877:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3779:
3778:
3770:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3638:9780195181067
3634:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3543:9780691128597
3539:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3442:
3438:
3431:
3428:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3393:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3280:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3196:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2983:
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2979:Bruno Marchal
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2866:Hanson, Robin
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1917:Baran bo Odar
1914:
1913:Jantje Friese
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1760:
1759:
1754:
1751:and aired on
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1717:
1714:
1706:
1703:December 2023
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:This section
1674:
1665:
1664:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1626:
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1388:
1384:
1381:, the CEO of
1380:
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1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1268:vatted brains
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:consciousness
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1230:is a form of
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1204:
1202:
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1179:
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1163:
1158:
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1144:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1135:Douglas Adams
1131:
1128:
1126:
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1109:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1050:
1049:Frank Wilczek
1045:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:pseudoscience
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
993:
987:
977:
974:
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810:
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792:
789:
781:
778:December 2023
770:
767:
763:
760:
756:
753:
749:
746:
742:
739: –
738:
734:
733:Find sources:
727:
721:
720:
716:
711:This section
709:
705:
700:
699:
693:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
665:
660:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
642:ancient China
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
615:
613:
611:
610:
605:
600:
598:
594:
591:proposed the
590:
585:
583:
579:
578:philosophical
575:
571:
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448:Phenomenology
446:
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147:
144:
140:
139:Ancient Greek
137:
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131:
130:
127:
126:
125:
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121:
117:
111:
105:
104:
98:
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70:
67:
56:
55:
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
4821:Nick Bostrom
4796:Hyperreality
4758:
4745:
4717:
4713:Neurohacking
4682:Vernor Vinge
4672:Peter Kyberd
4590:Neuroscience
4498:Optogenetics
4441:Technologies
4308:Wax argument
4302:
4022:
4018:
4007:Nick Bostrom
3987:
3979:
3965:
3952:
3945:
3923:. Suhrkamp.
3920:
3898:
3874:
3849:
3826:
3804:
3782:, retrieved
3776:
3769:
3760:
3750:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3676:. Retrieved
3672:
3662:
3650:
3628:
3618:
3603:
3588:
3578:
3569:
3565:
3552:
3532:
3525:
3513:
3500:
3480:
3471:
3463:
3456:
3444:. Retrieved
3440:
3430:
3419:. Retrieved
3417:. 2019-07-06
3414:
3405:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3362:
3351:
3341:
3323:
3315:www.vice.com
3314:
3293:
3289:
3279:
3270:
3260:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3160:
3156:
3146:
3137:
3126:. Retrieved
3086:
3076:
3067:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2985:
2974:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2918:. Retrieved
2916:. 2022-01-19
2914:The Guardian
2913:
2904:
2889:
2880:
2876:
2860:
2848:. Retrieved
2842:
2817:. Retrieved
2812:
2799:
2772:
2766:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2705:the original
2701:stanford.edu
2700:
2690:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2658:
2648:
2637:. Retrieved
2615:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2577:
2565:. Retrieved
2562:BackReAction
2561:
2551:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2461:
2446:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:
2396:
2379:
2375:
2333:
2329:
2302:. Retrieved
2298:
2288:
2280:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2257:
2247:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:
2223:
2214:
2201:
2190:. Retrieved
2187:Ars Technica
2186:
2176:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:
2151:
2140:. Retrieved
2128:
2118:
2068:
2020:Hyperreality
1937:
1930:
1907:
1891:
1875:
1873:
1869:No Man's Sky
1866:
1851:
1840:
1838:
1822:
1815:
1813:visual novel
1810:
1805:
1799:
1797:
1790:
1782:Total Recall
1781:
1774:
1762:
1756:
1742:
1738:
1730:Simulacron-3
1728:
1727:
1724:
1709:
1700:
1677:
1649:
1640:
1610:Hans Moravec
1595:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1564:On Certainty
1561:
1550:
1544:
1543:that he has
1537:
1531:
1526:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1486:common sense
1479:
1449:
1429:
1414:
1399:
1377:
1337:(now at the
1332:
1322:
1313:
1303:Hans Moravec
1286:
1281:(or radical
1272:
1264:Nick Bostrom
1218:
1166:epistemology
1159:
1150:Robin Hanson
1145:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1119:
1112:
1104:
1097:
1086:
1058:
1046:
1038:
1031:
1001:
995:
991:
989:
975:
970:
966:
947:
942:
938:
932:
924:
905:
899:
894:
885:
869:
844:
832:
823:
819:
814:
811:'s premise:
809:Nick Bostrom
807:
784:
775:
765:
758:
751:
744:
732:
712:
678:
668:
661:
619:
607:
601:
592:
589:Nick Bostrom
586:
572:, such as a
561:
559:
477:Philosophers
385:Epistemology
206:South Africa
161:Contemporary
110:Philosophies
4599:Speculative
4558:Disciplines
4278:Evil genius
4222:Aenesidemus
4207:Clitomachus
4019:Metaphysica
3869:Lloyd, Seth
3296:(3): 78–99.
2850:25 December
2819:January 18,
2811:. Opinion.
2045:Metaphysics
1911:created by
1862:Paul Davies
1854:Max Tegmark
1755:. The film
1536:that he is
1367:cosmic rays
1254:requires a
1232:computation
1162:metaphysics
1090:Paul Davies
1020:Cosmologist
954:disjunctive
874:; that the
400:Metaphysics
315:By religion
171:Continental
151:Renaissance
4801:Hypotheses
4775:Categories
4677:Steve Mann
4657:Matt Nagle
4349:Relativism
4263:Acatalepsy
4247:David Hume
4192:Arcesilaus
4161:Pyrrhonism
4113:Scientific
4077:Skepticism
3967:Erkenntnis
3954:The Matrix
3794:References
3784:2024-09-12
3647:2004059977
3446:29 October
3421:2024-02-27
3212:(9): 148.
3128:2021-04-13
2949:1802.01161
2936:Erkenntnis
2920:2022-02-10
2639:2023-12-23
2412:2020-12-05
2263:29 October
2238:2022-02-10
2192:2024-09-12
2167:2022-02-10
2142:2022-02-10
1877:Doctor Who
1834:the player
1801:The Matrix
1733:(1964) by
1490:simplicity
1471:Anaxarchus
1411:Chuck Nice
1363:anisotropy
1357:(known as
1343:space-time
1310:In physics
1113:Physicist
1094:multiverse
1047:Physicist
1006:, such as
1004:physicists
928:multiverse
889:biospheres
748:newspapers
715:references
684:evil demon
653:Anaxarchus
609:The Matrix
408:Aesthetics
97:Categories
39:Philosophy
4642:Hugh Herr
4508:Stentrode
4473:Exocortex
4468:Cyberware
4463:Brainport
4458:BrainGate
4317:Responses
4237:Montaigne
4202:Carneades
4166:Solipsism
4156:Humeanism
4146:Cartesian
4118:Religious
4039:237494519
3947:BBC Focus
3879:. Knopf.
3742:224921744
3734:2096-2487
3244:1434-6001
3219:1210.1847
3179:1530-2180
3123:263793938
3096:1312.4455
2711:April 18,
2592:April 18,
2567:April 18,
2537:CiteSeerX
2535:(1): 42.
2514:170568464
2162:Space.com
2137:0362-4331
1811:The 2012
1695:talk page
1637:Nietzsche
1557:psychosis
1538:currently
1519:Descartes
1395:Joe Rogan
1379:Elon Musk
1374:Advocates
1228:cognition
1147:Economist
626:illusions
587:In 2001,
582:computing
500:Logicians
495:Ethicists
453:Political
413:Education
334:Christian
329:Confucian
228:Indonesia
182:By region
120:By period
4747:Category
4151:Charvaka
3989:Discover
3919:(1964).
3897:(1994).
3871:(2006).
3847:(1997).
3678:19 April
3595:Archived
3415:NBC News
3397:Archived
3333:Archived
3187:14337268
3157:Ubiquity
3041:17559900
2966:36796226
2868:(2001).
2610:(2012).
2407:Built In
2304:19 April
2065:OpenWorm
1985:Demiurge
1939:Zhuangzi
1924:See also
1882:Extremis
1880:titled "
1828:in, the
1572:unsinnig
1498:Zhuangzi
1466:, or in
1460:Zhuangzi
1416:StarTalk
1406:NBC News
1248:disputed
1155:Ethiopia
1027:scholars
1016:religion
908:trilemma
829:—
648:, or in
638:Zhuangzi
597:trilemma
566:sentient
458:Religion
443:Ontology
423:Language
377:Branches
324:Buddhist
279:American
201:Ethiopia
166:Analytic
146:Medieval
87:Glossary
72:Contents
4759:Commons
4227:Agrippa
4197:Lacydes
4096:Radical
3495:145-46.
3441:Gizmodo
3392:YouTube
3252:4236209
3224:Bibcode
3021:Bibcode
2746:Bibcode
2506:3543127
2258:Gizmodo
1920:Green.
1900:mystery
1821:2022's
1523:Western
1475:Monimus
1236:problem
1178:physics
762:scholar
657:Monimus
616:Origins
463:Science
418:History
344:Islamic
304:Russian
299:Italian
284:British
274:Western
267:Iranian
243:Vietnam
218:Chinese
191:African
129:Ancient
92:History
77:Outline
4625:People
4611:Cyborg
4540:(ECoG)
4217:Cicero
4182:Pyrrho
4141:Ajñana
4037:
3927:
3905:
3883:
3857:
3833:
3811:
3740:
3732:
3645:
3635:
3540:
3250:
3242:
3185:
3177:
3121:
3111:
3039:
2964:
2787:
2630:
2539:
2512:
2504:
2135:
1897:period
1688:relate
1545:always
1387:SpaceX
1351:nuclei
1244:qualia
1195:qualia
1183:caused
1174:mental
1120:entire
900:pop up
876:qualia
835:, 2003
764:
757:
750:
743:
735:
628:, and
622:dreams
390:Ethics
359:Taoist
354:Jewish
294:German
289:French
223:Indian
156:Modern
4701:Other
4359:Lists
4187:Timon
4108:Moral
4103:Local
4035:S2CID
3738:S2CID
3590:Wired
3562:(PDF)
3248:S2CID
3214:arXiv
3183:S2CID
3119:S2CID
3091:arXiv
3037:S2CID
3011:arXiv
2962:S2CID
2944:arXiv
2873:(PDF)
2815:. NPR
2736:arXiv
2587:(PDF)
2510:S2CID
2502:JSTOR
2211:(PDF)
2111:Notes
1789:. In
1639:, in
1629:Teotl
1600:, by
1482:dream
1458:" of
1383:Tesla
1297:" or
1222:is a
769:JSTOR
755:books
674:Teotl
640:from
636:" of
395:Logic
339:Hindu
238:Korea
233:Japan
196:Egypt
82:Lists
4580:NBIC
3925:ISBN
3903:ISBN
3881:ISBN
3855:ISBN
3831:ISBN
3809:ISBN
3730:ISSN
3680:2021
3656:p.22
3643:LCCN
3633:ISBN
3572:(2).
3538:ISBN
3466:1.88
3448:2016
3240:ISSN
3175:ISSN
3161:2010
3109:ISBN
2852:2022
2821:2021
2785:ISBN
2713:2021
2628:ISBN
2594:2021
2569:2021
2306:2021
2283:1.88
2265:2016
2133:ISSN
1915:and
1908:1899
1894:epic
1785:and
1583:this
1511:some
1492:and
1473:and
1464:Maya
1385:and
1277:and
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