342:
527:—who was in charge of an unofficial, alternative foreign ministry sponsored by Hitler—strongly preferred an alliance with Japan. For their part, the Japanese political and military establishments were, by 1934, less than certain about the usefulness of the new Hitler government in Germany, which Tokyo assumed would attempt to maintain a peaceful relationship with the Soviet Union and avoid any open alignment with Moscow's enemies. The distrust that Japan felt was partially caused by the close relationship between Germany and China, which, in turn, was perceived as an ally of the Soviet Union against Japan. So Japanese Ambassador
2062:
734:
320:
551:
request to recognize
Manchukuo, Ambassador Dirksen was instructed to avoid "any close relations with Japan which might lay open to being suspected of wishing to render assistance against Russia". This level of caution was also attributable to the Germans' impression that war between Japan and the USSR could be on the horizon. They assumed that the Soviet Union would receive the aid of the western democracies if it were to break out, and the German Foreign Office sought, at all costs, to avoid entanglement in such a conflict.
720:
309:
146:
3546:
157:
174:
645:
762:
387:
379:
qualitative superiority derived from qualified officers. Von Seeckt suggested that the first step toward achieving this framework was the uniform training and consolidation of the
Chinese military under Chiang's command and that the entire military system must be subordinated into a centralised hierarchy. Toward that goal, von Seeckt proposed the formation of a "training brigade" to replace the German
3357:
748:
586:
608:, Kung argued that Japan was not a reliable ally for Germany, citing as an example the Japanese invasion of Qingdao and the former German colonies in the Pacific Islands during World War I. He claimed that China was a true anti-Communist state but that Japan was only "flaunting." Von Mackensen promised that there would be no problems in Sino-German relations as long as he and
422:, and the development of power plants and chemical factories. Cost overruns for the projects were partly assuaged by the fact that the price of tungsten had more than doubled between 1932 and 1936. Germany also extended a 100-million Reichsmark line of credit to the Kuomintang. The Three-Year Plan introduced a class of technocrats to run the state-owned projects.
437:
571:
was careful not to offend the Soviet Union, which was China's only potential partner in case of a
Japanese attack. Chiang knew that the Japanese regarded Chinese adhesion to the proposed pact as a way of subordinating China to Japan. As the Chinese hesitated, Foreign Minister Neurath and War Minister
680:
officers serving with the
Nationalist government recalled, with the threat that the families of the officers in China would be sent to concentration camps if the officers did not return to Germany immediately. At the same time, the end of the informal Sino-German alliance led Chiang to terminate all
663:
the following month caused a major rupture in relations. After the KMT lost
Nanjing and retreated to Wuhan, Hitler's government decided to withdraw its support of China and turn decisively towards Japan. Joachim von Ribbentrop succeeded Neurath as Foreign Minister on 4 February 1938, and one of his
522:
As the 1930s progressed, "the Nazi government began leaning noticeably closer to Japan" while "the advisors (and many members of the German army) continued to push for a stronger Sino-German relationship". Although
Neurath and the German Foreign Office continued to favor a pro-China foreign policy,
581:
on 25 November 1936, without
Chinese participation, although China did receive an invitation to join. After serious consideration, the Chiang administration refused. They were unwilling to align with Japan without a retreat of Japanese forces from China. Such a retreat was rejected by Japan, which
277:
Foreign
Ministry urged neutrality and discouraged the Reichswehr from becoming directly involved with the Chinese government. The same feeling was shared by the German import-export houses for fear that direct government ties would exclude them from profiting as the middleman. After he returned to
262:
while he helped devise a strategy for the
Northern Expedition. In 1928, Bauer returned to Germany to recruit a permanent advisory mission for China's industrialization efforts. However, Bauer was not entirely successful, as many firms hesitated because of China's political instability and because
550:
beginning in early 1934, would have clearly signaled support for
Japanese expansionism. But fearing that the Chinese and Soviets would perceive such a move as an attempted encirclement, recognition of Manchukuo was initially opposed by Neurath and the Foreign Office. In response to his initial
378:
memorandum outlining his programme for industrialising and militarising China. He called for a small, mobile, and well-equipped force to replace the massive but under-trained army. In addition, he advocated for the army to be the "foundation of ruling power" and for military power to rest in
576:
persuaded Hitler to shelve the proposed treaty to avoid damaging Germany's good relations with China. But Ribbentrop disagreed and argued that Germany and Japan should sign the pact regardless. A revival of interest in both Tokyo and Berlin led to the signing of the
582:
meant that China was unwilling to offend the Soviet Union, the only major power that would be able to effectively aid them in the case of a war against Japan. The Anti-Comintern Pact marked the beginning of Germany's shift away from China and towards Japan.
3216:
494:. The Nazis also provided military hardware. According to von Seeckt, around 80% of China's output of weapons were below par or unsuitable for modern warfare. Therefore, projects were undertaken to modernise existing arsenals. For example, the
3075:
83:
in 1937 and Ribbentrop became Foreign Minister the following year, German aid to China was cut off. In July 1941, Nazi Germany severed relations with Nationalist China and transferred their recognition to the Japanese-controlled
398:, or Hapro, was created to unify all German industrial interests in China. The most important industrial project from the Sino-German cooperation was the 1936 Three-Year Plan, which was administered by the Chinese government's
104:
The German Empire was, like the other major European powers, initially reluctant to grant recognition to the newly established Republic of China. It eventually did extend recognition in October 1913, after the inauguration of
365:
had shown the Chinese leadership the need for military and industrial modernization and they wanted German investment. Moreover, the rapid rise of Nazi Germany's military strength led some Chinese elites to explore
4294:
480:
4299:
483:
began training to German standards and were to form a relatively small but-well trained Chinese Central Army. By the mid-1930s, about 80,000 soldiers had received German-style training. A few pilots of the
198:
had been restricted to 100,000 men, and its military-industrial production was greatly reduced. To circumvent the treaty's restrictions, German industrial firms formed partnerships with nations such as the
628:
had broken its alliance and declared war against Germany, and Germany would never trust Japan. Kung met Hitler on June 13, who assured him that Germany had no political or territorial demands in the
632:, and that Germany's only interest in China was business. Hitler also expressed the hope that China and Japan could co-operate and offered to mediate any disputes, as he had done between Italy and
485:
3735:
676:
and to renounce German claims upon its former colonies in the Pacific, which were now held by Japan. By April 1938, Ribbentrop had ended all German arms shipments to China and had all of the
3226:
455:
to China to help the KMT government reform its armed forces. Von Seeckt's original plans called for a drastic reduction of the military to 60 elite divisions, which would be modeled on the
117:
in an attempt to reconquer Qingdao, which had been colonized by Germany in 1898. China's entry into the war was a result of agreements between President Yuan Shikai and the United Kingdom.
4309:
4324:
3395:
4304:
3345:
3293:
563:
with Japan and Germany's traditional alliance with China, Ribbentrop and Ōshima devised the idea of an anticommunist alliance as a way to bind China, Japan, and Germany together.
2150:
4289:
2050:
463:
until 1927 had been only marginally better in quality than the warlord armies, but remained loyal to Chiang. Von Falkenhausen believed that it was too optimistic to expect the
2977:
4179:
3100:
2290:
55:
maintained bilateral relations between 1933 and 1941. The Chinese Nationalists sought German military and economic support to help them consolidate control over factional
4159:
467:(NRA) to be supported by armor and heavy artillery because the industry lacked the necessary capacity. Thus, he emphasized the creation of a mobile force that relied on
3168:
1889:
433:, were also seen as vital. At its height, Germany accounted for 17% of China's foreign trade and China was the largest trade partner for German businesses in Asia.
121:
3390:
1467:
1881:
1805:
1753:
4334:
604:
and two other KMT officials visited Germany in June 1937 in an attempt to persuade the Germans to reverse their realignment towards Japan. During a meeting with
71:
from China. During the mid-1930s, thousands of Chinese soldiers were trained by German officers and German economic investment made its way into China. However,
790:
705:
3932:
2135:
341:
353:
came to power in Germany. The Nazis sought to increase cooperation with the Nationalists in order to gain access to Chinese raw materials. Foreign Minister
4319:
3258:
3871:
4329:
3338:
2155:
4189:
2733:
425:
The Chinese military was an important customer for German arms manufacturers and heavy industry. Chinese exports to Germany, including deliveries of
4284:
2043:
215:. German arms producers began looking to re-establish commercial links with China to tap into its vast market for weapons and military assistance.
3323:
2486:
2371:
3725:
2426:
616:, who explained to him that the Anti-Comintern Pact was not a German-Japanese alliance against China. Germany was glad to lend China 100 million
1550:
4244:
4240:
4235:
3298:
1141:
4057:
2170:
3331:
2028:
1951:
1588:
785:
4117:
3952:
2997:
2691:
2649:
2592:
4314:
3191:
3187:
780:
4022:
3640:
3007:
3180:
3175:
2036:
180:
3826:
3505:
3105:
2941:
2806:
1528:
3163:
4138:
4107:
4047:
3836:
3816:
3796:
3666:
3510:
3425:
2491:
2205:
1701:
313:
150:
4209:
3288:
1927:
1908:
1834:
1690:
1656:
1264:
So, Wai-Chor (April 2002). "The Making of the Guomindang's Japan Policy, 1932–1937: The Roles of Chiang Kai-Shek and Wang Jingwei".
4199:
4174:
4042:
4027:
3912:
3876:
3856:
3751:
3676:
3500:
3465:
3455:
3445:
2728:
2676:
2315:
2305:
2115:
1575:
Gütinger, Erich (1998). ""Sketch of Chinese Communities in Germany: Past and Present"". In Benton, Gregor; Pieke, Frank N. (eds.).
4279:
3135:
668:
in Germany's Far Eastern policies. Ribbentrop was instrumental, in February 1938, in persuading Hitler to recognize the Japanese
476:
246:
to defeat the warlords and unify the Republic. The Nationalists also sought German assistance, and turned to the German-educated
4133:
4017:
3841:
3831:
3811:
3711:
3700:
3650:
3625:
3560:
2987:
2931:
2881:
2686:
2666:
2644:
2517:
2436:
2320:
2210:
273:. In addition, Germany was still constrained by the Treaty of Versailles, which made direct military investment impossible. The
177:
52:
32:
4248:
3308:
3268:
4092:
4087:
4067:
3987:
3937:
3861:
3806:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3691:
3630:
3590:
3565:
3520:
3410:
3385:
3038:
2911:
2876:
2866:
2738:
2713:
2604:
2599:
2552:
2532:
2527:
2416:
2300:
2265:
2250:
2235:
2130:
4274:
4253:
4214:
3231:
1477:
543:
362:
4112:
4072:
4037:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3977:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3942:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3902:
3881:
3786:
3766:
3671:
3645:
3615:
3600:
3570:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3470:
3460:
3435:
3405:
3375:
2962:
2861:
2698:
2681:
2661:
2567:
2501:
2466:
2376:
2255:
1957:
4164:
1604:
399:
4102:
4082:
4077:
4062:
4052:
4012:
3982:
3972:
3947:
3866:
3851:
3756:
3746:
3731:
3686:
3681:
3620:
3605:
3580:
3575:
3530:
3485:
3420:
3380:
2972:
2946:
2896:
2791:
2718:
2656:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2547:
2481:
2451:
2411:
2386:
2355:
2330:
2180:
2160:
2125:
2110:
624:
on June 11, who told him he thought that Japan was a "Far East Italy," in reference to the fact that during World War I,
3361:
3125:
3110:
4143:
4097:
4032:
4007:
3886:
3846:
3821:
3791:
3741:
3706:
3696:
3610:
3585:
3515:
3475:
3440:
3430:
3415:
3400:
3017:
2936:
2901:
2871:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2826:
2816:
2811:
2796:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2743:
2634:
2614:
2557:
2522:
2496:
2456:
2441:
2431:
2391:
2381:
2340:
2310:
2295:
2280:
2270:
2260:
2225:
2220:
2175:
2145:
2120:
2095:
775:
4204:
3545:
464:
259:
3801:
3761:
3721:
3716:
3635:
3595:
3525:
3450:
2926:
2916:
2906:
2891:
2886:
2856:
2831:
2821:
2801:
2723:
2582:
2542:
2537:
2471:
2461:
2401:
2396:
2350:
2345:
2285:
2240:
2200:
2190:
2100:
2006:
254:
to survey investment possibilities in China, and the next year, Bauer arrived in Guangzhou and was offered a post as
3535:
3246:
3120:
2748:
2066:
452:
3012:
3002:
2982:
2921:
2851:
2755:
2703:
2671:
2639:
2587:
2562:
2446:
2406:
2325:
2275:
2230:
2215:
2195:
2185:
2165:
2105:
2992:
2967:
2609:
2577:
2572:
2476:
2421:
2335:
2245:
2140:
1995:
3196:
3095:
660:
605:
80:
3201:
459:, but the factions that would be axed remained an open question. As a whole, the officer corps trained by the
498:
was reconstructed in 1935 and 1936 to produce Maxim machine guns, various 82 mm trench mortars, and the
3221:
677:
402:
and the Hapro corporation. It had several basic components, such as the monopolisation of all operations of
2000:. Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. Vol. 2450. University of Montana.
1366:
1354:
250:. Zhu would go on to arrange almost all of the Sino-German contacts from 1926 to 1944. In 1926, he invited
4230:
4184:
3303:
3130:
3115:
3080:
3070:
2708:
1892:(Declassified and Approved for Release By The Central Intelligence Agency, Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act)
701:
609:
528:
524:
354:
223:
93:
72:
48:
815:
Cameron, Meribeth E. (June 1933). "American Recognition Policy toward the Republic of China, 1912-1913".
3033:
1778:
1010:
633:
503:
499:
114:
1922:. The Cambridge History of the Second World War. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
472:
191:
1137:
636:. Hitler also mentioned that he admired Chiang Kai-shek for building a powerful central government.
535:
often worked closely with Ribbentrop to undermine German-Chinese economic and diplomatic relations.
3281:
3251:
3211:
3085:
693:
652:
578:
573:
547:
374:
arrived in Shanghai to oversee German economic and military involvement in China. He submitted the
243:
85:
76:
17:
383:, which would train other units, with its officer corps selected from strict military placements.
1982:
1875:
1799:
1747:
1580:
1289:
1281:
832:
239:
1737:
1973:
Boyd, Carl (1977). "The Role of Hiroshi Ōshima in the Preparation of the Anti-Comintern Pact".
3276:
3263:
1947:
1923:
1904:
1830:
1770:
1686:
1652:
1584:
1551:"World War II: China's Declaration of War Against Japan, Germany and Italy (December 9, 1941)"
1473:
1181:
1002:
621:
532:
274:
265:
4169:
1896:
1822:
1536:
1273:
824:
625:
538:
One of the major questions was whether Germany would recognize the Japanese puppet state in
283:
2011:. Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918–1945. Vol. C-3. Vandenhoeck + Ruprecht.
1175:
3241:
3206:
1712:
1631:
767:
685:
613:
568:
495:
460:
371:
358:
255:
219:
184:
161:
60:
40:
2023:
700:. Nationalist China did not declare war on Germany, Italy, or even Japan until after the
357:
very much believed in maintaining Germany's good relations with China and mistrusted the
258:'s advisor. Soon, he managed to recruit 46 other German officers to advise and train the
173:
75:
strongly favored an alliance with Japan over one with China, and starting with the 1936
3236:
753:
644:
514:
rifles remained as the predominant firearms used by Chinese armies throughout the war.
761:
620:(equivalent 2021 to €449 million) and would not do so with the Japanese. Kung visited
4268:
1846:
1682:
1635:
1387:
Cheng Tian Fang's Memoir, volume 13. Cheng was Chinese ambassador to Germany by then.
1293:
725:
507:
28:
739:
704:
in December 1941. In retaliation, the Gestapo launched mass arrests and full-scale
689:
669:
648:
593:
564:
386:
324:
200:
44:
1941:
1782:
1676:
1014:
1937:
270:
231:
212:
208:
110:
106:
89:
56:
36:
1901:
The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe 1933–36
1277:
4194:
715:
665:
617:
589:
585:
511:
468:
350:
247:
227:
195:
183:(c. 1930) celebrating cooperation between its military and that of the German
1774:
1185:
1006:
390:
Chinese Minister Chiang Tso-pin and entourage visiting a German factory, 1928
697:
673:
601:
539:
490:
456:
440:
251:
235:
204:
436:
629:
546:. A recognition of Manchukuo, as suggested by German ambassador in Tokyo
430:
407:
403:
279:
226:
favoured a policy of friendship with the Republic of China. In 1924, the
68:
64:
1986:
681:
concessions and contracts held by German companies in Kuomintang China.
3356:
1638:, eds. (1953). "The German Foreign Office from Neurath to Ribbentrop".
1285:
836:
419:
367:
211:, the Republic of China had descended into a civil war between various
1514:
The Sino-Japanese War, 1937–41: From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor
1649:
The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Starting World War II 1937–39
444:
1177:
Journey to the East: The German Military Mission in China, 1927-1938
828:
3090:
2061:
688:
with Japan and Italy. In July 1941, Germany officially recognised
643:
584:
435:
415:
411:
385:
340:
172:
559:
In mid-1935, in an effort to square the circle between seeking a
282:. Sino-German trade slowed between 1930 and 1932 because of the
3327:
3152:
3059:
2077:
2032:
1642:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 406–436.
426:
877:
875:
684:
Germany continued to side with Japan, and in 1940 signed the
410:, the construction of the central steel and machine works in
207:
to produce weapons and sell them legally. After the death of
1761:
Fass, Josef (1968). "Sun Yat-sen and Germany in 1921-1924".
993:
Fass, Josef (1968). "Sun Yat-sen and Germany in 1921-1924".
1890:
German Intelligence Activities In China During World War II
88:. Nonetheless, China did not officially declare war on the
1247:
1245:
1243:
278:
China, Bauer contracted smallpox, died, and was buried in
1138:"World War 2 Flying Ace Arthur Chin's Amazing True Story"
43:, Germany followed a policy of friendship towards China.
1469:
History of World War II: Volume 1 - Origins and Outbreak
1378:
Akten zur deutschen auswärtigen Politik 1918–1945/ADAP.
964:
962:
79:, Germany began to realign its East Asia policy. After
4295:
Foreign relations of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
1136:
Chan, Andy; Gong, John; Little, Michael (2015-10-07).
937:
935:
612:
were in charge of the Foreign Ministry. Kung also met
240:
support of the Soviet Union and the Chinese Communists
4300:
Military history of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
1095:
1093:
922:
920:
862:
860:
858:
4223:
4152:
4126:
3895:
3659:
3553:
3368:
3026:
2955:
2764:
2510:
2364:
2088:
1997:
Germany's diplomatic relations with Japan 1933–1941
1234:
518:
Debate over China policy in the Nazi Foreign Office
302:
139:
1845:
1529:"Chronology of World War II Diplomacy 1939 - 1945"
63:imperialism. Germany sought raw materials such as
1888:US War Department Strategic Service Unit (1946),
956:Journée Industrielle, December 1931, Paris, 1931.
659:Despite German reassurances, the outbreak of the
4310:Military history of Germany during World War II
1943:Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945
122:Republic of China declaration of war on Germany
4325:Military alliances involving the German Empire
1499:
1330:
109:as the Republic's first president. During the
4305:Military history of China during World War II
3339:
2044:
2005:Lambert, Margaret; et al., eds. (1973).
1848:A Military History of Modern China, 1924–1949
791:Persecution of Chinese people in Nazi Germany
396:Handelsgesellschaft für industrielle Produkte
8:
1725:(1930). North China Daily News & Herald.
881:
297:
134:
4290:History of the foreign relations of Germany
3259:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
2024:Letter from Chiang Kai-shek to Adolf Hitler
1918:Ferris, John; Mawdsley, Evan, eds. (2015).
1605:"Gedenktafel Chinesenviertel Schmuckstraße"
696:after negotiations by its Foreign Minister
230:(Nationalists or KMT) party was founded by
3346:
3332:
3324:
3149:
3056:
2085:
2074:
2051:
2037:
2029:
1880:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1804:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1752:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
31:established diplomatic relations with the
1702:"Civil Law Development: China and Taiwan"
376:Denkschrift für Marschall Chiang Kai-shek
1903:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1651:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1453:
1306:
1251:
1222:
1210:
1072:
914:China's nation building effort, AN Young
1711:. Spring 2002, Volume 2. Archived from
1084:
807:
451:Germany sent military advisers such as
1873:
1859:The International Development of China
1797:
1745:
1739:French and German Investments in China
1709:Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs
1405:
1318:
1123:
968:
893:
567:was in favor of joining the pact, but
523:"Ambassador-Plenipotentiary at Large"
296:
133:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1367:Kung and Kuomintang with Adolf Hitler
1342:
1198:
1111:
1051:
980:
941:
926:
866:
786:History of foreign relations of China
655:, meeting with Nazi diplomats in 1941
653:Japanese-puppet government in Nanjing
7:
4190:East Germany–United States relations
1960:from the original on 12 October 2022
1099:
781:Foreign relations of the Axis powers
488:did aerial-combat training with the
345:Chinese ambassador in Berlin in 1938
1792:Vierzig Jahre deutsche Chinapolitik
1472:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 154.
1161:
1039:
1027:
443:-wearing Chinese soldiers firing a
18:Sino-German cooperation (1911-1941)
4320:Military alliances involving China
3164:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
1868:Documents on International Affairs
1607:. Wikimedia Commons. 17 March 2013
1144:from the original on 26 March 2019
269:for his participation in the 1920
113:, China fought on the side of the
25:
4330:Foreign relations of Nazi Germany
4215:Foreign relations of East Germany
4210:Foreign relations of Nazi Germany
3289:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
2151:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
1861:. Taipei: China Cultural Service.
1272:(2). Sage Publications: 213–252.
1235:Lambert, Sweet & Baumont 1973
510:rifles). The Chiang Kai-shek and
337:Economic and military cooperation
4335:China–Germany military relations
3544:
3355:
2060:
1866:Wheeler-Bennet, J., ed. (1939).
760:
746:
732:
718:
318:
307:
155:
144:
4285:20th-century military alliances
3309:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
3217:Dates of diplomatic recognition
664:first acts was to finalize the
479:around the end of World War I.
4254:Germany and the United Nations
3232:Foreign relations of Hong Kong
1994:Stratman, George John (1970).
706:persecution of Chinese Germans
544:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
363:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
242:, the KMT planned to launch a
135:Sino-Weimar Republic relations
1:
4165:German entry into World War I
2008:14. Juni bis 31. Oktober 1934
1852:. Princeton University Press.
1829:. Stanford University Press.
1670:. New York: Crown Publishing.
400:National Resources Commission
4236:Foreign ministers of Germany
3362:Foreign relations of Germany
3188:Diplomatic missions of China
1827:Germany and Republican China
1730:Kuomintang Industrial Policy
1685:: Harvard University Press.
1174:Rodriguez, Robyn L. (2011).
694:puppet government in Nanjing
298:China–Nazi Germany relations
4315:National Revolutionary Army
4205:Ambassadors of Nazi Germany
3176:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
640:End of diplomatic relations
542:, installed after the 1931
475:, like those of the German
465:National Revolutionary Army
260:National Revolutionary Army
4351:
3736:Consuls in Haifa and Eilat
3247:Political status of Taiwan
2067:Foreign relations of China
1844:Liu, Frederick Fu (1956).
1723:China Year Book, 1929–1930
1647:Weinberg, Gerhard (1980).
1331:Ferris & Mawdsley 2015
1278:10.1177/009770040202800203
850:China Year Book, 1929–1930
453:Alexander von Falkenhausen
119:
3542:
3159:
3148:
3066:
3055:
2084:
2073:
1516:. Macmillan. p. 243.
905:Sun Yat-sen 1953, p. 298.
817:Pacific Historical Review
600:Chinese Finance Minister
330:
317:
306:
167:
154:
143:
127:Weimar Republic and China
4180:Soviet Union before 1941
3391:Central African Republic
3273:Major historical splits
3197:Belt and Road Initiative
2136:Central African Republic
1975:Journal of Asian History
1790:Fischer, Martin (1962).
1736:Ellis, Howard S (1929).
1396:Cheng's Memoir, vol. 13.
954:L'Allemagne et la Chine,
882:Craig & Gilbert 1953
661:Second Sino-Japanese War
606:Hans Georg von Mackensen
471:and would be adept with
39:and the creation of the
4280:20th century in Germany
3222:Foreign policy of China
3136:China and the Antarctic
3101:China–Japan–South Korea
1817:. Cal University Press.
1728:Chu Tzu-shuang. (1943)
1666:Bloch, Michael (1992).
776:China–Germany relations
190:Under the terms of the
181:propaganda illustration
100:German Empire and China
35:in October 1913. After
4249:Ambassadors of Germany
4241:Diplomatic missions of
4231:Federal Foreign Office
4185:Inner German relations
3933:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3304:Wolf warrior diplomacy
3131:Arctic policy of China
3071:BCIM Economic Corridor
3061:Multilateral relations
2156:Congo, Republic of the
1870:. Vol. 2. London.
1813:Griffith, Ike (1999).
1640:The Diplomats: 1919-39
1555:Jewish Virtual Library
702:attack on Pearl Harbor
656:
610:Konstantin von Neurath
597:
525:Joachim von Ribbentrop
448:
391:
355:Konstantin von Neurath
346:
290:Nazi Germany and China
187:
94:attack on Pearl Harbor
73:Joachim von Ribbentrop
49:Nationalist government
4275:20th century in China
3227:Foreign Relations Law
3202:China's peaceful rise
2291:São Tomé and Príncipe
1577:The Chinese in Europe
647:
588:
531:and military attaché
504:Mauser Standardmodell
502:(based on the German
500:Chiang Kai-shek rifle
486:Nationalist air force
439:
394:In January 1934, the
389:
344:
176:
3872:United Arab Emirates
2734:United Arab Emirates
1857:Sun Yat-sen (1953).
1675:Taylor, Jay (2009).
1512:Dorn, Frank (1974).
473:infiltration tactics
370:ideas. In May 1933,
192:Treaty of Versailles
3252:Chinese unification
3212:Confucius Institute
2749:Northern Domination
2487:Trinidad and Tobago
2372:Antigua and Barbuda
2079:Bilateral relations
1815:Germans and Chinese
1500:Wheeler-Bennet 1939
1466:Cooke, Tim (2005).
1432:, pp. 178–179.
1345:, pp. 120–121.
1237:, pp. 466–467.
579:Anti-Comintern Pact
574:Werner von Blomberg
555:Anti-Comintern Pact
548:Herbert von Dirksen
529:Kintomo Mushanokōji
299:
294:Bilateral relations
244:Northern Expedition
136:
131:Bilateral relations
86:Wang Jingwei regime
81:Japan invaded China
77:Anti-Comintern Pact
2427:Dominican Republic
1769:. Praha: 135–148.
1581:Palgrave Macmillan
1333:, pp. 54, 77.
1001:. Praha: 135–148.
657:
598:
449:
392:
347:
188:
4262:
4261:
4175:China before 1941
3321:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3299:Theater diplomacy
3264:Stadium diplomacy
3184:
3172:
3169:General Secretary
3144:
3143:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3046:
2171:Equatorial Guinea
1953:978-0-547-84056-7
1897:Weinberg, Gerhard
1763:Archiv Orientální
1700:Chen, Yin-Ching.
1678:The Generalissimo
1590:978-0-312-17526-9
1201:, pp. 59–61.
1063:Chu 1943, p. 145.
995:Archiv Orientální
334:
333:
266:persona non grata
171:
170:
53:Republic of China
33:Republic of China
16:(Redirected from
4342:
4170:Munich Agreement
3726:Kurdistan Region
3548:
3360:
3359:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3325:
3269:String of Pearls
3181:Foreign Minister
3178:
3166:
3150:
3057:
2998:Papua New Guinea
2086:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2030:
2012:
2001:
1990:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1933:
1920:Fighting the War
1914:
1885:
1879:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1851:
1840:
1818:
1809:
1803:
1795:
1786:
1757:
1751:
1743:
1719:
1717:
1706:
1696:
1671:
1662:
1643:
1632:Craig, Gordon A.
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1535:, archived from
1527:Doody, Richard,
1524:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1355:Kung with Hitler
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1261:
1255:
1249:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1018:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
957:
951:
945:
939:
930:
924:
915:
912:
906:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
870:
864:
853:
847:
841:
840:
812:
770:
765:
764:
756:
751:
750:
749:
742:
737:
736:
735:
728:
723:
722:
721:
322:
321:
311:
310:
300:
284:Great Depression
159:
158:
148:
147:
137:
92:until after the
21:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4219:
4148:
4122:
4058:North Macedonia
3891:
3655:
3549:
3540:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3322:
3313:
3242:Panda diplomacy
3207:Chinese Century
3155:
3140:
3062:
3043:
3022:
3008:Solomon Islands
2951:
2760:
2506:
2360:
2080:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2020:
2015:
2004:
1993:
1972:
1963:
1961:
1954:
1936:
1930:
1917:
1911:
1895:
1872:
1865:
1856:
1843:
1837:
1821:
1812:
1796:
1789:
1760:
1744:
1735:
1715:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1674:
1665:
1659:
1646:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1559:
1557:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1147:
1145:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
992:
991:
987:
979:
975:
967:
960:
952:
948:
940:
933:
925:
918:
913:
909:
904:
900:
892:
888:
880:
873:
865:
856:
848:
844:
829:10.2307/3633830
814:
813:
809:
804:
799:
768:Politics portal
766:
759:
752:
747:
745:
738:
733:
731:
724:
719:
717:
714:
686:Tripartite Pact
642:
614:Hjalmar Schacht
569:Chiang Kai-shek
557:
520:
496:Hanyang Arsenal
461:Whampoa Academy
372:Hans von Seeckt
359:Empire of Japan
339:
323:
319:
312:
308:
295:
292:
256:Chiang Kai-shek
220:Weimar Republic
185:Weimar Republic
160:
156:
149:
145:
132:
129:
124:
111:First World War
102:
41:Weimar Republic
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4348:
4346:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4118:United Kingdom
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3953:Czech Republic
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3328:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3239:
3237:Nine-dash line
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3185:
3173:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3126:United Nations
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:European Union
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2942:United Kingdom
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Czech Republic
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2018:External links
2016:
2014:
2013:
2002:
1991:
1970:
1952:
1934:
1928:
1915:
1909:
1893:
1886:
1863:
1854:
1841:
1835:
1823:Kirby, William
1819:
1810:
1787:
1758:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1718:on 2006-05-24.
1697:
1691:
1672:
1663:
1657:
1644:
1636:Gilbert, Felix
1627:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1596:
1589:
1567:
1542:
1539:on May 5, 2016
1519:
1504:
1492:
1478:
1458:
1456:, p. 182.
1446:
1444:, p. 179.
1434:
1422:
1420:, p. 195.
1410:
1408:, p. 165.
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1309:, p. 343.
1299:
1256:
1254:, p. 342.
1239:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1166:
1164:, p. 101.
1154:
1128:
1116:
1114:, p. 221.
1104:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1056:
1054:, p. 120.
1044:
1032:
1020:
985:
973:
958:
946:
944:, p. 106.
931:
916:
907:
898:
886:
884:, p. 432.
871:
854:
842:
806:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
788:
783:
778:
772:
771:
757:
754:Germany portal
743:
729:
713:
710:
641:
638:
622:Hermann Göring
556:
553:
533:Hiroshi Ōshima
519:
516:
481:Some divisions
338:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
316:
304:
303:
293:
291:
288:
224:Foreign Office
169:
168:
165:
164:
153:
141:
140:
130:
128:
125:
101:
98:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4347:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:Liechtenstein
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3641:United States
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3349:
3344:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Latin America
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3058:
3054:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:Former states
3025:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:United States
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Guinea-Bissau
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1929:9781107038929
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1910:0-226-88509-7
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1836:0-8047-1209-3
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1692:9780674033382
1688:
1684:
1683:Cambridge, MA
1680:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1658:0-226-88511-9
1654:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1454:Weinberg 1980
1450:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1406:Mitter (2013)
1402:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1321:, p. 76.
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:Weinberg 1970
1303:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1252:Weinberg 1970
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1228:
1225:, p. 16.
1224:
1223:Stratman 1970
1219:
1216:
1213:, p. 17.
1212:
1211:Stratman 1970
1207:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1126:, p. 66.
1125:
1124:Mitter (2013)
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1102:, p. 51.
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1075:, p. 32.
1074:
1073:Stratman 1970
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1042:, p. 94.
1041:
1036:
1033:
1030:, p. 99.
1029:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
986:
983:, p. 78.
982:
977:
974:
971:, p. 65.
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
950:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
929:, p. 61.
928:
923:
921:
917:
911:
908:
902:
899:
896:, p. 41.
895:
890:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
869:, p. 81.
868:
863:
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
811:
808:
801:
796:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
763:
758:
755:
744:
741:
730:
727:
726:Taiwan portal
716:
711:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
654:
650:
646:
639:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
595:
591:
587:
583:
580:
575:
570:
566:
562:
561:rapprochement
554:
552:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
517:
515:
513:
509:
508:Karabiner 98k
505:
501:
497:
493:
492:
487:
482:
478:
477:stormtroopers
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
447:anti-tank gun
446:
442:
438:
434:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
388:
384:
382:
377:
373:
369:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:In 1933, the
343:
336:
329:
326:
315:
305:
301:
289:
287:
285:
281:
276:
272:
268:
267:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
197:
193:
186:
182:
179:
175:
166:
163:
152:
142:
138:
126:
123:
118:
116:
112:
108:
99:
97:
95:
91:
87:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:German Empire
19:
3827:Saudi Arabia
3506:South Africa
3034:Soviet Union
2947:Vatican City
2729:Turkmenistan
2677:Saudi Arabia
2316:South Africa
2306:Sierra Leone
2116:Burkina Faso
2007:
1996:
1981:(1): 49–71.
1978:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1942:
1938:Mitter, Rana
1919:
1900:
1867:
1858:
1847:
1826:
1814:
1791:
1766:
1762:
1738:
1729:
1722:
1713:the original
1708:
1677:
1667:
1648:
1639:
1624:Bibliography
1609:. Retrieved
1599:
1576:
1570:
1558:. Retrieved
1554:
1545:
1537:the original
1533:World at War
1532:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1502:, p. 8.
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1468:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1413:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1269:
1266:Modern China
1265:
1259:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1176:
1169:
1157:
1146:. Retrieved
1131:
1119:
1107:
1087:, p. 7.
1085:Fischer 1962
1080:
1068:
1059:
1047:
1035:
1023:
998:
994:
988:
976:
953:
949:
910:
901:
889:
852:pp. 751–753.
849:
845:
820:
816:
810:
740:China portal
690:Wang Jingwei
683:
670:puppet state
658:
649:Wang Jingwei
599:
594:Adolf Hitler
565:Wang Jingwei
560:
558:
537:
521:
489:
450:
424:
395:
393:
380:
375:
348:
264:
263:Bauer was a
217:
201:Soviet Union
189:
103:
45:Nazi Germany
26:
4139:New Zealand
4108:Switzerland
4048:Netherlands
3837:South Korea
3817:Philippines
3797:North Korea
3667:Afghanistan
3511:South Sudan
3426:Ivory Coast
3121:Third World
3086:Arab League
2988:New Zealand
2932:Switzerland
2882:Netherlands
2687:South Korea
2667:Philippines
2645:North Korea
2518:Afghanistan
2437:El Salvador
2321:South Sudan
2211:Ivory Coast
1742:. Honolulu.
1319:Mitter 2013
969:Mitter 2013
894:Taylor 2009
678:German Army
361:. The 1931
271:Kapp Putsch
238:. With the
232:Sun Yat-sen
209:Yuan Shikai
196:German Army
107:Yuan Shikai
90:Axis Powers
59:and resist
37:World War I
4269:Categories
4245:in Germany
4200:Yugoslavia
4195:Ostpolitik
4160:Arab world
4153:Historical
4043:Montenegro
4028:Luxembourg
3913:Azerbaijan
3877:Uzbekistan
3857:Tajikistan
3752:Kazakhstan
3677:Bangladesh
3501:Somaliland
3466:Mozambique
3456:Mauritania
3446:Madagascar
3039:Yugoslavia
2978:Micronesia
2912:San Marino
2877:Montenegro
2867:Luxembourg
2739:Uzbekistan
2714:Tajikistan
2605:Kyrgyzstan
2600:Kazakhstan
2553:East Timor
2533:Bangladesh
2528:Azerbaijan
2417:Costa Rica
2301:Seychelles
2266:Mozambique
2251:Mauritania
2236:Madagascar
2131:Cape Verde
1964:27 January
1794:. Hamburg.
1783:1304093042
1732:Chungking.
1668:Ribbentrop
1485:28 October
1479:0761474838
1442:Bloch 1992
1430:Bloch 1992
1418:Bloch 1992
1343:Bloch 1992
1199:Bloch 1992
1180:(Thesis).
1148:2021-01-20
1112:Kirby 1984
1052:Kirby 1984
1015:1304093042
981:Kirby 1984
942:Kirby 1984
927:Kirby 1984
867:Bloch 1992
823:(2): 229.
797:References
666:volte-face
634:Yugoslavia
618:Reichsmark
590:H. H. Kung
512:Hanyang 88
469:small arms
351:Nazi Party
248:Zhu Jiahua
228:Kuomintang
120:See also:
4134:Australia
4018:Lithuania
3842:Sri Lanka
3832:Singapore
3812:Palestine
3712:Indonesia
3701:Hong Kong
3651:Venezuela
3626:Nicaragua
3561:Argentina
3154:Diplomacy
3096:Caribbean
2963:Australia
2862:Lithuania
2699:Sri Lanka
2682:Singapore
2662:Palestine
2568:Indonesia
2502:Venezuela
2467:Nicaragua
2377:Argentina
2256:Mauritius
1876:cite book
1800:cite book
1775:469414734
1748:cite book
1294:143785141
1186:773097163
1100:Boyd 1977
1007:469414734
802:Citations
698:Chu Minyi
674:Manchukuo
602:H.H. Kung
596:in Berlin
540:Manchukuo
491:Luftwaffe
457:Wehrmacht
441:Stahlhelm
381:eliteheer
252:Max Bauer
236:Guangzhou
205:Argentina
4093:Slovenia
4088:Slovakia
4068:Portugal
3988:Holy See
3938:Bulgaria
3862:Thailand
3807:Pakistan
3782:Mongolia
3777:Maldives
3772:Malaysia
3692:Cambodia
3631:Paraguay
3591:Colombia
3566:Barbados
3554:Americas
3536:Zimbabwe
3521:Tanzania
3411:Ethiopia
3396:DR Congo
3386:Cameroon
3294:Treaties
3192:in China
2973:Kiribati
2897:Portugal
2792:Bulgaria
2719:Thailand
2657:Pakistan
2630:Mongolia
2625:Maldives
2620:Malaysia
2548:Cambodia
2482:Suriname
2452:Honduras
2412:Colombia
2387:Barbados
2365:Americas
2356:Zimbabwe
2331:Tanzania
2181:Ethiopia
2161:Djibouti
2126:Cameroon
2111:Botswana
1987:41930226
1958:Archived
1940:(2013).
1899:(1970).
1825:(1984).
1779:ProQuest
1162:Liu 1956
1142:Archived
1040:Liu 1956
1028:Liu 1956
1011:ProQuest
712:See also
630:Far East
431:tungsten
408:antimony
404:tungsten
280:Shanghai
213:warlords
69:antimony
65:tungsten
61:Japanese
57:warlords
47:and the
4127:Oceania
4113:Ukraine
4073:Romania
4038:Moldova
4003:Ireland
3998:Iceland
3993:Hungary
3978:Georgia
3968:Finland
3963:Estonia
3958:Denmark
3943:Croatia
3928:Belgium
3923:Belarus
3918:Austria
3908:Armenia
3903:Albania
3882:Vietnam
3787:Myanmar
3767:Lebanon
3672:Bahrain
3646:Uruguay
3616:Jamaica
3601:Ecuador
3571:Bolivia
3496:Somalia
3491:Senegal
3481:Nigeria
3471:Namibia
3461:Morocco
3436:Liberia
3406:Eritrea
3376:Algeria
3282:Albania
3116:Oceania
3076:BIMSTEC
3018:Vanuatu
2956:Oceania
2937:Ukraine
2902:Romania
2872:Moldova
2847:Ireland
2842:Iceland
2837:Hungary
2827:Germany
2817:Finland
2812:Denmark
2797:Croatia
2787:Belgium
2782:Belarus
2777:Austria
2772:Albania
2744:Vietnam
2692:History
2650:History
2635:Myanmar
2615:Lebanon
2593:history
2558:Georgia
2523:Armenia
2497:Uruguay
2457:Jamaica
2442:Grenada
2432:Ecuador
2392:Bolivia
2382:Bahamas
2341:Tunisia
2311:Somalia
2296:Senegal
2281:Nigeria
2271:Namibia
2261:Morocco
2226:Liberia
2221:Lesotho
2176:Eritrea
2146:Comoros
2121:Burundi
2096:Algeria
1946:. HMH.
1286:3181354
837:3633830
651:of the
420:Sichuan
368:fascist
325:Germany
178:Chinese
162:Germany
51:of the
4103:Sweden
4083:Serbia
4078:Russia
4063:Poland
4053:Norway
4013:Kosovo
3983:Greece
3973:France
3948:Cyprus
3896:Europe
3867:Turkey
3852:Taiwan
3757:Kuwait
3747:Jordan
3732:Israel
3687:Brunei
3682:Bhutan
3621:Mexico
3606:Guyana
3581:Canada
3576:Brazil
3531:Uganda
3486:Rwanda
3421:Guinea
3381:Angola
3369:Africa
3277:Soviet
3081:Africa
2927:Sweden
2917:Serbia
2907:Russia
2892:Poland
2887:Norway
2857:Kosovo
2832:Greece
2822:France
2802:Cyprus
2765:Europe
2724:Turkey
2709:Taiwan
2583:Israel
2543:Brunei
2538:Bhutan
2472:Panama
2462:Mexico
2402:Canada
2397:Brazil
2351:Zambia
2346:Uganda
2286:Rwanda
2241:Malawi
2201:Guinea
2191:Gambia
2101:Angola
2089:Africa
1985:
1950:
1926:
1907:
1833:
1781:
1773:
1689:
1655:
1587:
1560:27 Sep
1476:
1292:
1284:
1184:
1013:
1005:
835:
445:Pak 36
418:, and
275:Weimar
194:, the
115:Allies
4224:Other
4144:Tonga
4098:Spain
4033:Malta
4008:Italy
3887:Yemen
3847:Syria
3822:Qatar
3792:Nepal
3742:Japan
3707:India
3697:China
3611:Haiti
3586:Chile
3516:Sudan
3476:Niger
3441:Libya
3431:Kenya
3416:Ghana
3401:Egypt
3091:BRICS
3013:Tonga
3003:Samoa
2983:Nauru
2922:Spain
2852:Italy
2756:Yemen
2704:Syria
2672:Qatar
2640:Nepal
2588:Japan
2563:India
2447:Haiti
2407:Chile
2326:Sudan
2276:Niger
2231:Libya
2216:Kenya
2196:Ghana
2186:Gabon
2166:Egypt
2106:Benin
1983:JSTOR
1716:(PDF)
1705:(PDF)
1611:4 May
1290:S2CID
1282:JSTOR
833:JSTOR
626:Italy
506:and
416:Hunan
412:Hubei
314:China
151:China
3802:Oman
3762:Laos
3722:Iraq
3717:Iran
3660:Asia
3636:Peru
3596:Cuba
3526:Togo
3451:Mali
2993:Niue
2968:Fiji
2610:Laos
2578:Iraq
2573:Iran
2511:Asia
2477:Peru
2422:Cuba
2336:Togo
2246:Mali
2141:Chad
1966:2020
1948:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1882:link
1831:ISBN
1806:link
1771:OCLC
1754:link
1687:ISBN
1653:ISBN
1613:2016
1585:ISBN
1562:2019
1487:2020
1474:ISBN
1182:OCLC
1003:OCLC
592:and
429:and
406:and
218:The
203:and
67:and
27:The
1274:doi
825:doi
692:'s
672:of
427:tin
234:in
222:'s
4271::
4247:/
4243:/
3190:/
1979:11
1977:.
1956:.
1878:}}
1874:{{
1802:}}
1798:{{
1777:.
1767:36
1765:.
1750:}}
1746:{{
1707:.
1681:.
1634:;
1583:.
1579:.
1553:.
1531:,
1288:.
1280:.
1270:28
1268:.
1242:^
1140:.
1092:^
1009:.
999:36
997:.
961:^
934:^
919:^
874:^
857:^
831:.
819:.
708:.
414:,
286:.
96:.
3738:)
3734:(
3728:)
3724:(
3703:)
3699:(
3347:e
3340:t
3333:v
3183:)
3179:(
3171:)
3167:(
2052:e
2045:t
2038:v
1989:.
1968:.
1932:.
1913:.
1884:)
1839:.
1808:)
1785:.
1756:)
1695:.
1661:.
1615:.
1593:.
1564:.
1489:.
1369:.
1357:.
1296:.
1276::
1188:.
1151:.
1017:.
839:.
827::
821:2
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
