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side in return. When the Chief
District Officer of Nepal went to inspect the place based on concerns raised by locals, he was told by Chinese security officials that the buildings were within Chinese territory which extends one kilometre further south from where the buildings are located. In the same month, Nepalese foreign ministry confirmed that buildings are constructed one kilometre inside of Chinese border.
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759:(Nepali: Khasa) on the Nepalese border. Nepal had requested that the railway be extended to enable trade and tourism between the two nations. On the occasion of the Nepali premier's visit to China it was reported that construction will be completed by 2020. The section Lhasa-Shigatse opened in August 2014.
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was built in the 1960s with help from the
Chinese on an older yak track. They also planned to expand the road in 2012, but keeping the route open was made more difficult by landslides from monsoons. The road became a conduit for a large amount of trade between China and Nepal, and also for some trade
716:
into India. While China and Nepal have shown favourable reactions towards CNIEC, India is "indifferent". This indifference is postulated to stem from CNIEC being a part of the BRI, China's growing influence over Nepal, and an end to "India's monopoly over Nepal's transit points and Nepal's attempt to
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as the unchallenged and the dominant power in the sub-continent exerted total control over China's frontier regions including Nepal. Left with no support from the weakened Qing Court, in the immediate aftermath of Qing Empire's defeat at the hands of 8-nation alliance, Nepal aligned itself with the
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court to either send troops or a subsidy of Twenty million rupees to oppose the
British. However, the Nepalese delegation was said to have been met with a stern refusal of its petition for monetary support, and instructed by the Qing court to stop further hostilities against the British. Soon after
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In 1789, the
Tibetan government stopped the usage of Nepalese coins for trade in Tibet, citing purity concerns over the copper and the silver coins minted by the Nepalese government, which led to the first Tibet-Nepal War. A resounding victory of Gorkha forces over Tibetans in the first Tibet-Nepal
2004:
Although costs have not been finalized, estimates suggest that the project could cost around $ 4.8 billion USD for the Nepal segment alone. Nepal will not be able to shoulder such a cost, as it exceeds 10% of its GDP. That means a major chunk of the loans will come from China. This is how projects
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of Nepal was missing, and China had constructed 11 buildings 2 kilometers inside
Nepalese territory. This was supported by Deputy CDO of Humla and Provincial MLA Jeevan Bahadur Shahi, who collected proofs by making days-long visits and letting them go public. He got warning and threat from Chinese
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that had established a close Indo-Nepalese relationship on commerce, and foreign relations, was increasingly resented in Nepal, which began seeing it as an encroachment of its sovereignty and an unwelcome extension of Indian influence; the deployment of an Indian military mission in Nepal in the
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at that time. This Stupa built on pagoda architecture was a milestone for the introduction of the architecture. The other result is the introduction of
Spinach to China. It is said that Spinach was introduced to China via Nepal. Spinach seeds were first gifted by Narendra Dev, a king of Licchavi
847:
rivers to change their course and expand China's boundary into northern territories of Nepal, and warned that even more
Nepalese land would be encroached by the Chinese if the rivers continue to change course. Nepalese government later on officially released a statement stating, "Why would the
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to Nepal after Qatar and UAE. Based on the amount of remittance to Nepal sent by
Nepalese migrants working in India (amounting to nearly $ 1.021 billion per year), the government of Nepal estimate that there are around 1 million Nepalese migrant workers in India as of 2021, while the number of
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by signing the Sino-Nepal boundary agreement on March 21, 1960, making Nepal the first neighboring country of China to conclude a border treaty with China. The governments of both Nepal and China ratified the border treaty on
October 5, 1961. From 1975 onward, Nepal has maintained a policy of
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In
November 2020, the government of Nepal refuted the accusation from Jeevan Bahadur Shahi. Sewa Lamsal of Nepal's foreign ministry said land encroachment by Chinese construction was untrue. Both the Chinese and Nepalese governments denied there were any territorial disputes between the two
456:, Nepal expressed commitment to help Tibet in the event of foreign aggression while authorities in Tibet were obliged to pay the Nepalese government a sum of Nepalese Rupees 10,000 every year. Further, Nepalese government stopped paying tribute to the rulers in Beijing after signing the
890:. In October 2022, Nepal voted against UN Human Rights Council debate on human rights violations in China's Xinjiang region. Nepal's take on this was that the issues related to Xinjiang were not related to human rights but rather about counterterrorism and a move against separatism.
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raised significant concerns of security and territorial integrity in Nepal, drawing Nepal into a close relationship with extensive economic and military ties with Republic of India. China ordered restrictions on the entry of Nepalese pilgrims and contacts with Tibet. The
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signed on April 28, 1960, by the two countries. Though initially unenthusiastic, Nepal has been of late making efforts to increase trade and connectivity with China. Relations between Nepal and China got a boost when both countries solved all border disputes along the
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Nepal was historically influenced by India, including the period 1842 to 1945, when its international relations were under Indo-British control. As the strength of the People's Republic of China grew, Nepal developed greater room for diplomatic
125:, and, Nepal has continuously backed and supported the proposal to include China as a member in the regional grouping. Since 1975, Sino-Nepalese relations have been close and grown significantly, though India remains the largest source of total
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In November 2019 after Nepal's parliament formally approved a map depicting Kalapani within Nepal, per Indian media sources Nepal's Survey Department reported of Chinese encroachment on 36 hectares in four districts of Nepal
693:, and Nepal-China trade increased by a factor of five from 2009 to 2012. Nepal has been a beneficiary of increased Chinese foreign aid to south Asia since the mid-2000s, including Chinese financing for a railway from
412:, from 1840 onward, Tibetan government again stopped the use Nepalese coins for trade. In an attempt to preserve the lucrative coin export business and trade advantages, the Nepalese Kingdom, under the leadership of
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The new railway line will connect the Gyirong trading port in the city of Xigaze in Tibet with the Nepali capital Kathmandu, Vice-Foreign Minister Kong Xuanyou was quoted as saying by the China Daily, after the two
755:, connecting Nepal to China's wider national railway network. In a meeting between Chinese and Nepalese officials on 25 April 2008, the Chinese delegation announced the intention to extend the Qingzang railway to
1899:
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Nepal's Diplomatic relations with China has a long history. One of the famous and most talked about result of such diplomacy is the introduction of pagoda architecture to China by Nepal. In 1260 CE during the
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of 1856 and Nepal recognized Tibet as a part of China. In 1960, Nepal and China signed a boundary settlement agreement and a separate 'Sino-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship'. Nepal also began supporting
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Agriculture department release report related to the boundaries of Nepal?" Indian media sources also said that China could set up Border Observation Post of Armed Police in these encroached territories.
1102:
Tenzin, Ahcarya Kirti Tulku Lobsang. "Early Relations between Tibbet and Nepal (7th to 8th Centuries)." Translated by K. Dhondup. The Tibet Journal, Vol. VII, Nos. 1 &2. Spring/Summer 1982, p. 84.
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at that time. Taking almost ten years (1279–1288 CE) to complete, the Stupa better known as White Dagoba, is still standing today and is considered to be one of the oldest Buddhist Stupa in China.
357:. In the immediate aftermath of the Sino-Nepalese War (1789–1792), Nepal was forced to sign the 'Treaty of Betrawati' which stipulated that the Government of Nepal was required to make payment of
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Indian media sources also reported that Nepal Agriculture department's documented massive road development projects in the Tibet Autonomous Region that have caused Sumjung, Kam Khola and
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executed a coup and dismissed the parliamentary government of Nepal. India supported the deposed parliamentary government, and blockaded Nepal in fall 1962. Soon afterwards, the
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has strengthened relations with Nepal. The China-Nepal-India Economic Corridor (CNIEC) was proposed by China in April 2018. It is an extension of the agreed upon China-Nepal
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in Nepal in 2008, the new Maoist-led government announced its intentions to scrap Nepal's 1950 treaty with India, indicating a stronger move towards closer ties with China.
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trained and financed Tibetan guerillas operating in opposition to China from two districts in Nepal. The United States ended its support for these guerillas following the
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387:(1814–16), the Qing Emperor refused the Nepalese government's request to provide support to Nepalese forces, and, the latter's defeat led to the establishment of the
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The last blockade, which followed the launch of BRI and Xi's projection of greater Chinese power abroad, resulted in Nepal seeking to bolster connectivity with China
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resulting in the regulated border between Nepal and Tibet (as a part of China). Despite the fluctuating political scenarios in Nepal's neighborhood and within
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financed by China turn into debt traps. Developing countries that struggle to pay interest are eventually forced to hand over their infrastructure to Beijing.
97:
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507:. When China sought to claim Tibet in 1910, Nepal sided with Tibet and Britain and broke relations with China after Tibet drove Chinese forces out in 1911.
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Britain and Tibet 1765–1947: A Select Annotated Bibliography of British Relations with Tibet and the Himalayan States Including Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan
679:(1996–2006), China responded by dispatching arms to Nepal, in spite of the ideological affinity of the Maoists with China. After the peace process and
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by India, King Birendra proposed Nepal as a "zone of peace" between India and China and in the 1980s, Nepal began importing Chinese weaponry. When the
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court also issued an edict which among other dispositions stipulated the introduction of a new silver coinage in Tibet, struck in the name of the
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854:(known in Nepal as Sagarmatha) as Mount Qomolangma claimed it as part of Chinese territory, sparking outrage among Nepalese citizens. In 1961,
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The 'Treaty of Betrawati' signed by Nepal and Tibet on October 2, 1792, stipulated that both Nepal and Tibet recognize the suzerainty of the
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pledged to finance development projects in fifteen northern district of Nepal through the "Northern Region Border Development Programme".
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to Tibet, and therefore, is attributed for establishing Buddhism as the Royal religion in Tibet. Bhrikuti is usually represented as
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broke out, and Indian losses to China made it unwilling to risk further confrontation with Nepal; India lifted the blockade.
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1989:
858:, the then ruler of Nepal, had announced that Mount Everest falls squarely inside Nepal. Opposition leaders have criticized
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Rhodes, Nicholas G. (Winter 1990) The first Coins struck in Tibet, Tibet Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, Dharamsala, pp. 115–134.
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During the late 19th century (1899–1901), after the destabilization of Qing Imperial Court due to Boxer Rebellion, the
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Alfred, Gerstl (2023). "China in its Immediate Neighborhood". In Kironska, Kristina; Turscanyi, Richard Q. (eds.).
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with her, as a part of her dowry. She also instructed her craftsmen to construct the Tub-wang and other statues in
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led an army of Nepalese and Tibetans to defeat an usurper in the Indian Kingdom of Magadha. In 1260 CE during the
147:
2518:"Foreign Ministry Spokesperson's Remarks on the Human Rights Council's Vote Against a Draft Decision on Xinjiang"
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2017:
Paudel, Ramesh (2023-03-28). Hamid, Shahirah; Bartlett, Chris (eds.). A potential debt trap in Nepal (Report).
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1950s and unabated migration of millions of bihari Indians into Nepal's Terai region increased these concerns.
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court with the opportunity to firmly tighten its grip in and around Lhasa and throughout Tibet. Soon after the
4145:
730:
4165:
2324:"China responsible if anything happens to me: Nepal politician who accused Beijing of encroaching territory"
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Yeshe Tsogyal (2004). The Lotus-born: The Life Story of Padmasambhava. Rangjung Yeshe Publications. p. 290.
770:
400:
460:. The withdrawal of Nepalese forces from Tibetan areas adjacent to Tibet-Nepal border in 1856 provided the
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1824:"India China Nepal economic corridor: China moots India-Nepal-China economic corridor through Himalayas"
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In 1955, Nepal restored diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China and exchanged resident
441:
421:
2493:"'Nepal supports China's legitimate position on Tibet, Xinjiang, Hong Kong and other internal affairs'"
945:
129:(China has been the largest source of FDI to Nepal from 2015 onwards), and the third largest source of
2241:
2914:
2558:
2300:"NC leader Shahi asks China to produce evidence to prove it has not encroached upon Nepali territory"
2100:
1357:
Sino-Iranica: China and Ancient Iran: Commodities and Cultural Exchange from 1000BC to Medieval Times
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The people-to-people ties between Nepali and Tibetan groups has been affected since 1950, after the
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1852:"The China–Nepal–India Economic Corridor: wishful thinking or regional aspiration beyond rhetoric?"
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and built the a stupa better known as White Dagoba in Beijing, which was the largest structure in
1938:
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1881:
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court would be obliged to help Nepal defend against any external aggression. However, during the
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1271:
Raffaele, Paul (April 1998). "Into the Forbidden Kingdom of Mustang". Reader's Digest. 421. 71.
476:, the then ruler of China, while at the same time, Nepalese coins were completely forbidden in
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which resulted in a stalemate; a major setback for Tibetans, ultimately culminating into the
2018:
1865:
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official Rabi Shankar Sainju announced that China had granted Nepal access to the ports of
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and the Trans-Himalayan Multi-dimensional Connectivity Network, as potential "debt traps."
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690:
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2065:"Asia Times Online :: South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan"
1262:, Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society, No. 195, Croydon & Ringwood, pp. 35–46.
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17:
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British Diplomatic Views on Nepal and the Final Stage of the Ch’ing Empire (1910–1911)
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Nepal strongly supported China's successful 2007 application as an observer to SAARC.
152:
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1900:"How expensive Pokhara airport could become another China-funded debt trap for Nepal"
1885:
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851:
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660:
527:
396:
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2368:"China-Nepal border row: Nepal yet to offer official stand on missing border pillar"
2173:"Nepal protesters burn Xi Jinping effigies over China's alleged border encroachment"
1620:
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556:
429:
346:
278:
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1774:"China's foreign aid agency is all set to make foray into Nepal's northern region"
1668:
399:. Through the tenth quinquennial mission to China (1837), under the leadership of
218:, as a part of her dowry, is widely believed to have brought Buddhists relics and
2389:
2205:"China Encroaching Nepal Land; Could Set Up 'Border Posts' In Seized Territories"
1163:
550:
Painted eyes and writing in Nepalese script below on the Kumbum Stupa in Gyantse.
2468:"Nepal votes against the western resolution on human rights violations in China"
1851:
1499:
1229:
Hodgson to Gov of India, 26 May 1838, Foreign Dept Sec, 13 June 1838, No 10, NAI
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court in Peking once every five years, after the defeat of Gurkha forces by the
286:
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841:) and that there was a further risk of losing several hundred hectares of land.
2190:
2130:"Nepal says China to allow access to ports, ending Indian monopoly on transit"
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2554:, Faculty of Arts Press, Charles University, Prague, 1, 2017, pp. 90–101
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still remains strong in the day-to-day life of Nepalese people living in the
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in India. Then after, Nepal initiated a policy of balancing the influence of
1966:
1798:
1115:: An Introduction, The Tibet Journal, Vol. XVIII, No. 1. Spring 1993, p. 27.
793:
694:
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Nepal has been a major beneficiary of China's increased focus on developing
523:
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at that time. The invading Nepalese army was ordered to vacate the occupied
259:
247:
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258:
in Tibet. One of her craftsmen, Thro-wo, also carved the revered statue of
2919:
1737:
The New Great Game: China and South and Central Asia in the Era of Reform
1697:
The New Great Game: China and South and Central Asia in the Era of Reform
1455:
785:
425:
215:
207:
111:
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balancing the competing influence of China and Nepal's southern neighbor
1307:"China's cultural debt to a Nepalese artist in the court of Kublai Khan"
546:
304:
2044:"China's Nepalese friendship road leads to the heart of India's market"
2023:
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sharing close linguistic, cultural, marital, and, ethnic ties with the
2350:"A missing border pillar in Humla creates row between Nepal and China"
2260:"Chinese Media Post On Mount Everest Sparks Twitter Fight With Nepal"
830:
350:
230:. The Red Palace (Mar-po-ri Pho-drang) on Marpo Ri (Red Mountain) in
184:
138:
is minuscule (3,500 in Mainland and 15,950 in Hong Kong) as of 2017.
1962:"China's BRI pushes Nepal into debt trap after Pokhara airport deal"
121:
In recent years, China has been making an effort to gain entry into
2436:"South Asian nations back China's take on human rights in Xinjiang"
1990:"China's Debt Traps: Nepal's Trans-Himalayan Railway Could be Next"
1013:"Over 50 Per Cent Of Remittance To Nepal Comes From Gulf Countries"
865:
In September 2020, Nepalese media reported that a border pillar in
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by 1960. In 1956, both nations signed a new treaty terminating the
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1934:"How Nepal's Deal With China for an Airport Became an Albatross"
765:
In June 2018, China and Nepal announced an agreement to connect
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437:
404:
373:
366:
362:
4096:
4003:
3021:
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Singh, Swaran (2016). "China Engages Its Southwest Frontiers".
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end its dependency on India". Critics have described Nepal's
2409:"The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong"
2390:"China, Nepal deny Nepali opposition's landgrab accusations"
882:
In June 2020, Nepal was one of 53 countries that backed the
1195:
Nepal and the Geo-Strategic Rivalry between China and India
534:
but now in Nepal, was terminated only in 2008. The area of
246:
craftsmen according to her wishes, who came to Tibet from
1621:"BBC NEWS – South Asia – Chinese 'deliver arms to Nepal'"
538:, however, still remains quasi-restricted to foreigners.
808:. Access to Chinese ports reduces Nepal's dependence on
743:
In 2007–08, China began construction of a 770-kilometre
123:
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
2552:
Prague Papers on the History of International Relations
984:"A Survey Report on Foreign Direct Investment in Nepal"
812:
for commerce, a dependence that was highlighted by the
667:
and India refused to supply arms to the regime of King
714:
Trans-Himalayan Multi-dimensional Connectivity Network
595:
However, the 1950 military occupation of Tibet by the
148:
China–India relations § Tang and Harsha dynasties
512:
annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
2388:
Sharma, Gopal; Crossley, Gabriel (3 November 2020).
2105:"China, Nepal to build Tibet-Kathmandu railway link"
1006:
1004:
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1553:"The Nepali Revolution and International Relations"
1415:"The Nepali Revolution and International Relations"
1187:
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635:From the early 1960s until 1973, the United States
234:, which was later rebuilt into the thirteen storey
44:
2191:"Chinese President's Xi's effigy burned in Sarlah"
2038:
2036:
2034:
1045:"Malaysia top remittance sending country to Nepal"
703:China International Development Cooperation Agency
345:with no choice but to ask for assistance from the
2383:
2381:
1850:Behera, Anshuman; Mayilvaganan, M. (2021-03-04).
762:An air route exists between Lhasa and Kathmandu.
2561:.India: Westland Books. 2021. ISBN 9789390679096
2145:"High Expectations as China's Xi Lands in Nepal"
2132:. FMT Media Sdn Bhd. Reuters. September 7, 2018.
862:for not raising up the Sino-Nepal border issue.
619:the change of China's seat in the United Nations
214:, the earliest known Emperor of Tibet. Princess
1031:"Remittances keep Nepal's shaky economy afloat"
320:kong par tangka dated 13–45 (= AD 1791),obverse
297:in Beijing, which was the largest structure in
2878:1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship
1845:
1843:
1332:"Spinach History – Different Types of Spinach"
671:, who had assumed direct rule to suppress the
602:1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship
526:. The Buddhist monarchy in The Kingdom of Lo (
416:again invaded Tibet in 1855 during the second
403:, the Nepalese government again requested the
2988:
2832:South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme
2580:
2223:"China occupies 33 hectares of Nepal's land!"
1695:(2016). "China as a Balancer in South Asia".
576:Dynasty of Nepal to Emperor Taizong of Tang.
285:, on the decree of Chinese/Mongolian Emperor
8:
1480:"The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Editorial"
542:Diplomatic relations and Nepalese neutrality
210:(Bal-mo-bza' Khri-btsun in Tibetan) married
98:Sino-Nepalese Treaty of Peace and Friendship
30:
4203:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
2279:"Nepal also has boundary issues with China"
2067:. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008
1502:, Sarah J. Lloyd, Keith Stanley McLachlan.
1162:Marshall, Julie G.; Lamb, Alastair (2005).
4093:
4000:
3029:
3018:
2995:
2981:
2973:
2587:
2573:
2565:
2559:All Roads Lead North:Nepal's Turn to China
2171:Sridharan, Vesudevan (12 November 2019).
2022:
1669:"Maoists to scrap 1950 Indo-Nepal treaty"
740:between India and China when it is open.
655:In the late 1970s after the accession of
308:Mohar of king Prithvi Narayan Shah dated
2873:Britain–India–Nepal Tripartite Agreement
1739:. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California:
1699:. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California:
1141:Kesar Lall. A Nepalese Miscellany, p.32
916:
266:), Thungji Chen-po rang-jung nga-ldan.
2124:
2122:
2078:
1355:Laufer, Berthold (December 30, 2017).
1088:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1081:
29:
2277:Phuyal, Surendra (22 February 2018).
1795:Contemporary China: a New Superpower?
1730:
1728:
1687:
1685:
1643:"India willing to review 1950 treaty"
1588:
1586:
1546:
1544:
1504:Land-locked States of Africa and Asia
1474:
1472:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
957:
955:
206:Around 600–650 CE, Nepalese Princess
7:
2955:
1450:
1448:
1381:"When Nepal gifted spinach to China"
850:In May 2020, Chinese media, calling
773:with Kathmandu, via a new railroad.
641:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
114:country after the accession of the
4108:Central Foreign Affairs Commission
1595:"When the Maoists Take Over Nepal"
747:connecting the Tibetan capital of
25:
4233:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
3095:Congo, Democratic Republic of the
1593:Tharoor, Ishaan (15 April 2008).
1011:Kafle, Laxman (28 January 2020).
963:"Nepal's China-Card – Scoop News"
751:with the Nepalese border town of
3004:
2954:
2943:
2942:
2596:
2348:Giri, Anil (23 September 2020).
2240:Mulmi, Amish Raj (14 May 2020).
2143:Gill, Peter (October 12, 2019).
1258:Bertsch, Wolfgang (Spring 2008)
110:, the only two neighbors of the
66:
55:
36:
4253:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy
4161:Dates of diplomatic recognition
2863:South Asia Free Trade Agreement
884:Hong Kong national security law
452:on March 24, 1856. Through the
379:, and further, stated that the
127:Foreign direct investment (FDI)
4176:Foreign relations of Hong Kong
1772:Giri, Anil (January 5, 2021).
1283:"The life and times of Arniko"
1192:Upadhya, Sanjay (2012-02-27).
989:. Nepal Rastra Bank. June 2018
624:In December 1960, Nepali King
1:
2109:Zee Media Corporation Limited
1870:10.1080/00358533.2021.1904586
1557:Economic and Political Weekly
1506:. page 177. Routledge, 1998.
1419:Economic and Political Weekly
293:and built the White Stupa of
4288:Bilateral relations of Nepal
4283:Bilateral relations of China
4132:Diplomatic missions of China
2906:Diplomatic missions of Nepal
2407:Lawler, Dave (2 July 2020).
1988:Mori, Hiroshi (2022-10-20).
1281:Times, Nepali (2018-05-15).
1260:The Kong-par Tangka of Tibet
776:In September 2018, Nepalese
530:), previously a part of the
487:Chinese Buddhist Temple in
179:are centuries old, with the
165:Princess Balmobza' Khribtsun
4120:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2894:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2820:International organizations
1524:"Sino-Nepal Treaties, 1960"
796:, as well as land ports at
637:Central Intelligence Agency
563:, on the decree of Emperor
505:British expedition to Tibet
503:in India and supported the
4304:
4191:Political status of Taiwan
3011:Foreign relations of China
2837:South Asian Economic Union
2603:Foreign relations of Nepal
905:Foreign relations of Nepal
900:Foreign relations of China
728:
647:suppressed the guerillas.
145:
4103:
4092:
4010:
3999:
3028:
3017:
2938:
2085:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1741:Stanford University Press
1701:Stanford University Press
1609:– via www.time.com.
1151:Historical money of Tibet
942:"Sino-Nepalese relations"
587:Statue of Araniko at the
518:itself, the influence of
328:Chinese Foreign Minister
171:The relationship between
78:
65:
54:
35:
4217:Major historical splits
4141:Belt and Road Initiative
3080:Central African Republic
2242:"The art of being heard"
2177:South China Morning Post
1311:South China Morning Post
710:Belt and Road Initiative
597:People's Liberation Army
31:China-Nepalese relations
4166:Foreign policy of China
4080:China and the Antarctic
4045:China–Japan–South Korea
2522:np.china-embassy.gov.cn
771:Tibet Autonomous Region
401:Chautariya Pushkar Shah
353:which led to the first
18:Sino-Nepalese relations
4248:Wolf warrior diplomacy
4075:Arctic policy of China
4015:BCIM Economic Corridor
4005:Multilateral relations
3100:Congo, Republic of the
2925:Nepali nationality law
1336:www.vegetablefacts.net
592:
551:
491:
408:Nepal's defeat in the
337:
321:
313:
168:
142:Nepal, Tibet and China
4278:China–Nepal relations
4171:Foreign Relations Law
4146:China's peaceful rise
3235:São Tomé and Príncipe
2472:The Annapurna Express
2157:on October 22, 2019.
1822:PTI (18 April 2018).
586:
549:
486:
442:Tashilhunpo Monastery
422:Tashilhunpo Monastery
327:
319:
307:
254:, the first Buddhist
242:, was constructed by
155:
3678:United Arab Emirates
2915:Foreign aid to Nepal
2374:. 23 September 2020.
2328:www.timesnownews.com
2101:Press Trust of India
1239:Treaty of Thapathali
1168:. Psychology Press.
820:Territorial disputes
614:Treaty of Thapathali
466:Treaty of Thapathali
458:Treaty of Thapathali
454:Treaty of Thapathali
450:Treaty of Thapathali
418:Nepalese-Tibetan War
273:, the Chinese envoy
118:into India in 1975.
4196:Chinese unification
4156:Confucius Institute
3693:Northern Domination
3431:Trinidad and Tobago
3316:Antigua and Barbuda
3023:Bilateral relations
2557:Mulmi, Amish Raj,
2372:The Himalayan Times
2063:Online, Asia Time.
1649:on 17 February 2019
1551:Mage, John (2007).
1413:Mage, John (2007).
814:2015 Nepal blockade
731:China–Nepal railway
559:, Nepali craftsmen
434:Tibetan territories
281:, Nepali craftsmen
96:are defined by the
86:bilateral relations
32:
27:Bilateral relations
3371:Dominican Republic
2930:Nepalese diplomats
2440:The Economic Times
2354:The Kathmandu Post
2330:. 23 November 2020
2024:10.54377/e01a-e857
1942:. October 16, 2023
1939:The New York Times
1905:The Economic Times
1828:The Times of India
1779:The Kathmandu Post
1623:. 25 November 2005
1017:Rising Nepal Daily
860:Prime Minister Oli
681:national elections
677:Nepalese civil war
669:Gyanendra of Nepal
651:Economic relations
643:, and Nepal under
593:
552:
492:
480:from then onward.
444:led to the second
410:Anglo-Nepalese war
385:Anglo-Nepalese War
338:
322:
314:
169:
103:China–Nepal border
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4243:Theater diplomacy
4208:Stadium diplomacy
4128:
4116:
4113:General Secretary
4088:
4087:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3115:Equatorial Guinea
2970:
2969:
2868:Treaty of Sugauli
2103:(June 22, 2018).
1994:japan-forward.com
1808:978-1-03-239508-1
1750:978-0-8047-9764-1
1710:978-0-8047-9764-1
1601:on April 18, 2008
1425:(20): 1834–1839.
1385:kathmandupost.com
1219:Sino-Nepalese War
1130:978-962-7341-55-0
778:commerce ministry
673:Maoist insurgency
657:Kingdom of Sikkim
446:Sino-Nepalese War
420:, and raided the
414:Jung Bahadur Rana
355:Sino-Nepalese War
161:Princess Wencheng
116:Kingdom of Sikkim
82:
81:
16:(Redirected from
4295:
4213:String of Pearls
4125:Foreign Minister
4122:
4110:
4094:
4001:
3942:Papua New Guinea
3030:
3019:
3009:
3008:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2974:
2958:
2957:
2946:
2945:
2601:
2600:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2227:Daily Bangladesh
2219:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2193:. Nepal Monitor.
2187:
2181:
2180:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2153:. Archived from
2140:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2117:
2116:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2052:. 23 April 2013.
2040:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1847:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1645:. Archived from
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1597:. Archived from
1590:
1581:
1580:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1526:. Archived from
1520:
1514:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1410:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1159:
1153:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1064:. Archived from
1063:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1008:
999:
998:
996:
994:
988:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
959:
950:
949:
944:. Archived from
938:
524:Himalayan Region
474:Qianlong Emperor
405:Daoguang Emperor
136:Nepalis in China
70:
69:
59:
58:
40:
33:
21:
4303:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4268:
4267:
4266:
4257:
4186:Panda diplomacy
4151:Chinese Century
4099:
4084:
4006:
3987:
3966:
3952:Solomon Islands
3895:
3704:
3450:
3304:
3024:
3013:
3003:
3001:
2971:
2966:
2934:
2882:
2851:
2815:
2799:
2733:
2642:
2621:
2605:
2595:
2593:
2541:
2539:Further reading
2536:
2535:
2526:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2500:
2497:People's Review
2491:
2490:
2486:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2452:
2450:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2387:
2386:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2229:. 25 June 2020.
2221:
2220:
2216:
2211:. 15 June 2020.
2203:
2202:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2077:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2049:TheGuardian.com
2042:
2041:
2032:
2016:
2015:
2011:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1971:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1857:The Round Table
1849:
1848:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1751:
1743:. p. 156.
1734:
1733:
1726:
1711:
1693:Saman, Kelegama
1691:
1690:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1652:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1550:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1456:"India – Nepal"
1454:
1453:
1446:
1412:
1411:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1359:. I.B. Tauris.
1354:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1287:nepalitimes.com
1280:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1191:
1190:
1183:
1176:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1059:"Archived copy"
1057:
1056:
1052:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1010:
1009:
1002:
992:
990:
986:
982:
981:
977:
967:
965:
961:
960:
953:
940:
939:
918:
913:
896:
880:
849:
842:
822:
737:Araniko Highway
733:
727:
719:Pokhara Airport
701:. In 2021, the
691:southwest China
653:
630:Sino-Indian war
589:Miaoying Temple
544:
369:army in Tibet.
295:Miaoying Temple
264:Avalokiteshvara
187:people and the
150:
144:
71:
67:
60:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4301:
4299:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4270:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4188:
4183:
4181:Nine-dash line
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4129:
4117:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4090:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4070:United Nations
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4050:European Union
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4004:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3886:United Kingdom
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3751:Czech Republic
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3712:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3015:
3014:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2952:
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2442:. 2021-10-23.
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393:Imperial China
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3150:Guinea-Bissau
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1545:
1541:
1530:on 2017-11-23
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1512:0-7146-4829-9
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1201:
1198:. Routledge.
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1071:on 2011-07-21
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856:King Mahendra
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852:Mount Everest
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827:Sankhuwasabha
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528:Upper Mustang
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394:
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378:
375:
370:
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341:War left the
335:
334:King Mahendra
332:meeting with
331:
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311:
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292:
288:
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280:
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257:
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238:by the Fifth
237:
236:Potala Palace
233:
229:
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213:
209:
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190:
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181:Sherpa people
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63:
53:
50:
48:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
3978:Soviet Union
3891:Vatican City
3673:Turkmenistan
3621:Saudi Arabia
3583:
3260:South Africa
3250:Sierra Leone
3060:Burkina Faso
2960:
2947:
2668:
2545:
2525:. Retrieved
2521:
2512:
2501:. Retrieved
2499:. 2022-08-13
2496:
2487:
2476:. Retrieved
2471:
2462:
2451:. Retrieved
2439:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2412:
2402:
2393:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2343:
2332:. Retrieved
2327:
2318:
2307:. Retrieved
2304:My Republica
2303:
2293:
2282:. Retrieved
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2185:
2176:
2166:
2158:
2155:the original
2150:The Diplomat
2148:
2138:
2112:
2095:
2069:. Retrieved
2058:
2047:
2012:
2003:
1997:. Retrieved
1993:
1983:
1972:. Retrieved
1970:. 2023-10-17
1965:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1937:
1928:
1917:. Retrieved
1903:
1894:
1861:
1855:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:
1817:
1794:
1788:
1777:
1767:
1736:
1696:
1672:. Retrieved
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1647:the original
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:the original
1563:(20): 1835.
1560:
1556:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:the original
1518:
1503:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1459:. Retrieved
1422:
1418:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:
1375:
1356:
1350:
1339:. Retrieved
1335:
1326:
1315:. Retrieved
1313:. 2017-12-04
1310:
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:
1276:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1245:
1234:
1225:
1214:
1194:
1164:
1157:
1146:
1137:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1098:
1073:. Retrieved
1066:the original
1053:
1039:
1025:
1016:
991:. Retrieved
978:
966:. Retrieved
946:the original
881:
878:Human rights
872:
864:
823:
775:
764:
761:
742:
734:
707:
688:
685:
654:
634:
623:
607:
594:
578:
557:Yuan dynasty
553:
509:
493:
430:Panchen Lama
374:Qing Emperor
371:
347:Qing Emperor
343:Lhasa Durbar
339:
279:Yuan dynasty
271:Tang dynasty
268:
205:
170:
163:(right) and
120:
85:
83:
4065:Third World
4030:Arab League
3932:New Zealand
3876:Switzerland
3826:Netherlands
3631:South Korea
3611:Philippines
3589:North Korea
3462:Afghanistan
3381:El Salvador
3265:South Sudan
3155:Ivory Coast
2790:Switzerland
2719:South Korea
2709:North Korea
2654:Afghanistan
2474:(in Nepali)
2298:Republica.
1946:October 19,
1500:Dick Hodder
1113:Gsaya Belsa
993:28 November
874:countries.
790:Lianyungang
675:during the
610:ambassadors
565:Kublai Khan
536:Lo Manthang
501:British Raj
496:British Raj
287:Kublai Khan
275:Wang Xuance
269:During the
228:iconography
226:in Tibetan
4272:Categories
3983:Yugoslavia
3922:Micronesia
3856:San Marino
3821:Montenegro
3811:Luxembourg
3683:Uzbekistan
3658:Tajikistan
3549:Kyrgyzstan
3544:Kazakhstan
3497:East Timor
3477:Bangladesh
3472:Azerbaijan
3361:Costa Rica
3245:Seychelles
3210:Mozambique
3195:Mauritania
3180:Madagascar
3075:Cape Verde
2659:Bangladesh
2527:2023-07-15
2503:2023-07-15
2478:2023-07-15
2453:2023-07-15
2334:2021-06-23
2309:2021-06-23
2284:2020-06-26
1999:2023-10-20
1974:2023-10-20
1919:2023-10-19
1833:2021-06-16
1534:2017-07-16
1390:2023-07-13
1341:2023-07-13
1317:2023-07-13
1292:2023-07-13
1075:2017-04-22
911:References
729:See also:
438:Qing Court
240:Dalai Lama
224:Green Tara
146:See also:
131:remittance
4098:Diplomacy
4040:Caribbean
3907:Australia
3806:Lithuania
3643:Sri Lanka
3626:Singapore
3606:Palestine
3512:Indonesia
3446:Venezuela
3411:Nicaragua
3321:Argentina
3200:Mauritius
2811:Australia
2724:Sri Lanka
2679:Indonesia
2448:0013-0389
2114:meetings.
1967:Firstpost
1914:0013-0389
1886:233464054
1878:0035-8533
1799:Routledge
1759:939553543
1719:939553543
1569:0012-9976
1431:0012-9976
794:Zhanjiang
695:Kathmandu
591:, Beijing
580:maneuver.
260:Chenresig
248:Kathmandu
159:(centre)
112:Himalayan
4238:Treaties
4136:in China
3917:Kiribati
3841:Portugal
3736:Bulgaria
3663:Thailand
3601:Pakistan
3574:Mongolia
3569:Maldives
3564:Malaysia
3492:Cambodia
3426:Suriname
3396:Honduras
3356:Colombia
3331:Barbados
3309:Americas
3300:Zimbabwe
3275:Tanzania
3125:Ethiopia
3105:Djibouti
3070:Cameroon
3055:Botswana
2949:Category
2920:Bhupalis
2910:in Nepal
2899:Minister
2856:Treaties
2765:Holy See
2714:Pakistan
2699:Maldives
2694:Malaysia
2626:Americas
2081:cite web
2071:17 April
1674:17 April
1653:17 April
1627:17 April
1605:17 April
1485:17 April
1461:17 April
1084:cite web
968:17 April
894:See also
786:Shenzhen
708:China's
626:Mahendra
520:Buddhism
426:Shigatse
336:in 1965.
310:Saka Era
220:Thangkas
216:Bhrikuti
208:Bhrikuti
88:between
4226:Albania
4060:Oceania
4020:BIMSTEC
3962:Vanuatu
3900:Oceania
3881:Ukraine
3846:Romania
3816:Moldova
3791:Ireland
3786:Iceland
3781:Hungary
3771:Germany
3761:Finland
3756:Denmark
3741:Croatia
3731:Belgium
3726:Belarus
3721:Austria
3716:Albania
3688:Vietnam
3636:History
3594:History
3579:Myanmar
3559:Lebanon
3537:history
3502:Georgia
3467:Armenia
3441:Uruguay
3401:Jamaica
3386:Grenada
3376:Ecuador
3336:Bolivia
3326:Bahamas
3285:Tunisia
3255:Somalia
3240:Senegal
3225:Nigeria
3215:Namibia
3205:Morocco
3170:Liberia
3165:Lesotho
3120:Eritrea
3090:Comoros
3065:Burundi
3040:Algeria
2961:Commons
2827:BIMSTEC
2804:Oceania
2760:Germany
2750:Denmark
2745:Austria
2704:Myanmar
2394:Reuters
1577:4419603
1439:4419603
886:at the
806:Xigatse
798:Lanzhou
782:Tianjin
757:Zhangmu
745:railway
573:Beijing
569:Shangdu
561:Araniko
436:by the
377:Jiaqing
359:tribute
330:Chen Yi
299:Beijing
291:Shangdu
283:Araniko
4221:Soviet
4025:Africa
3871:Sweden
3861:Serbia
3851:Russia
3836:Poland
3831:Norway
3801:Kosovo
3776:Greece
3766:France
3746:Cyprus
3709:Europe
3668:Turkey
3653:Taiwan
3527:Israel
3487:Brunei
3482:Bhutan
3416:Panama
3406:Mexico
3346:Canada
3341:Brazil
3295:Zambia
3290:Uganda
3230:Rwanda
3185:Malawi
3145:Guinea
3135:Gambia
3045:Angola
3033:Africa
2785:Serbia
2780:Russia
2775:Norway
2755:France
2738:Europe
2729:Turkey
2684:Israel
2664:Bhutan
2633:Canada
2610:Africa
2446:
2420:3 July
1912:
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1128:
831:Rasuwa
792:, and
767:Xigazê
468:, the
351:Peking
244:Newari
185:Gurung
183:, the
167:(left)
4035:BRICS
3957:Tonga
3947:Samoa
3927:Nauru
3866:Spain
3796:Italy
3700:Yemen
3648:Syria
3616:Qatar
3584:Nepal
3532:Japan
3507:India
3391:Haiti
3351:Chile
3270:Sudan
3220:Niger
3175:Libya
3160:Kenya
3140:Ghana
3130:Gabon
3110:Egypt
3050:Benin
2842:SAARC
2770:Italy
2689:Japan
2674:India
2669:China
2617:Egypt
2414:Axios
1882:S2CID
1573:JSTOR
1435:JSTOR
1069:(PDF)
1062:(PDF)
987:(PDF)
839:Humla
810:India
802:Lhasa
753:Khasa
749:Lhasa
699:Lhasa
516:Nepal
478:Tibet
256:gompa
252:Samye
232:Lhasa
201:Tibet
193:Nepal
177:Tibet
173:Nepal
108:India
94:China
90:Nepal
73:Nepal
62:China
3937:Niue
3912:Fiji
3554:Laos
3522:Iraq
3517:Iran
3455:Asia
3421:Peru
3366:Cuba
3280:Togo
3190:Mali
3085:Chad
2647:Asia
2444:ISSN
2422:2020
2264:NDTV
2087:link
2073:2017
1948:2023
1910:ISSN
1874:ISSN
1803:ISBN
1755:OCLC
1745:ISBN
1715:OCLC
1705:ISBN
1676:2017
1655:2017
1629:2017
1607:2017
1565:ISSN
1508:ISBN
1487:2017
1463:2017
1427:ISSN
1361:ISBN
1200:ISBN
1170:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1090:link
995:2020
970:2017
845:Arun
837:and
804:and
735:The
470:Qing
462:Qing
395:and
381:Qing
367:Qing
363:Qing
175:and
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