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in
Portugal, a new decolonisation policy paved the way for Macau's retrocession to the People's Republic of China (PRC). Portugal offered to withdraw from Macau in late 1974, but China declined the offer in favour of a later time because it sought to preserve international and local confidence in
616:
republican revolutions establishing new governments. A growing nationalist movement in China voiced disapproval of the treaty and questioned its validity. These contentions manifested themselves in the unresolved topic of Macau's border demarcation. Although the
Nationalist
34:
515:'s political and juridical status, although it did not directly mention the issue of Portuguese sovereignty. It contained two clauses regarding Macau's status: Article II annulled earlier agreements and referred to Macau as "formerly in the Province of
641:
Hong Kong, which was still under
British rule, as well as its focus on plans to unify Taiwan with the PRC. In January 1975, Portugal recognised the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China and ended ties with the Nationalists in
580:
Portugal followed up on this agreement by sending an envoy to
Beijing, where a treaty of amity and commerce based on the protocol was drawn up. On 1 December 1887, the Treaty of Peking was signed by Chinese representatives
596:
According to the
Portuguese interpretation, sovereignty over Macau was surrendered to Portugal. In the Chinese interpretation, however, only administrative rights were transferred.
585:(Prince Qing) and Sun Iu-uen, and Tomas de Sousa Rosa for Portugal on 1 December 1887. It contained 54 articles and was ratified on 28 April 1888. Articles II and III stated:
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III. Portugal confirms, in its entirety, the third
Article of the Protocol of Lisbon, relating to the engagement never to alienate Macao without previous agreement with China.
522:
In June 1886, a joint Sino-British commission advised that the administrative responsibility for controlling the import of opium into China should be transferred from the
918:
The Sino-Portuguese
Dispute over the Holder of Sovereignty of Macao and the Friendship and Trade Treaty Between China and Portugal from an International Law Perspective
625:", Macau's status remained unchanged. The 1928 Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Friendship and Trade reaffirmed Portuguese administration over Macau. In 1945, after the
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II. China confirms, in its entirety, the second
Article of the Protocol of Lisbon, relating to the perpetual occupation and government of Macao by Portugal.
780:
534:. Although Britain and China agreed to this, it could not be fully successful without Portuguese involvement. In 1887, China sent a diplomatic mission to
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519:", while Article III recognised the status of a "Governor General of Macao". However, China did not ratify the treaty and it became void in 1864.
645:. In 1976, Portugal unilaterally changed the legal designation of Macau from a "colony" to "territory under Portuguese administration". In 1987, the
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One
Country, Two Systems, Three Legal Orders - Perspectives of Evolution: Essays on Macau's Autonomy after the Resumption of Sovereignty by China
971:
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871:
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Art. 2nd.—China confirms perpetual occupation and government of Macao and its dependencies by
Portugal, as any other Portuguese possession.
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in China, the Nationalists called for the liquidation of foreign control over Hong Kong and Macau, but they were too preoccupied in the
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538:, which included James Campbell, a senior British member of the service, representing the superintendent of the customs service
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was signed and Macau became a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration". On 20 December 1999—two years after the
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in Macau became irrelevant outside of academic interest. The early 20th century marked a new era for both countries, with
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After December 1887, issues related to rent payments and the presence of a Chinese custom house or resident
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Art. 3rd.—Portugal engages never to alienate Macao and its dependencies without agreement with China.
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Art. 4th.—Portugal engages to cooperate in opium revenue work at Macao in the same way as England at
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A copy of the treaty is kept by the Portuguese government while another copy is kept by the
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Different Roads to Home: the retrocession of Hong Kong and Macau to Chinese sovereignty
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On 13 August 1862, China and Portugal signed the Treaty of Friendship and Trade in
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on the condition that Portugal would cooperate in efforts to end the smuggling of
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of China, signed on 1 December 1887. It is counted by the Chinese as among the
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Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia
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with the Communists to fulfil their goals of a "rights recovery" campaign.
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511:. The treaty was largely a trade agreement, but it also defined
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Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Portugal and China
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People's China and International Law: A Documentary Study
306:
232:
491:. The treaty gave Portugal perpetual colonial rights to
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Treaties Between the Empire of China and Foreign Powers
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Art. 1st.—A Treaty of friendship and commerce with the
765:(4th ed.). Shanghai: North-China Herald. pp. 156–157.
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Portugal, China and the Macau Negotiations, 1986-1999
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924:. No. 19 (2nd series). Cultural Institute of Macao.
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862:Page, Melvin Eugene. Sonnenburg, Penny M. (2003).
822:The A to Z of the Hong Kong SAR and the Macao SAR
662:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of China
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841:Oliveira, Jorge; Cardinal, Paulo, eds. (2009).
803:. Vol. 1. Princeton University Press. p. 374.
621:) government in China vowed to abrogate the "
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331:Tratado de Amizade e Comércio Sino-Português
21:
234:zung1 pou4 wo4 hou2 tung1 soeng1 tiu4 joek3
213:zhong1 pu2 he2 hao3 tong1 shang1 tiao2 yue1
820:Chan, Ming K.; Chan, Shiu-hing Lo (2006).
799:Cohen, Jerome Alan; Chiu, Hungdah (1974).
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736:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 54–56.
708:. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 11–12.
845:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 225–226.
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732:Ride, Lindsay; Ride, May (1989).
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866:. ABC-CLIO. p 359.
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