Singapore English - Knowledge (XXG)

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taught as a second language. In Singapore, English is a "working language" that serves the economy and development and is associated with the broader global community. Meanwhile, the rest are "mother tongues" that are associated with the country's culture. Speaking Standard English also helps Singaporeans communicate and express themselves in their everyday life. In 2014, the Singaporean government made an announcement entitled "Speak Good English Movement brings fun back to Grammar and good English", where the strategies that would be used to promote their program in the following years were explained. Specifically, the government would release a series of videos demystifying the difficulty and dullness of the grammatical rules of the English language. These videos provide a more humorous approach to learning basic grammar rules. Singaporeans will now be able to practise the grammatical rules in both written and spoken English thanks to a more interactive approach.

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Singaporean children are brought up bilingual. They are introduced to Malay, Chinese, Tamil, or Singapore Colloquial English (Singlish) as their native languages, depending on their families' ethnic backgrounds and/or socioeconomic status. They also acquire those languages from interacting with friends in school and other places. Naturally, the presence of other languages in Singapore has influenced Singapore English, something particularly apparent in Singlish.

251: 2865: 3045:, which has underlying high pitch but tends to be realised instead with a fall or leveling out in pitch. Yes-no questions are accompanied with rising pitch, as is the case in many other dialects of English. Rising pitch is also commonly used when there is non-final information at the end of an utterance, sometimes to indicate a non-final item in a list. 5810: 2918:) coincide with a mid level tone, or similar pitch contour between low and high levels. There is also a tendency for pitch contours to be accentuated near the start of a sentence and diminished towards the end, and for pitch to drop or level out at the end of declarative sentences. For example, in the phrase 1067:; Kiasu means "always wanting the best for oneself and willing to try hard to get it". In another journal, "Kiasu" is also defined as 'characterised by a grasping or selfish attitude arising from a fear of missing out on something' (usu. adj., definition from OED (Simpson and Weiner 2000); Hokkien kia(n)su). 3194:

As of 2015, English is the most commonly spoken language in Singaporean homes. One effect of mass immigration into Singapore since 2000, especially from China, has been an increase in the proportion of the population to whom English is a foreign language. The most recent trend in Singapore favours an

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Singaporeans vary their language according to social situations (Pakir 1991) and attitudes that they want to convey (Poedjosoedarmo 1993). Better educated Singaporeans with a "higher" standard of English tend to speak "Standard" Singapore English (the acrolect), whereas those who are less-educated or

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Both Singapore English and Singapore colloquial English are used with multiple accents. Because Singaporeans speak different ethnic mother tongues, they exhibit ethnic-specific features in their speech such that their ethnicity can be readily identified from their speech alone. The strength of one's

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in Singapore in 2000 in an attempt to replace Singlish with Standard English. This movement was made to show the need for Singaporeans to speak Standard English. Nowadays, all children in schools are being taught Standard English with one of the other official languages (Chinese, Malay, Tamil) being

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of the nation. The use of English as a global language for commerce, technology and science has also helped to expedite Singapore's development and integration into the global economy. Public schools use English as the main language of instruction, although students are also required to receive part

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clarifying that they are "not anti-Singlish", with their primary intention instead to ensure that Singaporeans are able to speak standard English first. A spokesperson was quoted as saying: "The presence of Singlish causes damage to standard English only when people do not have a good grounding in

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Despite strong criticisms of Singlish, linguist David Yoong has put forward the argument that "Singaporeans who subscribe to Singlish and have a positive attitude towards the code see Singlish as a language that transcends social barriers" and that the language can be used to "forge rapport and,

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Standard Singapore English is the standard form of English used in Singapore. It generally resembles British English and is often used in more formal settings such as the workplace or when communicating with people of higher authority such as teachers, bosses and government officials. Singapore

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The British established a trading post on the island of Singapore in 1819, and the population grew rapidly thereafter, attracting many immigrants from Chinese provinces and from India. The roots of Standard Singapore English derive from nearly a century and a half of British control. Its local

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in Singapore. Many families use two or three languages on a regular basis, and English is often one of them. The level of fluency in English among residents in Singapore also varies greatly from person to person, depending on their educational background, but English in general is nevertheless

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perhaps more importantly, the Singaporean identity". Sociolinguist Anthea Fraser Gupta also argues that Singlish and standard English can and do co-exist, saying that "there is no evidence that the presence of Singlish causes damage to standard English". This was followed by organisers of the

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L and H stand for lower and higher pitch respectively. M corresponds to mid level pitch, or a similar contour between low and high levels. Bolded letters correspond to where lexical stress falls in each word. Usually, words take on these pitch contours near or at the start of sentences and

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Although Standard Singapore English (SSE) is mainly influenced by British English and, recently, American English, there are other languages that also contribute to its use on a regular basis. The majority of Singaporeans speak more than one language, with many speaking three to four. Most

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Wider pitch range is associated with the introduction of a topic near the start of a sentence. Elsewhere in the sentence, differences in pitch are less prominent, so low, mid and high tones may collapse into roughly the same pitch level. Moreover, at the end of declarative sentences and

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in 1959 and independence in 1965, the Singaporean government decided to keep English as the main language to maximise economic prosperity. The use of English as the nation's first language serves to bridge the gap between the diverse ethnic groups in Singapore; English operates as the

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Acrolect; there is no substantial difference from Standard British English (SBE), though there may be some features of pronunciation that indicate the speaker is Singaporean, such as use of a full vowel in unstressed syllables and a relatively monophthongal realisation of the FACE

4931: 3369:. The symbolic national language is Malay for historical reasons. All official signs, legislation and documents are required to be in English, although translations in the other official languages are sometimes included, though it is not necessary. Under the 3148:, have publicly declared that Singlish is a substandard variety that handicaps Singaporeans, presents an obstacle to learning standard English, and renders the speaker incomprehensible to everyone except another Singlish speaker. The country's third, 2444:

is generally uncommon in Singapore English. In a 2018 study examining the speech of 104 Singapore English speakers, linking R was used less than 20% of the time, and intrusive R was found to be extremely rare. The majority of speakers will drop the

1063:" are constantly used and adopted to SE vocabularies, to the point that Singaporeans are not necessarily aware of which language those words are from. Furthermore, the word "kiasu" has been used in the Singapore press since 2000 without being 944:

whose first language is not English tend to speak Singlish (the basilect). Gupta (1994) said that most Singaporean speakers systematically alternate between colloquial and formal language depending on the formality of the situation.

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Another interesting feature of Lee's songs is the (nonstandard) pronunciation of Singapore English speakers in playful use of features of Singaporean English that have strong cultural connotations, Dick Lee is successfully able to

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In writing, the spellings color, program and check (cheque), the form gotten and vocabulary such as garbage and faucet (tap) ... the notion of a native Singaporean English has been separated from that of a Singaporean 'standard' of

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ethnic mother tongue-accented English accent depends on factors like formality and their language dominance. Words from Malay, Chinese, and Tamil are also borrowed, if not code-switched, into Singapore English. For example, the

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Those who learnt English as a native language (sometimes as a sole native language, but usually alongside other languages) and use it as their dominant language (many people, mostly children born after 1965 to highly educated

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A wide range of foreign English dialects can be heard in Singapore. American and British accents are often heard on local television and radio due to the frequent airing of foreign television programmes.

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Singapore English is characterised by a unique intonational system where pitch tends to be slightly raised at the end of a word with lexical stress. According to one analysis, the rightmost syllable of a

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English is also the only medium of instruction in schools xcept in the elite Special Assistance Plan Schools, where some subjects are taught in the mother tongue. They currently only exist for Mandarin.

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Deterding, D. & Poedjosoedarmo, G. (2000). To what extent can the ethnic group of young Singaporeans be identified from their speech? In A. Brown, D. Deterding, & E. L. Low (Eds.).

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Unstressed initial syllables are often realised with shorter duration and lower intensity. There is also a tendency for the last syllable in an utterance to be lengthened or dragged out.

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among Malay and Indian Singaporeans and older speakers in general. Among Tamil Singaporeans, the trilled variant appears to be extremely rare in comparison to the approximant and tapped

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Starr, Rebecca Lurie (2019). "Cross-dialectal Awareness and Use of the Bath-Trap Distinction in Singapore: Investigating the Effects of Overseas Travel and Media Consumption".

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of their instruction in their mother tongue; placement in such courses is based on ethnicity and not without controversy. The standard Singaporean accent used to be officially

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advocated for English proficiency testing for immigrants seeking Singaporean citizenship. Polling data of native-born Singaporeans show broad support for the proposal.

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sound at the end of words and syllables is more common for women among Chinese and Indian Singaporeans and younger speakers in general, and that it is more common in

970:, as well as from various parts of Europe and from the United States of America. By 1900 Eurasians and other locals were employed as teachers. Apart from a period of 2479: 1006:

in Singapore suggests that a standard Singaporean pronunciation is emerging and is on the cusp of being standardised. Singaporean accents can be said to be largely

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Deterding, David (2000). "Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /əʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore". In Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Low, Ee Ling (eds.).

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Deterding, David (2007a). "The Vowels of the Different Ethnic Groups in Singapore". In Prescott, David; Kirkpatrick, Andy; Martin, Isabel; Hashim, Azirah (eds.).

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Tan, Y.-Y. (2016). "The Americanization of the phonology of Asian Englishes: evidence from Singapore". In Gerhard Leitner; Azirah Hashim; Hang-Georg Wolf (eds.).

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Like most Commonwealth countries outside of Canada, the accents of most reasonably educated Singaporeans who speak English as their first language are similar to

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Moorthy, S.; Deterding, D. (2000). "Three or tree? Dental fricatives in the speech of educated Singaporeans". In Brown, A.; Deterding, D.; Low, E.-L. (eds.).

1002:. However, in recent decades, a standard Singaporean accent, quite independent of any external standard, including RP, started to emerge. A 2003 study by the 2562:

vowel, like most varieties of North American English. In the English spoken in Southern England and Australia, these words are usually pronounced with the

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In 2010, 52% of Chinese children and 26% of Malay children aged between 5 and 14 speak English at home, as compared to 36% and 9.4% respectively in 2000.

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Kwek, G. S. C.; Low, E.-L. (2020). "Emergent features of young Singaporean speech: an investigatory study of the labiodental /r/ in Singapore English".

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The proliferation of Singlish has been controversial and the use of Singlish is not endorsed by the government. Singapore's first two prime ministers,

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Kalaivanan, K.; Sumartono, F.; Tan, Y.-Y. (2020). "The Homogenization of Ethnic Differences in Singapore English? A Consonantal Production Study".

7800: 407: 2385:. Older Chinese Singaporeans are more likely to vocalise final "l"s, and Malay speakers are more likely to use clear "l"s in these environments. 5174: 8189: 7911: 7721: 3705: 3634: 3594: 3440: 962:

character seems to have developed early in the English-medium schools of the 19th and early-20th centuries, where the teachers often came from

758: 1932:, though younger speakers raise it to a lower height on average. While words with the raised vowel tend to end in voiced stop consonants like 7645: 7406: 7191: 5735: 5555: 5473: 4193: 3829: 1014: 3792: 670: 7543: 7426: 6499: 6384: 5894: 5852: 5722: 5356: 5315:

Low Ee Ling; Esther Grabe; Francis Nolan (2000). "Quantitative Characterizations of Speech Rhythm: Syllable-Timing in Singapore English".

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Words are not restricted to discrete level tones. One alternative analysis posits that high pitch is associated with the right edge of an

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English acts as the "bridge" among different ethnic groups in Singapore. Standard Singapore English retains British spelling and grammar.

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Suzanna Bte Hashim; Adam Brown (2000). "The and vowels in Singapore English". In Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Low, Ee Ling (eds.).

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such as "kanina" and "chee bai". Hence, it is commonly regarded with low prestige in the country and not used in formal communication.

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Those who regard English as a foreign language, have limited command of, and seldom speak the language (mostly the older age groups);

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Pitch contour of a declarative sentence in Singapore English, from Chong (2012). Here, aL and Ha mark the left and right edges of an

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Ng, E-Ching (2011). "Reconciling stress and tone in Singapore English". In Lawrence J. Zhang; Rani Rubdy; Lubna Alsagoff (eds.).

4805: 971: 801:. In Singapore, English is spoken in two main forms: Singaporean Standard English, which is indistinguishable grammatically from 7815: 7767: 7059: 6855: 5887: 5598: 4689: 2462: 1992: 1974: 1904: 1809: 1776: 1736: 1654: 1436: 1003: 468: 308: 4479:

Tan, R. S. K.; Low, E.-L. (2010). "How different are the monophthongs of Malay speakers of Malaysian and Singapore English?".

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Starr, Rebecca Lurie; Balasubramaniam, Brinda (2019). "Variation and change in English /r/ among Tamil Indian Singaporeans".

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Lim, Siew Siew; Low, Ee Ling (2005). "Triphthongs in Singapore English". In David Deterding; Adam Brown; Low Ee Ling (eds.).

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falling on stressed syllables. The gradual downwards movement of pitch towards the end of the sentence is represented by the

2507: 2502: 1884: 1790: 1758: 1747: 1722: 1665: 1554: 1483: 1450: 1410: 3033:, "high-pitched" syllables are weaker and often replaced with a drop or leveling out in pitch. For example, in the sentence 1124: 8106: 8078: 7916: 7839: 7704: 7416: 7109: 7071: 6098: 5957: 5530: 1007: 3199:(apparently as the Chinese population switches first to Mandarin, then to English) while the use of Malay slowly erodes. 1928:

merger in the speech of younger Singaporeans. Younger speakers are more likely than older speakers to raise the vowel in

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Acoustic merger between /e/ and /æ/ in Singapore English: insights into stylistic variation and sub-varietal difference

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153A Official languages and national language, Part XIII General Provisions, Constitution of the Republic of Singapore

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Ng, E-Ching (1 March 2012). "Chinese meets Malay meets English: origins of Singaporean English word-final high tone".

3879: 3733: 3161: 3153: 2086: 1601: 1585: 1347: 1333: 1026: 722: 565: 5504: 3408: 898:. Both Acrolect and Mesolect are regarded as Standard Singapore English, while Basilect is considered as Singlish. 8101: 7609: 7589: 7503: 7371: 7086: 6944: 6355: 6296: 3152:, has also said that Singlish should not be part of Singapore's identity. In addition, the government launched the 428: 8194: 8149: 8116: 8091: 8036: 8031: 7989: 7936: 7886: 7689: 7657: 7455: 7351: 6877: 6835: 6806: 6738: 6706: 6315: 3512: 2877: 1948: 1944: 1896: 3183:

Those who learnt English at school and can use it but have a dominant other language (many people, of all ages);

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Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1: Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion

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Hofbauer, Alexandra (2018). ""How many c(R)s do you have?" A look into postvocalic /r/ in Singapore English".

5871: 4932:"Negotiating social meanings in a plural society: Social perceptions of variants of /l/ in Singapore English" 8048: 8043: 7984: 7901: 7871: 7810: 7711: 7672: 7288: 7121: 6939: 6914: 2441: 2055: 882:

Singapore English can be classified into Singapore Standard English (SSE) and Singapore Colloquial English (

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or unaspirated in initial positions. Additionally, word-final voiceless stops may exhibit some degree of

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Pan-Asiatic Linguistics: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Languages and Linguistics

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Those who have no knowledge of English (extremely few people, most of whom were born before the 1940s);

986:. English served as the administrative language of the British colonial government, and when Singapore 6307: 4010:"CNA poll finds majority welcome English test to be part of Singapore citizenship application process" 8135: 7976: 7956: 7896: 7866: 7820: 7740: 7677: 7579: 7490: 6823: 6716: 6656: 6534: 6507: 6424: 6220: 6123: 4085: 3196: 3098: 2990:, the prefix is not treated as a separate unit with stress and is therefore not assigned high pitch. 2890: 2505: 2482: 2471: 2460: 2374: 2358: 2084: 2076: 1997: 1990: 1979: 1972: 1902: 1894: 1882: 1807: 1788: 1774: 1756: 1745: 1734: 1720: 1663: 1652: 1599: 1583: 1552: 1499: 1481: 1448: 1434: 1408: 1345: 1331: 1317: 1286: 1214: 1086: 913: 821: 817: 188: 101: 3712: 3641: 3601: 3562: 3447: 3186:

Those who learnt English at school and use it as their dominant language (many people, of all ages);

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While words generally follow the lexical incidence patterns of Southern British English accents, so

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Lim, Lisa (1996). "Prosodic patterns characterising Chinese, Indian, and Malay Singapore English".

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are both assigned high pitch. Prefixes with stress constitute their own phonological words, so the

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Chloé Diskin-Holdaway; Olga Maxwell; Canaan Zengyu Lan (2023). Radek Skarnitzl; Jan Volin (eds.).

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is now prevalent among younger speakers, and that it is more accurate to classify this variant of

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sound entirely at the end of words most of the time, even if the next word begins with a vowel.

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Tan, Y.-Y. (December 2012). "To r or not to r: Social correlates of /ɹ/ in Singapore English".

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increasing use of English as well as stability in the use of Mandarin at the expense of other

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are occasionally used in colloquial speech, and younger speakers are more likely to use them.

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in Singapore English are usually not released at the end of words, and voiceless stops can be

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homophones. This is generally more common in informal settings. Dental fricatives may undergo

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vowels are often shorter, so speakers may also rely on vowel length to distinguish words like

1607: 1319: 660: 625: 575: 555: 530: 495: 490: 464: 294: 5623: 1702:(which does not have the raised vowel). Taking this into account, speakers with the complete 1085:, though there are immediately noticeable differences. Singaporean accents are predominantly 8163: 7777: 7694: 7436: 7389: 7341: 7268: 7176: 7166: 7161: 7151: 6997: 6970: 6828: 6748: 6693: 6591: 6573: 6560: 6397: 6392: 6246: 6188: 6153: 6143: 6128: 6043: 5839: 5324: 5297: 5252: 5208: 5097: 5070: 4995: 4946: 4894: 4773: 4723: 4488: 4452: 4412: 4306: 4268: 4241: 4148: 4043: 3894: 3567: 2675: 2342: 2228: 2180: 2151: 2094: 2064: 1866:

only has the raised vowel for a minority of speakers. The vast majority of other words like

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Wee, Lian-Hee (2008). "Phonological patterns in the Englishes of Singapore and Hong Kong".

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federation, but this proved a short-lived alliance, largely due to ethnic rivalries. Since

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Lack of marking in verb forms (Regularisation); e.g. "He always go to the shopping centre."

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Tan, Chor Hiang; Gupta, Anthea Fraser (1992). "Post-vocalic /r/ in Singapore English".

3522:. Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Republic of Singapore. 2015 3366: 3358: 3173:

In 2010, speakers of English in Singapore were classified into five different groups:

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The NEXT-TEXT split in Singapore English: Comparing self-report and speech production

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Rubdy, Rani (2001). "Creative destruction: Singapore's Speak Good English movement".

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vowel is longer. Strong vowels tend to be longer in open syllables, so the vowels in

1113: 993: 846: 710: 173: 121: 5602: 4539:, Singapore: Singapore Institute of Management/Oxford University Press, pp. 152-174. 2323:. For speakers who vocalise their "l"s, the "l" sound can be dropped entirely after 816:, over a third spoke English as their main language at home while almost half spoke 8068: 6934: 6782: 6661: 4535:

Bao Zhiming (1998) 'The sounds of Singapore English'. In J. A. Foley et al. (eds.)

3984:"Pritam Singh advocates for English test in Singapore citizenship, PR applications" 3141: 1109: 630: 222: 59: 5101: 4851:

The Sounds of English Around the World: An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology

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Low, Ee-Ling (2012). "Singapore English". In Low, Ee-Ling; Hashim, Azirah (eds.).

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Deterding, David (2005). "Emergent patterns in the vowels of Singapore English".

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Pronunciation for English as an International Language: From Research to Practice

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do not have their vowels raised and continue to use the more common low-mid vowel

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in conversational speech. Any distinction is less likely between words ending in

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absence); e.g. "May I apply for car licence?" (Instead of saying "a" car licence)

355: 6071: 5328: 3492:"United Nations Population Division | Department of Economic and Social Affairs" 3120: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2958: 2944: 2922: 2382: 2270: 2255: 2035:

are very similar and may overlap in vowel quality. Concerning vowel length, the

1987: 1633: 1064: 974:(1942–1945), Singapore remained a British colony until 1963, when it joined the 931: 859: 851: 178: 5256: 4443:

Tay, Mary W. J. (January 1982). "The Phonology of Educated Singapore English".

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English is Singapore's main and one of the four official languages, along with

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is high-pitched. In words where the prefix is unstressed or less salient, like

2512:, has also been reported. Across English dialects, this phenomenon is known as 363:

A speaker of Singapore English reading aloud part of a Knowledge (XXG) article.

6845: 6001: 5301: 4950: 4272: 3013:, in lieu of consistently high pitch. In this model, phonological words (e.g. 2328: 1800: 983: 870: 372: 5212: 4898: 4416: 4280: 4160: 3906: 3579: 3112:

However, Singlish has been used in several locally produced films, including

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Tone assignment only takes place within the scope of the phonological word.

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end in for some speakers, and for others. Other words without a preceding

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understood, spoken and written as the main language throughout the country.

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in Singapore English". In David Deterding; Adam Brown; Low Ee Ling (eds.).

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Use of particles like ah; lah, e.g. "Wait ah; Hurry lah, I need to go now!"

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Anthea Fraser Gupta, "Singapore Colloquial English and Standard English",

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Question tenses in an indirect form; e.g. "May I ask where is the toilet?"

6429: 6021: 5879: 5288:

Deterding, David (December 1994). "The intonation of Singapore English".

4062:"Speak Good English Movement brings fun back to Grammar and good English" 3090: 3084: 3030: 2405: 1076: 975: 895: 891: 887: 883: 806: 326: 314: 20: 5383:"Singlish Guide: 125 Phrases/Words That Define SG (Singaporean English)" 8111: 7366: 7361: 7171: 6517: 6444: 6439: 5787:"Latest census show more younger Singaporeans speaking English at home" 5074: 4580: 4310: 2293: 1056: 640: 322: 4767: 4506:

Jakob R. E., Leimgruber (2013). "Description: phonology and lexicon".

2373:

are similar-sounding. Vocalised "l"s are realised as high back vowels

1128:

Monophthongs of Singapore English on a normalised formant chart, from

7447: 6434: 6414: 6236: 3847:"Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1999" 2936:

is then realised with a less accentuated low–mid–high pitch contour.

967: 5274:. International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Melbourne, Australia. 5240: 5175:"A preliminary model of Singaporean English intonational phonology" 4912:

Hung, T. T. N. (1996). "Towards a phonology of Singapore English".

4590:

Proceedings of the 20th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences

4335:

Communicating with Asia: The future of English as a global language

2117:, and remains a back vowel in words without a final consonant like 7509:

Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819–1826)

6138: 4139:

Sim, Jasper Hong (1 February 2019). "But you don't sound Malay!".

3768:. National Library Board, Singapore. 18 April 2008. Archived from 2863: 2324: 2106: 2020: 1123: 1060: 963: 4745:. Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics. pp. 93–99. 4553:. Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics. pp. 84–92. 3009:

can be realised with rising pitch starting from the low pitch in

927:

Generalised "is it" question tag; e.g. "You coming today, Is it?"

812:

Singapore is a cosmopolitan society. For example, in 2015, among

5272:

Variability in tonal realisation in Singapore English intonation

4375:

English in Southeast Asia: Literacies, Literatures and Varieties

3969:

English in Southeast Asia: Varieties, literacies and literatures

2873: 1293:. Speakers may maintain a length distinction, in which case the 49: 7451: 6311: 5883: 4826:

English in Southeast Asia: Features, Policy and Language in Use

4531: 4529: 4527: 4079: 4077: 4075: 805:, and Singaporean Colloquial English, which is better known as 5550:. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 90–91. 2897:

is marked with higher pitch, while words with no stress (e.g.

5646:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02188798908547659

5036:

Lim, Lisa (2004). "Sounding Singaporean". In Lisa Lim (ed.).

4127:

The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation,

2600:

in informal or conversational speech, so it is distinct from

2189: 2097: 2067: 1302: 1249: 1206: 1164: 1150: 5806: 5804: 5692:

English in new cultural contexts: reflections from Singapore

5145:

Asian Englishes: Changing Perspectives in a Globalised World

4876:

The English language in Singapore: Research on pronunciation

4743:

The English language in Singapore: Research on pronunciation

4551:

The English language in Singapore: Research on pronunciation

4537:

English in New Cultural Contexts: Reflections from Singapore

3852:. United States: Georgetown University Press. Archived from 3105:. Many of such loan words include swear words, particularly 3060:, unlike British English, which is considered stress-timed. 337: 4800:. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). pp. 64–73. 3156:

in 2000 to encourage Singaporeans to speak proper English.

2345: 2195: 2166: 2160: 1379: 865:

English is the medium of communication among students from

4972:. Singapore: McGraw-Hill Education (Asia). pp. 43–53. 4377:. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Press. pp. 2–29. 1025:

The wide use of Singlish led the government to launch the

325:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

5505:"Quick Quick: 'Singlish' is out in re-education campaign" 2231: 1541: 1465: 1399: 1269: 1097:, so most speakers leave out the "r" sound in words like 5119:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 646. 3389:

utterances. Elsewhere, pitch contours are flattened out.

1674:. This raised vowel is found in several words including 1610:

and in open syllables, but is otherwise the same as the

4769:

The articulatory correlates of Singapore English vowels

3971:. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 11. 2696:

Stress-tone relationship in SgE according to Ng (2011)

2141:

do not differ significantly from their counterparts in

1940:, this split is not phonologically conditioned, unlike 5601:. Agence France-Presse. 30 August 1999. Archived from 5283: 5281: 3940:"Emergent patterns in the vowels of Singapore English" 3706:"The Roles of Singapore Standard English and Singlish" 3635:"The Roles of Standard Singapore English and Singlish" 3595:"The Roles of Singapore Standard English and Singlish" 3441:"The Roles of Singapore Standard English and Singlish" 3093:

includes many discourse particles and loan words from

4828:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 35–54. 4772:(Master's thesis). Nanyang Technological University. 3666: 3664: 3662: 2678: 2616: 2284:, though many speakers will use a sound in the word 2157: 5573:"Singlish? Don't make it part of Spore identity: PM" 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4592:. Prague: Guarant International. pp. 3661–3665. 3520:

Statistics Singapore – General Household Survey 2015

2198: 2186: 1575:

has also been reported, but this is generally rare.

1233:

from the south of England. Unlike some varieties of

8077: 7975: 7838: 7739: 7632: 7556: 7489: 7334: 7287: 7242: 7222: 7134: 7050: 7043: 6961: 6893: 6747: 6692: 6681: 6674: 6619: 6582: 6559: 6498: 6460: 6383: 6374: 6363: 6354: 6289: 6229: 6164: 6097: 6042: 6035: 5994: 5975: 5940: 5924: 5917: 5826:Rachel Siew Kuang Tan; Ee-Ling Low (January 2010). 5270:Chong, Adam J.; German, James Sneed (August 2019). 4970:

English in Singapore: Phonetic Research on a Corpus

4798:

English in Singapore: Phonetic Research on a Corpus

2452:The most common and predominant realisation of the 2183: 2154: 1814:can be found in a small number of words, including 293: 279: 267: 262: 242: 237: 212: 156: 75: 65: 55: 45: 35: 30: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5154: 4508:Singapore English: Structure, Variation, and Usage 4238:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 3766:"What are some commonly misspelled English words?" 3541:Cavallaro, Francesco; Chin, Ng Bee (1 June 2009). 3130:, among others. Some local sitcoms, in particular 2027:vowel. Likewise, for many speakers, the vowels in 1636:have diverged into a separate group, so the words 5599:"Singapore to launch speak-good-English campaign" 5511:. Archived from the original on 25 September 2000 5290:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4303:An analysis of /r/ variation in Singapore English 1473:tends to be less centralised in vowel space. The 906:Mesolect; it has some features distinct from SBE 5694:. Singapore: Singapore Institute of Management. 5241:"Prominence and intonation in Singapore English" 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4337:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–134. 3821:The Step-Tongue: Children's English in Singapore 2015:in Singapore English than in other accents like 5138: 5136: 5011: 5009: 4791: 4789: 4510:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–70. 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 3434: 3432: 2954:are analysed as separate words. Similarly, in 2213:is always a gliding vowel: , or . Within the 886:). The language consists of three sociolects; 7463: 6323: 5895: 5147:. Singapore: Pearson Longman. pp. 48–59. 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4113:Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Reading 3962: 3960: 3727: 3725: 2247:, are always pronounced with the diphthong . 2206:are normally broken down into two syllables. 2011:vowel is, on average, closer to the vowel in 1629:For nearly all speakers, some words from the 759: 8: 5341:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 5239:Chong, Adam J.; German, James Sneed (2023). 5117:Accents of English: Beyond the British Isles 5038:Singapore English: A grammatical description 4574: 4572: 4570: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 3945:. National Institute of Education, Singapore 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3543:"Between status and solidarity in Singapore" 3203:Language most frequently spoken at home (%) 2307:There are three prevalent variants of final 2292:sounds are alternatively realised as stops. 2261:is common at the start of syllables, making 7524:British Military Administration (1945–1946) 4925: 4923: 2581:in the past tense), so that it rhymes with 2192: 2163: 1020: 982:, Singapore has operated as an independent 7844: 7745: 7638: 7562: 7470: 7456: 7448: 7357:Comparison of American and British English 7226: 7047: 6755: 6689: 6678: 6380: 6371: 6360: 6330: 6316: 6308: 6039: 5921: 5902: 5888: 5880: 5414:. United Kingdom: Routledge. p. 229. 5031: 5029: 5027: 5018:"Accents of English from Around the World" 5016:Heggarty, Paul; et al., eds. (2013). 4853:. Cambridge University Press. p. 88. 4643: 4641: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4231: 4229: 3137:, also feature extensive use of Singlish. 3005:is analysed as a single accentual phrase, 1285:usually overlap and are both open central 1129: 766: 752: 379: 27: 5650:https://doi.org/10.1080/02188798908547659 5411:Using English: From Conversation to Canon 4777: 4209: 4207: 4205: 3561: 2904:) and unstressed initial syllables (e.g. 2331:and diphthongs with back vowels, so that 980:its expulsion from the Federation in 1965 7534:Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962) 4981: 4979: 4964:Tan, Kah Keong (2005). "Vocalisation of 3878:Leimgruber, Jakob R. E. (January 2011). 3201: 3064:Foreign dialects of English in Singapore 2694: 2288:. For some Tamil bilinguals, word-final 858:and mixed-race Singaporeans are usually 4819: 4817: 4684:Starr, R. L.; Choo, A. (October 2019). 4305:(PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. 3400: 3381: 3079:Singapore Colloquial English / Singlish 2943:takes on a high–mid–high pitch contour 2091:vowel. According to Deterding (2007a), 1686:, and may be identical to the vowel in 1116:, and in reading than in conversation. 1021:Singapore's Speak Good English Movement 731: 477: 456: 420: 394: 387: 319:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 7773:China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park 5579:from the original on 21 September 2016 5571:Au Young, Jeremy (22 September 2007). 5522: 5359:. xinmsn Entertainment. Archived from 5334: 3845:Alatis, James E.; Tan, Ai-Hui (1999). 3513:"Chapter 3 Literacy and Home Language" 2467:, the standard variant worldwide. The 1659:, which differs from the low-mid vowel 1582:vowel has been described as near-open 370: 5201:International Journal of Bilingualism 5040:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 3824:. United Kingdom: WBC Ltd, Bridgend. 3671:Deterding, David; Hvitfeldt, Robert. 3353:Other official languages in Singapore 3041:than it is on the second syllable of 2554:are pronounced with the open central 2420:. However, for some speakers, tapped 1920:split appears to be motivated by the 1606:and this tendency is stronger before 1598:may be longer and closer to cardinal 1277:do not sound the same. The vowels in 1034:Malay, Indian, and Chinese influences 934:; e.g. "My handwriting no good, lah." 740:Teaching English as a second language 7: 7427:Non-native pronunciations of English 5408:Mercer, Neil; Maybin, Janet (1996). 4185:New Englishes: The Case of Singapore 3169:English language trends in Singapore 2636:are sometimes realised with the lax 2540:like in some North American dialects 1456: 16:English language spoken in Singapore 5785:Musfirah, Hetty (18 January 2011). 5357:"Channel 5 on xinmsn Entertainment" 3089:Unlike Singapore Standard English, 1104:Studies suggest that realising the 878:Classification of Singapore English 3416:Singapore Department of Statistics 2928:, then rises to a higher level in 2456:sound in Singapore English is the 2406:realised as alveolar taps or flaps 2339:sound the same, and the diphthong 1763:. The raised vowel also occurs in 14: 5662:"Linguists speak up for Singlish" 5439:Mair, Victor (21 November 2006). 4849:Edwards, Jette G. Hansen (2023). 3982:Tang, Louisa (27 February 2023). 3035:I left all my things on the table 2497:. A rare and emergent variant of 1491:While most speakers will use the 1172:in open syllables. The vowels in 793:) is the set of varieties of the 7539:Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965) 5503:Srilal, Mohan (28 August 1999). 5474:"A War of Words Over 'Singlish'" 5182:UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics 5000:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.00580.x 3899:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2010.00262.x 3887:Language and Linguistics Compass 3572:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2009.01580.x 3056:Singapore English tends towards 2674: 2542:, there are several exceptions. 2341: 2227: 2179: 2150: 2093: 2063: 2019:. At its most extreme, it is as 1537: 1461: 1395: 1375: 1298: 1265: 1245: 1202: 1160: 1146: 371:Problems playing this file? See 353: 249: 7519:Japanese occupation (1942–1945) 7514:Straits Settlements (1826–1942) 5472:Tan, Hwee Hwee (22 July 2002). 2622:, and is clearly distinct from 1889:. The exact realisation of the 1071:Overview of Singaporean accents 1004:National Institute of Education 850:among the ethnic groups of the 814:Singaporeans of Chinese descent 7529:Post-war Singapore (1946–1955) 7377:English-based creole languages 5644:10/2 (1989): 33–39. Online at 5642:Singapore Journal of Education 5441:"Wah piang eh! Si beh farnee!" 4624:. Edinburgh University Press. 4405:Journal of English Linguistics 4188:. Singapore University Press. 4086:"Singapore Colloquial English" 2489:is an uncommon realisation of 1184:As a general rule, words like 1180:are not included in this plot. 1140:vowel, and and , in red, are 830:Singaporeans of Indian descent 1: 8190:English language in Singapore 7417:List of English-based pidgins 5766:General Household Survey 2015 5102:10.1080/13488678.2020.1759249 4008:Tang, Louisa (3 April 2023). 3818:Gupta, Anthea Fraser (1994). 2686:, at least for some speakers. 2558:vowel instead of the rounded 912:Indefinite article deletion ( 71:Approx. 4 million (2020) 7544:Republic of Singapore (1965– 7412:Linguistic purism in English 5872:Resources in other libraries 2704:Multiple phonological words 2655:vowel, rather than the open 1967:may be realised with slight 1459:). Some studies report that 1352:are longer than the ones in 7967:Water supply and sanitation 6513:London & Thames Estuary 5329:10.1177/0023830900043004030 4129:(pp. 1–9). Singapore: SAAL. 3162:Speak Good English Movement 3154:Speak Good English Movement 2531:for example, is pronounced 2365:before a vocalised "l", so 1027:Speak Good English Movement 1013:In 2023, opposition leader 820:and the rest spoke various 723:List of dialects of English 8211: 7912:National Courtesy Campaign 7372:English as a lingua franca 5257:10.1016/j.wocn.2023.101240 5020:. University of Edinburgh. 4620:Deterding, David (2007b). 4216:York Papers in Linguistics 3082: 3067: 3037:, pitch is much higher on 2924:, pitch starts off low in 2640:vowel found in words like 2585:and no longer sounds like 1477:vowel is long and open-mid 1074: 948:Standard Singapore English 832:speak either English or a 429:English as a lingua franca 18: 8129: 7847: 7748: 7641: 7565: 7352:Broad and general accents 7262:regional and occupational 7229: 7095: 7021: 6758: 6647: 6297:Singaporean Sign Language 5867:Resources in your library 5544:Deterding, David (2007). 5529:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5302:10.1017/S0025100300005077 4951:10.1017/S0047404522000173 4652:. Routledge. p. 55. 4273:10.2218/ls.v4i1.2018.2608 3967:Deterding, David (2007). 3938:Deterding, David (2003). 3791:Deterding, David (2007). 3474:Social History of English 3439:Harada, Shinichi (2009). 2703: 2701:Single phonological word 2700: 2412:and certain varieties of 1949:Pacific Northwest English 1614:vowel for many speakers. 1407:are seldom distinguished 1077:Singlish § Phonology 305: 244:Official language in 7646:Administrative divisions 7504:Early history (pre–1819) 7499:Archaeology in Singapore 5331:(inactive 22 June 2024). 5213:10.1177/1367006911403216 4899:10.1177/0023830920925510 4417:10.1177/0075424218819740 2458:postalveolar approximant 2381:with varying degrees of 2276:at the end of words, so 2217:lexical set, words like 1196:are pronounced with the 19:Not to be confused with 7811:Singapore Standard (SS) 5771:20 January 2017 at the 5173:Chong, Adam J. (2012). 4301:Kwek, G. S. C. (2018). 4048:10.1111/1467-971X.00219 2503:labiodental approximant 2442:linking and intrusive R 1644:do not rhyme. The word 1455:are kept distinct (see 383:Part of a series on the 232:Unified English Braille 127:Southeast Asian English 7907:Long hair in Singapore 6530:Received Pronunciation 5911:Languages of Singapore 5844:10.1075/eww.31.2.03tan 5686:Foley, Joseph (1998). 4728:10.1075/eww.26.2.04det 4493:10.1075/eww.31.2.03tan 4246:10.1515/ijsl-2012-0057 4182:Foley, Joseph (1988). 4092:. University of Hawaii 3127:Talking Cock the Movie 3070:Eurasians in Singapore 2885: 2569:Many speakers use the 2410:North American English 2311:in Singapore English: 1971:movement, or as short 1893:vowel ranges from mid 1457:§ Next–text split 1235:North American English 1181: 1083:Received Pronunciation 1055:" (finished), and the 988:gained self-government 671:San Andrés–Providencia 403:English-speaking world 342: 307:This article contains 7796:Proposed developments 6724:Multicultural Toronto 5628:30 March 2012 at the 5115:Wells, J. C. (1982). 4930:Hong, Jasper (2023). 4779:10.32657/10356/155448 4457:10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay 4153:10.1075/eww.00023.sim 4090:University of Hawaiʻi 3680:Teaching and Learning 3068:Further information: 2867: 2691:Stress and intonation 2302:glottal reinforcement 2054:Studies suggest that 1127: 924:Basilect (Singlish); 501:Antiguan and Barbudan 341: 7575:Environmental issues 6885:Western Pennsylvania 5976:Indigenous languages 5245:Journal of Phonetics 4261:Lifespans and Styles 3472:Leith, Dick (1997). 3197:varieties of Chinese 3031:open-ended questions 2604:, which rhymes with 1797:I have read the book 1741:, but not the words 1526:, many will use the 834:South Asian language 822:varieties of Chinese 408:As a second language 189:Early Modern English 8185:Dialects of English 7932:Population planning 7917:National Day Parade 7753:Economic statistics 7422:Mid-Atlantic accent 7013:Trinidad and Tobago 6036:Immigrant languages 5317:Language and Speech 4939:Language in Society 4891:Language and Speech 4648:Low, E.-L. (2014). 3880:"Singapore English" 3734:"Singapore English" 3732:Leimgruber, Jakob. 3204: 3165:standard English". 3107:Hokkien profanities 2697: 2651:is the mid central 2418:New Zealand English 972:Japanese occupation 164:Proto-Indo-European 7922:No U-turn syndrome 7816:Telecommunications 7806:Singapore Exchange 7768:Monetary Authority 6945:Pennsylvania Dutch 5832:English World-Wide 5075:10.1111/weng.12357 4716:English World-Wide 4481:English World-Wide 4445:English World-Wide 4311:10.17863/CAM.27060 4141:English World-Wide 4068:on 10 August 2014. 3633:Harada, Shinichi. 3593:Harada, Shinichi. 3202: 2886: 2695: 2325:mid central vowels 2129:The diphthongs in 1648:has a raised vowel 1231:like most dialects 1182: 838:Malay Singaporeans 343: 8172: 8171: 8125: 8124: 8020:Singapore English 7834: 7833: 7735: 7734: 7722:Political parties 7668:Foreign relations 7628: 7627: 7445: 7444: 7330: 7329: 7130: 7129: 7039: 7038: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6878:Pacific Northwest 6739:Standard Canadian 6670: 6669: 6615: 6614: 6555: 6554: 6305: 6304: 6285: 6284: 5971: 5970: 5858:Singapore English 5853:Library resources 5737:978-981-08-7808-5 5557:978-0-7486-2544-4 5547:Singapore English 4622:Singapore English 4195:978-9971-69-114-1 4014:Channel News Asia 3988:Channel News Asia 3831:978-1-85359-230-0 3794:Singapore English 3377:Explanatory notes 3347: 3346: 2999:I joined the call 2895:phonological word 2862: 2861: 2596:sounds more like 2523:Lexical incidence 2501:, described as a 1806:The raised vowel 1713:will distinguish 1608:voiced consonants 779:Singapore English 776: 775: 449:Linguistic purism 434:European language 358: 333: 332: 315:rendering support 311:phonetic symbols. 132:Singapore English 31:Singapore English 8202: 8195:City colloquials 8152: 8145: 8138: 7852:Communitarianism 7845: 7781: 7746: 7639: 7563: 7547: 7472: 7465: 7458: 7449: 7342:English language 7227: 7048: 7031:Falkland Islands 6930:General American 6903:African-American 6756: 6690: 6679: 6381: 6372: 6361: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6309: 6040: 5995:Creole languages 5982:Johor-Riau Malay 5922: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5881: 5847: 5814: 5808: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5782: 5776: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5746: 5740:. Archived from 5729: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5658: 5652: 5638: 5632: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5575:. AsiaOne News. 5568: 5562: 5561: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5528: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5500: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5480:. Archived from 5469: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5389:. 13 August 2017 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5340: 5332: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5285: 5276: 5275: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5236: 5225: 5224: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5179: 5170: 5149: 5148: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5033: 5022: 5021: 5013: 5004: 5003: 4994:(3–4): 480–501. 4983: 4974: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4936: 4927: 4918: 4917: 4909: 4903: 4902: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4821: 4812: 4811: 4793: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4766:Lin, J. (2021). 4763: 4757: 4756: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4711: 4694: 4693: 4681: 4664: 4663: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4617: 4594: 4593: 4587: 4576: 4565: 4564: 4546: 4540: 4533: 4522: 4521: 4503: 4497: 4496: 4476: 4461: 4460: 4440: 4421: 4420: 4400: 4389: 4388: 4370: 4349: 4348: 4330: 4315: 4314: 4298: 4285: 4284: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4233: 4224: 4223: 4211: 4200: 4199: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4136: 4130: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4081: 4070: 4069: 4064:. Archived from 4058: 4052: 4051: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3964: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3944: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3921: 3916:on 26 April 2016 3915: 3909:. Archived from 3884: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3858: 3851: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3788: 3782: 3781: 3779: 3777: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3745: 3739:. Archived from 3738: 3729: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3711:. Archived from 3710: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3677: 3668: 3657: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3646: 3640:. Archived from 3639: 3630: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3606: 3600:. Archived from 3599: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3565: 3547: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3517: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3469: 3463: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3452: 3446:. Archived from 3445: 3436: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3405: 3390: 3386: 3371:education system 3268:Chinese dialects 3205: 2995:accentual phrase 2920:I don’t remember 2870:accentual phrase 2698: 2685: 2684: 2681: 2680: 2658: 2654: 2643: 2619: 2572: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2511: 2488: 2477: 2466: 2380: 2364: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2238: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2216: 2212: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2090: 2082: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2058: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2014: 2010: 2003: 1996: 1985: 1978: 1966: 1962: 1943: 1908: 1900: 1888: 1881: 1813: 1794: 1787: 1780: 1773: 1762: 1751: 1740: 1733: 1726: 1719: 1690:, in which case 1689: 1669: 1662: 1658: 1651: 1632: 1613: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1581: 1566: 1558: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1535: 1530: 1505: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1454: 1447: 1440: 1433: 1414: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1393: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1381: 1373: 1351: 1344: 1337: 1330: 1323: 1316: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1292: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1263: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1243: 1220: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1199: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1157: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1139: 1135: 1130:Deterding (2007a 1095:Nigerian English 795:English language 768: 761: 754: 571:Falkland Islands 389:English language 380: 360: 359: 340: 301: 272: 255: 253: 252: 227:English alphabet 218: 81: 28: 8210: 8209: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8175: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8155: 8148: 8141: 8134: 8121: 8073: 7971: 7952:Sex trafficking 7947:Public holidays 7892:Eat Frozen Pork 7830: 7779: 7731: 7624: 7552: 7545: 7485: 7476: 7446: 7441: 7326: 7283: 7238: 7218: 7126: 7122:Solomon Islands 7091: 7035: 7017: 6949: 6940:New York Latino 6915:American Indian 6895: 6889: 6750: 6743: 6684: 6666: 6652:Channel Islands 6643: 6611: 6578: 6551: 6494: 6456: 6366: 6350: 6336: 6306: 6301: 6281: 6225: 6160: 6093: 6031: 5990: 5967: 5936: 5913: 5908: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5825: 5822: 5820:Further reading 5817: 5809: 5802: 5792: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5779: 5773:Wayback Machine 5764: 5760: 5750: 5748: 5747:on 3 March 2011 5744: 5738: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5685: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5668: 5666:www.asiaone.com 5660: 5659: 5655: 5639: 5635: 5630:Wayback Machine 5622: 5618: 5608: 5606: 5605:on 22 June 2013 5597: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5521: 5514: 5512: 5502: 5501: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5422: 5407: 5406: 5402: 5392: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5366: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5333: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5287: 5286: 5279: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5238: 5237: 5228: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5152: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5114: 5113: 5109: 5090:Asian Englishes 5087: 5086: 5082: 5063:World Englishes 5060: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5035: 5034: 5025: 5015: 5014: 5007: 4988:World Englishes 4985: 4984: 4977: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4921: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4836: 4823: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4795: 4794: 4787: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4753: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4713: 4712: 4697: 4683: 4682: 4667: 4660: 4647: 4646: 4639: 4632: 4619: 4618: 4597: 4585: 4578: 4577: 4568: 4561: 4548: 4547: 4543: 4534: 4525: 4518: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4478: 4477: 4464: 4442: 4441: 4424: 4402: 4401: 4392: 4385: 4372: 4371: 4352: 4345: 4332: 4331: 4318: 4300: 4299: 4288: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4235: 4234: 4227: 4213: 4212: 4203: 4196: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4124: 4120: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4095: 4093: 4084:Gupta, Anthea. 4083: 4082: 4073: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4036:World Englishes 4033: 4032: 4028: 4018: 4016: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3966: 3965: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3882: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3859:on 15 July 2014 3856: 3849: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3832: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3775: 3773: 3772:on 3 March 2012 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3746:on 3 March 2016 3743: 3736: 3731: 3730: 3723: 3718:on 2 June 2013. 3715: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3675: 3670: 3669: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3637: 3632: 3631: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3563:10.1.1.530.1479 3550:World Englishes 3545: 3540: 3539: 3535: 3525: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3496: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3485: 3476:. p. 209. 3471: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3437: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3355: 3171: 3150:Lee Hsien Loong 3087: 3081: 3072: 3066: 3058:syllable timing 3051: 2693: 2677: 2673: 2656: 2652: 2641: 2617: 2570: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2525: 2438: 2355:monophthongised 2344: 2340: 2294:Stop consonants 2253: 2230: 2226: 2214: 2210: 2182: 2178: 2153: 2149: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2096: 2092: 2075:as a near-back 2066: 2062: 2056: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2012: 2008: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1879: 1785: 1771: 1731: 1717: 1698:, but not with 1687: 1660: 1649: 1630: 1627: 1611: 1595: 1591: 1590:. The vowel in 1579: 1564: 1563:. Usage of the 1549: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1528: 1522:and the prefix 1496: 1492: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1460: 1445: 1431: 1417:stop consonants 1398: 1394: 1391: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1342: 1328: 1314: 1301: 1297: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1177: 1173: 1163: 1159: 1149: 1145: 1137: 1136:represents the 1122: 1079: 1073: 1036: 1023: 959: 950: 932:copula deletion 880: 803:British English 772: 421:Advanced topics 378: 377: 369: 367: 366: 365: 364: 361: 354: 351: 344: 338: 313:Without proper 299: 268: 250: 248: 245: 238:Official status 230: 219: 214: 208: 159: 152: 82: 79:Language family 77: 68: 67:Native speakers 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8208: 8206: 8198: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8177: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8166: 8161: 8154: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8131: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8083: 8081: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8040: 8039: 8034: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7981: 7979: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7942:Public housing 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7683:Prime Minister 7680: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7642: 7636: 7630: 7629: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7605:Urban planning 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7554: 7553: 7551: 7550: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7452: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7384: 7382:Englishisation 7379: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7293: 7291: 7289:Southeast Asia 7285: 7284: 7282: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7254: 7248: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7204:South Atlantic 7201: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7184: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7138: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7113: 7112: 7102: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7056: 7054: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7028: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7016: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6986:Cayman Islands 6983: 6978: 6973: 6967: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6911: 6910: 6899: 6897: 6896:ethno-cultural 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6814: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6687: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6625: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6588: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6542: 6532: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6510: 6504: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6488:Stoke-on-Trent 6485: 6480: 6470: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6406: 6405: 6395: 6389: 6387: 6378: 6369: 6358: 6352: 6351: 6347:Modern English 6337: 6335: 6334: 6327: 6320: 6312: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6299: 6293: 6291: 6290:Sign languages 6287: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6233: 6231: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6181: 6176: 6170: 6168: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6103: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6048: 6046: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5934: 5928: 5926: 5919: 5918:Main languages 5915: 5914: 5909: 5907: 5906: 5899: 5892: 5884: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5838:(2): 162–189. 5821: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5800: 5777: 5758: 5736: 5714: 5701:978-0195884159 5700: 5678: 5653: 5633: 5616: 5590: 5563: 5556: 5536: 5495: 5484:on 3 July 2007 5464: 5454: 5443:. Language Log 5431: 5420: 5400: 5374: 5363:on 14 May 2013 5348: 5323:(4): 377–401. 5307: 5277: 5262: 5226: 5191: 5150: 5132: 5125: 5107: 5096:(2): 116–136. 5080: 5069:(4): 630–643. 5053: 5046: 5023: 5005: 4975: 4956: 4945:(4): 617–644. 4919: 4904: 4881: 4866: 4859: 4841: 4834: 4813: 4806: 4785: 4758: 4751: 4733: 4695: 4665: 4658: 4637: 4630: 4595: 4566: 4559: 4541: 4523: 4516: 4498: 4487:(2): 162–189. 4462: 4451:(2): 135–145. 4422: 4390: 4384:978-1847182241 4383: 4350: 4343: 4316: 4286: 4251: 4225: 4201: 4194: 4174: 4131: 4118: 4103: 4071: 4053: 4042:(3): 341–355. 4026: 4000: 3974: 3956: 3930: 3870: 3837: 3830: 3810: 3803: 3783: 3757: 3721: 3697: 3658: 3647:on 2 June 2013 3618: 3607:on 2 June 2013 3585: 3556:(2): 143–159. 3533: 3504: 3483: 3464: 3453:on 2 June 2013 3428: 3399: 3397: 3394: 3392: 3391: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3354: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3285: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3170: 3167: 3083:Main article: 3080: 3077: 3065: 3062: 3050: 3047: 2860: 2859: 2846: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2818: 2813: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2718:pitch contour 2716: 2713: 2712:pitch contour 2710: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2692: 2689: 2688: 2687: 2660: 2645: 2627: 2614:is pronounced 2609: 2590: 2567: 2524: 2521: 2517:-labialization 2437: 2430: 2396:in words like 2321:vocalised "l"s 2252: 2249: 2126: 2123: 2109:in words like 2021:high and front 1959:The vowels in 1956: 1953: 1626: 1616: 1367:The vowels in 1121: 1118: 1114:function words 1072: 1069: 1035: 1032: 1022: 1019: 958: 955: 949: 946: 941: 940: 939: 938: 935: 928: 922: 921: 920: 917: 910: 904: 879: 876: 867:primary school 774: 773: 771: 770: 763: 756: 748: 745: 744: 743: 742: 734: 733: 729: 728: 727: 726: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 696:South Atlantic 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 480: 479: 475: 474: 473: 472: 459: 458: 454: 453: 452: 451: 446: 441: 439:Modern English 436: 431: 423: 422: 418: 417: 416: 415: 410: 405: 397: 396: 392: 391: 385: 384: 368: 362: 352: 349:Speech example 347: 346: 345: 336: 335: 334: 331: 330: 317:, you may see 303: 302: 297: 291: 290: 285: 277: 276: 273: 265: 264: 263:Language codes 260: 259: 246: 243: 240: 239: 235: 234: 220: 216:Writing system 213: 210: 209: 207: 206: 205: 204: 203: 202: 201: 200: 199: 198: 197: 196: 194:Modern English 184:Middle English 169:Proto-Germanic 162: 160: 157: 154: 153: 151: 150: 149: 148: 147: 146: 145: 144: 143: 142: 141: 140: 139: 138: 137: 136: 135: 134: 85: 83: 76: 73: 72: 69: 66: 63: 62: 57: 53: 52: 47: 43: 42: 37: 36:Native to 33: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8207: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8182: 8180: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8151: 8147: 8144: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8132: 8128: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8084: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8025: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7652: 7651:Town Councils 7649: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7631: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7610:Urban renewal 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7549: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7468: 7466: 7461: 7459: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7402:International 7400: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7133: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7082:Torres Strait 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7020: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6960: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6866: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6817:North-Central 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6795:New York City 6793: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6746: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6729:Ottawa Valley 6727: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6680: 6677: 6673: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6558: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6523:Multicultural 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6483:Black Country 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6474: 6473:West Midlands 6471: 6469: 6468:East Midlands 6466: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6353: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6328: 6326: 6321: 6319: 6314: 6313: 6310: 6298: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6288: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5986:Orang Seletar 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5900: 5898: 5893: 5891: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5789:. xinmsn news 5788: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5762: 5759: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5726: 5725: 5718: 5715: 5703: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5679: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5564: 5559: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5540: 5537: 5532: 5526: 5510: 5506: 5499: 5496: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5458: 5455: 5442: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5421:0-415-13120-0 5417: 5413: 5412: 5404: 5401: 5388: 5387:guidesify.com 5384: 5378: 5375: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5344: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5273: 5266: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5207:(1): 83–100. 5206: 5202: 5195: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5126:0-521-28541-0 5122: 5118: 5111: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5054: 5049: 5047:9789027248930 5043: 5039: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4971: 4960: 4957: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4933: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4915: 4908: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4882: 4877: 4870: 4867: 4862: 4860:9781108841665 4856: 4852: 4845: 4842: 4837: 4835:9789027249029 4831: 4827: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4803: 4799: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4762: 4759: 4754: 4752:981-04-2598-8 4748: 4744: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4722:(2): 179–97. 4721: 4717: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4659:9780415725125 4655: 4651: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4631:9780748630967 4627: 4623: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4583: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4560:981-04-2598-8 4556: 4552: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4517:9781107027305 4513: 4509: 4502: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4344:9781107477186 4340: 4336: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4240:(218): 1–24. 4239: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4178: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4147:(1): 79–108. 4146: 4142: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4114: 4107: 4104: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4027: 4015: 4011: 4004: 4001: 3989: 3985: 3978: 3975: 3970: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3941: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3855: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3804:9780748625451 3800: 3796: 3795: 3787: 3784: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3742: 3735: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3685: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3537: 3534: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3468: 3465: 3449: 3442: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3417: 3410: 3409:"Census 2020" 3404: 3401: 3395: 3385: 3382: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3236: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3200: 3198: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3146:Goh Chok Tong 3143: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3133:Phua Chu Kang 3129: 3128: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3116: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3086: 3078: 3076: 3071: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3054: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2903: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2883: 2882:boundary tone 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2844:anticlockwise 2842: 2839: 2836: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2798: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2707: 2699: 2690: 2683: 2671: 2668: 2665:is sometimes 2664: 2661: 2650: 2647:The vowel in 2646: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2568: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2481: 2475: 2470: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2224: 2220: 2209:The vowel in 2207: 2203: 2177: 2171: 2148: 2145:. Words like 2144: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2107:further front 2102: 2088: 2080: 2072: 2060: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2022: 2018: 2005: 2001: 1994: 1989: 1983: 1976: 1970: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1901:to close-mid 1898: 1892: 1886: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1811: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1784: 1778: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1755: 1749: 1744: 1738: 1730: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1667: 1656: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1587: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1562: 1556: 1546: 1532: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1506:in the words 1503: 1489: 1485: 1470: 1458: 1452: 1444: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1404: 1390: 1384: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1349: 1341: 1335: 1327: 1321: 1313: 1307: 1296: 1290: 1284: 1280: 1274: 1260: 1254: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1211: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1169: 1155: 1143: 1131: 1126: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1110:content words 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1078: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1051:" (to eat), " 1050: 1046: 1040: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1018: 1016: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 995: 994:lingua franca 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 956: 954: 947: 945: 936: 933: 929: 926: 925: 923: 918: 915: 911: 908: 907: 905: 901: 900: 899: 897: 893: 889: 885: 877: 875: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848: 847:lingua franca 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 769: 764: 762: 757: 755: 750: 749: 747: 746: 741: 738: 737: 736: 735: 730: 725: 724: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 691:South African 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 482: 481: 476: 470: 466: 463: 462: 461: 460: 455: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 426: 425: 424: 419: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 400: 399: 398: 393: 390: 386: 382: 381: 376: 374: 350: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 310: 304: 298: 296: 292: 289: 286: 284: 283: 278: 274: 271: 266: 261: 258: 247: 241: 236: 233: 228: 224: 221: 217: 211: 195: 192: 191: 190: 187: 186: 185: 182: 181: 180: 177: 176: 175: 174:Proto-English 172: 171: 170: 167: 166: 165: 161: 155: 133: 130: 129: 128: 125: 124: 123: 122:Asian English 120: 119: 118: 115: 114: 113: 110: 109: 108: 107:Anglo-Frisian 105: 104: 103: 100: 99: 98: 97:West Germanic 95: 94: 93: 90: 89: 88: 87:Indo-European 84: 80: 74: 70: 64: 61: 58: 54: 51: 48: 44: 41: 38: 34: 29: 26: 22: 8150:Bibliography 8092:Coat of arms 8069:Singaporeans 8019: 7990:Architecture 7937:Prostitution 7887:Demographics 7705:Conscription 7690:Human rights 7658:Constitution 7316: 7187:South Africa 7182:Sierra Leone 6935:Miami Latino 6824:Philadelphia 6812:Inland North 6717:Newfoundland 6535:West Country 6349:by continent 6012:Chitty Malay 6007:Bazaar Malay 5947: 5857: 5835: 5831: 5791:. Retrieved 5780: 5761: 5749:. Retrieved 5742:the original 5723: 5717: 5705:. Retrieved 5691: 5681: 5669:. Retrieved 5665: 5656: 5641: 5636: 5619: 5607:. Retrieved 5603:the original 5593: 5581:. Retrieved 5566: 5546: 5539: 5513:. Retrieved 5508: 5498: 5486:. Retrieved 5482:the original 5477: 5467: 5457: 5445:. Retrieved 5434: 5425: 5410: 5403: 5393:11 September 5391:. Retrieved 5386: 5377: 5365:. Retrieved 5361:the original 5351: 5337:cite journal 5320: 5316: 5310: 5296:(2): 61–72. 5293: 5289: 5271: 5265: 5248: 5244: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5185: 5181: 5144: 5116: 5110: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5066: 5062: 5056: 5037: 4991: 4987: 4969: 4959: 4942: 4938: 4916:: 1429–1440. 4913: 4907: 4890: 4884: 4875: 4869: 4850: 4844: 4825: 4807:007-124727-0 4797: 4768: 4761: 4742: 4736: 4719: 4715: 4685: 4649: 4621: 4589: 4581: 4550: 4544: 4536: 4507: 4501: 4484: 4480: 4448: 4444: 4411:(1): 55–88. 4408: 4404: 4374: 4334: 4302: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4237: 4219: 4215: 4184: 4177: 4144: 4140: 4134: 4126: 4121: 4112: 4106: 4094:. Retrieved 4089: 4066:the original 4056: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4017:. Retrieved 4003: 3991:. Retrieved 3977: 3968: 3947:. Retrieved 3933: 3925: 3918:. Retrieved 3911:the original 3893:(1): 47–62. 3890: 3886: 3873: 3861:. Retrieved 3854:the original 3840: 3820: 3813: 3793: 3786: 3774:. Retrieved 3770:the original 3760: 3748:. Retrieved 3741:the original 3713:the original 3700: 3688:. Retrieved 3683: 3679: 3649:. Retrieved 3642:the original 3609:. Retrieved 3602:the original 3588: 3553: 3549: 3536: 3524:. Retrieved 3519: 3507: 3495:. Retrieved 3486: 3477: 3473: 3467: 3455:. Retrieved 3448:the original 3419:. Retrieved 3415: 3403: 3384: 3356: 3348: 3193: 3172: 3158: 3142:Lee Kuan Yew 3139: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3111: 3088: 3073: 3055: 3052: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2938: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2887: 2878:pitch accent 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2837: 2832: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2781: 2776: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2648: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2611: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2551: 2547: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2514: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2469:alveolar tap 2453: 2451: 2446: 2439: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2383:lip rounding 2370: 2366: 2336: 2332: 2308: 2306: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2280:sounds like 2277: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2256: 2254: 2244: 2240: 2239:sound, like 2222: 2218: 2208: 2175: 2146: 2128: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2006: 1988:monophthongs 1958: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1890: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1805: 1796: 1782: 1768: 1764: 1753: 1742: 1728: 1714: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1694:rhymes with 1691: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1628: 1622: 1618: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1560: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1490: 1442: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1388: 1368: 1366: 1364:on average. 1361: 1357: 1353: 1339: 1325: 1311: 1294: 1282: 1278: 1258: 1238: 1226: 1222: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1132::19). Here, 1105: 1103: 1098: 1080: 1041: 1037: 1024: 1015:Pritam Singh 1012: 992: 960: 951: 942: 881: 864: 862:in English. 845: 811: 790: 786: 782: 778: 777: 720: 685: 681:Sierra Leone 306: 287: 280: 131: 60:Singaporeans 25: 7962:Social fund 7758:Agriculture 7312:Philippines 7105:New Zealand 6991:Bay Islands 6971:The Bahamas 6894:Social and 6851:New Orleans 6768:New England 6662:Isle of Man 6607:Port Talbot 6508:East Anglia 6425:Northumbria 6221:Minangkabau 5671:13 February 4267:(1): 2–16. 3526:13 February 3497:13 February 3121:Mee Pok Man 3001:, in which 2980:unfortunate 2932:. 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