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The code of conduct (rahit) expected of all initiates of the Khalsa, as laid down by Guru Gobind Singh and subsequently eloborated, emphasises both the equality of its members and the martial spirit expected of them by awarding the Rajput titles of Singh ('lion') to men and Kaur ('princess') to
586:
stated in letters to its Sikh clients that "the names Kaur and Singh do not qualify for the purpose of immigration to Canada", requiring people with these surnames to adopt new ones. The ban was denounced by the Sikh community, after which the
Citizenship and Immigration Canada announced it was
741:
The male members were given the surname Singh (lion) and female members were given the surname Kaur (princess), with the intention of creating a parallel system of aristocratic titles in relation to the Rajput hill chiefs of the surrounding areas of
566:
Singh is a common Hindu name in Guyana. Some Indian immigrants to
British Guiana are believed to have adopted surnames traditionally associated with high caste status, including Sharma and Tiwari (Brahmin), as well as Singh (Kshatriya).
545:
Singh is a common name in Nepal; the appellation has acquired caste-neutral status due to its wide scale adoption by many members of Nepali society. Some notable examples of
Nepalis with the middle name/surname Singh are:
1268:
Similarly, Koyeris, a backward caste, claim themselves as
Kushwaha Kshatriya and Dusadh, another scheduled caste, claim themselves as Gahlout Kshatriya. Some of their members use titles like ' Singh ' and '
522:"Singh" is generally used as a surname or as a middle name/title. When used as a middle name, it is generally followed by the caste, clan or family name. To reduce caste discrimination, some Sikhs append "
256:
naming conventions. As a surname or a middle name, it is now found throughout the world across communities and religious groups, becoming more of a generic, caste-neutral, decorative name.
1181:
The surname, Singh, for example, was appropriated over a period of several centuries of acculturation by different Hindu castes, including lower castes as well as followers of
Jainism.
840:
In the process of forming a casteless society, many first generation
Nepalis (and Indians) changed their surnames to Singh, which is a neutral and now common surname.
511:
363:
of the
Chalukyas continued using Simha as the last name till the eleventh century. The Rajputs started using Singh in preference to the classical epithet of "
1362:; Folk, Faith and Feudalism, edited by NK Singh and Rajendra Joshi, Institute of Rajasthan Studies, Jaipur, India. Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi.
1047:
In those days, "Singh" as a surname was very popular among a famous warrior caste of north India, the
Rajputs. Some of the first Sikhs were also Rajputs.
458:
People belonging to several other castes and communities have also used Singh as a title, middle name or a surname; these include non-Sikh
Punjabis,
124:
444:
status, numerous communities use 'Singh' as part of their names. Some Jains have also adopted the surname in addition to various Hindu castes.
413:
In the 18th century, several groups started using the title "Singh". These included the
Brahmins, the Kayasthas and the Baniyas of what are now
679:
The use of the two names by baptized Sikhs was originally intended to end the prejudice created by names pertaining to the various Hindu castes
402:
By the sixteenth century, "Singh" had become a popular surname among Rajputs. It was adopted by the Sikhs in 1699, as per the instructions of
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warriors in northern parts of India. The earliest recorded examples of the names ending with "Simha" are the names of the two sons of the
352:
754:
Jakobsh, Doris (2004). "What's in a Name: Circumscribing Sikh Female Nomenclature". In Singh, Pashaura; Barrier, Norman Gerald (eds.).
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Some individuals often drop their surnames and use generic names such as Kumar, Lal, Singh, or Chowdhary that are not jati specific.
672:
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only keep Singh or Kaur as their last name. This has caused legal problems in immigration procedures, especially in
1338:. Contributors Kumar Suresh Singh, B. V. Mehta, Anthropological Survey of India. Popular Prakashan. p. 1846.
1299:
1194:
406:. Singh is used by all baptized male Sikhs, regardless of their geographical or cultural binding; the women use
1468:
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120:
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Going by the usage, Singh is more a title than a surname, cutting across communities and religious groups.
339:
Originally, the Sanskrit word for lion, variously transliterated as Simha or Singh was used as a title by
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women had the last name 'Kanwar'. However, now, many Rajput women have Singh in their name as well.
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dropping the policy, calling the whole issue a misunderstanding based on a "poorly worded" letter.
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In Tamil, the word for lion is Singham or Singhe written as சிங்க, also derived from Sanskrit.
241:
853:
722:
606:, a Supreme Court of Canada case on the applicability of Charter rights to refugee claimants
547:
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182:
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As the term 'Singh' meaning 'lion' was adopted from the Rajputs, so too was the name 'Kaur'
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425:, who originally used Brahmin surnames, also started affixing Singh to their names. In
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Singh was a common name utilised by Rajputs, the Hindu ruling or warrior caste.
17:
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272:: siṃha) meaning "lion", and is used in the sense "hero" or "eminent person".
226:
83:
1382:
Domination and Power in Guyana: Study of the Police in a Third World Context
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with the same pronunciation as Hindi. Variations include Simha and Sinha in
237:
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826:
Global Nepalis: Religion, Culture, and Community in a New and Old Diaspora
1000:
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467:
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Gandhi's tiger and Sita's smile: essays on gender, sexuality and culture
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A section of around a million adherents of Sikhism that live abroad in
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The Grammar of Caste: Economic Discrimination in Contemporary India
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The Rajput of Ancient and Medieval North India: A Warrior-Ascetic
1223:
Narratives from the Margins: Aspects of Adivasi History in India
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community, it was later mandated in the late 17th century by
822:"Fiji Nepals: Reviving Connections Lost for Over a Century"
664:
Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific An Encyclopedia
283:, it is written as སིང་ with the same pronunciation (Sing).
275:
Several variants of the word are found in other languages:
194:
191:
694:
Royals and Rebels: The Rise and Fall of the Sikh Empire
42:
506:. The surname 'Singh' is used by many caste groups in
417:
and Bihar. In the 19th century, even the Bengal court
371:, the use of the word Simha came into vogue among the
820:
Adhikari, Krishna P.; Sapkota, Bhimsen (2018-06-09).
203:
188:
1409:
The Matrifocal Family: Power, Pluralism and Politics
1179:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. p. 17.
890:
Communities, segments, synonyms, surnames and titles
824:. In Gellner, David N.; Hausner., Sondra L. (eds.).
185:
1256:. India: Concept Publishing Company. p. 436.
533:men was to have "Singh" as their last name, while
359:to bear the title Simha, ruled around 500 CE. The
1196:A Grammar of the Shina Language of Indus Kohistan
788:. In Hardy, Friedhelm; Houlden, Leslie (eds.).
725:. In Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (eds.).
421:of the lower castes adopted the title "Singh".
165:, published in Graphic Magazine, December 1888.
1301:Ruled or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar
927:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 354.
8:
1084:. Cambridge University Press. p. 269.
1078:Catherine B. Asher; Cynthia Talbot (2006).
526:" or their native village names to Singh.
335:(178 to 197 CE) who used "Simha" as suffix.
318:, it is written as Singa and it means lion.
62:For a list of people with the surname, see
26:
986:
984:
815:
813:
304:
1177:Dominance and State Power in Modern India
1161:Bhavan's Journal, Volume 12, Issues 1-16
1059:A History of the Sikh People (1469-1988)
760:. Oxford University Press. p. 176.
640:. Oxford University Press. p. 354.
529:Originally, a common practice among the
455:historically used the surname "Sing".
326:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
1250:V.S. Upadhyay; G. Pandey, eds. (1993).
697:. Oxford University Press. p. 34.
626:
233:communities. Traditionally used by the
125:Commander-in-Chief of the Nepalese Army
28:
1245:
1243:
854:"Theories of Discrimination and Caste"
264:The word "Singh" is derived from the
7:
1335:People of India: Maharashtra, Part 3
1134:"Using surnames to conceal identity"
805:women, irrespective of caste origin.
331:Coin of the Western Kshatrapa ruler
924:Dictionary of American Family Names
784:Shackle, Christopher (2004-01-14).
727:The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies
637:Dictionary of American Family Names
510:. The name is also found among the
447:According to research conducted by
248:as well, in part as a rejection of
1253:History of Anthropological Thought
1132:Pranava K Chaudhary (2009-02-21).
1022:Prakash Chander (1 January 2003).
57:
852:Deshpande, Ashwini (2011-08-03).
597:List of people with surname Singh
293:), derived from the Pali variant
64:List of people with surname Singh
1406:Smith, Raymond T. (2014-04-23).
1108:Community And Caste In Tradition
691:Atwal, Priya (15 January 2021).
391:in the 12th century CE, and the
252:-based prejudice and to emulate
181:
146:
113:
91:
75:
1379:Danns, George K. (2017-09-29).
1105:Virendra Prakash Singh (1992).
1028:. APH Publishing. p. 120.
991:Qanungo, Kalika Ranjan (1960).
895:Anthropological Survey of India
289:In Burmese, it is spelled သီဟ (
244:(born Gobind Das) for all male
721:Singh, Pashaura (2014-03-01).
379:in 10th century CE, among the
1:
1226:. Primus Books. p. 134.
1175:Frankel, Francine R. (1990).
1111:. Commonwealth. p. 113.
723:"An Overview of Sikh History"
59:Surname originating from Asia
1220:Gupta, Sanjukta Das (2012).
1199:. Harrassowitz. p. 11.
1193:Schmidt, Ruth Laila (2008).
921:Patrick Hanks, ed. (2003).
860:. Oxford University Press.
828:. Oxford University Press.
1495:
1412:. Routledge. p. 118.
1385:. Routledge. p. 120.
959:: Yoda Press. p. 37.
792:. Routledge. p. 722.
729:. OUP Oxford. p. 23.
351:in the second century CE.
61:
1479:Punjabi-language surnames
1459:Surnames of Indian origin
1433:San Grewal (2007-07-26).
1304:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
1025:India: Past & Present
993:Studies in Rajput History
667:. ABC-CLIO. p. 289.
399:after the 17th century.
355:, the first ruler of the
580:Canadian High Commission
260:Etymology and variations
39:latest accepted revision
1435:"'Singh' ban denounced"
1298:Singh, Santosh (2015).
634:Hanks, Patrick (2013).
121:Prime Minister of Nepal
1281:Baitade, G. b (1916).
661:James Minahan (2012).
336:
790:The World's Religions
330:
134:, (1843-1845) of the
1332:B. V. Bhanu (2004).
1164:. 1965. p. 123.
1003:. pp. 138–140.
578:. For a decade, the
132:Mathabar Singh Thapa
1081:India Before Europe
1061:by Dr. Gopal Singh
757:Sikhism and History
303:, it is written as
29:Page version status
1358:Kolff, Dirk H.A.,
1139:The Times of India
885:Kumar Suresh Singh
562:Outside South Asia
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155:Lakshmeshwar Singh
84:Rana Sangram Singh
35:
1419:978-1-136-65959-1
1392:978-1-351-52186-4
1035:978-81-7648-455-8
966:978-81-902272-5-4
934:978-0-19-508137-4
867:978-0-19-908846-1
835:978-0-19-909337-3
799:978-1-136-85185-8
767:978-0-19-566708-0
736:978-0-19-969930-8
704:978-0-19-756693-0
572:Western countries
556:Pratap Singh Shah
404:Guru Gobind Singh
242:Guru Gobind Singh
47:20 September 2024
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621:References
349:Rudraraman
316:Indonesian
106:, 1699 CE.
957:New Delhi
786:"Sikhism"
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