Single-bullet theory - Knowledge (XXG)

599:, after he attended to the frontal throat wound, as being an "entrance wound". Doctor Perry stated the neck frontal wound "appeared to be" an entrance wound three times during his press conference. However, medical researchers have found that ER doctors frequently make mistakes with regard to entrance and exit wounds, and both Perry and Dr. Carrico, the other attending ER doctor, later testified at the Warren hearing that with a full jacketed bullet the wound in the front of the throat could have been either an entrance or exit wound; the Parkland ER doctors also never examined the wound in the back and could make no comparisons with it. Within nineteen hours of his press conference statement (but after the autopsy had already been completed), Doctor Perry also described via telephone to Doctor Humes, one of the three U.S. Navy 982:), the interval between frame 223 and 224 is the time the same projectile passes through both Kennedy and Connally's body. It is not obvious at this point (frame 224) whether Connally has, or has not, been hit; however, Connally, but not other limousine occupants, is newly blurred in frame 224 but not in frame 223. Connally himself, in analyzing the frame-by-frame Zapruder film, identified his own hit later, at about Zapruder frame 230, whereas Kennedy is certainly hit about Zapruder frame 224, a third of a second earlier. Beginning immediately after frame 224, Connally rapidly raises and then lowers both arms, then turns to his right toward the Zapruder camera, but it is not clear that he is turning to see what has happened to Kennedy. 566:. This abrasion collar was caused by the bullet's scraping the margins of the skin on penetration and is characteristic of a gunshot wound of entrance. This abrasion collar was photographically documented to be larger at the lower margin half of the wound, which is strong evidence that the bullet's long-axis orientation at the instant of penetration was slightly upward in relation to the plane of the skin immediately surrounding the wound; however, the skin of Kennedy's upper back slopes inward, and the Croft photo (taken at Zapruder frame 162, shortly before Kennedy was hit) shows the President slumped forward. This would suggest that a shooting position above and to the rear of Kennedy was possible 33: 635:), and entered through Connally's right upper (outside) wrist, but missed his suit coat sleeve. It penetrated the doubled French cuff shirt sleeve at the wrist area but did not penetrate the cuff on exit (in 2003 Nellie Connally described in her book "From Love Field" that Connally's right hand solid-gold "Mexican peso" cufflink was struck with a bullet, and the cufflink was completely shot off during the attack. This is not evident from the physical appearance of the shirt which bears no mark, tear or hole at the cufflink area. Connally's cufflink was apparently never found — thus never entered — into the assassination evidence), 1068:, one of the men who found the bullet, Parkland personnel director O.P. Wright, cast doubt on whether the bullet subsequently entered into evidence as CE 399 was the same bullet he held in his hand that day. Wright told Thompson that the bullet they found was point nosed, whereas CE 399 is round nosed. In 1964, both Wright and Darrel Tomlinson, a maintenance employee at Parkland who passed the bullet along to Wright, were shown the bullet and said the bullet in evidence appeared to be the same one as the bullet found on the stretcher, though neither could positively identify the bullet as the same one. 986:

the President. It is at this point that some critics of the single-bullet theory believe Connally is actually hit by a second and separate bullet, and this is also what Connally himself believed, but only on the supposition that the first shot he heard was one that struck the president. (If the first shot missed the president, then Connally's memory of being hit later corresponds with the single-bullet theory.) Proponents of the single-bullet thesis argue that Connally is simply exhibiting a delayed pain reaction to having been hit by the same bullet that hit Kennedy, a third of a second earlier.

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agrees Connally must have already been hit. In fact, Connally's wife, Nellie Connally, stated that he held on to his hat until he was put on a stretcher at Parkland Hospital. Thus, it is reasonably clear that Connally continued to hold the hat after being hit. Wrist fracture would not preclude ability to hold a light object such as a hat, and Connally's nerve damage was limited to a superficial branch of the radial nerve which served a sensory function only, and would not have interfered with his grip strength (nor was Connally's hand function in any way permanently harmed).

916: 1040:, who, as a member of the House Select Committee on Assassinations, wrote a dissenting opinion in which he explained why, in his view, the left-to-right trajectory from the sixth-floor window of the Texas School Book Depository through Kennedy's neck could not possibly intersect with Connally's right armpit. Wecht notes that in the photographs it appears that Connally is seated in the middle of the jump seat and Kennedy is to the right side of his seat with his right arm resting on the top of the limousine side. 3280:. This primary document preserves the notes of two FBI agents (Special Agents James W. Sibert and Francis X. O'Neill) who were present at the autopsy and took notes. The early report preserves genuine medical doctor confusion present during the autopsy, caused by apparent lack of an exit wound for the CE 399 entry, which was cleared up later in the official report after new information became available. However, as a primary piece of observation by medical laymen, the report is useful. 334:

catch the President out of the corner of his eye so he said he began to turn back to look to his left when he felt a forceful impact to his back. He stated to the Warren Commission: "I immediately, when I was hit, I said, 'Oh, no, no, no.' And then I said, 'My God, they are going to kill us all.'" He looked down and saw that his chest was covered with blood and thought he had been fatally shot. Then he heard the third and final shot, which sprayed blood and brain tissue over them.

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Kennedy was struck by frames 225–6 and that "the velocity of the first bullet would have been little diminished by its passage through the President. Therefore, if Governor Connally was in the path of the bullet it would have struck him and caused the wounds he sustained in his chest cavity... Strong indications that this occurred are provided by the facts that... if the first bullet did not strike Governor Connally, it should have ripped up the car but it apparently did not."

383:. The death certificate was signed by Dr. George Burkley, the President's personal physician. As interpreted by the House Select Committee on Assassinations Forensic Pathology Panel, the autopsy photos and autopsy X-rays show a bullet hole at the first thoracic vertebra. The bullet hole in the shirt worn by Kennedy and the bullet hole in the suit jacket worn by Kennedy both show bullet holes between 5 and 6 inches (13 and 15 cm) below the top of Kennedy's collar. 1007:

behind him has already clearly been hit). Others see this as Connally's reaction to the sound of the first shot. Immediately after the arm spasm, Connally begins a motion which drops his right shoulder and holds his right arm pinned to his right side, including a slow rolling motion toward this side. He also is seen to look over his right shoulder at Kennedy and shows an expression of pain only after turning his head back toward Zapruder's position around frame 275.

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to his right. These points are of critical importance in assessing whether the bullet that passed through Kennedy could have caused Connally's injuries. Computer recreations showing accurate body positioning of the two men show that their injuries, if caused at Zapruder frame 224, fall on a line which emanates from a circle enclosing several windows on the sixth floor of the Texas Book Depository, and includes the window of the sniper's nest.

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thought there were four or more shots. Of 178 witnesses whose evidence was compiled by the House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), 132 reported hearing exactly three shots, 17 recalled hearing two, 7 said they heard two or three shots (total: 88%). A total of 6 people said they thought they heard four shots, and 9 said they were not sure how many shots they heard. Another 7 people said they thought they heard 1, 5, 6, or 8 shots.

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the bullet which struck Connally's thigh had also passed through his wrist, slowing it down in the process. Connally said that he never felt this thigh wound at any time until the next day. On the other hand, Dr. Shires, who operated on Connally's thigh wound, thought that the wound to the thigh, which he said extended to the region of the femur, could have been made by a bullet travelling at high speed striking the thigh on an angle.

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location in Figure 4 of their report, a drawing made from one of the still-unreleased autopsy photos. It is also consistent with the unofficial versions of this photo available on the internet. The HSCA examined these photographs and X-rays before rendering its opinions as to bullet entry and exit locations, and obtained testimony from autopsy physicians that these were the correct photographs and X-rays taken during the autopsy.

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and Connally were struck by the same bullet from Oswald's rifle. Myers also argues that in frames 225–230 both Kennedy and Connally are simultaneously reacting to the impact of the bullet. There is no other point on the film which shows either Kennedy or Connally reacting because they have been shot. They both react at the same time, frame 225, because that is when the single bullet hits both of them.

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frames 223 and 225). In this same frame, as noted above, Connally suddenly becomes blurred with regard to the rest of the automobile (Connally is clear in frame 223). Frame 224 is precisely the best-posited frame of the impact of the bullet to Kennedy, who is still behind the sign at this point. Zapruder himself does not appear to jump until frame 227, blurring all contents of the automobile.

1020:, Stone goes to great lengths to debunk the single-bullet theory, although some discrepancies exist between the narrative and the historical record. One example is when he shows Connally seated directly in front of Kennedy at the same height. In fact, Connally was seated in a jump seat the edge of which was 3 inches (7.5 cm) inboard and possibly 4 inches (10 cm) lower than Kennedy. 443:

medical doctors present during the autopsy, caused by apparent lack of an exit wound, which was cleared up later in the official report after new and more complete information became available (the exit had been hidden by a tracheotomy incision). This report does note that the doctor (Commander Humes) at the time said that he was unable to locate an "outlet" for the wound in Kennedy's

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the end, the shirt's French cuff about 1.5 cm from the end, struck and shattered his radius leaving many dark fibers and small fragments of metal in the wound, and exited on the palm side of his wrist above the cuff. There was a hole about 0.5 cm from the end of the jacket sleeve and a hole through the back of the doubled French cuff but no exit hole on the palm side.

128:, passed through President Kennedy's neck into Governor Connally's chest, went through his right wrist, and embedded itself in Connally's left thigh. If so, this bullet traversed a back brace, 15 layers of clothing, seven layers of skin, and approximately 15 inches (38 cm) of muscle tissue, and pulverized 4 inches (10 cm) of Connally's rib, and shattered his 1056:

through his neck. The analysis and conclusion of Canning depends on the correctness of the assumption that Connally's shoulder would have been visible if the man in front of Betzner was not there. The photo taken by James Altgens from a similar angle earlier on Houston Street would seem to indicate that Connally's shoulder was below the line of sight.

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statistical section started well, but stumbled when it confused heterogeneity with analytical uncertainty and when it used confidence intervals instead of difference in means to assess the separation of the two groups of crime-scene fragments. Fixing these two errors gave the opposite result, i.e., confirmed that the groups were distinct.

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testified that from frame 226 onward, the governor was "too much towards the front" and his wounds were therefore misaligned from that point. An oak tree partially obscured the line of sight until frame 210, so the Commission concluded that "the President was not hit until at least frame 210 and that he was probably hit by frame 225".

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The FBI had written its report partly based on an initial autopsy report written by its agents which reflected the early presumption that that bullet had only penetrated several inches into the president's back and had likely fallen out. The FBI concluded, therefore, that the governor had been struck by a separate bullet.

618:(presumably Kennedy); according to Connally, the impact of the bullet was very forceful. In terms of the physics of this impact, this means that the bullet imparted part of its momentum to Connally's body and therefore the bullet's momentum changed (in speed or direction or both) upon entering his body; 1027:

Connally continued to hold his hat after the single bullet struck and broke his right wrist. Critics contend this is not physically possible. However, in the Zapruder film Connally continues to clutch the hat even after Kennedy's head wound, this being a point after which everyone (including critics)

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Critics of the single-bullet thesis question not only the bullet's trajectory and relative lack of damage, but also the question of timing of hits to both the president and Connally. A single bullet would have passed through both men in less than 1/100th of a second, which means that a strike of both

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The 2002 Tobin/Randich paper prompted the National Academy of Sciences (Board on Chemical Science and Technology) to review the science of bullet lead analysis. In a report in 2004 the NAS found the scientific basis for matching bullet sources from the analysis of bullet lead composition as practiced

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A window that was said by some to have been partly opened at the moment of the shots, all leading the Warren Commission to focus solely on this location in their investigation as the source of gunfire and so decided to have a team of surveyors measure the angles from that said window to the locations

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According to the single-bullet theory, one shot passed through President Kennedy's neck and caused all of Governor Connally's wounds (he was wounded in the chest, right wrist, and left thigh), and one of the shots must have missed the limousine entirely. The Connallys never accepted the theory. While

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However, the memorandum stated, given the relatively undamaged condition of the bullet presumed to have done this, CE 399, the consensus was a separate bullet probably struck his wrist and thigh. While not specifying a precise frame for when it was thought Connally was struck by the same bullet which

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magazine, who had purchased the film from Zapruder, it was immediately apparent that there was a timing problem with the FBI's conclusion that three bullets had found their mark. Kennedy was observed by the Commission to be waving to the crowd at frame 205 of the Zapruder film as he disappears behind

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If Connally was seated in the middle of his seat, the bullet should have struck him to the left of his spine. The HSCA concluded that the thigh wound was made by a bullet travelling much slower than one would expect the bullet to have after exiting Kennedy's neck. The single-bullet theory holds that

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The House Select Committee concluded that Connally could have been as much as 6 inches (15 cm) to the left of Kennedy. Moreover, Stone has Connally looking straight ahead. However, when Connally emerges from behind the freeway sign at Zapruder frames 222–223, he is clearly rotated significantly

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The technique used by Guinn to analyse the bullet lead from the JFK assassination was a form of what has become known as Compositional Bullet Lead Analysis (CBLA). Until 2004 the FBI used this technique to determine whether a crime scene bullet lead sample came from a particular box of ammunition or

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In 1978 the HSCA asked physicist Vincent P. Guinn to review the NAA data and conduct new tests. Guinn did so and presented his results and analysis to the Committee. Guinn stated that initially he agreed with the earlier conclusion. After examining the old and new NAA data further, he concluded that

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Ballistics experts have performed test shots through animal flesh and bones with cloth covering. Under the assumption of an adjusted relative position of President Kennedy and Governor Connally within the car, some, but not all, of the Warren Commission ballistics experts considered it possible that

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passed through both sides of his shirt collar-front in alignment with the collar button buttoned, about 7–8 inches (18–20 cm) below the center top collar button and collar button hole, in line with the throat wound, and with the threads in both bullet-slits forced outward, showing this to be an

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said she heard the first shot and saw President Kennedy with his hands at his neck reacting to what she later realized was his neck wound. After the first shot, she heard her husband yell, "Oh, no, no, no" and turn to his right, away from her. Then she heard a second shot, which hit her husband. She

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By the end of April 1964, the Commission had its working theory, the single-bullet theory, to account for the apparent timing discrepancies found in the Zapruder film and the lack of any damage to the limousine from a high-velocity bullet exiting the president's throat. Impact damage was observed in

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Given the earliest possible frame at which Kennedy could have been struck (frame 205), and the minimum 42 frames (2.3 seconds) required between shots, there seemed to be insufficient time for separate bullets to be fired from the rifle. Several assistant counsels, upon viewing the film for

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Canning could not see Connally's shoulder in Betzner's photograph and concluded that this meant that the shoulder was obscured by the person standing in front of Betzner. This, he said, put the shoulder well to the left of Kennedy's midline putting his right armpit in line with a right-to-left path

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The HSCA concluded that Connally was not seated in the middle of his seat but was about 7–8 inches (18–20 cm) to the left of that position. NASA Engineer Thomas Canning provided an analysis of the photograph taken by Hugh Betzner from the rear of the limousine a moment prior to the first shot.

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When an enhanced copy of the Zapruder film was released in 1998, many felt the delayed reaction theory was debunked. Others, particularly Posner, noted that Connally's right lapel flips up at frame 224 (it hides the right part of his white collar in frame 224, which is far more clearly seen in both

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Ken Rahn of the University of Rhode Island, a chemist and meteorologist who has a long-standing interest in the Kennedy Assassination, maintains that the NAA data excludes a "three bullet hit" and proves the single-bullet theory actually occurred. His analysis was published in 2004 co-authored with

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Myers's animation found that the bullet wounds were consistent with JFK's and Governor Connally's positions at the time of shooting, and that by following the bullet's trajectory backwards it could be found to have originated from a narrow cone including only a few windows of the sixth floor of the

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Their assessment concluded that Myers's animation allowed the assassination sequence to be viewed "from any point of view with absolute geometric integrity" and that they "believe that the thoroughness and detail incorporated into his work is well beyond that required to present a fair and accurate

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To render his animation, Myers took photographs, home footage, blueprints and plans, and attempted to use them to create an accurate computer reenactment of the assassination. His work was assessed by Z-Axis, who have been involved in producing computer-generated animations of events, processes and

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Several of the same type 6.5 millimeter test bullets were test-fired by the Warren Commission investigators. The test bullet that most matched the slight side flattening and nearly pristine, still rounded impact tip of CE 399 was a bullet that had only been fired into a long tube containing a thick

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This "single bullet," which was full metal jacketed and specifically designed to pass through the human body, was deformed and not in a pristine state as some detractors claim. Though a side view seems to show no visible damage, a view from the end of the bullet shows a significant flattening which

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completely destroyed 127 millimetres (5.0 in) of Connally's fifth right rib bone as it smashed through his chest interior at a documented 10-degree anatomically downward angle (post-operative x-rays document that some of the metal fragments remained in Connally's wrist for life and were buried

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The bullet entered just at the edge of the scapula and followed the fifth rib, shattering the last 10 cm of the rib before exiting on the right side of his chest just below the right nipple. According to the theory, the bullet then went through the Governor's jacket cuff about 0.5 cm from

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These do not necessarily correspond with bullet wounds, since Kennedy was struck with his arm raised in the air, and multiple photos taken of the President during the motorcade show that his jacket was bunched in the rear below his collar. On February 19, 2007, the film shot by George Jefferies was

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on December 9, 1963, said: "Three shots rang out. Two bullets struck President Kennedy, and one wounded Governor Connally." After the report was written, the FBI received the official autopsy report which indicated that the bullet that struck the president in the back had exited through his throat.

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In its final conclusion, the Warren Commission found "persuasive evidence from the experts" that a single bullet caused President Kennedy's throat wound, and all of the wounds found in Governor Connally. It acknowledged that there was a "difference of opinion" among members of the Commission "as to

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According to the analysis done by the HSCA, the horizontal angle from the 6th floor window of the Texas School Book Depository to the limousine at frame 190 or so was about 13 degrees, right to left. The vertical angle was about 21 degrees downward from the horizontal plane and 18 degrees relative

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Some critics believe the puffing out of Connally's cheeks is simply physics at work, as the bullet collapses one of his lungs, forcing air into his mouth. Other critics believe that the puffing of Connally's cheeks result from him shouting, "Oh, no, no, no", which his wife, Nellie, said he shouted

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Connally's cheeks then puff out, and his mouth opens. Many suggest that he is beginning to show the shock of the bullet. Others suggest that Connally is doing exactly what he said he did in reaction to hearing the first bullet: he said he realized an assassination was unfolding so he turned to see

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If the bullet exited Connally's chest below the nipple, the lapel would be too high to have popped out due to direct contact with the bullet. Surgeon John Lattimer has argued that the jacket bulged out because of the "hail of rib fragments and soft tissue" as the bullet tumbled in Connally's body.

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to justify the single-bullet theory and calls attention to frames 223 and 224 on the Zapruder film, where the right-side lapel of Governor Connally's jacket appears to "pop out," as if being pushed from within by an unseen force. Myers theorizes that this is the moment of impact, when both Kennedy

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Regarding the bullet that he remembered impacting his back, Connally stated, "...the most curious discovery of all took place when they rolled me off the stretcher and onto the examining table. A metal object fell to the floor, with a click no louder than a wedding band. The nurse picked it up and

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membrane over it had been bruised, they were not penetrated. This is consistent with a bullet passing through the neck, immediately over the top tip of the right lung (the pressure wave causing bruising to both pleural membrane and apex of lung), but without penetrating the thoracic cavity, or the

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The importance of how low or high the bullet struck the President in the back is a matter of possible geometry. The Sibert/O'Neill FBI autopsy report original made by two FBI agents (Special Agents James W. Sibert and Francis X. O'Neill) present at the autopsy preserves genuine confusion among the

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thought the theory improbable. Russell requested that his opposition to the theory be stated in a footnote in the report. In the end, the Commission changed the word "compelling" to "persuasive" and stated: "Although it is not necessary to any essential findings of the Commission to determine just

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Rahn/Sturdivan say that the possibility that the wrist fragment CE 842 (with an antimony concentration of 797±7 ppm) did not come from the base of the whole bullet CE 399 (the sample from which had an antimony concentration of 833±9 ppm) is so statistically improbable as to be

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The street sloped at 3.15 degrees (3° 9') away from the depository building. This would have made the angle through the president between 17 and 18.5 degrees, assuming that Kennedy was sitting upright, in his seat. The Commission concluded that this angle was consistent with the bullet making the

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There has been some controversy regarding the number of shots fired during the assassination. The Warren Commission concluded that three shots were fired. The vast majority of witnesses claim to have heard three, but there are some witnesses who could recall only one or two shots. A few witnesses

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Connally's immediate reaction after frame 224, including a flinch in which he flexes both elbows and brings his hat up, is seen by some as an unconscious reaction to the strike (single frames of this reaction appear to show Connally unharmed, with hat held up in front of his chest, while Kennedy

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Both sections of the article failed to make their case. The metallurgical section contained a huge gap in its logic (proposing an explanation but failing to support it quantitatively), and predicted at least two features of the elemental data that were the opposite of that actually observed. The

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of the President's limousine in front of the President, recalled hearing the first shot which he immediately recognized as a rifle shot. He said he immediately feared an assassination attempt and turned to his right to look back to see the President. He looked over his right shoulder but did not

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from a radio telephone located in the front seat of the press car in the Presidential motorcade, six cars behind the President's limousine. Smith's communication with the Dallas UPI office was made less than a minute after the shots were heard, as his car entered the Stemmons freeway en route to

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in 2005 whether Specter was the sole author of the single-bullet theory and he said "No, we all came to this conclusion simultaneously." When asked whom he meant by "we", he said "Arlen, myself, Howard Willens, David Belin, and Mel Eisenberg." Specter did not respond to Bugliosi's request for a

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and the Commission tested its theory. Agents acting as the president and the governor sat in a car of approximately the same dimensions of the presidential limousine, which was unavailable for the re-creation. Adjustments to measurements were made to account for the differences in the vehicles.

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On April 14 and 21, two conferences were held at the Commission to determine when, exactly, the president and governor were struck. Assistant counsel Melvin Eisenberg wrote in a memorandum dated April 22 on the first conference that the consensus of those attending was, among other issues, that

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Thus, elevated concentrations of antimony and copper at crystallographic grain boundaries, the widely varying sizes of grains in MC bullet lead, and the 5–60 mg bullet samples analyzed for assassination intelligence effectively resulted in operational sampling error for the analyses. This

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impacted and entered Connally's back just below and behind his right armpit creating an 8 millimeter by 15 millimeter elliptical wound, indicating that the bullet was fired from an acute angle to the entrance wound point, or that the bullet was tumbling, having hit something on its earlier way

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It was from this re-creation, and the testimony of the agent in the sniper's nest, that the Commission verified the theory to its satisfaction, as the governor was in a direct line to be struck by any bullet fired between frames 207 and 235 to 240 which exited the president's throat. The agent

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The conclusion of bullet entry specifically at the first thoracic vertebra was made in a 1979 report on the Kennedy assassination by the HSCA Forensic Pathology Panel, which created Figure for their report to demonstrate this entrance location. This position is consistent with the back wound

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The concluding page of the Bethesda autopsy report states: "The other missile entered the right superior posterior thorax above the scapula, and traversed the soft tissues of the supra-scapular and the supra-clavicular portions of the base of the right side of the neck. This missile produced

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Guinn compared antimony concentrations of Exhibits CE 840, 843 and 567 with that of Exhibits CE 399 and CE 842 and concluded that the data supported the single-bullet theory in that all the bullet lead in the car and wounds originated from no more than two bullets.

483:). It was found that the weight of a single, unfired bullet ranged from 159.8 to 161.5 grains with an average weight of 160.844 grains. The lead fragments retrieved from Connally's wounds in the wrist (there were no fragments in the chest) weighed about 2 grains (130 milligrams). 455:

on the sixth floor, and with the fact that movement was seen in the same corner window from bystanders below, just previous to when the cars arrived, and also because of the proximity of the initial investigations' shell casing evidence collected to that of the nearest window.

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saw him recoil away from her and saw that he was hit. She immediately reached over and pulled him toward her into her arms and lay backward. Then she heard the third and final shot. Mrs. Connally said she never looked into the back seat of the car after her husband was shot.

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impacted, then entered President Kennedy 2 inches (51 mm) to the right of his spine, creating a wound documented size of 4 millimeters by 7 millimeters in the rear of his upper back with a red-brown to black area of skin surrounding the wound, forming what is called an

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experts concluded that those wounds were "not caused by a pristine bullet," and therefore bullet CE 399 "could have caused all his wounds". Other evidence, such as the nature of Connally's back wound (see below), was also cited by the Commission as corroborating the theory.

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At the time of the autopsy, toward the end of the procedure, initial probing of the shoulder wound suggested the bullet entered the base of Kennedy's neck at a 45 to 60 degree angle. At least two shell casings were found near the window at the southeast corner side of the

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Nevertheless, all seven members of the Commission signed off on the statement: "There was no question in the mind of any member of the Commission that all the shots which caused the President's and Governor Connally's wounds were fired from the sixth floor window of the

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slipped it into her pocket. It was the bullet from my body, the one that passed through my back, chest, and wrist, and worked itself loose from my thigh." Connally does not say how he determined this object to have been a bullet, rather than his missing gold cufflink.

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the Stemmons Freeway sign, and seems to be reacting to a shot as he emerges from behind the sign a little more than a second later at frames 225 and 226. In their initial viewing of the film, Connally seemed to be reacting to being struck between frames 235 and 240.

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contusions of the right apical parietal pleura and of the apical portion of the right upper lobe of the lung. The missile contused the strap muscles of the right side of the neck, damaged the trachea, and made its exit through the anterior surface of the neck."

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military autopsists, that the neck front wound was originally only "3 to 5 millimeters" in circular width before doctor Perry attended to the front throat wound (Humes documented Perry's "3 to 5 millimeters" wound size by writing it down during the phone

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Critics of the single-bullet theory state that it is not possible that a single bullet could cause the number of wounds it did and still remain nearly intact. Some critics state that discrediting the theory would suggest the involvement of two shooters.

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Dr. Robert Shaw described the wound on Connally's back as "a small wound of entrance, roughly elliptical in shape, and approximately a cm. and a half in its longest diameter, in the right posterior shoulder, which is medial to the fold of the axilla".

398:. The official autopsy report on the President, Warren Exhibit CE 386, described the back wound as being oval-shaped, 6 x 4 mm, and located "above the upper border of the scapula" at a location 14 cm (5.5 in) from the tip of the right 1516:

This was confirmed by Cokie Roberts, daughter of Hale Boggs, in a personal interview with Richard Hayes Phillips on February 18, 1992, in Manchester, New Hampshire. The occasion was the victory celebration of Paul Tsongas in the New Hampshire

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The validity of CBLA was discredited in a 2002 paper ("A Metallurgical Review of the Interpretation of Compositional Bullet Lead Analysis" (2002), 127 Forensic Science International, 174–191) co-authored by Randich and by former FBI Chief

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after it was heard falling onto a hallway floor as a hospital employee adjusted one of two patient stretchers, partially obstructing his maneuvers as he performed his routine. Using ballistics CE 399 was matched to the rifle found in the

159:. FBI marksmen, who test-fired the rifle for the Warren Commission, concluded that the "minimum time for getting off two successive well-aimed shots on the rifle is approximately 2 and a quarter seconds", or 41 to 42 Zapruder frames. 220:

the limousine, but was indicative of lower-velocity bullets or bullet fragments. For example, a nick on the limousine's chrome was not from a high-velocity bullet as such a bullet would have pierced the chrome, not merely dented it.

802:(NAA). NAA is a precise, non-destructive method of determining the relative concentrations of trace elements in a sample of matter. The data from the tests performed for the FBI were inconclusive as to the origins of the fragments. 797:

Warren Commission documents released after the publication of its report revealed that the FBI had arranged for bullet CE 399 and the various fragments found in the car and in Governor Connally's wounds to be examined using

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The Warren Commission Report states on page 81: "Although Tomlinson was not certain whether the bullet came from the Connally stretcher or the adjacent one, the Commission has concluded that the bullet came from the Governor's

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Positions were recreated by matching them to particular frames of the Zapruder film, calibrated with other films and photographs taken that day. With the agents in position, photographs were taken from the sniper's nest of the

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for the HSCA. "When the lung is punctured, as Connally's was, the air in the lung goes out into the chest cavity, not out of the mouth, so Connally's cheeks puffing out would have not been caused by air trying to escape."

190:, the only known film to capture the entire assassination sequence, on January 27, 1964. By then, the FBI had determined that the running speed of Abraham Zapruder's camera was 18.3 frames per second, and that the 3627: 3284:

Spiegelman, Cliff; Tobin, William A.; James, William D.; Sheather, Simon J.; Wexler, Stuart; Roundhill, D. Max (2007). "Chemical and forensic analysis of JFK assassination bullet lots: Is a second shooter possible?".

2406:

Lattimer, JK; Laidlaw, A; Heneghan, P; Haubner, EJ (1994). "Experimental duplication of the important physical evidence of the lapel bulge of the jacket worn by Governor Connally when bullet 399 went through him".

847:

The end-result of these metallurgical considerations is that, from the antimony concentrations measured by VPG in the specimens from the JFK assassination, there is no justification for concluding that two, and

3754: 2907: 833:

by Erik Randich and Patrick M Grant, the authors took a significantly different view of the NAA data and the metallurgical profile of the Carcano ammunition. The authors found errors in the analysis by Guinn:

1052:

According to Betzner, he took the picture and began winding his camera to take another when the first shot sounded. It has been determined that Betzner's photograph was simultaneous with Zapruder frame 186.

571:

damaged the President's first thoracic vertebra. (There is debate whether the bullet itself struck the vertebra and caused this damage, or whether a pressure cavity wave created by the bullet's passage was

144:

this probability", but stated that the theory was not essential to its conclusions and that all members had no doubt that all shots were fired from the sixth-floor window of the Depository building.

155:, and Governor Connally was wounded in the back/chest no later than frame 240, there would not have been enough time between the wounding of the two men for Oswald to have fired two shots from his 3716: 638:

broken his right radius wrist bone at its widest point, depositing metal fragments (post-operative x-rays document that some of the metal fragments are still buried with him, as mentioned above),

1036:

A further criticism of the single-bullet theory has to do with the apparent trajectory of the "single bullet". Perhaps the most outspoken critic of the single-bullet theory has been pathologist

3675: 784:". Their re-enactment of the assassination using current forensics and materials found that a single bullet almost exactly duplicated the path of travel specified in the single-bullet theory. 546:

The following description assumes that bullet CE 399 hit high, at the sixth cervical vertebra rather than the third thoracic vertebra: The 6.5 millimeter, 161 grain, round nose military style

3508: 3365: 243:

Further evidence gathered suggested to the Commission that the initial April consensus that a separate bullet caused the governor's wrist and thigh injuries was incorrect, as the Army Wound

554:

ballistically arced very slightly while traveling 189 ft (58 m) in a downward net angle of 19 degrees (allowing for the 3 degrees downward slope of Elm Street), after an initial

2948: 896:

The NAS report on CBLA, and its relevance to the Guinn's analysis of bullet lead in the JFK assassination, is the subject of comment by Randich and Grant in their 2006 paper at page 719.

391:, which was taken approximately 90 seconds before the shooting, clearly shows that President Kennedy's suit coat was bunched up around the neckline around the time of the assassination. 818:

Whether the NAA data can be used to actually exclude the possibility that there were fragments from more than two bullets in the wounds and the car has been the subject of controversy.

464:, riding along Elm Street at frames 210, and 225. During so, it was found that the downward angle from the horizontal, was 21.57 degrees at frame 210, and 20.18 degrees at frame 225. 166:

published their report in 1979 stating that their "forensic pathology panel's conclusions were consistent with the so-called single bullet theory advanced by the Warren Commission".

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nicked President Kennedy's tie-knot on its upper left side. Upon clearing the tie-knot the bullet had slowed to about 1,500 feet per second (460 m/s) and had started to tumble,

364: 163: 2580: 893:

by the FBI was flawed. As a result of that report, courts appear to have stopped accepting this evidence and the FBI has stopped using bullet lead analysis for forensic purposes.

264:

which shot hit Governor Connally, there is very persuasive evidence to indicate that the same bullet which pierced the President's throat also caused Governor Connally's wounds."

939: 3632: 668:

had no thread striations (fine lines etched onto a copper encased bullet tip and/or bullet side casing by clothing threads when the bullet first penetrates clothing threads),

194:

found at the Texas School Book Depository, the presumed murder weapon, could not be accurately fired twice in under 2.3 seconds, or 42 frames of the Zapruder film.

550:, which was manufactured by the Western Cartridge Company and later stored nearly whole in the U.S. National Archives, was first theorized by the Warren Commission to have: 494:

According to the theory, the bullet emerged from the palm side of the wrist and entered the left thigh. This bullet is thought to be CE 399, which was later recovered from

3605: 3600: 3569: 905: 558:

muzzle velocity of 1,850 to 2,000 feet per second (560 to 610 m/s), then entered President Kennedy's rear suit coat at about 1,700 feet per second (520 m/s),

595:. Within three hours of the assassination, this neck frontal wound was described in an afternoon press conference by the Parkland trauma room #1 emergency physician, 438:

Croft photo taken at about Zapruder frame 162, shortly before the first bullet strike to the president, shows his jacket significantly bunched just before he is hit

967:

men by a single bullet would have happened too quickly to be caught on more than a single Zapruder frame (these were exposed at 1/18th second intervals). From the

881:

a particular batch of bullets. Guinn claimed that with the JFK bullet fragments, the technique could be used to identify the exact bullet the fragments came from.

3442: 3358: 839:

deficiency was not considered in the original data interpretation and resulted in an invalid conclusion in favor of the single-bullet theory of the assassination.

3417: 859:

In August 2006 Ken Rahn wrote a response critical of the Randich/Grant paper on his website claiming that Randich and Grant did not analyse the data correctly:

704: 3615: 929:. (The figure illustrates how the oblong wound in Connally's back was indicative of a bullet which had been tumbling after striking an intervening object.) 316:

Merriman Smith's dispatch was the first of many reports. Photographers Robert Jackson and Tom Dillard riding in a car in the motorcade heard three shots.

151:

acted alone. The reason for this is timing: if, as the Warren Commission found, President Kennedy was wounded some time between frames 210 and 225 of the

2695: 2679: 2028: 1833: 1793: 1753: 856:

The conclusion of Randich and Grant had been advanced earlier by Arthur Snyder of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Laboratory in a paper written in 2001.

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layer of cotton. Later tests show that such bullets survive intact when fired into solid wood and multiple layers of skin and ballistic gel, as well.

628:

passed through Connally's shirt and suit coat front, exiting roughly central on the coat's right side, just under the lowest point of the right lapel,

2647: 345:

they agreed with the Warren Commission's conclusion that Oswald acted alone, they insisted that all three shots struck occupants of the limousine.

3574: 644:

slowed to 400 feet per second (120 m/s) and entered the front side of his left thigh, creating a documented 10-millimeter nearly round wound,

2998: 32: 82:

feet (0.5 meters) in front of and slightly to the left of the president, the Commission concluded they were likely struck by the same bullet.

3277: 3207: 2764: 2213: 2042: 1655:

D. M. Green, "Analysis of Earwitness Reports Relating to the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy", Report No. 4034, 8 HSCA 128 at 142

990:

after the first shot but before the second shot. The premise that a collapsed lung would cause Connally's cheeks to puff out is dismissed by

2438: 113:, caused all the wounds to the governor and the non-fatal wounds to the president, which totals up to seven entry/exit wounds in both men. 20: 2519: 216:

struck Kennedy, the consensus was "by Z235" as afterwards his body position would not have allowed his back to be struck the way it was.

3412: 2212:

sfn error: no target: CITEREFReport_of_the_President's_Commission_on_the_Assassination_of_President_John_F._Kennedy,_Chapter_31964 (

1064:

Some critics have questioned the circumstances surrounding the bullet's discovery at Parkland Hospital. In a 1966 interview with author

191: 2852: 2002: 750:

School Book Depository, one of which was the sniper's nest of boxes from which the rifle barrel had been seen protruding by witnesses.

394:

The theory of a "single bullet" places a bullet wound as shown in the autopsy photos and X-rays, at the first thoracic vertebra of the

3585: 3491: 2920: 2207: 1767: 781: 24: 971:

one can see Kennedy with his hands in front of his chest near his throat as he emerges from behind the sign at Zapruder frame 225.

3667: 3657: 3543: 3404: 3374: 53: 1727: 696:

composition of the bullet fragments in the wrist was compared to the composition of the samples taken from the base of CE 399.

1807: 3176: 3154: 3120: 3076: 3064: 2497: 2475: 2464: 2195: 1656: 418:

membrane over it had been bruised, they were not penetrated. The report noted that the thoracic cavity was not penetrated.

3680: 2586: 683:

had a composition that was consistent with the composition of the metal fragments recovered from Connally (see section on

3486: 3337: 500: 452: 269: 233: 224: 125: 2545:

Rahn, K. A.; Sturdivan, L. M. (2004). "Neutron activation and the JFK assassination, Part I. Data and interpretation".

656:

been discovered by hospital engineer Darrell C. Tomlinson after it rolled into view after Connally's gurney was bumped.

251:

The Commission did not conclude the single-bullet theory had been proven, as three members of the body, Representative

3464: 2227: 1980: 1958: 1156: 1083: 799: 292:, at 12:30 p.m. on November 22, 1963, sources began reporting that three shots had been fired at the President's 140:

after the assassination. The Warren Commission found that this gurney was the one that had carried Governor Connally.

2295: 2273: 1847: 3255: – This is the "Costalla combined edit", hosted at a site which argues that the film itself could be a forgery. 3142: 460:

of the street, which, would roughly correspond to the location of Kennedy seated in his limousine, when seen in the

3759: 3564: 3503: 3437: 304:

DALLAS NOV. 22 (UPI) -- THREE SHOTS WERE FIRED AT PRESIDENT KENNEDY'S MOTORCADE TODAY IN DOWNTOWN DALLAS. JT1234PCS

137: 3098: 2890: 2878: 2317: 2135: 1680: 1667: 1602: 1589: 3647: 3234: 2602:"Proper Assessment of the JFK Assassination Bullet Lead Evidence from Metallurgical and Statistical Perspectives" 2249: 1705: 596: 406:(the boney prominence behind the ear). The report reported contusion (bruise) of the apex (top tip) of the right 3258: 1212: 1186: 1104: 322:

reporter Mary Woodward described hearing three shots as she stood in front of the Texas School Book Depository.

197:

When the Commission requested and received after February 25 higher-resolution images of the Zapruder film from

1306: 547: 2912: 2692: 1286: 1620: 600: 354: 318: 1934: 1910: 1898: 1877: 1634: 591:

after passing through the neck, exited President Kennedy's throat, at the centerline below the President's

147:

Most critics believe that the single-bullet theory is essential to the Warren Commission's conclusion that

2554: 2654: 3273: 2046: 2463:

Letter from J. Edgar Hoover to Commission Counsel Lee Rankin, July 8, 1964. Exhibit F-332A, 1 HSCA 558

711:

the same bullet that passed through the President's neck may have caused all of the governor's wounds.

2208:

Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, Chapter 3 1964

2109: 2092: 2080: 2068: 3637: 555: 256: 90: 3008: 1151: 575:

passed through his neck. Warren Exhibit CE 386 reported contusion (bruise) of the apex of the right

3652: 3592: 2787: 2559: 868:

Patrick Grant defended his and Erik Randich's paper against Rahn's critique in an article entitled

625:

exited slightly below his right nipple, creating a 50 millimeter, sucking-air, blowout chest wound,

379:

President Kennedy's death certificate places the bullet wound to Kennedy's back at about the third

260: 1335:"Autopsy of Body of President John Fitzgerald Kennedy," by Francis O'Neill Jr. and James W. Sibert 1216: 806:

all the fragments probably came from two bullets, one of which was the whole bullet, CE 399.

434: 64:

consistent with it having been struck by a high-velocity bullet, and the fact that Texas Governor

3706: 3685: 3324: 3312: 3294: 3252: 2629: 2572: 1555: 1321: 1290: 995: 727: 380: 692:

occurred when, according to the theory, the bullet struck Connally's wrist, butt end first. The

511: 534:

features a similar diagram; trajectories such as this one gave rise to the term "magic bullet".

60:

that struck Kennedy in the back and exited through his throat. Given the lack of damage to the

3701: 3642: 3393: 3203: 3047: 3043: 2916: 2760: 2673: 2621: 2523: 2416: 2022: 1827: 1787: 1747: 922: 771: 495: 469: 183: 156: 148: 49: 3474: 3304: 2902: 2752: 2613: 2564: 2439:"JFK 'Magic Bullet Theory' In Spotlight On Anniversary Of President Kennedy's Assassination" 2006: 1138: 1129: 776: 399: 395: 2601: 1615: 3432: 3386: 2699: 1567:

Merriman Smith, "Eyewitness—The death of President Kennedy", UPI story, November 23, 1963.

1065: 584: 563: 415: 403: 371: 337: 199: 2732: 2568: 1771: 1706:"History Matters Archive - MD 6 - White House Death Certificate (Burkley - 11/23/63), pg" 592: 3065:

http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/hsca/reportvols/vol7/html/HSCA_Vol7_0105a.htm

2183: 3518: 2745: 632: 614:

traveled the 25.5 inches (650 mm) between President Kennedy and Governor Connally,

375:

Drawing depicting the back wound of President Kennedy. Made from an autopsy photograph.

309: 296:. At 12:34 p.m., approximately four minutes after the shots were fired, the first 1218:

Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy

3748: 3533: 3469: 3459: 3454: 3427: 3039: 3032: 3003: 2617: 1731: 1292:

Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives

991: 975: 968: 754: 723: 693: 527: 515: 461: 187: 152: 86: 65: 3316: 2633: 2576: 3538: 3528: 3481: 3422: 3343: 2825: 1011: 915: 886: 726:

embarked on a 10-year project to completely render the events of November 22 in 3D

542:

Trajectory according to some modern theorists; note the relative positions of seats

476: 359: 281: 94: 1811: 475:

The weight of bullet CE 399 was reported in the Warren Commission Report as 158.6

3143:

http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh19/html/WH_Vol19_0243a.htm

1547: 938: 3523: 3513: 3449: 2123:

Kennedy and Lincoln, Medical & Ballistic Comparisons of Their Assassinations

1551: 1077: 1037: 947: 129: 2891:

http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0078a.htm

2879:

http://www.history-matters.com/archive/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh4/html/WC_Vol4_0070b.htm

1295:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1979. p. 44. 1221:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1964. p. 19. 3268: 3222: 1016: 308:

This report had been transmitted by United Press International (UPI) reporter

297: 252: 244: 116:

The theory says that a three-centimeter-long (1.2") copper-jacketed lead-core

3253:

Zapruder film footage, including individual frames referenced in this article

2847: 2845: 2393: 2371: 2349: 622:

with him many years later. There were no fragments seen in any chest x-rays),

3610: 3579: 1577:

Pictures of the Pain: Photography and the Assassination of President Kennedy

707:, though numerous pictures of the bullet are available on the NARA website. 388: 330: 293: 2625: 1080:, a witness to the assassination, who was wounded from a concrete curb chip 829:

Contradicting this conclusion, in an article published in July 2006 in the

2976: 2712:"Commentary on Dr. Ken Rahn's Work on the JFK Assassination Investigation" 2420: 1851: 974:

According to one popular version of the single-bullet theory (promoted by

650:

then fallen out at Parkland Hospital, perhaps when Connally was undressed,

3498: 2099:(p. 460) as 3.9 degrees; as a decimal number it is actually 3.15 degrees. 1309:

Investigation of the Assassination of President Kennedy, December 9, 1963

664:

The Warren Commission's "single bullet," according to all documentation:

580: 411: 61: 3263: 1899:

http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/jfk/wc/wcvols/wh16/pdf/WH16_CE_387.pdf

870:

Commentary on Dr. Ken Rahn's Work on the JFK Assassination Investigation

522: 3308: 3051: 2953: 121: 2813:"FBI Laboratory Announces Discontinuation of Bullet Lead Examinations" 2095:. This figure was incorrectly reported by author Vincent Bugliosi, in 1981:"History Matters Archive - HSCA Appendix to Hearings - Volume VII, pg" 1959:"History Matters Archive - HSCA Appendix to Hearings - Volume VII, pg" 753:

In the same ABC documentary, Myers uses a close-up examination of the

3177:"History Matters Archive - HSCA Appendix to Hearings - Volume VI, pg" 3155:"History Matters Archive - HSCA Appendix to Hearings - Volume VI, pg" 3121:"History Matters Archive - HSCA Appendix to Hearings - Volume VI, pg" 3099:"History Matters Archive - Warren Commission Hearings, Volume VI, pg" 3077:"History Matters Archive - HSCA Appendix to Hearings - Volume VI, pg" 285: 228: 133: 57: 2949:"Texas governor's bloody clothes are centerpiece of JFK anniversary" 684: 2756: 3299: 2908:

Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy

1135:

Reclaiming history: the assassination of President John F. Kennedy

1128:

Warren Commission staff lawyer Norman Redlich was asked by author

537: 521: 510: 370: 358: 289: 117: 31: 1141:(W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 2007) Endnotes, pp. 301-6. 822:

Larry Sturdivan, a Warren Commission and HSCA ballistics expert.

174:

The first preliminary report on the assassination, issued by the

1579:, Richard B. Trask (Danvers, Mass.: Yeoman Press, 1994), p. 392. 814:

Conclusions about the single-bullet theory from the NAA analysis

735: 576: 480: 407: 3347: 1848:"Was Kennedy's Jacket Bunched When He Was Hit in the Back? - 2" 742:

concepts for major litigation in the United States and Europe.

538: 468:

observed paths through the President's upper body and striking

1161: 583:, and noted that, although the apex of the right lung and the 175: 518:

reproducing the assumed alignment of the single-bullet theory

414:, and noted that although the apex of the right lung and the 97:), this theory posits that a single bullet, known as "Warren 1503: 1501: 766:

Discovery Channel's reenactment of bullet CE 399's path

714: 3269:

Computer reconstruction supporting the Single Bullet Theory

3202:. New York City: Bernard Geis Associates. pp. 175–76. 647:

buried itself shallowly into Connally's left thigh muscles,

3325:"Bullet Evidence Challenges Findings In JFK Assassination" 2788:"Criminal Justice Section | Criminal Justice Section" 2165:

Warren Commission Hearings, Dr. Shaw's testimony, 4 H 104.

1486:

Warren Commission Hearings, 5 H 170–171, Robert A. Frazier

1459:

Warren Commission Hearings, 5 H 148, Lyndal L. Shaneyfelt.

1365:

Warren Commission Testimony, 5 H 153, Lyndal L. Shaneyfelt

3755:

Theories surrounding the assassination of John F. Kennedy

3259:

Kennedy Assassination Home Page: The Single Bullet Theory

2156:

Warren Commission Hearings, Dr. Shaw's testimony, 6 H 85.

208:

the first time, concluded there had to be two assassins.

2498:"History Matters Archive - HSCA Hearings - Volume I, pg" 2476:"History Matters Archive - HSCA Hearings - Volume I, pg" 2228:"History Matters Archive - HSCA Hearings - Volume I, pg" 526:

Trajectory of CE 399 according to some critics, such as

2859:. Spokane, Washington. AP. September 9, 1978. p. 9 1874:"Collections Item Detail | The Sixth Floor Museum" 1534: 1532: 2733:

http://www.dufourlaw.com/JFK/randich_2002_FSIpaper.pdf

2045:. Karws.gso.uri.edu. November 22, 1963. Archived from 1550:, issued November 22, 1963, 12:34 pm CST. An original 730:. His results were shown as part of ABC's documentary 164:

United States House Select Committee on Assassinations

962:

Analysis based on Zapruder film and physical evidence

1193:. National Archives. August 15, 2016. pp. 79–81 1181: 1179: 3694: 3666: 3552: 3403: 2250:"Schematic drawing made at Bethesda Naval Hospital" 765: 3031: 2744: 1352: 1350: 876:Forensic use of compositional bullet lead analysis 906:John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories 703:CE 399 is stored out of the public's view in the 641:exited the palm (inner) side of Connally's wrist, 36:CE 399, the single bullet described in the theory 2826:http://www.dufourlaw.com/JFK/JFKpaperJFO_165.PDF 2547:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 2184:Governor Connally's shirt: WC exhibit CE 685-686 1044:the car which was going down at 3 degree slope. 85:Generally credited to Warren Commission staffer 2853:"Assassination Panel to Hear Ballistic Experts" 2747:Forensic Analysis Weighing Bullet Lead Evidence 788:Neutron activation analysis of bullet fragments 402:, and 14 cm (5.5 in) below the right 54:assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy 48:by conspiracy theorists, was introduced by the 2999:"What They Saw Then: The Unedited Transcripts" 2125:, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1980, p. 285–288. 1403:JFK: The Untold Story of the Warren Commission 1032:Right to left trajectory from 6th floor window 872:and posted it on the MaryFerrell.org website. 852:two, bullets were represented by the evidence. 793:Original bullet lead analysis by Vincent Guinn 631:slowed to 900 feet per second (270 m/s) ( 3359: 3030:Inouye, Daniel K.; Elliott, Lawrence (1967). 2432: 2430: 1616:Witness from the News Describes Assassination 680:had lost 1.5% of its original average weight, 8: 2977:"The JFK Assassination Single Bullet Theory" 2693:Review of Randich and Grant's article on NAA 1695:magazine, Vol 61, No. 22, November 25, 1966. 732:The Kennedy Assassination: Beyond Conspiracy 717:The Kennedy Assassination: Beyond Conspiracy 705:National Archives and Records Administration 68:was wounded and was seated on a jumper seat 2409:Journal of the American College of Surgeons 946:Of the nine-member medical panel, only Dr. 280:Within minutes after the shots rang out in 3663: 3366: 3352: 3344: 3274:Sibert/O'Neill FBI autopsy report original 430:Importance of bullet entry level to theory 3298: 2877:Warren Commission Hearings, 4 H 132-133: 2600:Randich, Erik; Grant, Patrick M. (2006). 2558: 1319:"Prepared Statement of J. Edgar Hoover". 3712:House Select Committee on Assassinations 503:, to the exclusion of all other rifles. 433: 329:Governor Connally, riding in the middle 3235:Warren Commission Exhibit no. 2011, p 2 2043:"The FBI's "Sibert and O'Neill Report"" 1477:Warren Report, pp. 97–98, 106–107, 110. 1401:Gest, Shapiro, Bowermaster, and Geier, 1264:Testimony of L. Shaneyfelt, 5 H 153-154 1095: 579:in the region where it rises above the 410:in the region where it rises above the 16:Theory about 1963 Kennedy assassination 3243:(114) Paul Landis, The Final Witness. 2678:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2671: 2437:Lallanilla, Marc (November 24, 2013). 2027:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2020: 1832:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1825: 1792:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1785: 1752:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1745: 1548:United Press International wire report 950:(testimony above) rejected the theory. 900:Criticisms of the single-bullet theory 826:excluded as a reasonable possibility. 3141:Warren Commission Hearings, 19 H 467 2889:Warren Commission Hearings, 4 H 147: 2350:"SECRETS OF A HOMICIDE: Introduction" 1850:. Mcadams.posc.mu.edu. Archived from 1103:Marc Lallanilla (November 20, 2013). 7: 3264:http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/07-AOAS153 1325:. November 25, 1966. pp. 1, 25. 1213:"Chapter 1: Summary and Conclusions" 530:and Harrison Livingston; their book 124:, fired from the sixth floor of the 21:Single Bullet Theory (new wave band) 2751:. Books.nap.edu. October 11, 2002. 2522:. Karws.gso.uri.edu. Archived from 1152:"Conspiracy: Cases For and Against" 1105:"What Is the Single-Bullet Theory?" 677:had no pieces of clothing attached, 507:Theorized path of the bullet CE 399 3586:Jack Ruby Shoots Lee Harvey Oswald 2569:10.1023/B:JRNC.0000040876.55194.3a 2196:testimony of Dr. Baden, 1 HSCA 287 782:JFK — Beyond the Magic Bullet 14: 2947:Forsyth, Jim (October 15, 2013). 2836: 25:Single Bullet Theory (metal band) 3375:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 3287:The Annals of Applied Statistics 2618:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2006.00165.x 2110:Warren Commission Report, p. 106 2093:Warren Commission Report, p. 106 2081:Warren Commission Report, p. 106 2069:Warren Commission Report, p. 106 1691:"A Matter of Reasonable Doubt", 1423:Bugliosi, endnotes, pp. 304–305. 1414:Bugliosi, endnotes, pp. 304–305. 936: 914: 674:was marked with no human tissue, 276:Number and sequence of the shots 56:to explain what happened to the 3638:Robert N. McClelland (surgeon) 3628:1992 Assassination Records Act 3331:(Press release). May 17, 2007. 3223:Josiah Thompson on O.P. Wright 2079:"The First Bullet That Hit," 2067:"The First Bullet That Hit," 1305:Warren Commission Document 1, 363:Diagram of bullet's path from 1: 3681:Burial site and Eternal Flame 2520:"Neutron-Activation Analysis" 2108:"The First Bullet That Hit," 2091:"The First Bullet That Hit," 843:Randich and Grant concluded: 3487:Texas School Book Depository 2815:. FBI National Press Office. 2606:Journal of Forensic Sciences 1935:"Warren Commission Hearings" 1679:Warren Commission Hearings, 1666:Warren Commission Hearings, 1601:Warren Commission Hearings, 1588:Warren Commission Hearings, 1133:clarification on the issue. 921:The HSCA concurred with the 831:Journal of Forensic Sciences 653:landed on Connally's gurney, 501:Texas School Book Depository 270:Texas School Book Depository 234:Texas School Book Depository 132:. The bullet was found on a 126:Texas School Book Depository 52:in its investigation of the 1495:Warren Report, pp. 98, 105. 1441:Bugliosi, endnotes, p. 300. 1432:Bugliosi, endnotes, pp.306. 1084:List of conspiracy theories 800:neutron activation analysis 685:neutron activation analysis 313:Dallas' Parkland Hospital. 3776: 3707:Jim Garrison investigation 3643:Charles Baxter (physician) 2698:February 20, 2012, at the 2396:Accessed November 21, 2013 1507:Warren Report, Appendix X. 903: 722:In 1993 computer animator 352: 300:flashed around the world: 227:reenacted the shooting in 138:Parkland Memorial Hospital 19:For the music groups, see 18: 3729: 3648:Malcolm Perry (physician) 3381: 3338:IED Fragment Embolization 3198:Thompson, Josiah (1967). 2913:W.W. Norton & Company 1876:. Jfk.org. Archived from 671:was marked with no blood, 1274:Warren Commission Report 1253:Warren Commission Report 1241:Warren Commission Report 1191:Warren Commission Report 548:full metal jacket bullet 3038:. Hoboken, New Jersey: 2857:Spokane Daily Chronicle 1911:"Warren Exhibit CE 386" 1621:The Dallas Morning News 1554:copy of this is in the 355:John F. Kennedy autopsy 319:The Dallas Morning News 223:On May 24, the FBI and 186:commenced study of the 3499:Presidential limousine 2136:"Dr. Shaw: WC 4 H 105" 1392:Warren Report, p. 106. 866: 854: 841: 543: 535: 519: 439: 376: 368: 349:Location of back wound 306: 62:presidential limousine 37: 3200:Six Seconds in Dallas 3179:. History-matters.com 3157:. History-matters.com 3123:. History-matters.com 3101:. History-matters.com 3079:. History-matters.com 3034:Journey to Washington 2500:. History-matters.com 2478:. History-matters.com 2320:. History-matters.com 2138:. History-matters.com 1814:on September 10, 2008 1774:on September 10, 2008 1708:. History-matters.com 1637:. History-matters.com 1538:Warren Report, p. 19. 861: 845: 836: 556:supersonic rifle exit 541: 525: 514: 472:in the right armpit. 437: 374: 362: 302: 91:United States Senator 35: 3623:Single-bullet theory 3575:Johnson inauguration 3340:MedPix Teaching File 2660:on February 26, 2007 2230:. Historymatters.com 2049:on December 15, 2012 1983:. Historymatters.com 1961:. Historymatters.com 1880:on February 12, 2009 1624:, November 23, 1963. 1374:Warren Report, p.115 996:forensic pathologist 927:single-bullet theory 774:aired an episode of 734:in 2003, and won an 597:Doctor Malcolm Perry 44:, also known as the 42:single-bullet theory 3676:Foreign dignitaries 3653:Earl Rose (coroner) 3606:Conspiracy theories 3601:Dictabelt recording 3413:Assassination rifle 3011:on October 13, 2000 2997:Patoski, Joe Nick. 2443:The Huffington Post 1614:Mary E. Woodward, " 136:in the corridor at 122:Model 91/38 Carcano 46:magic-bullet theory 3686:Black Jack (horse) 3633:In popular culture 3492:Sixth Floor Museum 3438:Jacqueline Kennedy 3309:10.1214/07-AOAS119 3225:, speaking in 2003 2318:"Shaw: WC 4 H 105" 2121:Lattimer, John K. 2097:Reclaiming History 1556:Sixth Floor Museum 1322:The New York Times 728:computer animation 544: 536: 520: 440: 377: 369: 38: 3760:Warren Commission 3742: 3741: 3725: 3724: 3702:Warren Commission 3504:Parkland Hospital 3394:Lee Harvey Oswald 3209:978-0-394-44571-7 2911:. New York City: 2903:Bugliosi, Vincent 2766:978-0-309-09079-7 2714:. MaryFerrell.org 1526:Bugliosi, p. 455. 1468:Bugliosi, p. 498. 1450:Bugliosi, p. 497. 1383:Bugliosi, p. 454. 1344:Bugliosi, p. 457. 1231:Bugliosi, p. 456. 1060:Chain of evidence 941: 923:Warren Commission 889:, William Tobin. 772:Discovery Channel 601:Bethesda Hospital 496:Parkland Hospital 470:Governor Connally 381:thoracic vertebra 184:Warren Commission 157:bolt-action rifle 149:Lee Harvey Oswald 50:Warren Commission 3767: 3664: 3475:Abraham Zapruder 3443:Pink Chanel suit 3368: 3361: 3354: 3345: 3332: 3320: 3302: 3237: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3073: 3067: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3037: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3007:. 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Archived from 2652: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2585: 2562: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2472: 2466: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2434: 2425: 2424: 2403: 2397: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2346: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2292: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2254: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2172: 2166: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2132: 2126: 2119: 2113: 2106: 2100: 2089: 2083: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2039: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2009:on June 25, 2006 2005:. Archived from 1999: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1955: 1949: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1939: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1915: 1907: 1901: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1854:on July 20, 2008 1844: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1810:. Archived from 1804: 1798: 1797: 1791: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1770:. Archived from 1764: 1758: 1757: 1751: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1734:on June 25, 2006 1730:. Archived from 1724: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1702: 1696: 1689: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1664: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1646: 1644: 1642: 1635:"WC Report, 111" 1631: 1625: 1612: 1606: 1603:Dillard: 6 H 164 1599: 1593: 1590:Jackson: 2 H 159 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1505: 1496: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1424: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1356:Bugliosi, p.454. 1354: 1345: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1316: 1310: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1256: 1250: 1244: 1238: 1232: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1183: 1174: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1148: 1142: 1139:Vincent Bugliosi 1130:Vincent Bugliosi 1126: 1120: 1119: 1117: 1115: 1100: 943: 942: 918: 777:Unsolved History 585:parietal pleural 447:(not his back). 416:parietal pleural 400:acromion process 396:vertebral column 81: 80: 76: 73: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3745: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3721: 3690: 3662: 3658:Dallas memorial 3548: 3433:Nellie Connally 3399: 3387:John F. Kennedy 3377: 3372: 3323: 3283: 3249: 3241: 3240: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3182: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3126: 3124: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3059: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2975:McAdams, John. 2974: 2973: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2915:. p. 479. 2901: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2862: 2860: 2851: 2850: 2843: 2837:Bugliosi (2007) 2835: 2831: 2824: 2820: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2727: 2717: 2715: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2700:Wayback Machine 2691: 2687: 2670: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2648:"Archived copy" 2646: 2645: 2641: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2583: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2526:on May 20, 2010 2518: 2517: 2513: 2503: 2501: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2474: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2436: 2435: 2428: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2353: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2301: 2299: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2279: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2120: 2116: 2107: 2103: 2090: 2086: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2062: 2052: 2050: 2041: 2040: 2036: 2019: 2012: 2010: 2003:"Archived copy" 2001: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1897: 1893: 1883: 1881: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1824: 1817: 1815: 1808:"Archived copy" 1806: 1805: 1801: 1784: 1777: 1775: 1768:"Archived copy" 1766: 1765: 1761: 1744: 1737: 1735: 1728:"Archived copy" 1726: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1686: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1661: 1654: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1613: 1609: 1600: 1596: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1558:, Dallas, Texas 1546: 1542: 1537: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1318: 1317: 1313: 1304: 1300: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1185: 1184: 1177: 1167: 1165: 1150: 1149: 1145: 1127: 1123: 1113: 1111: 1109:livescience.com 1102: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1074: 1066:Josiah Thompson 1062: 1038:Dr. Cyril Wecht 1034: 964: 955: 954: 953: 952: 951: 944: 937: 932: 931: 930: 919: 908: 902: 878: 816: 795: 790: 768: 720: 564:abrasion collar 509: 432: 404:mastoid process 387:released. This 357: 351: 338:Nellie Connally 278: 257:Richard Russell 172: 78: 74: 71: 69: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3773: 3771: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3747: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3696: 3695:Investigations 3692: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3672: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3613: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3596: 3589: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3560:Media coverage 3556: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3519:Marie Muchmore 3516: 3511: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3484: 3479: 3478: 3477: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3370: 3363: 3356: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3293:(2): 287–301. 3281: 3271: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3248: 3247:External links 3245: 3239: 3238: 3227: 3215: 3208: 3190: 3168: 3146: 3134: 3112: 3090: 3068: 3057: 3022: 2989: 2967: 2939: 2928: 2922:978-0393045253 2921: 2894: 2882: 2870: 2841: 2829: 2818: 2804: 2779: 2765: 2757:10.17226/10924 2736: 2725: 2703: 2685: 2639: 2592: 2560:10.1.1.578.755 2537: 2511: 2489: 2467: 2456: 2426: 2398: 2385: 2374:. jfkfiles.com 2372:"jfkfiles.com" 2363: 2352:. Jfkfiles.com 2341: 2331: 2309: 2298:. Archives.gov 2287: 2276:. Archives.gov 2265: 2241: 2219: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2174:Shaw: 4 H 109. 2167: 2158: 2149: 2127: 2114: 2101: 2084: 2072: 2060: 2034: 1994: 1972: 1950: 1926: 1902: 1891: 1865: 1839: 1799: 1759: 1719: 1697: 1684: 1672: 1659: 1648: 1626: 1607: 1594: 1581: 1569: 1560: 1540: 1528: 1519: 1509: 1497: 1488: 1479: 1470: 1461: 1452: 1443: 1434: 1425: 1416: 1407: 1394: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1358: 1346: 1337: 1328: 1311: 1298: 1278: 1276:, pp. 97, 106. 1266: 1257: 1245: 1233: 1224: 1204: 1175: 1143: 1121: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1081: 1073: 1070: 1061: 1058: 1033: 1030: 963: 960: 945: 935: 934: 933: 920: 913: 912: 911: 910: 909: 901: 898: 877: 874: 815: 812: 794: 791: 789: 786: 767: 764: 719: 713: 689: 688: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 658: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 629: 626: 623: 619: 615: 612: 609: 605: 604:conversation), 589: 573: 568: 567: 559: 508: 505: 431: 428: 353:Main article: 350: 347: 310:Merriman Smith 277: 274: 225:Secret Service 171: 168: 120:bullet from a 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3772: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3668:State funeral 3665: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3594: 3593:Ruby v. 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