1109:, a quantum search theory. The quantum search problem typically requests for a specific element to be retrieved from an unordered database. Classically the element would be retrieved after N/2 attempts, however a quantum search utilizes superpositions of data in order to retrieve the element, theoretically reducing the search to a single query. Single molecular magnets are considered ideal for this function due to their cluster of independent spins. A study conducted by Leuenberger and Loss, specifically utilized crystals to amplify the moment of the single spin molecule magnets Mn
335:, is 100 seconds. This definition is the current standard for comparison of single-molecule magnet properties, but otherwise is not technologically significant. There is typically a correlation between increasing an SMM's blocking temperature and energy barrier. The average blocking temperature for SMMs is 4K. Dy-metallocenium salts are the most recent SMM to achieve the highest temperature of magnetic hysteresis, greater than that of liquid nitrogen.
1044:
spin moments of the four Fe atoms point in opposite directions along two nearly perpendicular axes. Theoretical computations showed that approximately two magnetic electrons are localized on each Fe atom, with the other atoms being nearly nonmagnetic, and the spinâorbit-coupling potential energy surface has three local energy minima with a magnetic anisotropy barrier just below 3 meV.
1053:
974:
331:, is defined as the temperature below which the relaxation of the magnetization becomes slow compared to the time scale of a particular investigation technique. Historically, the blocking temperature for single-molecule magnets has been defined as the temperature at which the molecule's magnetic relaxation time,
1094:, a property which allows a material to assume a variation of properties in different orientations. Anisotropy ensures that a collection of independent spins would be advantageous for quantum computing applications. A large amount of independent spins compared to a singular spin, permits the creation of a larger
1144:
Another application for SMMs is in magnetocaloric refrigerants . A machine learning approach using experimental data has been able to predict novel SMMs that would have large entropy changes, and therefore more suitable for magnetic refrigeration. Three hypothetical SMMs are proposed for experimental
1132:
involves the application of a gate voltage for a state transition from neutral to anionic. Using electrically gated molecular magnets offers the advantage of control over the cluster of spins during a shortened time scale. The electric field can be applied to the SMM using a tunneling microscope tip
1043:
The ferrous cube complex was the first example of a single-molecule magnet involving an Fe(II) cluster, and the core of this complex is a slightly distorted cube with Fe and O atoms on alternating corners. Remarkably, this single-molecule magnet exhibits non-collinear magnetism, in which the atomic
1090:. A single-molecule magnet is a system of many interacting spins with clearly defined low-lying energy levels. The high symmetry of the single-molecule magnet allows for a simplification of the spins that can be controllable in external magnetic fields. Single-molecule magnets display strong
1137:. The corresponding changes in conductance are unaffected by the magnetic states, proving that information storage could be performed at much higher temperatures than the blocking temperature. The specific mode of information transfer includes DVD to another readable medium, as shown with Mn
92:
temperature or room temperature in order to enable applications in magnetic memory. Along with raising the blocking temperature, efforts are being made to develop SMMs with high energy barriers to prevent fast spin reorientation. Recent acceleration in this field of research has resulted in
1609:
Caneschi, Andrea; Gatteschi, Dante; Sessoli, Roberta; Barra, Anne Laure; Brunel, Louis Claude; Guillot, Maurice (1991). "Alternating current susceptibility, high field magnetization, and millimeter band EPR evidence for a ground S = 10 state in .2CH3COOH.4H2O".
607:
A single-molecule magnet can have a positive or negative magnetic moment, and the energy barrier between these two states greatly determines the molecule's relaxation time. This barrier depends on the total spin of the molecule's ground state and on its
461:
2345:
Gould, Colin. A; McClain, K. Randall; Yu, Jason M.; Groshens, Thomas J.; Furche, Fillip; Harvey, Benjamin G.; Long, Jeffrey R. (2019-08-02). "Synthesis and
Magnetism of Neutral, Linear Metallocene Complexes of Terbium(II) and Dysprosium(II)".
223:
957:, Cp= 1,2,3,4-tetra(isopropyl)cyclopentadienide, Cp= 1,2,3,4-tetra(isopropyl)-5-(methyl)cyclopentadienide, Cp= 1-(ethyl)-2,3,4,5-tetra(isopropyl)cyclopentadienide, Cp= 1,2,3,4,5-penta(isopropyl)cyclopentadienide
2731:
Milios, Constantinos J.; Piligkos, Stergios; Brechin, Euan K. (2008). "Ground state spin-switching via targeted structural distortion: twisted single-molecule magnets from derivatised salicylaldoximes".
1105:
Theoretically, quantum computers can overcome the physical limitations presented by classical computers by encoding and decoding quantum states. Single-molecule magnets have been utilized for the
114:. The stable orientations define the molecule's so called âeasy axisâ. At finite temperature, there is a finite probability for the magnetization to flip and reverse its direction. Identical to a
1642:
Sessoli, Roberta; Tsai, Hui Lien; Schake, Ann R.; Wang, Sheyi; Vincent, John B.; Folting, Kirsten; Gatteschi, Dante; Christou, George; Hendrickson, David N. (1993). "High-spin molecules: ".
1577:
Aubin, Sheila M. J.; Wemple, Michael W.; Adams, David M.; Tsai, Hui-Lien; Christou, George; Hendrickson, David N. (1996). "Distorted MnIVMnIII3Cubane
Complexes as Single-Molecule Magnets".
1086:. Consequently, many groups have devoted great efforts into synthesis of additional single-molecule magnets. Single-molecule magnets have been considered as potential building blocks for
1279:
1211:
563:
530:
357:
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Cavallini, Massimiliano; GomezâSegura, Jordi; RuizâMolina, Daniel; Massi, Massimiliano; Albonetti, Cristiano; Rovira, ConcepciĂł; Veciana, Jaume; Biscarini, Fabio (2005).
2641:
Manz, T. A.; Sholl, D. S. (2011). "Methods for
Computing Accurate Atomic Spin Moments for Collinear and Noncollinear Magnetism in Periodic and Nonperiodic Materials".
2294:
Rinehart, Jeffrey D.; Fang, Ming; Evans, William J.; Long, Jeffrey R. (2011-09-14). "A N 2 3â Radical-Bridged
Terbium Complex Exhibiting Magnetic Hysteresis at 14 K".
1434:
497:
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Yang, E; Harden, Nicholas; Wernsdorfer, Wolfgang; Zakharov, Lev; Brechin, Euan K.; Rheingold, Arnold L.; Christou, George; Hendrickson, David N. (2003). "Mn
123:
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There are many discovered types and potential uses. Single-molecule magnets represent a molecular approach to nanomagnets (nanoscale magnetic particles).
983:
Metal clusters formed the basis of the first decade-plus of single-molecule magnet research, beginning with the archetype of single-molecule magnets, "Mn
2676:
Cavallini, Massimiliano; Facchini, Massimo; Albonetti, Cristiano; Biscarini, Fabio (2008). "Single molecule magnets: from thin films to nano-patterns".
3102:
2186:
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associated with the magnetization moving from its initial easy axis direction, through a âhard planeâ, to the other easy axis direction. The barrier
2495:"Correlating blocking temperatures with relaxation mechanisms in monometallic single-molecule magnets with high energy barriers (Ueff > 600 K)"
1952:
Randall McClain, K.; Gould, Colin A.; Chakarawet, Khetpakorn; Teat, Simon J.; Groshens, Thomas J.; Long, Jeffrey R.; Harvey, Benjamin G. (2018).
1954:"High-temperature magnetic blocking and magneto-structural correlations in a series of dysprosium( iii ) metallocenium single-molecule magnets"
234:
is the magnetic relaxation time, or the average amount of time that it takes for the molecule's magnetization to randomly flip as a result of
2606:
Oshio, H.; Hoshino, N.; Ito, T.; Nakano, M. (2004). "Single-Molecule
Magnets of Ferrous Cubes: Structurally Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy".
2090:
2448:"On Approaching the Limit of Molecular Magnetic Anisotropy: A Near-Perfect Pentagonal Bipyramidal Dysprosium(III) Single-Molecule Magnet"
624:
The performance of single-molecule magnets is typically defined by two parameters: the effective barrier to slow magnetic relaxation,
3245:
2993:
Gatteschi, Dante; Sessoli, Roberta (2003-01-20). "Quantum
Tunneling of Magnetization and Related Phenomena in Molecular Materials".
1102:
and interference of the independent spins also allows for further simplification of classical computation algorithms and queries.
998:. It has the remarkable property of showing an extremely slow relaxation of their magnetization below a blocking temperature. ·4H
1455:, characterized by evenly spaced steps in the hysteresis curve. The periodic quenching of this tunneling rate in the compound Fe
2493:
Giansiracusa, Marcus J.; Kostopoulos, Andreas K.; Collison, David; Winpenny, Richard E. P.; Chilton, Nicholas F. (2019-06-13).
613:
1436:. The main SMM characteristics that contribute to the entropy properties include dimensionality and the coordinating ligands.
2012:
Guo, Fu-Sheng; Day, Benjamin M.; Chen, Yan-Cong; Tong, Ming-Liang; MansikkamÀki, Akseli; Layfield, Richard A. (2018-12-21).
1835:
Guo, Fu-Sheng; Day, Benjamin M.; Chen, Yan-Cong; Tong, Ming-Liang; MansikkamÀki, Akseli; Layfield, Richard A. (2017-09-11).
118:, the mean time between two flips is called the NĂ©el relaxation time and is given by the following NĂ©elâArrhenius equation:
2069:
Néel, L. (1949). "Théorie du traßnage magnétique des ferromagnétiques en grains fins avec applications aux terres cuites".
3095:
1733:
Lis, T. (1980). "Preparation, structure, and magnetic properties of a dodecanuclear mixed-valence manganese carboxylate".
3190:
62:
Although the term "single-molecule magnet" was first employed in 1996, the first single-molecule magnet, (nicknamed "Mn
1878:
3250:
1487:
954:
348:
3255:
3088:
1525:
Christou, George; Gatteschi, Dante; Hendrickson, David N.; Sessoli, Roberta (2011). "Single-Molecule
Magnets".
3028:
Wernsdorfer, W. (1999-04-02). "Quantum Phase
Interference and Parity Effects in Magnetic Molecular Clusters".
1682:
Sessoli, R.; Gatteschi, D.; Caneschi, A.; Novak, M. A. (1993). "Magnetic bistability in a metal-ion cluster".
3147:
1099:
1037:
2183:
110:, the magnetic moment has usually only two stable orientations antiparallel to each other, separated by an
2202:
1216:
1148:
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Efforts in this field primarily focus on raising the operating temperatures of single-molecule magnets to
32:
2579:
Oshio, H.; Hoshino, N.; Ito, T. (2000). "Superparamagnetic
Behavior in an Alkoxo-Bridged Iron(II) Cube".
1564:
456:{\displaystyle {\hat {\mathcal {H}}}_{HB}=-\sum _{i<j}J_{i,j}\mathbf {S} _{i}\cdot \mathbf {S} _{j},}
52:
17:
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539:
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3037:
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In addition, single-molecule magnets have provided physicists with useful test-beds for the study of
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Goodwin, Conrad A. P.; Ortu, Fabrizio; Reta, Daniel; Chilton, Nicholas F.; Mills, David P. (2017).
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were both found to be ideal for memory storage with a retrieval time of approximately 10 seconds.
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Gupta, Sandeep K.; Rajeshkumar, Thayalan; Rajaraman, Gopalan; Murugavel, Ramaswamy (2016-07-26).
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645:, directly reflects the performance of the single-molecule magnet in practical use. In contrast,
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115:
40:
36:
2391:"An air-stable Dy(III) single-ion magnet with high anisotropy barrier and blocking temperature"
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Home > Science + Technology > Quantum
Phenomena > Nanophysics > Research â article
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1078:, single-molecule magnets promise the realization of perhaps the smallest practical unit for
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2940:"Machine learning guided design of single-molecule magnets for magnetocaloric applications"
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The table below lists representative and record 100-s magnetic blocking temperatures and
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significant enhancements of single-molecule magnet operating temperatures to above 70 K.
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2955:
2908:
2845:
2689:
2154:
2029:
2014:"Magnetic hysteresis up to 80 kelvin in a dysprosium metallocene single-molecule magnet"
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3165:
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Ding, You-Song; Chilton, Nicholas F.; Winpenny, Richard E. P.; Zheng, Yan-Zhen (2016).
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1986:
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268:
111:
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3197:
3137:
2979:
2893:"Magnetic Information Storage on Polymers by Using Patterned Single-Molecule Magnets"
2534:
2375:
2331:
344:
218:{\displaystyle \tau ^{-1}=\tau _{0}^{-1}\exp \left({\frac {-U_{eff}}{k_{B}T}}\right)}
2110:
Gatteschi, Dante (2000). "Single-molecule magnets based on iron(iii) oxo clusters".
569:
the coupling is called ferromagnetic (parallel alignment of spins) and for negative
3125:
2877:
2247:
Cirera, Jordi; Ruiz, Eliseo; Alvarez, Santiago; Neese, Frank; Kortus, Jens (2009).
1929:
1719:
663:
when the molecule's magnetic relaxation behavior is perfectly Arrhenius in nature.
577:
573:
the coupling is called antiferromagnetic (antiparallel alignment of spins): a high
2939:
3049:
1837:"A Dysprosium Metallocene Single-Molecule Magnet Functioning at the Axial Limit"
1014:
85:, and displays slow magnetic relaxation behavior up to temperatures of ca. 4 K.
3212:
2793:
1777:"Recent advances in single molecule magnetism of dysprosium-metallofullerenes"
1746:
1091:
1075:
1021:
2971:
2924:
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2801:
2518:
2471:
2414:
2315:
2272:
2193:, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden, Germany.
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2047:
1977:
1913:
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1546:
3111:
2038:
2013:
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991:
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cube surrounded by a ring of 8 Mn(III) units connected through bridging oxo
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1995:
1921:
1860:
1852:
1818:
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clusters because they potentially have large spin states. In addition, the
2938:
Holleis, Ludwig; Shivaram, B. S.; Balachandran, Prasanna V. (2019-06-03).
3222:
2836:
2784:
2359:
1057:
1017:
977:
343:
The magnetic coupling between the spins of the metal ions is mediated by
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1969:
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2697:
2119:
1703:
1029:
283:
82:
48:
973:
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at the molecular scale. In this temperature range, an SMM exhibits
1095:
1051:
972:
638:. While these two variables are linked, only the latter variable,
312:, can be anywhere from a few nanoseconds to years or much longer.
70:
2766:
Stepanenko, Dimitrije; Trif, Mircea; Loss, Daniel (2008-10-01).
1010:
599:
the system can be trapped in one of the high-spin energy wells.
246:
is a length of time, characteristic of the material, called the
3084:
2139:"Room temperature memory device using single-molecule magnets"
2137:
Hao, Hua; Zheng, XiaoHong; Jia, Ting; Zeng, Zhi (2015-06-18).
1879:"Molecular magnetic hysteresis at 60 kelvin in dysprosocenium"
1762:; Yang, P., Ed.; World Scientific Publishing: Hong Kong, 2003.
2552:
single-molecule magnets with a planar diamond core and S=9".
673:
values that have been reported for single-molecule magnets.
347:
interactions and can be described by the following isotropic
47:
of purely molecular origin. In contrast to conventional bulk
3080:
366:
588:), and negligible magnetic interaction between molecules.
2774:. Protagonists in Chemistry: Dante Gatteschi (Part II ).
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2249:"How to Build Molecules with Large Magnetic Anisotropy"
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1518:
994:(Mn) complex having the formula , where OAc stands for
960:*indicates parameters from magnetically dilute samples
1287:
1219:
1151:
1006:-acetate" is a common form of this used in research.
542:
509:
472:
360:
126:
2818:
Leuenberger, Michael N.; Loss, Daniel (2001-04-12).
3158:
3118:
2079:(in French; an English translation is available in
1128:
Another approach to information storage with SMM Fe
591:The combination of these properties can lead to an
1428:
1273:
1205:
557:
524:
491:
455:
217:
656:to slow magnetic relaxation, only correlates to
258:); its typical value is between 10 and 10 second
2132:
2130:
2219:Several New Single-Molecule Magnets Discovered
1082:, and thus are possible building blocks for a
3096:
1775:Spree, Lukas; Popov, Alexey A. (2019-02-26).
1447:of the magnetization was first observed in Mn
55:, collective long-range magnetic ordering of
8:
2105:
2103:
1074:Due to the typically large, bi-stable spin
3103:
3089:
3081:
2768:"Quantum computing with molecular magnets"
1560:
1558:
1556:
1098:and therefore a larger faculty of memory.
1009:Single-molecule magnets are also based on
675:
612:. The latter quantity can be studied with
2835:
2783:
2729:, 26 March 2008 â summary of the article
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631:, and the magnetic blocking temperature,
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102:Arrhenius behavior of magnetic relaxation
2820:"Quantum computing in molecular magnets"
2348:Journal of the American Chemical Society
2296:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1644:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1612:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1579:Journal of the American Chemical Society
955:1,2,3,4,5-penta(methyl)cyclopentadienide
2995:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2452:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2085:. Gordon and Breach. pp. 407â427.
1841:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
1514:
499:is the coupling constant between spin
2813:
2811:
2761:
2759:
2727:Beautiful new single molecule magnets
2007:
2005:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1872:
1870:
1830:
1828:
1760:Chemistry of Nanostructured Materials
1459:has been observed and explained with
1274:{\displaystyle {\ce {Mn2Gd2(OAc)5+}}}
1206:{\displaystyle {\ce {Cr2Gd2(OAc)5+}}}
1056:One possible use of SMMs is superior
7:
1770:
1768:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1036:stands for , with tacn representing
106:Because of single-molecule magnets'
2678:Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics
1565:Introduction to Molecular Magnetism
73:compound features a central Mn(IV)
14:
2231:National Physical Laboratory (UK)
1141:patterned molecules on polymers.
1735:Acta Crystallographica Section B
558:{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} _{j}}
545:
525:{\displaystyle \mathbf {S} _{i}}
512:
440:
425:
339:Intramolecular magnetic exchange
308:This magnetic relaxation time,
2253:Chemistry â A European Journal
1421:
1408:
1402:
1387:
1368:
1353:
1321:
1290:
1255:
1249:
1187:
1181:
953:âbutyl)cyclopentadienide, Cp=
603:Barrier to magnetic relaxation
370:
254:(its reciprocal is called the
66:") was reported in 1991. This
1:
2566:10.1016/S0277-5387(03)00173-6
316:Magnetic blocking temperature
3191:ferromagnetic superconductor
3050:10.1126/science.284.5411.133
2215:ScienceDaily (Mar. 27, 2000)
2083:Selected Works of Louis NĂ©el
1002:O·2AcOH, which is called "Mn
3272:
1567:by Dr. Joris van Slageren.
1488:Single-molecule experiment
15:
2794:10.1016/j.ica.2008.02.066
1747:10.1107/S0567740880007893
278:is generally reported in
39:behavior below a certain
3246:Condensed matter physics
1429:{\displaystyle {\ce {}}}
16:Not to be confused with
3148:Van Vleck paramagnetism
3075:Molecular Magnetism Web
2944:Applied Physics Letters
2772:Inorganica Chimica Acta
2499:Chemical Communications
2203:Molecular Magnetism Web
2189:March 14, 2008, at the
2112:Chemical Communications
2081:Kurti, N., ed. (1988).
2039:10.1126/science.aav0652
1038:1,4,7-triazacyclononane
492:{\displaystyle J_{i,j}}
320:The so-called magnetic
3007:10.1002/anie.200390099
2917:10.1002/ange.200461554
2643:J. Chem. Theory Comput
2464:10.1002/anie.201609685
2265:10.1002/chem.200801608
1853:10.1002/anie.201705426
1430:
1275:
1207:
1068:
987:". This complex is a
980:
559:
526:
493:
457:
349:Heisenberg Hamiltonian
219:
53:molecule-based magnets
33:metal-organic compound
25:single-molecule magnet
1431:
1276:
1208:
1055:
1020:is also considered a
976:
560:
527:
494:
458:
220:
18:Molecule-based magnet
2360:10.1021/jacs.9b05816
1285:
1217:
1149:
582:zero-field-splitting
540:
507:
470:
358:
322:blocking temperature
236:thermal fluctuations
124:
41:blocking temperature
3218:amorphous magnetism
3186:superferromagnetism
3042:1999Sci...284..133W
2956:2019ApPhL.114v2404H
2909:2005AngCh.117..910C
2846:2001Natur.410..789L
2734:Dalton Transactions
2690:2008PCCP...10..784C
2587:(50): 12602â12603.
2458:(52): 16071â16074.
2354:(33): 12967â12973.
2302:(36): 14236â14239.
2155:2015RSCAd...554667H
2149:(67): 54667â54671.
2030:2018Sci...362.1400G
2024:(6421): 1400â1403.
1906:10.1038/nature23447
1898:2017Natur.548..439G
1847:(38): 11445â11449.
1781:Dalton Transactions
1696:1993Natur.365..141S
1656:10.1021/ja00058a027
1624:10.1021/ja00015a057
1539:10.1557/mrs2000.226
1483:Magnetic anisotropy
1420:
1399:
1383:
1365:
1349:
1336:
1318:
1305:
1269:
1246:
1233:
1201:
1178:
1165:
1024:. In the cluster Fe
945:Abbreviations: OAc=
610:magnetic anisotropy
586:magnetic anisotropy
160:
108:magnetic anisotropy
45:magnetic hysteresis
3171:antiferromagnetism
3143:superparamagnetism
2511:10.1039/C9CC02421B
2407:10.1039/C6SC00279J
2205:Introduction page.
2184:Frustrated Magnets
2163:10.1039/C5RA07774E
1970:10.1039/C8SC03907K
1793:10.1039/C8DT05153D
1498:Superparamagnetism
1478:Antiferromagnetism
1426:
1400:
1371:
1366:
1337:
1324:
1319:
1306:
1293:
1271:
1247:
1234:
1221:
1203:
1179:
1166:
1153:
1069:
981:
555:
522:
489:
453:
406:
304:is the temperature
297:Boltzmann constant
215:
143:
59:is not necessary.
3251:Quantum magnetism
3233:
3232:
3131:superdiamagnetism
3119:Magnetic response
3036:(5411): 133â135.
2964:10.1063/1.5094553
2897:Angewandte Chemie
2830:(6830): 789â793.
2778:(14): 3740â3745.
2655:10.1021/ct200539n
2649:(12): 4146â4164.
2620:10.1021/ja0487933
2614:(28): 8805â8812.
2593:10.1021/ja002889p
2505:(49): 7025â7028.
2308:10.1021/ja206286h
2259:(16): 4078â4087.
2235:Molecular Magnets
2092:978-2-88124-300-4
1964:(45): 8492â8503.
1892:(7668): 439â442.
1690:(6442): 141â143.
1591:10.1021/ja960970f
1445:quantum tunneling
1441:quantum mechanics
1407:
1386:
1374:
1352:
1340:
1327:
1309:
1296:
1254:
1237:
1224:
1186:
1169:
1156:
1088:quantum computers
943:
942:
391:
373:
256:attempt frequency
209:
37:superparamagnetic
3263:
3256:Types of magnets
3105:
3098:
3091:
3082:
3077:, JĂŒrgen Schnack
3062:
3061:
3025:
3019:
3018:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2854:10.1038/35071024
2839:
2837:cond-mat/0011415
2815:
2806:
2805:
2787:
2785:cond-mat/0011415
2763:
2754:
2753:
2742:10.1039/b716355j
2724:
2718:
2717:
2698:10.1039/b711677b
2673:
2667:
2666:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2608:J. Am. Chem. Soc
2603:
2597:
2596:
2581:J. Am. Chem. Soc
2576:
2570:
2569:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2426:
2401:(8): 5181â5191.
2395:Chemical Science
2386:
2380:
2379:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2244:
2238:
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2222:
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2181:
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2174:
2134:
2125:
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2120:10.1039/a908254i
2107:
2098:
2096:
2078:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2041:
2009:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1958:Chemical Science
1949:
1934:
1933:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1864:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1787:(9): 2861â2871.
1772:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1704:10.1038/365141a0
1679:
1668:
1667:
1650:(5): 1804â1816.
1639:
1628:
1627:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1551:
1550:
1522:
1503:Magnetochemistry
1461:geometric phases
1435:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1390:
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1202:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1154:
1107:Grover algorithm
1084:quantum computer
676:
614:EPR spectroscopy
597:low temperatures
565:). For positive
564:
562:
561:
556:
554:
553:
548:
531:
529:
528:
523:
521:
520:
515:
498:
496:
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488:
487:
462:
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428:
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405:
384:
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224:
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216:
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210:
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204:
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193:
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172:
159:
151:
139:
138:
57:magnetic moments
3271:
3270:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3159:Magnetic states
3154:
3114:
3109:
3071:
3066:
3065:
3027:
3026:
3022:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2817:
2816:
2809:
2765:
2764:
2757:
2736:(14): 1809â17.
2730:
2725:
2721:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2560:(14â17): 1857.
2551:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2492:
2491:
2487:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2229:
2225:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2191:Wayback Machine
2182:
2178:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2080:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1951:
1950:
1937:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1681:
1680:
1671:
1641:
1640:
1631:
1608:
1607:
1598:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1554:
1524:
1523:
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1511:
1469:
1458:
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1450:
1283:
1282:
1215:
1214:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1080:magnetic memory
1050:
1035:
1027:
1005:
1001:
986:
971:
966:
949:, Cp=1,2,4âtri(
780:
757:
753:
746:
735:
731:
699:
690:
672:
662:
654:thermal barrier
651:
644:
637:
630:
622:
605:
543:
538:
537:
510:
505:
504:
473:
468:
467:
438:
423:
407:
361:
356:
355:
341:
330:
318:
294:
277:
266:
245:
195:
194:
177:
173:
167:
127:
122:
121:
116:superparamagnet
104:
99:
90:liquid nitrogen
80:
76:
65:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3269:
3267:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3210:
3208:mictomagnetism
3205:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3181:ferromagnetism
3178:
3176:ferrimagnetism
3173:
3168:
3166:altermagnetism
3162:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3070:
3069:External links
3067:
3064:
3063:
3020:
3001:(3): 268â297.
2985:
2950:(22): 222404.
2930:
2903:(6): 910â914.
2883:
2807:
2755:
2719:
2668:
2633:
2598:
2571:
2549:
2540:
2485:
2438:
2381:
2337:
2286:
2239:
2223:
2207:
2195:
2176:
2126:
2114:(9): 725â732.
2099:
2091:
2061:
2001:
1935:
1866:
1824:
1764:
1752:
1725:
1669:
1629:
1596:
1569:
1552:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1473:Ferromagnetism
1468:
1465:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:. Macroscopic
1423:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1378:
1370:
1360:
1355:
1344:
1331:
1323:
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1228:
1199:
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1189:
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1129:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1049:
1046:
1033:
1025:
1003:
999:
984:
970:
969:Metal clusters
967:
965:
962:
941:
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937:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
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919:
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878:
875:
872:
869:
868:
865:
863:
860:
857:
854:
851:
850:
847:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
832:
829:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
814:
811:
809:
806:
803:
800:
796:
795:
792:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
774:
773:
770:
768:
765:
762:
759:
755:
751:
744:
733:
729:
726:
725:
722:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
707:
706:Year Reported
704:
701:
697:
692:
688:
683:
680:
670:
660:
649:
642:
635:
628:
621:
618:
604:
601:
593:energy barrier
552:
547:
519:
514:
486:
483:
480:
476:
464:
463:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
420:
417:
414:
410:
404:
401:
398:
394:
390:
387:
382:
379:
372:
368:
340:
337:
328:
317:
314:
306:
305:
299:
292:
287:
275:
269:energy barrier
264:
259:
252:attempt period
243:
238:
213:
207:
202:
198:
190:
187:
184:
180:
176:
170:
166:
163:
158:
155:
150:
146:
142:
137:
134:
130:
112:energy barrier
103:
100:
98:
95:
78:
74:
63:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3268:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:metamagnetism
3201:
3199:
3198:helimagnetism
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3138:paramagnetism
3136:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2684:(6): 784â93.
2683:
2679:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1533:(11): 66â71.
1532:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
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1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1413:
1392:
1376:
1358:
1342:
1329:
1311:
1298:
1265:
1260:
1239:
1226:
1197:
1192:
1171:
1158:
1142:
1136:
1126:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1100:Superposition
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1007:
997:
993:
990:
979:
975:
968:
963:
961:
958:
956:
952:
948:
938:
936:
934:1264 cm
933:
930:
927:
925:
924:
920:
918:
916:1334 cm
915:
912:
909:
907:
906:
902:
900:
898:1380 cm
897:
894:
891:
889:
888:
884:
882:
880:1541 cm
879:
876:
873:
871:
870:
866:
864:
862:1285 cm
861:
858:
855:
853:
852:
848:
846:
843:
840:
837:
835:
834:
830:
828:
826:1468 cm
825:
822:
819:
817:
816:
812:
810:
808:1219 cm
807:
804:
801:
798:
797:
793:
791:
789:1205 cm
788:
785:
782:
776:
775:
771:
769:
766:
763:
760:
750:
743:
739:
728:
727:
723:
721:
718:
715:
712:
710:
709:
705:
702:
696:
693:
687:
684:
681:
678:
677:
674:
669:
664:
659:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
619:
617:
615:
611:
602:
600:
598:
595:, so that at
594:
589:
587:
584:(due to high
583:
579:
576:
572:
568:
550:
535:
517:
502:
484:
481:
478:
474:
450:
445:
435:
430:
418:
415:
412:
408:
402:
399:
396:
392:
388:
385:
380:
377:
354:
353:
352:
350:
346:
345:superexchange
338:
336:
334:
327:
323:
315:
313:
311:
303:
300:
298:
291:
288:
285:
281:
274:
270:
263:
260:
257:
253:
249:
242:
239:
237:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
211:
205:
200:
196:
188:
185:
182:
178:
174:
168:
164:
161:
156:
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38:
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30:
26:
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3126:diamagnetism
3033:
3029:
3023:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2900:
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2706:11380/963240
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1048:Applications
1042:
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989:polymetallic
982:
959:
950:
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767:227 cm
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928:single-ion
910:single-ion
892:single-ion
874:single-ion
856:single-ion
838:single-ion
820:single-ion
802:single-ion
783:single-ion
719:42 cm
691:(100-s; K)
620:Performance
532:) and spin
97:Measurement
3240:Categories
3213:spin glass
2554:Polyhedron
1509:References
1145:synthesis:
1135:strip-line
1092:anisotropy
1076:anisotropy
1065:hard disks
1061:thin films
1022:nanomagnet
536:(operator
503:(operator
3112:Magnetism
2980:197477060
2972:0003-6951
2925:1521-3757
2862:1476-4687
2802:0020-1693
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2519:1364-548X
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1978:2041-6520
1914:0028-0836
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1930:4454501
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