Sinicization - Knowledge (XXG)

3267:

not certain that all names in fact had a specific meaning). Giving "numeral names" was another unique Manchu habit. These were names that actually referred to numbers. Sometimes they were given using Manchu numbers—for example, Nadanju (seventy) or Susai (fifty). Other times number names used the Manchu transcriptions of Chinese numbers, as in the name Loišici (= Liushi qi, "sixty-seven"), Bašinu (= bashi wu, "eight-five").45 Such names, unheard of among the Han, were quite common among the Manchus, an appeared from time to time among Chinese bannermen. Popular curiosity about this odd custom in Qing was partly satisfied by the nineteenth-century bannerman-writer Fu-ge, who explained in his book of "jottings" that naming children for their grandparents' ages was a way of wishing longevity to the newly born.46

4710:

the TSPM, which included a seminar on the so-called "sinicization" of Christianity. Fu Xianwei, chairman of the TSPM, was quoted as saying that "churches in China will continue to explore the sinicization of Christianity ensure Christianity takes root in the soil of Chinese culture, ethnicity, and society... To advance the sinicization of Christianity, churches will need guidance and support from government agencies in charge of religious affairs." Gao Feng, chairman of the CCC, stated that the TSPM would "take on a new mission in this age, adhere to the path of sinicization, and deepen and advance the process of sinicizing Christianity." Wang Zuo'an, director of the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA), also reinforced the need for the sinicization of Christianity.

3186:

Chinese accustomed to names composed of a familiar surname and one or two elegang characters drawn from a poem or a passage from the classics, Manchu names looked not just different, but absurd. What was oneo to make of a name like E-bi-long, written in Chinese characters meaning "repress-must flourish," or Duo-er-gun, meaning "numerous-thou-roll"? S.... To them they looked like nonsense.... But they are not nonsense in Manchu: "E-bi-long" is the transcription of ebilun, meaning "a delicate or sickly child," and "Duo-er-gun" is the Chinese transcription of dorgon, the Manchu word for badger.

4381:.... The government initiated educational reform in the 1950s to achieve a number of high-priority goals. First, it was done to help root out fifty years of Japanese colonial influence on the island's populace--"resinicizing" them, one might say- -and thereby guarantee their loyalty to the Chinese motherland. Second, the million mainlanders or so who had fled to Taiwan themselves had the age-old tendency of being more loyal to city, county, or province than to China as a nation. They identified themselves as Hunanese, Cantonese, or Sichuanese first, and as Chinese second. 3360:

meaningful and that conformed to the generational principle. Thus, in the seventh generation of the Gūwalgiya lineage were sons with two names, one Manchu and one Chinese, such as Duolunbu/Shiman, Delinbu/Shizhu, and Tehengbu/Shizhen. Within the family and the banner, these boys used their Manchu name, but outside they used their Han-style name. Then, from the eighth or ninth generation one, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Gūwalgiya at Xiuyan stopped giving polysyllabic Manchu names to their sons, who thereafter used Chinese names exclusively.

2858:

the Director of Political Affairs of the Regional Secretariat of Yunnan ... According to Chinese records, he introduced new agricultural technologies, constructed irrigation systems, and tried to raise living standards. Though a Muslims, he built or rebuilt Confucian temples and created a Confucian education system. His contemporary, He Hongzuo, the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies, wrote that through his efforts 'the orangutans and butcherbirds became unicorns and phonixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps' ...

2419:

al-Ajall Shams al-Din Umar al-Bukhari (Ch. Sai-tien-ch'ih shan-ssu-ting). a court official and general of Turkic origin who participated in the Mongol invasion of Szechwan ... And Yunnan in c. 1252, and who became Yuan Governor of the latter province in 1274–79. Shams al-Din—who is widely believed by the Muslims of Yunnan to have introduced Islam to the region—is represented as a wise and benevolent ruler, who successfully "pacified and comforted" the people of Yunnan, and who is credited with building Confucian temples, as well as mosques and schools

1890: 1812: 1904: 2805: 2789: 3531:

affiliation rather than by their lineage. Even if they had customarily used both surname and given name, this would not have eliminated the difference with Han names, since Manchu names of any kind were very often longer than two characters—that is, two syllables— in length. Where a Han name (to pick at random two names from the eighteenth century) might read Zhang Tingyu or Dai Zhen, the full name of, say, Ebilun (a

1589:), and teaching students to revere traditional ethics, develop pan-Chinese nationalism, and view Taiwan from the perspective of China. Other reasons for the policy were to combat the Japanese influences on the culture that had occurred in the previous 50 years, and to help unite the recent immigrants from mainland China that had come to Taiwan with the KMT and among whom there was a tendency to be more loyal to 1918: 4303:

with the traditional Confucian virtues. The avenue passing in front of the foreign ministry en route to the presidential palace was named chieh-shou (long life), in Chiang's honor. Students were required to learn Mandarin and speak it exclusively; those who disobeyed and spoke Taiwanese Min, Hakka, or aboriginal tongues could be fined, slapped, or subjected to other disciplinary actions.

2901:

succeeded by his brother Husain. It cannot be too strongly emphasised that the direction of this movement was from the interior, from the north. The Muhammadan colonies on the coast were hardly affected by it. On the other hand it may safely be assumed that the Muslims of Yunnan remained in constant communication with those of the northern provinces of Shensi and Kansu.

2091: 5095:

The restrictions they now face can be traced to 2015, when Mr. Xi first raised the issue of what he called the "Sinicization of Islam," saying all faiths should be subordinate to Chinese culture and the Communist Party. Last year, Mr. Xi's government issued a confidential directive that ordered local

2968:

when Maroco Polo visited Yunnan in the early Yuan period he noted the presence of "Saracens" among the population while the Persian historian Rashid al-Din (died 1318 AD) recorded in his Jami' ut-Tawarikh that 'the great city of Yachi' in Yunnan was exclusively inhabited by Muslims. Rashid al-Din may

4709:

The National Committee of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement of Protestant Churches in China marked its 60th anniversary in 2014. Subsequently, China's government-sponsored China Christian Council (CCC) and the TSPM orchestrated a conference in Shanghai on August 4–6 to commemorate the anniversary of

3445:

Manchu men had abandoned their original polysyllabic personal names infavor of Han-style disyllabic names; they had adopted the Han practice of choosing characters with auspicious meanings for the names; and they had assigned names on a generational basis.... Except among some Hanjun such as the two

3185:

famous Manchu figure of the early Qing who belonged to the Niohuru clan) would have been the unwieldy "Niu-gu-lu E-bi-long" in Chinese. Moreover, the characters used in names were typically chosen to represent the sounds of Manchu, and not to carry any particular meaning in Chinese. For educated Han

778:

In recent times, sinicization has been used in reference to China's policy toward minorities, particularly toward religious minorities within China. Policies include the destruction of religious architecture and costumes, the attempt to blend religious traditions with traditions perceived as Chinese

4352:

The new KMT concluded that it must "Sinicize" Taiwan if it were ever to unify mainland China. Textbooks were designed to teach young people the dialect of North China as a national language. Pupils also were taught to revere Confucian ethics, to develop Han Chinese nationalism, and to accept Taiwan

3266:

While Chinese names, too, sometimes ended in characters with the sounds "zhu," "bao," and "tai," more often than not, such names in the Qing belonged to Manchus and other bannermen (Chinese bannermen and Mongols sometimes took Manchu-sounding names), even if the attached meaning is not clear (it is

3224:

an animal's anklebone).44 Names such as Jalfungga (long-lived), Fulingga (lucky one), Fulungga (majestic), and Hūturingga (fortunate), were not unknown, either, particularly after the seventeenth century. Although mightily foreign when written as Zha-la-feng-a, Fu-ling-a, Fu-long-a, or Hu-tu-ling-ga

3223:

Thus we find names like Nikan (Chinese), Ajige (little), Asiha (young), Haha (nale), Mampi (knot—a reference to the hair?), Kara (black), Fulata (red-eyed), Necin (peaceful), Kirsa (steppe fox), Unahan (colt), Jumara (squirrel), Nimašan (sea eagle), Nomin (lapis lazuli), and Gacuha (toy made out of

1834:

In 2018, over one million Chinese government workers began forcibly living in the homes of Uyghur Muslim families to monitor and assess resistance to assimilation, and to watch for frowned-upon religious or cultural practices. These government workers were trained to call themselves "relatives" and

1796:

newspaper, claimed that sinicization was a form of 'inculturation', which is a Catholic missionary term that refers to adopting local culture to proclaim the gospel. He cited Matteo Ricci as an example and pointed out that the Chinese leadership had promised not to undermine the doctrine and nature

1711:

arranged a conference in Shanghai on August 4–6, 2014, commemorating the anniversary of the TSPM. This conference included a seminar on the sinicizaton of Christianity, with Fu Xianwei, chairman of the TSPM, saying "churches in China will continue to explore the sinicization of Christianity ensure

1021:

of southwest China. As migrants, they lived among ethnic Chinese and were sinicized to varying degrees. Many worked as farm laborers. Some attained official positions in the court and military. The numerous tribal groups in the north and northwest who had been heavily drafted into the military then

3359:

At Xiuyan, in eastern Fengtian, the Manchus in the seventh or eighth generation continued as before to give their sons polysyllabic Manchu personal names that were meaningless when transliterated into Chinese, but at the same time they began to also give them Chinese names that were disyllabic and

2900:

Although Saiyid-i Adjall certainly did much for the propagation of Islam in Yunnan, it is his son Nasir al-Din to whom is ascribed the main credit for its dissemination. He was a minister and at first governed the province of Shansi: he later became governor of Yunnan where he died in 1292 and was

2857:

claimed descent from the emir of Bokhara ... and was appointed as the top administrator in Yunnan in the 1270s. Today the Muslims of Yunnan regard him as the founder of their community, a wise and benevolent ruler who 'pacified and comforted' the peoples of Yunnan. Sayyid Ajall was officially

2418:

certain that Muslims of Central Asian originally played a major role in the Yuan (Mongol) conquest and subsequent rule of south-west China, as a result of which a distinct Muslim community was established in Yunnan by the late 13th century AD. Foremost among these soldier-administrators was Sayyid

1664:

have stated that in present-day Tibet, traditional Tibetan festivals have "been turned into a platform for propaganda and political theater" where "government workers and retirees are barred from engaging in religious activities, and government workers and students in Tibetan schools are forbidden

1258:

Historian Jacqueline Armijo-Hussein has written on Sayyid Ajall's confucianization and sinicization policies in various papers, including in her dissertation "Sayyid 'Ajall Shams al-Din: A Muslim from Central Asia, serving the Mongols in China, and bringing 'civilization' to Yunnan" (1997); and in

1033:

initiated the policy of settling Xiongnu nomads away from the frontier near Taiyuan in modern Shanxi province, where they would be less likely to rebel. The Xiongnu abandoned nomadism and the elite were educated in Chinese-Confucian literate culture. The migration of northern Chinese people to the

4302:

In order to shore up his government's legitimacy, Chiang set about turning Taiwan's inhabitants into Chinese. To use Renan's terminology, Chiang chose to re-define the concept of shared destiny to include the mainland. Streets were re-named; major thoroughfares in Taipei received names associated

3402:

and when the ancient and politically prominent Manchu lineage of Niohuru adopted the Han-style surname Lang, he ridiculed them for having "forgotten their roots." (The Niohuru, whose name was derived from niohe, Manchu for wolf," had chosen Lang as their surname because it was a homophone for the

2934:

from the Yuan Dynasty, and indicated further Muslim settlement in northeastern and especially southwestern Yunnan. Marco Polo, who travelled through Yunnan "Carajan" at the beginning of the Yuan period, noted the presence of "Saracens" among the population. Similarly, the Persian historian Rashid

1715:

In 2019, TSPM chairman Xu Xiaohong made a pledge to eliminate any Western "imprint" from Chinese faith saying " must recognise that Chinese churches are surnamed 'China', not 'the West'" and "No matter how much effort or time it takes, our resolution in upholding the Sinicisation of Protestantism

1224:

scholars. The natives of Yunnan were instructed by Sayyid Ajall in such Confucian ceremonies as weddings, matchmaking, funerals, ancestor worship, and kowtow. The native leaders had their "barbarian" clothing replaced by clothing given to them by Sayyid Ajall as well. The governor was praised and

1771:

In June 2018, the Bishops' Conference of the Catholic Church in China and the Catholic Patriotic Association issued a "Five-Year Plan on Carrying Forward the Catholic Church's Adherence to the Direction of Sinicization in Our Country". This document calls for Catholics to accept Communist party

1200:

be built in the city. The latter temple, built in 1274 and doubled as a school, was the first Confucian temple ever to be built in Yunnan. By incorporating Chinese and consequently Confucian thought in the dynasty, scholars now deem Kublai Khan as an adopted Chinese citizen of Mongol ethnicity,

3530:

Chinese names consist typically of a single-character surname and a given name of one or two characters, the latter usually chosen for their auspicious meaning. Manchu names were different. For one thing, Manchus did not commonly employ surnames, identifying themselves usually by their banner

3012:

In this way, Yunnan became known to the Islamic world. When Sayyid Ajall died in 1279 he was succeeded by his son Nasir al-Din who governed for give years and led the invasion of Burma. His younger brother became the Transport Commissioner and the entire family entrenched their

3046:

On his death he was succeeded by his eldest son, Nasir al-Din (Ch. Na-su-la-ting, the "Nescradin" of Marco Polo), who governed Yunnan between 1279 and I284. While Arab and South Asian Muslims, pioneers of the maritime expansion of Islam in the Bay of Bengal, must have visited

1797:

of each religion. He stated in the interview: "These two terms, "inculturation" and "sinicization," refer to each other without confusion and without opposition: in some ways, they can be complementary and can open avenues for dialogue on the religious and cultural level."

4090: 1679:

In April 2016, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping declared that to "actively guide the adaptation of religions to socialist society, an important task is supporting China's religions' persistence in the direction of sinicization." He later reiterated this plan to the

1831:, said in a 2018 speech that "We must allow traditional Chinese culture to permeate Islam and jointly guard the spiritual homeland of the Chinese people." He encouraged Chinese characteristics to be present in religious ceremony, culture, and architecture. 1259:"The Origins of Confucian and Islamic Education in Southwest China: Yunnan in the Yuan Period" (n.d.) and "The Sinicization and Confucianization in Chinese and Western Historiography of a Muslim from Bukhara Serving Under the Mongols in China" (1989). 1120:(original Chinese), in contrast to new Chinese people who colonized Guizhou at later times. They still spoke an archaic dialect as of 1929. Many immigrants to Guizhou were descended from these soldiers in garrisons who married non-Chinese women. 799:) among the population. Proponents believe it will help to develop shared values, pride in being the country's citizen, respect and acceptance towards cultural differences among citizens of China. Critics argue that assimilation destroys 1869:

reported that Chinese authorities had forcibly rebuilt a number of mosques to eliminate traditional Islamic architecture (e.g. minarets, domes) and replace them with Chinese architecture. In July 2023, the United Front Work Department's

1309:

models of rule as much as Confucian ones. There is also evidence of sinicization, however. For example, Manchus originally had their own separate style of naming from the Han Chinese, but eventually adopted Han Chinese naming practices.

2628: 2581: 1528:

with the main goal of ensuring adherence to national ideology. Critics of China's treatment of Uyghurs have accused the Chinese government of propagating a policy of sinicization in Xinjiang in the 21st century, calling this policy a

1712:

Christianity takes root in the soil of Chinese culture, ethnicity, and society... To advance the sinicization of Christianity, churches will need guidance and support from government agencies in charge of religious affairs."

1088:. During this period, the process of sinicization accelerated among the non-Han arrivals in the north and among the indigenous people in the south. This process was also accompanied by the increasing popularity of Buddhism ( 4082: 3601: 3662: 4853: 4031: 2999: 2887: 2844: 5198: 1372:

followed their traditional practice in typically used their first/personal name to address themselves and not their last name, while Han Chinese bannermen used their last name and first in normal Chinese style.

4914: 4791: 3488:

family name but called themselves only by their personal name—for example, Yikuang, Ronglu, Gangyi, Duanfang, Xiliang, and Tieliang. In this respect, most Manchus remained conspicuously different from Han.

5018: 3640: 3563: 1838:

As of 2019, it was estimated that Chinese authorities may have detained one and a half million people in secretive re-education camps. The vast majority of those forcibly interned are Muslim Uyghurs but

1320:, and when phonetically transcribed into Chinese, they made no sense at all. The meaning of the names that Manchus used were also very different from the meanings of Chinese names. The Manchus also gave 4162: 2282: 1823:

first raised the issue of "sinicization of Islam". In 2018, a confidential directive was issued ordering local officials to "prevent Islam from interfering with secular life and the state's functions".

1240:

recorded that Yunnan was heavily populated by Muslims during the Yuan dynasty, with Rashid naming a city with all Muslim inhabitants as the "great city of Yachi." It has been suggested that Yachi was

3822: 1414:, Minh Mang declared that "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Han customs." Moreover, he would use the term 5056: 4670: 1768:." I am convinced that an important intellectual and pastoral challenge arises in an almost natural way from the bringing together of these two terms, which indicate two real visions of the world." 1684:

saying "We will fully implement the Party's basic policy on religious affairs, insist on the sinicization of Chinese religions, and provide active guidance for religion and socialism to coexist."

5229: 3976: 1305:

school revealed Manchu rulers were savvy in their manipulation of their subjects and from the 1630s through at least the 18th century, the emperors developed a sense of Manchu identity and used

4479: 3941: 3903: 5262: 4227: 1854:

province. Restrictions included limiting the size of mosques, requiring a Communist Party member on mosque management committees, forbidding the use of Arabic words on food stalls (such as "

3734: 4999: 2955: 4975: 4945: 3138: 1462:

created an assimilationist group and encouraged the integration of Muslims into Chinese society. Ma Fuxiang was a hardcore assimilationist and said that Hui should assimilate into Han.

5037: 2075: 1674: 1623: 3666: 1681: 5612: 4845: 4023: 2405: 2337: 4194: 5190: 4815:"Intervention of the Secretary for Relations with States at the International Conference on "Christianity in the Chinese Society: Impact, Interaction and Inculturation"" 919:

or in coastal areas from the mouth of the Yangtze to the Gulf of Tonkin. The remnants of these peoples who were not fully sinicized are now recognized officially as the

4822: 1518: 4283: 4906: 4131: 2921: 5474: 4781: 2475: 1753: 1301:

to justify their rule. The "orthodox" historical view emphasized the power of Han Chinese to "sinicize" their conquerors, although more recent research such as the

5169: 2716: 1569:

and retake control of it. Chiang believed that to retake mainland China, it would be necessary to re-Sinicize Taiwan's inhabitants who had undergone assimilation

5325: 5015: 2375: 5607: 5150: 4152: 4883: 1772:

leadership, love the motherland and obey the state, as well as to embrace the state's directive to implement Chinese cultural integration within Catholicism.

5836: 5053: 4662: 2022: 1499: 5386:

Sinicization: at the crossing of three China regions, an ethnic minority becoming increasingly more Chinese: the Kam People, officially called Dong People

5221: 4438: 1354:, although its usage was inconsistent and error-ridden. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Manchu royal family stopped using Manchu names. 3962: 5514: 5082: 4469: 2969:

have been referring to the region around Ta-li in western Yunnan, which was to emerge as the earliest centre of Hui Muslim settlement in the province.

5284: 5252: 4753: 4217: 4636: 4001: 1232:

Sayyid Ajall would also be the first to bring Islam to the area, and thus the widespread presence of Islam in Yunnan is credited to his work. Both

4576: 3687: 1225:

described as making "the orangutans and butcherbirds become unicorns and phoenixes and their felts and furs were exchanged for gowns and caps" by

1201:

rather than simply being mutually excluded from the definition of fellow Chinese he governed. As such, Sayyid Ajall would be the one to introduce

4730: 4540: 3759: 3730: 5994: 4996: 4696: 2949: 4967: 4937: 1471: 5446: 5378: 5034: 4401: 4260: 3634: 3595: 3557: 2993: 2838: 1764:, said that "two expressions or, more precisely, two principles stand out, which should interact with each other, namely "sinicization" and " 1001:, large numbers of non-Chinese peoples living along China's northern periphery settled in northern China. Some of these migrants such as the 760: 31: 4365: 3033: 5580: 5349: 4606: 768: 5390:

Sinisation: à la limite de trois provinces de Chine, une minorité de plus en plus chinoise: les locuteurs kam, officiellement appelés Dong

4153:""'Cultural genocide': China separating thousands of Muslim children from parents for 'thought education'" – The Independent, 5 July 2019" 1513:

Strict surveillance and mass detentions of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang re-education camps is a part of the ongoing sinicization policy by the

3784: 2522: 1517:(CCP). Since 2015, it has been estimated that over a million Uyghurs have been detained in these camps. The camps were established under 5467: 3709: 3517: 3253: 2448: 1554: 1272: 756: 3475: 3432: 3389: 3346: 3088: 5768: 2935:

al-Din (died 1318 AD) recorded in his Jami' ut-Tawarikh that the 'great city of Yachi' in Yunnan was exclusively inhabited by Muslims.

2799: 2757: 2710: 2442: 1962: 4336: 2678: 911:

peoples. Over time, the mutual contact between Baiyue peoples and Han Chinese, as well as southward spread of Han Chinese, mostly as

5438: 3935: 3897: 3816: 3511: 3469: 3426: 3383: 3340: 3306: 3247: 3209: 3171: 2881: 2399: 2345: 2276: 2085: 4184: 3282: 2763: 5108: 5025:, 'No opposition between sinicization and inculturation' Parolin tells China media, Catholic World Report, retrieved June 2nd 2023 2213: 1510:-only street names and signs to Chinese, as well as switching carpet patterns in state-owned carpet factories from Uyghur to Han. 6115: 6061: 2604: 2565: 1947: 4061: 2315: 3067: 1777: 1761: 1490: 1043: 725: 5016:

https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2019/05/13/no-opposition-between-sinicization-and-inculturation-parolin-tells-china-media/

4509: 6238: 5460: 3124: 2614: 2575: 2508: 2369: 2187: 2154: 2129: 1871: 1742: 1525: 673:, 'Chinese, relating to China') is the process by which non-Chinese societies or groups are acculturated or assimilated into 293: 61: 4814: 3313: 2244: 4289: 3585: 6243: 5724: 5509: 4113: 2915: 1693: 1657: 924: 502: 307: 270: 75: 2471: 1350:) gave their children Chinese names, which were separate from the Manchu names, and even adopted the Chinese practice of 1335:, not understand what the emperor was telling him in Manchu, despite coming from the Manchu stronghold of Shengjing (now 6233: 6133: 5972: 5054:

https://www.vaticannews.va/zh/vatican-city/news/2019-05/cardinal-parolin-interview-chinese-newspaper-china-holy-see.html

4421: 4417: 1828: 1738: 1601: 1214: 5165: 2983: 2871: 2828: 2700: 1573:. Examples of this policy included the renaming of Japanese-named streets with mainland geographical names, the use of 6258: 6170: 5712: 5558: 5315: 2359: 1113: 1093: 1060:

and political chaos, it was also a time of flourishing arts and culture, advancement in technology, and the spread of

3026:

Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).

2948:

Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).

2914:

Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).

2398:

Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Jāmi'at al-Malik 'Abd al-'Azīz. Ma'had Shu'ūn al Aqallīyat al-Muslimah (1986).

1506:

in 1934–1937. The administration that was set up was colonial in nature, importing Han cooks and baths, changing the

5142: 1737:

In December 2016, the Ninth National Congress of the Chinese Catholic Representatives reaffirmed their plan for the

6248: 6120: 4875: 2053: 1781: 1596:

The process of re-asserting non-Chinese identity, as in the case of ethnic groups in Taiwan, is sometimes known as

1570: 920: 752: 748: 5044:, Beijing and Rome can work together, Parolin tells Chinese media, Herald Malaysia Online, retrieved June 3rd 2023 3624: 3547: 1716:

will never change, and our determination to walk a path that is adapted to a socialist society will never waver."

998: 3806: 2266: 1932: 1806: 1486: 1206: 1014: 5006:, Beijing and Rome can work together, Parolin tells Chinese media, Catholic News Agency, retrieved June 2nd 2023 2014: 6253: 6228: 5883: 5734: 5669: 5597: 4309: 3967: 3843:

Lipman, Jonathan N. (Jul 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu".

1732: 1590: 815:

has claimed that the People's Republic of China has used the concept of sinicization as a means to obscure Han

629: 4447: 3925: 3887: 5384: 6009: 5865: 5816: 4997:

https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/41269/beijing-and-rome-can-work-together-parolin-tells-chinese-media

1952: 1749: 1708: 1514: 1385: 1278: 1268: 1210: 1150: 915:, led to the sinicization of most of the Baiyue populations that remained in southern China, be they in the 764: 5074: 3299:

Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928.

3114: 1445:

Chinese clothing was also adopted by the Vietnamese people. Variations of them are still being used today.

1435: 6150: 5519: 5294: 5035:

https://www.heraldmalaysia.com/news/beijing-and-rome-can-work-together-parolin-tells-chinese-media/47797/1

3461:

Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928

3418:

Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928

3375:

Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928

3332:

Manchus & Han: ethnic relations and political power in late Qing and early republican China, 1861–1928

1362: 1343:(reigned 1796–1820) complained that his officials were not proficient at understanding or writing Manchu. 964: 5952: 5915: 5871: 5483: 5368: 4628: 3991: 1967: 1773: 1641: 1637: 1617: 1407: 968: 744: 729: 4568: 3691: 1745:

to uphold the principle of independence and self-governance, along with the promotion of sinicization.

4532: 1365:, which sounded like "wolf" in Chinese, since wolf in Manchu was Niohuru; thus forming a translation. 1165:. Sayyid Ajall is best known among Chinese for helping sinicize the Yunnan province; the promotion of 6187: 6155: 3755: 1403: 1252: 1237: 1010: 976: 916: 827: 709: 5627: 4692: 1811: 6192: 6165: 5763: 5575: 5568: 4470:""They Say We Should Be Grateful" Mass Rehousing and Relocation Programs in Tibetan Areas of China" 1649: 1546: 1332: 1202: 896: 835: 816: 788: 525: 4722: 4250: 3927:

Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

3889:

Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949

488: 443: 256: 211: 5848: 5536: 4474: 4369: 4118: 3868: 3860: 3587:

Human Rights in Asia: A Comparative Legal Study of Twelve Asian Jurisdictions, France and the USA

3027: 2644: 2538: 1723:

stated that Christian groups must "adhere to the direction of the sinicisation of Christianity."

1431: 1178: 1081: 823: 808: 804: 717: 697: 38: 4598: 1226: 6182: 5801: 5442: 5434: 4397: 4157: 4123: 3931: 3893: 3812: 3780: 3630: 3591: 3553: 3507: 3501: 3465: 3422: 3379: 3336: 3302: 3243: 3237: 3205: 3199: 3167: 3161: 3130: 3120: 3089:"Session 8: Individual Papers: New Work on Confucianism, Buddhism, and Islam from Han to Yuan" 2989: 2877: 2834: 2795: 2753: 2706: 2620: 2610: 2571: 2514: 2504: 2498: 2438: 2365: 2272: 2183: 2179: 2150: 2125: 2121: 2081: 2010: 1660:, it has been underway since the Chinese regained control of Tibet in 1951. Sources quoted by 1530: 1482: 1298: 1221: 812: 721: 402: 394: 170: 162: 3705: 3459: 3416: 3373: 3330: 2606:

In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)

2500:

In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)

2432: 6160: 6093: 6025: 5821: 3852: 3092: 1957: 1937: 1840: 1835:

have been described in Chinese state media as being a key part of enhancing "ethnic unity".

1653: 1574: 1328: 1302: 1197: 1089: 1053: 1049: 988: 960: 952: 867: 800: 792: 713: 701: 693: 411: 359: 179: 127: 4114:"'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims" 2791:

Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)

2750:

Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)

2702:

Between winds and clouds: the making of Yunnan (second century BCE to twentieth century CE)

6207: 6127: 6105: 6088: 5895: 5860: 5701: 5691: 5647: 5642: 5541: 5504: 5320: 5289: 5060: 5041: 5022: 5003: 4907:"Ahead of China-Vatican dialogue, a five-year plan to Sinicize the Church under the Party" 4536: 4442: 4425: 4340: 4322: 4255: 3996: 3688:"Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries" 3317: 3286: 2670: 2656: 2550: 1942: 1701: 1661: 1562: 1550: 1507: 1351: 1340: 1189: 689: 685: 674: 4782:"The Ninth Assembly of Chinese Catholic Representatives: More smog and pollution in 2017" 3626:

Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History

1181:' upon the non-Han Chinese peoples in Yunnan, who he viewed as "backward and barbarian." 5096:

officials to prevent Islam from interfering with secular life and the state's functions.

3992:"Expert Says 1.8 Million Uyghurs, Muslim Minorities Held in Xinjiang's Internment Camps" 3279: 2742: 1704:

and the anti-Christian movement of 1922–1927 as early efforts to sinicize Christianity.

1425: 541: 6197: 6100: 6083: 5999: 5979: 5947: 5900: 5890: 5843: 5831: 5790: 5785: 5751: 5741: 5719: 5681: 5652: 5637: 5587: 5563: 5494: 5116: 1988: 1982: 1923: 1787: 1597: 1566: 1166: 1026: 936: 889: 831: 565: 418: 186: 1391: 6222: 6177: 6110: 6051: 5984: 5967: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5905: 5878: 5811: 5795: 5780: 5775: 5729: 5707: 5696: 5686: 5676: 5659: 5602: 5592: 5526: 4083:"Former inmates of China's Muslim 're-education' camps tell of brainwashing, torture" 4053: 3872: 2307: 2172: 2114: 1909: 1765: 1697: 1605: 1582: 1376:

Usage of surnames was not traditional to the Manchu while it was to the Han Chinese.

1369: 1339:). By the 19th century even the imperial court had lost fluency in the language. The 1294: 1281:

Chinese military soldiers were settled in Yunnan, and many married the native women.

740: 436: 204: 5285:"Thousands of ethnic minority Muslims defy Chinese authorities in defense of mosque" 3059: 1578: 6056: 6035: 6004: 5989: 5962: 5957: 5855: 5806: 5758: 5746: 5664: 5632: 5622: 5617: 5499: 5363: 4501: 2437:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 92. 1972: 1895: 1792: 1577:

in schools and punishments for using other regional Chinese languages (such as the

1395: 1317: 1306: 1290: 1170: 1162: 1133: 1105: 1077: 941: 912: 478: 366: 325: 246: 134: 93: 3119:. Harvard East Asian Monographs 149. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 424. 2609:. Vol. 121 of Asiatische Forschungen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 476. 2503:. Vol. 121 of Asiatische Forschungen. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 477. 1368:

Although the Manchus replaced their Manchu names with Chinese personal names, the

5400: 4414: 3310: 2238: 2207: 1116:

Kweichow) and married native non-Chinese women, their descendants being known as

677:, particularly the language, societal norms, culture, and ethnic identity of the 6202: 6030: 5826: 5531: 5430: 5410: 5394: 4786: 4222: 1720: 1645: 1419: 1411: 1347: 1313: 1085: 1069: 994: 904: 857: 705: 678: 592: 560: 110: 5253:"Beijing's crackdown on religious minorities takes aim at 10,000 Muslim Utsuls" 4024:"U.N. says it has credible reports China holds million Uighurs in secret camps" 3856: 2178:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1217:. He would go on to construct numerous Confucian temples throughout his reign. 5422: 3584:

Randall Peerenboom; Carole J. Petersen; Albert H.Y. Chen (27 September 2006).

2120:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 2048: 1977: 1885: 1820: 1633: 1521: 1496: 1459: 1410:

and China's Han dynasty for Vietnam. Directing his policies at the Khmers and

1233: 1158: 972: 903:. These Yue peoples, together with their southerner neighbours who formed the 900: 772: 669: 5416: 5222:"Tiny Muslim community becomes latest target for China's religious crackdown" 4127: 3464:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 57. 3421:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 56. 3378:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 56. 3335:(reprint, illustrated ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 56. 3134: 2624: 2518: 2361:

Beyond the Great Wall: Urban Form and Transformation on the Chinese Frontiers

30:

This article is about cultural assimilation. For the linguistic meaning, see

5551: 5546: 5257: 4189: 3503:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

3239:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

3201:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

3163:

The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China

1875: 1632:

is the change of Tibetan society to Han Chinese standards by means of state

1534: 1241: 1057: 606: 457: 225: 4846:"Gallagher: we are not afraid of China's new global leadership – La Stampa" 4754:"Christmas in China brings glittering decor and foreign influence concerns" 3663:"H-Net Discussion Networks – FW: H-ASIA: Vietnam as "Zhongguo" (2 REPLIES)" 2743:"Chapter 5 Sinicization and Indigenization: The Emergence of the Yunnanese" 1009:

had been pastoralist nomads from the northern steppes. Others such as the

975:

population and adopted Chinese culture practice Chinese customs, speaking

951:

Turks founded three sinicized dynasties in northern China. Descendants of

5143:"Why Chinese civil servants are happy to occupy Uyghur homes in Xinjiang" 4218:"China's Oppression of the Uighurs 'The Equivalent of Cultural Genocide'" 3963:"Chinese official says 'sinicization' of religion in Xinjiang must go on" 3506:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 241. 3242:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 243. 3204:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 242. 3166:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 242. 1790:, the Vatican secretary of state, in a 2019 interview with the CCP-owned 1757: 1503: 1336: 1174: 1061: 578: 464: 380: 232: 148: 37:"Hanhua" redirects here. For the subdistrict in Xinye County, Henan, see 5452: 5166:"Xinjiang's Uyghurs didn't choose to be Muslim, new Chinese report says" 4533:"Tibetan Religious Festival Marred by Police Presence, State Propaganda" 2043: 755:

within China. Evidence of this process is reflected in the histories of

17: 5426: 5418:

Islam in China, Hui and Uyghurs: between modernization and sinicization

4758: 3971: 3781:"The Ao Dai and I: A Personal Essay on Cultural Identity and Steampunk" 1586: 1358: 1185: 1184:

He founded a "Chinese style" city called Zhongjing Cheng, where modern

1141: 1137: 1129: 1109: 1073: 1030: 1018: 1006: 1002: 885: 775:

as the vehicle for exporting Chinese culture to other Asian countries.

485: 253: 3864: 1220:

Confucian rituals were taught to students in newly founded schools by

944:

of northern China was a sinicized empire of Mongolic-Xianbei origin.

5191:"1.5 million Muslims could be detained in China's Xinjiang: academic" 4693:"2014 Annual Report: Religious and Human Rights Persecution in China" 1851: 1558: 1321: 1193: 1154: 1146: 1065: 956: 948: 862: 4968:"China's Catholics told to create five-year plan to Sinicise Church" 1209:, and traditions into Yunnan, including Chinese social structures, 895:

As early as the 11th century BC, some of the Baiyue peoples in the

826:

spoken by native peoples of the region. There are also a number of

5433:, White Lotus Press editor, Bangkok, Thailand, published in 2004. 4938:"In China, government-aligned bishops release 'Sinicization' plan" 4663:"Chinese Protestant church head wants purge of Western influences" 4531:

Lodoe, Kalden; Demo, Yangdon; Gelek, Lobsang (September 6, 2019).

4288:. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Archived from 1859: 1855: 1847: 1810: 1629: 1442:

people in 1712 when differentiating between Vietnamese and Chams.

1399: 908: 342: 1052:

that lasted from 386 to 589, following the tumultuous era of the

4251:"Fear and oppression in Xinjiang: China's war on Uighur culture" 3808:

The religious traditions of Asia: religion, history, and culture

5456: 3446:

Zhao brothers, bannermen still did not, by and large, use their

3280:

Manchu Rule over China and the Attrition of the Manchu Language

3060:""CESWW" – Dissertations in Central Eurasian Studies – History" 2364:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 78. 1866: 1022:

exploited the chaos to seize power by local Chinese warlords.

5316:"Among Uyghurs, China aims to 'meld Islam with Confucianism'" 4439:"On Tibet, Senator's Daughter Shows More Spine Than the U.S." 4290:

Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars the original

2985:

Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia

2830:

Where China Meets India: Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia

2268:

China's Muslim Hui community: migration, settlement and sects

1874:

developed a plan to "meld Islam with Confucianism" using the

507: 493: 275: 261: 4629:"习近平：决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告-新华网" 4876:"Sinicization of China Church: the plan in full – UCA News" 3116:

Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic

1076:. The period came to an end with the unification of all of 2472:"How Kublai Khan's Yuan complicates the notion of 'China'" 899:

started to sinicize, marked by their establishment of the

884:

inhabited the coastline of China from as far north as the

5397:, Guy Trédaniel editor, Paris, France, published in 1998. 3029:

Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8

2951:

Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8

2917:

Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8

2401:

Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volumes 7–8

1846:

In September 2020, sinicization policies targeted Muslim

469: 237: 4502:"Invasion & After: Tibet Since the Chinese Invasion" 2077:

Prehistoric Settlement of the Pacific, Volume 86, Part 5

1434:

as for 'China') to refer to Vietnam. Likewise, the lord

1048:

The Northern and Southern dynasties was a period in the

739:

is also often used to refer to processes or policies of

5402:

Sinicization of the Kam (Dong People), a China minority

4185:"'Cultural genocide' for repressed minority of Uighurs" 1017:

were farmers and herders from the mountains of western

856:

Before sinicization, non-Chinese indigenous peoples of

3731:"#18 Transcultural Tradition of the Vietnamese Ao Dai" 1675:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

1624:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

1034:

south further settled China as a multi-ethnic empire.

634: 3549:

The Emergence Of Modern Southeast Asia: A New History

2240:

The Cowrie Shell Miao of Kweichow, Volume 32, Issue 1

1327:

Historical records report that as early as 1776, the

423: 399: 385: 371: 191: 167: 153: 139: 1229:, the Regional Superintendent of Confucian studies. 6143: 6076: 6044: 6018: 4813:H.E. Msgr. Paul Richard Gallagher (26 March 2018). 3301:University of Washington Press, 2000. Pages 52–54. 2212:. Royal Scottish Geographical Society. p. 70. 1843:and other minority groups have also been included. 1815:

Mosque with dome removed due to sinicization policy

1255:became Governor of Yunnan in 1279 after his death. 628: 623: 605: 591: 577: 572: 556: 540: 524: 519: 501: 484: 477: 463: 456: 448: 442: 435: 417: 410: 393: 379: 365: 358: 353: 338: 324: 306: 292: 287: 269: 252: 245: 231: 224: 216: 210: 203: 185: 178: 161: 147: 133: 126: 121: 106: 92: 74: 60: 55: 46: 5406:Sinisation d'une minorité de Chine, les Kam (Dong) 2171: 2113: 1422:) to refer to the Vietnamese people, and the name 1361:family of the Manchu changed their family name to 4054:"Data leak details China's 'brainwashing system'" 5075:"A Crackdown on Islam Is Spreading Across China" 4656: 4654: 4562: 4560: 4558: 3930:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 131. 3892:. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. p. 130. 2015:"Sinicisation, the Tribute System and Dynasties" 1423: 771:, which has long been a unifying feature in the 546: 530: 2301: 2299: 1316:consisted of more than the two or one syllable 2344:. New York: Facts On File, Inc. Archived from 2342:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire 611: 597: 583: 5468: 4415:Chinese population—Threat to Tibetan identity 3552:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 115–. 2209:Scottish geographical magazine, Volumes 45–46 1784:began holding training seminars immediately. 1104:During the eighth and ninth centuries in the 425: 312: 298: 193: 80: 66: 8: 4723:"'Sinicization' of Christianity China's aim" 4567:Bowie, Julia; Gitter, David (14 June 2018). 4112:Ramzy, Austin; Buckley, Chris (2019-11-16). 2736: 2734: 1545:After the Republic of China took control of 907:centuries later, are collectively termed as 779:as well as the promotion of "ethnic unity". 5164:Westcott, Ben; Xiong, Yong (22 July 2019). 5115:(in Chinese). 10 March 2018. Archived from 3541: 3539: 3024:(Original from the University of Virginia) 2946:(Original from the University of Virginia) 2912:(Original from the University of Virginia) 2396:(Original from the University of Virginia) 1500:36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) 1331:was shocked to see a high Manchu official, 875: 6015: 5475: 5461: 5453: 4339:. Hoover Institution. 2008. Archived from 2794:. Columbia University Press. p. 157. 2705:. Columbia University Press. p. 154. 1090:introduced into China in the first century 1068:. The period saw large-scale migration of 620: 350: 118: 4249:Shepherd, Christian (12 September 2019). 5063:, 帕罗林枢机："我们与中国正在开创一种积极的方法", Vatican News 4569:"The CCP's Plan to 'Sinicize' Religions" 2570:. Oxford University Press. p. 116. 1600:. This is an issue in, for example, the 860:, collectively termed by the Chinese as 426: 194: 5220:Baptista, Eduardo (28 September 2020). 5073:Myers, Steven Lee (21 September 2019). 3036:from the original on September 27, 2023 3002:from the original on September 27, 2023 2958:from the original on September 27, 2023 2924:from the original on September 27, 2023 2890:from the original on September 27, 2023 2873:First encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936 2847:from the original on September 27, 2023 2408:from the original on September 27, 2023 2002: 1652:, land development, land transfer, and 1346:Eventually, the Qing royal family (the 5251:Seibt, Sébastian (30 September 2020). 5136: 5134: 5085:from the original on 24 September 2019 4482:from the original on 10 September 2019 4318: 4307: 4004:from the original on November 28, 2019 3643:from the original on 27 September 2023 3604:from the original on 27 September 2023 3520:from the original on December 31, 2013 3141:from the original on 27 September 2023 2808:from the original on 27 September 2023 2719:from the original on 27 September 2023 2652: 2642: 2631:from the original on 27 September 2023 2584:from the original on 27 September 2023 2546: 2536: 2378:from the original on 27 September 2023 2271:. Richmond: Curzon Press. p. 23. 2206:Scottish Geographical Society (1929). 1656:. According to the U.S. branch of the 769:adoption of the Chinese writing system 401: 169: 43: 5153:from the original on 19 October 2021. 4917:from the original on 25 February 2020 4886:from the original on 16 December 2018 4733:from the original on 27 November 2018 4673:from the original on 19 February 2020 4543:from the original on 9 September 2019 4282:Dreyer, June Teufel (July 17, 2003). 2318:from the original on 17 November 2012 983:Han, Jin, and Sixteen Kingdoms period 787:The assimilation policy is a type of 32:Transcription into Chinese characters 27:Assimilation into Han Chinese culture 7: 5232:from the original on 16 October 2020 4880:Union of Catholic Asian News Limited 4856:from the original on 27 January 2021 4825:from the original on 3 December 2019 4695:. Texas, USA: ChinaAid. April 2015. 4609:from the original on 29 January 2020 4508:. Office of Tibet, Washington, D.C. 4230:from the original on 21 January 2020 4034:from the original on 12 January 2020 3478:from the original on January 5, 2014 3435:from the original on January 5, 2014 3392:from the original on January 5, 2014 3349:from the original on January 5, 2014 3256:from the original on January 5, 2014 2434:Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia 1700:churches in China has described the 1394:sinicized ethnic minorities such as 822:In China there are 292 non-Mandarin 681:—the largest ethnic group of China. 5201:from the original on 9 January 2021 4216:Zand, Bernhard (28 November 2019). 3990:Lipes, Joshua (November 24, 2019). 3851:(3). Sage Publications, Inc.: 296. 1862:in schools and government offices. 1754:Secretary for Relations with States 1273:Miao rebellions in the Ming dynasty 1108:, Chinese male soldiers moved into 747:of norms from China on neighboring 5265:from the original on 31 March 2021 4882:. Hong Kong, China. 31 July 2018. 4699:from the original on 14 April 2020 4639:from the original on 20 April 2018 4579:from the original on 18 April 2020 4263:from the original on 14 April 2020 4197:from the original on 25 April 2020 4165:from the original on 22 April 2020 2769:from the original on 23 March 2014 2470:Carter, James (16 December 2020). 2080:. American Philosophical Society. 2019:IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali 1963:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 1665:from visiting local monasteries." 25: 5413:, s.n. editor, published in 1994. 5141:Byler, Darren (9 November 2018). 4978:from the original on 16 June 2019 4844:Valente, Gianni (22 March 2018). 3629:. Berghahn Books. pp. 209–. 2603:Rachewiltz, Igor de, ed. (1993). 2497:Rachewiltz, Igor de, ed. (1993). 2174:A History of Chinese Civilization 2116:A History of Chinese Civilization 1472:Hong Kong–Mainland China conflict 880:'Hundreds of Yue Peoples' 4948:from the original on 17 May 2020 4794:from the original on 2 June 2017 4093:from the original on 16 May 2018 3979:from the original on 2020-01-10. 3623:A. Dirk Moses (1 January 2008). 2525:from the original on 14 May 2016 2478:from the original on 2 June 2021 2451:from the original on 13 May 2016 2147:Medieval Chinese Warfare 300–900 1948:Ethnic groups in Chinese history 1916: 1902: 1888: 1502:governed the southern region of 5328:from the original on 2023-09-15 5172:from the original on 2019-12-19 4752:Woo, Ryan (December 25, 2023). 4635:(in Chinese). 27 October 2017. 4512:from the original on 2 May 2014 4134:from the original on 2020-01-08 4064:from the original on 2019-11-26 3944:from the original on 2023-09-27 3906:from the original on 2023-09-27 3825:from the original on 2023-09-27 3805:Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa (2002). 3787:from the original on 2016-03-07 3762:from the original on 2016-02-04 3737:from the original on 2010-03-23 3712:from the original on 2016-01-21 3566:from the original on 2023-09-27 3070:from the original on 2014-08-25 2681:from the original on 2014-12-02 2338:Sayyid Ajall 'Umar Shams-ud-Din 2285:from the original on 2023-09-27 2247:from the original on 2023-09-27 2237:Margaret Portia Mickey (1947). 2216:from the original on 2018-05-17 2094:from the original on 2023-09-27 2056:from the original on 2018-11-19 2025:from the original on 2023-07-25 1819:In 2015, CCP general secretary 1491:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 1044:Northern and Southern dynasties 1038:Northern and Southern dynasties 508: 494: 470: 449: 276: 262: 238: 217: 4905:Zhicheng, Wang (31 May 2018). 4437:Warren, James (May 18, 1997). 3032:. The Institute. p. 385. 2954:. The Institute. p. 387. 2920:. The Institute. p. 174. 2671:"Ethnic Groups – china.org.cn" 2567:The Silk Road in World History 2404:. The Institute. p. 385. 2336:Atwood, Christopher P. 2004. " 2306:Lane, George (June 29, 2011). 2074:Goodenough, Ward Hunt (1996). 1872:Central Institute of Socialism 1743:Catholic Patriotic Association 1591:one's city, county or province 1438:had referred to Vietnamese as 1390:The Vietnamese Nguyễn emperor 1248:), which had many Hui people. 635: 547: 424: 400: 386: 372: 313: 299: 192: 168: 154: 140: 81: 67: 1: 4936:Jones, Kevin (25 July 2018). 4661:Gan, Nectar (12 March 2019). 4605:(in Chinese). 23 April 2016. 2752:. Columbia University Press. 1694:Three-Self Patriotic Movement 1682:19th Communist Party Congress 1606:Taiwan localization movements 1565:was to eventually go back to 1297:who adopted the norms of the 1188:is today, and ordered that a 6057:Romanization of the writings 5369:Resources in other libraries 4418:Government of Tibet in exile 3924:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). 3886:Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). 3590:. Routledge. pp. 474–. 3458:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). 3415:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). 3372:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). 3329:Edward J. M. Rhoads (2001). 1829:Islamic Association of China 1739:United Front Work Department 1602:Taiwan independence movement 971:, have assimilated into the 6171:Forced religious conversion 5379:Sinicization vs. Manchuness 2358:Gaubatz, Piper Rae (1996). 1827:Yang Faming, leader of the 1593:than to China as a nation. 1094:northern and southern China 931:Mongolic and Turkic peoples 791:aimed at strengthening the 684:Areas of influence include 6275: 4285:Taiwan's Evolving Identity 3857:10.1177/009770048401000302 3811:. Routledge. p. 368. 1804: 1774:Churches in Hebei province 1748:In March 2018, Archbishop 1730: 1672: 1621: 1615: 1561:in 1949, the intention of 1480: 1469: 1383: 1266: 1072:to the lands south of the 1041: 986: 934: 925:People's Republic of China 36: 29: 6134:Vergangenheitsbewältigung 6019:Assimilation by religions 5490: 5364:Resources in your library 5109:"杨发明委员：坚持我国伊斯兰教中国化方向-新华网" 4821:. Holy See Press Office. 4337:"Starting Anew on Taiwan" 3403:Chinese word for "wolf.") 3113:Gladney, Dru C. (1996) . 2243:. The Museum. p. 6. 2149:. Routledge. p. 48. 1933:Chinese Rites controversy 1807:Xinjiang internment camps 1487:Xinjiang internment camps 1056:period. Though an age of 871: 793:Chinese national identity 646: 619: 612: 598: 584: 349: 334: 320: 117: 102: 88: 51: 6045:Assimilation by writings 5226:South China Morning Post 4667:South China Morning Post 4599:"习近平：全面提高新形势下宗教工作水平-新华网" 3968:South China Morning Post 3500:Mark C. Elliott (2001). 3236:Mark C. Elliott (2001). 3198:Mark C. Elliott (2001). 3160:Mark C. Elliott (2001). 1733:Catholic Church in China 1406:, claimed the legacy of 1380:Nguyễn dynasty (Vietnam) 294:Traditional Chinese 288:Alternative Chinese name 62:Traditional Chinese 3546:Norman G. Owen (2005). 2265:Michael Dillon (1999). 2170:Jacques Gernet (1996). 2112:Jacques Gernet (1996). 1953:Little China (ideology) 1709:China Christian Council 1515:Chinese Communist Party 1386:Sinicization of Vietnam 1279:Ming conquest of Yunnan 1269:Ming conquest of Yunnan 1151:Ajall Shams al-Din Omar 888:to as far south as the 308:Simplified Chinese 76:Simplified Chinese 6151:Cultural globalization 5324:. September 14, 2023. 4413:Samdup, Tseten (1993) 4087:www.washingtonpost.com 3706:"Angelasancartier.net" 3309:. Partially available 2982:Thant Myint-U (2011). 2876:. BRILL. p. 847. 2870:M. Th Houtsma (1993). 2827:Thant Myint-U (2011). 1816: 1424: 1177:would be part of his ' 965:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 753:minority ethnic groups 726:science and technology 668: 531: 6239:Cultural assimilation 5484:Cultural assimilation 3297:Edward J. M. Rhoads, 3064:cesww.fas.harvard.edu 1968:Sinicization of Tibet 1814: 1731:Further information: 1642:religious persecution 1638:cultural assimilation 1618:Sinicization of Tibet 1555:relocated its capital 1519:CCP General Secretary 1157:after conquering the 1114:formerly romanized as 1092:) and Daoism in both 999:Jin dynasty (266–420) 969:Taoyuan County, Hunan 728:, value systems, and 6244:Culture of East Asia 6188:Internal colonialism 6156:Cultural imperialism 5837:Northern Afghanistan 4942:Catholic News Agency 4394:China's Tibet Policy 4193:. 17 December 2019. 3285:19 June 2013 at the 2312:Encyclopædia Iranica 2145:David Graff (2003). 1858:"), and banning the 1762:Secretariat of State 1628:The sinicization of 1238:Rashid al-Din Vatvat 977:varieties of Chinese 749:East Asian societies 6234:Chinese nationalism 6193:Jewish assimilation 6166:Forced assimilation 5704:or Castilianization 5421:, the study of the 5381:(by Xiaowei Zheng). 4972:World Watch Monitor 4819:Summary of Bulletin 4392:Burbu, Dawa (2001) 4366:"Third-Wave Reform" 4353:as a part of China. 2564:Liu, Xinru (2001). 2431:Tan Ta Sen (2009). 1650:population transfer 1636:, police presence, 1571:under Japanese rule 1466:Hong Kong and Macau 1458:Hui Muslim General 1324:as personal names. 1251:Sayyid Ajall's son 1203:Confucian education 979:as their language. 897:Yangtze River Delta 830:languages, such as 817:settler colonialism 789:Chinese nationalism 710:architectural style 526:Vietnamese alphabet 6259:Politics of Taiwan 5817:Montenegrinization 5079:The New York Times 5059:2023-06-03 at the 5040:2023-06-03 at the 5021:2023-06-02 at the 5002:2023-06-02 at the 4780:Shan Ren Shen Fu. 4475:Human Rights Watch 4450:on 22 October 2018 4424:2009-02-05 at the 4119:The New York Times 4030:. 10 August 2018. 3316:2023-09-27 at the 2788:Yang, Bin (2009). 2741:Yang, Bin (2008). 2699:Yang, Bin (2009). 2011:Millward, James A. 1878:texts as a guide. 1817: 1719:In December 2023, 1432:Chinese characters 1289:The rulers of the 1179:civilizing mission 967:) who migrated to 809:cultural diversity 805:language diversity 39:Hanhua Subdistrict 6249:Japanese language 6216: 6215: 6183:Identity politics 6072: 6071: 5802:Macedonianization 5447:978-974-480-062-6 5350:Library resources 5197:. 14 March 2019. 5113:www.xinhuanet.com 4633:www.xinhuanet.com 4603:www.xinhuanet.com 4402:978-0-7007-0474-3 4158:Independent.co.uk 3636:978-1-84545-452-4 3597:978-1-134-23881-1 3559:978-0-8248-2890-5 2995:978-1-4668-0127-1 2840:978-1-4668-0127-1 1531:cultural genocide 1483:Xinjiang conflict 1299:Mandate of Heaven 1153:, as governor of 1062:Mahayana Buddhism 921:ethnic minorities 878: 813:James A. Millward 667:(from the prefix 650: 649: 642: 641: 515: 514: 360:Standard Mandarin 283: 282: 128:Standard Mandarin 16:(Redirected from 6266: 6161:Dominant culture 6144:Related concepts 6106:De-russification 6094:De-stalinization 6089:De-communization 6026:Christianization 6016: 5868:or Latinization 5822:Norwegianization 5798:or Hungarization 5772: 5613:Colombianization 5515:Native Americans 5477: 5470: 5463: 5454: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5293:. Archived from 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5119:on 24 April 2020 5105: 5099: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5070: 5064: 5051: 5045: 5032: 5026: 5013: 5007: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4974:. 26 July 2018. 4964: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4841: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4595: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4564: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4498: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4446:. Archived from 4434: 4428: 4411: 4405: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4377: 4368:. Archived from 4362: 4356: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4246: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3911: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3752: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3717: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3690:. Archived from 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3665:. Archived from 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3543: 3534: 3533: 3527: 3525: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3483: 3455: 3449: 3448: 3442: 3440: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3399: 3397: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3356: 3354: 3326: 3320: 3295: 3289: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3220: 3218: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3182: 3180: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3091:. Archived from 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3043: 3041: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3009: 3007: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2931: 2929: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2854: 2852: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2768: 2747: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2675:www.china.org.cn 2667: 2661: 2660: 2654: 2650: 2648: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2542: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2413: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2355: 2349: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2303: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2290: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2221: 2204: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2177: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2119: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2061: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2030: 2007: 1958:New Qing History 1938:Conquest dynasty 1926: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1788:Cardinal Parolin 1782:Sichuan province 1658:Offices of Tibet 1654:political reform 1575:Mandarin Chinese 1429: 1370:Manchu bannermen 1352:generation names 1329:Qianlong Emperor 1303:New Qing History 1215:marriage customs 1198:Confucian temple 1054:Sixteen Kingdoms 1050:history of China 989:Sixteen Kingdoms 961:Kingdom of Qocho 953:Buddhist Uyghurs 879: 876: 873: 811:. The historian 801:ethnic diversity 702:language/lexicon 638: 637: 621: 615: 614: 601: 600: 587: 586: 552: 551: 536: 511: 510: 497: 496: 473: 472: 471:Zung1 Gwok3 Faa3 452: 451: 431: 430: 429: 428: 406: 405: 404: 389: 388: 375: 374: 351: 316: 315: 302: 301: 279: 278: 265: 264: 241: 240: 220: 219: 199: 198: 197: 196: 174: 173: 172: 157: 156: 143: 142: 119: 84: 83: 70: 69: 44: 21: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6254:Korean language 6229:Chinese culture 6219: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6208:Monoculturalism 6139: 6128:De-sinicization 6101:De-nazification 6077:Opposite trends 6068: 6040: 6014: 5896:Sanskritization 5861:Romanianization 5827:Pakistanization 5766: 5702:Hispanicization 5692:Hawaiianization 5648:Europeanization 5643:Estonianization 5598:Canadianization 5505:Americanization 5486: 5481: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5358: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5341: 5340: 5331: 5329: 5321:Radio Free Asia 5314: 5313: 5309: 5300: 5298: 5290:CNN Philippines 5283: 5282: 5278: 5268: 5266: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5235: 5233: 5219: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5175: 5173: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5140: 5139: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5088: 5086: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5061:Wayback Machine 5052: 5048: 5042:Wayback Machine 5033: 5029: 5023:Wayback Machine 5014: 5010: 5004:Wayback Machine 4995: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4951: 4949: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4857: 4850:Vatican Insider 4843: 4842: 4838: 4828: 4826: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4721: 4720: 4716: 4702: 4700: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4676: 4674: 4660: 4659: 4652: 4642: 4640: 4627: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4597: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4566: 4565: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4537:Radio Free Asia 4530: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4506:tibetoffice.org 4500: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4443:Chicago Tribune 4436: 4435: 4431: 4426:Wayback Machine 4412: 4408: 4391: 4387: 4375: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4346: 4344: 4335: 4334: 4330: 4316: 4310:cite conference 4306: 4295: 4293: 4292:on June 5, 2011 4281: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4256:Financial Times 4248: 4247: 4243: 4233: 4231: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4200: 4198: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4168: 4166: 4161:. 5 July 2019. 4151: 4150: 4146: 4137: 4135: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4067: 4065: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 3997:Radio Free Asia 3989: 3988: 3984: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3947: 3945: 3938: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3909: 3907: 3900: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3842: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3819: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3790: 3788: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3753: 3749: 3740: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3715: 3713: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3672: 3670: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3637: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3598: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3560: 3545: 3544: 3537: 3523: 3521: 3514: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3481: 3479: 3472: 3457: 3456: 3452: 3438: 3436: 3429: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3395: 3393: 3386: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3352: 3350: 3343: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3318:Wayback Machine 3311:on Google Books 3296: 3292: 3287:Wayback Machine 3278:Yu Hsiao-jung, 3277: 3273: 3259: 3257: 3250: 3235: 3234: 3230: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3142: 3127: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3098: 3096: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3073: 3071: 3058: 3057: 3053: 3039: 3037: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3005: 3003: 2996: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2961: 2959: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2927: 2925: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2893: 2891: 2884: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2850: 2848: 2841: 2826: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2802: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2713: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2684: 2682: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2651: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2617: 2602: 2601: 2597: 2587: 2585: 2578: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2545: 2535: 2528: 2526: 2511: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2445: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2411: 2409: 2397: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2372: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2305: 2304: 2297: 2288: 2286: 2279: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2248: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2219: 2217: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2157: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2132: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2097: 2095: 2088: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2059: 2057: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2028: 2026: 2009: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1943:De-Sinicization 1922: 1917: 1915: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1809: 1803: 1735: 1729: 1702:Boxer Rebellion 1690: 1677: 1671: 1662:Radio Free Asia 1626: 1620: 1614: 1563:Chiang Kai-shek 1551:Empire of Japan 1543: 1508:Uyghur-language 1493: 1481:Main articles: 1479: 1474: 1468: 1456: 1451: 1436:Nguyễn Phúc Chu 1388: 1382: 1341:Jiaqing Emperor 1287: 1275: 1267:Main articles: 1265: 1211:funeral rituals 1190:Buddhist temple 1126: 1102: 1046: 1040: 991: 985: 939: 933: 854: 849: 844: 838:, and English. 785: 675:Chinese culture 564: 557:Literal meaning 549: 533: 520:Vietnamese name 339:Literal meaning 107:Literal meaning 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6272: 6270: 6262: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6221: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6198:Language shift 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6147: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6130: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6103: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6086: 6084:De-arabization 6080: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6022: 6020: 6013: 6012: 6010:Zairianization 6007: 6002: 6000:Westernization 5997: 5995:Vietnamization 5992: 5987: 5982: 5980:Turkmenization 5977: 5976: 5975: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5948:Talibanization 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5908: 5903: 5901:Serbianization 5898: 5893: 5891:Saffronization 5888: 5887: 5886: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5844:Persianization 5841: 5840: 5839: 5832:Pashtunization 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5791:Lithuanization 5788: 5786:Latvianization 5783: 5778: 5773: 5761: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5752:Japanification 5744: 5742:Italianization 5739: 5738: 5737: 5727: 5722: 5720:Indigenization 5717: 5716: 5715: 5705: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5682:Georgification 5679: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5662: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5653:Westernization 5645: 5640: 5638:Dutchification 5635: 5630: 5628:Cypriotization 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5588:Bosniakization 5585: 5584: 5583: 5573: 5572: 5571: 5564:Belarusization 5561: 5559:Araucanization 5556: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5502: 5497: 5495:Africanization 5491: 5488: 5487: 5482: 5480: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5431:Jean A. Berlie 5414: 5398: 5382: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5344:External links 5342: 5339: 5338: 5307: 5276: 5243: 5212: 5182: 5156: 5130: 5100: 5065: 5046: 5027: 5008: 4989: 4959: 4928: 4897: 4867: 4852:(in Italian). 4836: 4805: 4772: 4744: 4729:. 6 May 2015. 4714: 4684: 4650: 4620: 4590: 4554: 4523: 4493: 4478:. 2013-06-27. 4461: 4429: 4406: 4385: 4357: 4328: 4274: 4241: 4208: 4176: 4144: 4104: 4074: 4060:. 2019-11-24. 4045: 4015: 3982: 3954: 3936: 3916: 3898: 3878: 3835: 3817: 3797: 3783:. 2010-10-20. 3772: 3747: 3733:. 2010-03-14. 3722: 3697: 3694:on 2004-06-17. 3679: 3654: 3635: 3615: 3596: 3576: 3558: 3535: 3512: 3492: 3470: 3450: 3427: 3407: 3384: 3364: 3341: 3321: 3290: 3271: 3248: 3228: 3210: 3190: 3172: 3152: 3125: 3105: 3080: 3051: 3017: 2994: 2973: 2939: 2905: 2882: 2862: 2839: 2819: 2801:978-0231142540 2800: 2780: 2759:978-0231142540 2758: 2730: 2712:978-0231142540 2711: 2691: 2662: 2653:|journal= 2615: 2595: 2576: 2556: 2547:|journal= 2509: 2489: 2462: 2444:978-9812308375 2443: 2423: 2389: 2370: 2350: 2348:on 2014-08-13. 2329: 2308:"Sayyed ajall" 2295: 2277: 2257: 2226: 2195: 2188: 2162: 2155: 2137: 2130: 2104: 2086: 2066: 2035: 2013:(2023-07-25). 2001: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1992: 1989:Zhonghua minzu 1985: 1983:Taiwanese wave 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1924:Vietnam portal 1913: 1899: 1883: 1880: 1865:In June 2023, 1802: 1799: 1750:Paul Gallagher 1728: 1725: 1689: 1686: 1670: 1667: 1616:Main article: 1613: 1610: 1598:desinicization 1567:mainland China 1542: 1539: 1537:, of Uyghurs. 1526:administration 1478: 1475: 1470:Main article: 1467: 1464: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1430:(中國, the same 1384:Main article: 1381: 1378: 1295:ethnic Manchus 1286: 1283: 1264: 1261: 1125: 1122: 1101: 1098: 1042:Main article: 1039: 1036: 1027:Three Kingdoms 993:From the late 987:Main article: 984: 981: 937:Taoyuan County 935:Main article: 932: 929: 917:Yangtze Valley 890:Gulf of Tonkin 858:southern China 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 797:Zhonghua minzu 784: 781: 648: 647: 644: 643: 640: 639: 632: 626: 625: 624:Transcriptions 617: 616: 609: 603: 602: 595: 589: 588: 581: 575: 574: 570: 569: 558: 554: 553: 544: 538: 537: 534:Trung Quốc hóa 528: 522: 521: 517: 516: 513: 512: 505: 499: 498: 491: 482: 481: 475: 474: 467: 461: 460: 458:Yue: Cantonese 454: 453: 446: 440: 439: 433: 432: 427:جوْ قُوَع خُوَ 421: 415: 414: 412:other Mandarin 408: 407: 397: 391: 390: 383: 377: 376: 369: 363: 362: 356: 355: 354:Transcriptions 347: 346: 340: 336: 335: 332: 331: 328: 322: 321: 318: 317: 310: 304: 303: 296: 290: 289: 285: 284: 281: 280: 273: 267: 266: 259: 250: 249: 243: 242: 235: 229: 228: 226:Yue: Cantonese 222: 221: 214: 208: 207: 201: 200: 189: 183: 182: 180:other Mandarin 176: 175: 165: 159: 158: 151: 145: 144: 137: 131: 130: 124: 123: 122:Transcriptions 115: 114: 108: 104: 103: 100: 99: 96: 90: 89: 86: 85: 78: 72: 71: 64: 58: 57: 53: 52: 49: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6271: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6224: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6178:Globalization 6176: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6111:Korenizatsiia 6109: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6052:Cyrillization 6050: 6049: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6017: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5985:Ukrainization 5983: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5969: 5968:Turkification 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5953:Taiwanization 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5943:Swedification 5941: 5939: 5938:Swahilization 5936: 5934: 5933:Sovietization 5931: 5929: 5928:Slovakization 5926: 5924: 5923:Slavicization 5921: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5906:Sinhalization 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5879:Russification 5877: 5873: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5812:Mongolization 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5796:Magyarization 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5781:Kurdification 5779: 5777: 5776:Koreanization 5774: 5770: 5765: 5764:Kazakhization 5762: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5730:Israelization 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5708:Indianization 5706: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697:Hellenization 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5687:Germanization 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5677:Gaelicization 5675: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5660:Finnicization 5658: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5608:Chilenization 5606: 5604: 5603:Celticization 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5593:Bulgarization 5591: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5576:Bengalization 5574: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5527:Anglicization 5525: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5471: 5466: 5464: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5439:974-480-062-3 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5404:(in French)/ 5403: 5399: 5396: 5392: 5391: 5388:(in French)/ 5387: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5343: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5297:on 2023-06-03 5296: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5247: 5244: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5213: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5171: 5167: 5160: 5157: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4998: 4993: 4990: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4929: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4901: 4898: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4868: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4840: 4837: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4809: 4806: 4793: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4776: 4773: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4748: 4745: 4732: 4728: 4727:Baptist Press 4724: 4718: 4715: 4711: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4685: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4594: 4591: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4555: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4524: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4494: 4481: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4430: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4404:, pp. 100–124 4403: 4399: 4396:, Routledge, 4395: 4389: 4386: 4382: 4372:on 2011-07-16 4371: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4343:on 2009-04-08 4342: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4324: 4311: 4304: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4278: 4275: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4245: 4242: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4212: 4209: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4164: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4075: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4019: 4016: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3993: 3986: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3943: 3939: 3937:0-521-25514-7 3933: 3929: 3928: 3920: 3917: 3905: 3901: 3899:0-521-25514-7 3895: 3891: 3890: 3882: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3824: 3820: 3818:0-7007-1762-5 3814: 3810: 3809: 3801: 3798: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3748: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3723: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3680: 3669:on 2018-10-31 3668: 3664: 3658: 3655: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3619: 3616: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3580: 3577: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3519: 3515: 3513:0-8047-4684-2 3509: 3505: 3504: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3477: 3473: 3471:9780295804125 3467: 3463: 3462: 3454: 3451: 3447: 3434: 3430: 3428:9780295804125 3424: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3391: 3387: 3385:9780295804125 3381: 3377: 3376: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3348: 3344: 3342:9780295804125 3338: 3334: 3333: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3307:0-295-98040-0 3304: 3300: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3255: 3251: 3249:0-8047-4684-2 3245: 3241: 3240: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3213: 3211:0-8047-4684-2 3207: 3203: 3202: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3175: 3173:0-8047-4684-2 3169: 3165: 3164: 3156: 3153: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3109: 3106: 3095:on 2015-07-15 3094: 3090: 3084: 3081: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3021: 3018: 3014: 3001: 2997: 2991: 2988:. Macmillan. 2987: 2986: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2923: 2919: 2918: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2889: 2885: 2883:90-04-09796-1 2879: 2875: 2874: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2833:. Macmillan. 2832: 2831: 2823: 2820: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2784: 2781: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2695: 2692: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2658: 2646: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2599: 2596: 2583: 2579: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2560: 2557: 2552: 2540: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2490: 2477: 2473: 2466: 2463: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2436: 2435: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2393: 2390: 2377: 2373: 2367: 2363: 2362: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2284: 2280: 2278:0-7007-1026-4 2274: 2270: 2269: 2261: 2258: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2230: 2227: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2166: 2163: 2158: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2138: 2133: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2108: 2105: 2093: 2089: 2087:9780871698650 2083: 2079: 2078: 2070: 2067: 2055: 2051: 2050: 2045: 2039: 2036: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1996: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1914: 1911: 1910:Taiwan portal 1900: 1897: 1886: 1881: 1879: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1836: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1822: 1813: 1808: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1778:Yibin Diocese 1775: 1769: 1767: 1766:inculturation 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1707:The TSPM and 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1688:Protestantism 1687: 1685: 1683: 1676: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1619: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1476: 1473: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1318:Chinese names 1315: 1311: 1308: 1307:Central Asian 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1274: 1270: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1123: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 997:to the early 996: 990: 982: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 945: 943: 938: 930: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 891: 887: 886:Yangtze River 883: 869: 866: 864: 859: 851: 846: 842:Sinicizations 841: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 782: 780: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 741:acculturation 738: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 680: 676: 672: 671: 666: 662: 658: 654: 645: 633: 631: 627: 622: 618: 610: 608: 604: 596: 594: 590: 582: 580: 576: 573:Japanese name 571: 567: 562: 559: 555: 545: 543: 539: 535: 529: 527: 523: 518: 509:Tiong-kok-hua 506: 504: 500: 495:Tiong-kok-hoa 492: 490: 487: 483: 480: 476: 468: 466: 462: 459: 455: 447: 445: 441: 438: 434: 422: 420: 416: 413: 409: 403: 398: 396: 392: 384: 382: 378: 370: 368: 364: 361: 357: 352: 348: 344: 341: 337: 333: 329: 327: 323: 319: 311: 309: 305: 297: 295: 291: 286: 274: 272: 268: 260: 258: 255: 251: 248: 244: 236: 234: 230: 227: 223: 215: 213: 209: 206: 202: 190: 188: 184: 181: 177: 171: 166: 164: 160: 152: 150: 146: 138: 136: 132: 129: 125: 120: 116: 112: 109: 105: 101: 97: 95: 91: 87: 79: 77: 73: 65: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 40: 33: 19: 6132: 6116:Latinization 6062:Soviet Union 6036:Islamization 6005:Wolofization 5990:Uzbekization 5963:Thaification 5958:Tamilization 5911:Sinicization 5910: 5866:Romanization 5856:Polonization 5807:Malayization 5759:Javanization 5747:Japanization 5725:Indonezation 5665:Francization 5633:Czechization 5623:Croatization 5618:Creolization 5500:Albanization 5417: 5405: 5401: 5389: 5385: 5355:Sinicization 5354: 5330:. Retrieved 5319: 5310: 5299:. Retrieved 5295:the original 5288: 5279: 5267:. Retrieved 5256: 5246: 5234:. Retrieved 5225: 5215: 5203:. Retrieved 5194: 5185: 5174:. Retrieved 5159: 5146: 5121:. Retrieved 5117:the original 5112: 5103: 5094: 5087:. Retrieved 5078: 5068: 5049: 5030: 5011: 4992: 4980:. Retrieved 4971: 4962: 4950:. Retrieved 4941: 4931: 4919:. Retrieved 4910: 4900: 4888:. Retrieved 4879: 4870: 4858:. Retrieved 4849: 4839: 4827:. Retrieved 4818: 4808: 4796:. Retrieved 4785: 4775: 4765:December 25, 4763:. Retrieved 4757: 4747: 4735:. Retrieved 4726: 4717: 4708: 4701:. Retrieved 4687: 4675:. Retrieved 4666: 4641:. Retrieved 4632: 4623: 4611:. Retrieved 4602: 4593: 4581:. Retrieved 4573:The Diplomat 4572: 4547:10 September 4545:. Retrieved 4526: 4516:10 September 4514:. Retrieved 4505: 4496: 4486:10 September 4484:. Retrieved 4473: 4464: 4454:10 September 4452:. Retrieved 4448:the original 4441: 4432: 4409: 4393: 4388: 4380: 4374:. Retrieved 4370:the original 4360: 4351: 4345:. Retrieved 4341:the original 4331: 4301: 4294:. Retrieved 4284: 4277: 4265:. Retrieved 4254: 4244: 4232:. Retrieved 4221: 4211: 4199:. Retrieved 4188: 4179: 4167:. Retrieved 4156: 4147: 4136:. Retrieved 4117: 4107: 4095:. Retrieved 4086: 4077: 4066:. Retrieved 4057: 4048: 4036:. Retrieved 4027: 4018: 4008:November 28, 4006:. Retrieved 3995: 3985: 3966: 3957: 3946:. Retrieved 3926: 3919: 3908:. Retrieved 3888: 3881: 3848: 3845:Modern China 3844: 3838: 3827:. Retrieved 3807: 3800: 3789:. Retrieved 3775: 3764:. Retrieved 3750: 3739:. Retrieved 3725: 3714:. Retrieved 3700: 3692:the original 3682: 3671:. Retrieved 3667:the original 3657: 3645:. Retrieved 3625: 3618: 3606:. Retrieved 3586: 3579: 3568:. Retrieved 3548: 3529: 3522:. Retrieved 3502: 3495: 3487: 3480:. Retrieved 3460: 3453: 3444: 3437:. Retrieved 3417: 3410: 3401: 3394:. Retrieved 3374: 3367: 3358: 3351:. Retrieved 3331: 3324: 3298: 3293: 3274: 3265: 3258:. Retrieved 3238: 3231: 3222: 3215:. Retrieved 3200: 3193: 3184: 3177:. Retrieved 3162: 3155: 3143:. Retrieved 3115: 3108: 3097:. Retrieved 3093:the original 3083: 3072:. Retrieved 3063: 3054: 3045: 3040:December 20, 3038:. Retrieved 3028: 3020: 3011: 3006:December 20, 3004:. Retrieved 2984: 2976: 2967: 2962:December 20, 2960:. Retrieved 2950: 2942: 2933: 2928:December 20, 2926:. Retrieved 2916: 2908: 2899: 2894:December 20, 2892:. Retrieved 2872: 2865: 2856: 2851:December 20, 2849:. Retrieved 2829: 2822: 2810:. Retrieved 2790: 2783: 2771:. Retrieved 2749: 2721:. Retrieved 2701: 2694: 2683:. Retrieved 2674: 2665: 2633:. Retrieved 2605: 2598: 2586:. Retrieved 2566: 2559: 2527:. Retrieved 2499: 2492: 2480:. Retrieved 2465: 2453:. Retrieved 2433: 2426: 2417: 2412:December 20, 2410:. Retrieved 2400: 2392: 2380:. Retrieved 2360: 2353: 2346:the original 2341: 2332: 2320:. Retrieved 2311: 2287:. Retrieved 2267: 2260: 2249:. Retrieved 2239: 2234:(in English) 2229: 2218:. Retrieved 2208: 2203:(in English) 2198: 2173: 2165: 2146: 2140: 2115: 2107: 2096:. Retrieved 2076: 2069: 2058:. Retrieved 2047: 2038: 2027:. Retrieved 2018: 2005: 1987: 1973:Sinocentrism 1896:China portal 1864: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1826: 1818: 1793:Global Times 1791: 1786: 1770: 1747: 1736: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1691: 1678: 1627: 1595: 1553:in 1945 and 1544: 1512: 1494: 1457: 1449:Contemporary 1444: 1439: 1415: 1408:Confucianism 1389: 1375: 1367: 1356: 1345: 1326: 1314:Manchu names 1312: 1291:Qing dynasty 1288: 1285:Qing dynasty 1276: 1263:Ming dynasty 1257: 1253:Nasir al-Din 1250: 1245: 1231: 1219: 1183: 1171:Confucianism 1163:Dali Kingdom 1145: 1136:appointed a 1134:Yuan dynasty 1127: 1124:Yuan dynasty 1117: 1106:Tang dynasty 1103: 1100:Tang dynasty 1078:China proper 1047: 1024: 992: 946: 940: 913:war refugees 894: 881: 861: 855: 821: 796: 786: 783:Assimilation 777: 745:assimilation 737:sinicization 736: 734: 683: 665:sinonization 664: 661:sinification 660: 657:sinofication 656: 653:Sinicization 652: 651: 630:Romanization 479:Southern Min 450:Chûng-ket-fa 387:ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊㄏㄨㄚˋ 367:Hanyu Pinyin 326:Hanyu Pinyin 247:Southern Min 135:Hanyu Pinyin 94:Hanyu Pinyin 56:Chinese name 47:Sinicization 6203:Melting pot 6031:Judaization 5767: [ 5532:Arabization 5411:Jean Berlie 5395:Jean Berlie 4787:Asianews.it 4223:Der Spiegel 2322:17 November 1756:within the 1727:Catholicism 1721:Wang Huning 1646:immigration 1412:hill tribes 1404:Montagnards 1348:Aisin Gioro 1277:During the 1118:Lao-han-jen 1086:Sui dynasty 1082:Emperor Wen 1070:Han Chinese 1025:During the 995:Han dynasty 947:Historical 679:Han Chinese 444:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ 419:Xiao'erjing 373:zhōngguóhuà 330:zhōngguóhuà 212:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ 187:Xiao'erjing 6223:Categories 5973:placenames 5713:placenames 5581:placenames 5510:immigrants 5429:of China, 5332:2023-09-16 5301:2023-06-03 5205:11 January 5176:2019-12-02 5123:9 February 5089:9 February 4982:9 February 4952:9 February 4921:9 February 4890:9 February 4860:9 February 4829:9 February 4798:9 February 4737:9 February 4703:9 February 4677:9 February 4643:9 February 4613:9 February 4583:9 February 4376:2019-01-01 4347:2009-06-05 4319:|url= 4138:2019-11-16 4068:2020-07-21 3948:2010-06-28 3910:2010-06-28 3829:2010-06-28 3791:2016-02-22 3766:2016-02-22 3741:2016-02-22 3716:2016-02-22 3673:2020-05-25 3647:14 October 3608:14 October 3570:2020-10-14 3126:0674594975 3099:2014-08-16 3074:2014-08-16 3013:influence. 2685:2014-08-16 2616:3447033398 2577:019979880X 2510:3447033398 2371:0804723990 2289:2010-06-28 2251:2010-06-28 2220:2010-06-28 2189:0521497817 2156:1134553536 2131:0521497817 2098:2020-10-14 2060:2018-12-05 2049:Ethnologue 2029:2023-07-25 1997:References 1978:Sinosphere 1821:Xi Jinping 1805:See also: 1698:Protestant 1696:(TSPM) of 1673:See also: 1634:propaganda 1622:See also: 1522:Xi Jinping 1497:Hui Muslim 1460:Ma Fuxiang 1426:Trung Quốc 1234:Marco Polo 1227:He Hongzuo 1222:Sichuanese 955:(see also 847:Historical 836:Portuguese 773:Sinosphere 718:philosophy 5849:societies 5537:Armenians 5258:France 24 4190:The Times 4128:0362-4331 4038:10 August 3873:143843569 3135:0073-0483 2655:ignored ( 2645:cite book 2625:0571-320X 2549:ignored ( 2539:cite book 2519:0571-320X 1876:Han Kitab 1549:from the 1535:ethnocide 1454:Ma Clique 1392:Minh Mạng 1333:Guo'ermin 1242:Dali City 1058:civil war 942:Tuoba Wei 905:Yue State 828:immigrant 824:languages 735:The term 730:lifestyle 698:education 636:Chūgokuka 607:Shinjitai 239:Hon3 Faa3 5670:Brussels 5326:Archived 5263:Archived 5230:Archived 5199:Archived 5170:Archived 5151:Archived 5083:Archived 5057:Archived 5038:Archived 5019:Archived 5000:Archived 4976:Archived 4946:Archived 4915:Archived 4911:AsiaNews 4884:Archived 4854:Archived 4823:Archived 4792:Archived 4731:Archived 4697:Archived 4671:Archived 4637:Archived 4607:Archived 4577:Archived 4541:Archived 4510:Archived 4480:Archived 4422:Archived 4267:27 April 4261:Archived 4234:27 April 4228:Archived 4201:27 April 4195:Archived 4169:27 April 4163:Archived 4132:Archived 4091:Archived 4062:Archived 4058:BBC News 4032:Archived 4002:Archived 3977:Archived 3942:Archived 3904:Archived 3823:Archived 3785:Archived 3760:Archived 3756:"Ao Dai" 3735:Archived 3710:Archived 3641:Archived 3602:Archived 3564:Archived 3524:March 2, 3518:Archived 3482:March 2, 3476:Archived 3439:March 2, 3433:Archived 3396:March 2, 3390:Archived 3353:March 2, 3347:Archived 3314:Archived 3283:Archived 3260:March 2, 3254:Archived 3217:March 2, 3179:March 2, 3145:24 April 3139:Archived 3068:Archived 3034:Archived 3000:Archived 2956:Archived 2922:Archived 2888:Archived 2845:Archived 2812:24 April 2806:Archived 2773:24 April 2764:Archived 2723:24 April 2717:Archived 2679:Archived 2635:24 April 2629:Archived 2588:24 April 2582:Archived 2529:24 April 2523:Archived 2476:Archived 2455:24 April 2449:Archived 2406:Archived 2382:24 April 2376:Archived 2316:Archived 2283:Archived 2245:Archived 2214:Archived 2092:Archived 2054:Archived 2023:Archived 1882:See also 1776:and the 1758:Holy See 1669:Religion 1504:Xinjiang 1477:Xinjiang 1337:Shenyang 1196:, and a 1175:Buddhism 1029:period, 901:Wu State 751:, or on 722:religion 714:politics 694:industry 593:Kyūjitai 579:Hiragana 568:-ization 563:-ization 465:Jyutping 381:Bopomofo 345:-ization 233:Jyutping 195:هًا خُوَ 149:Bopomofo 113:-ization 18:Sinicize 6121:Ukraine 5884:Finland 5542:Berbers 5427:Uyghurs 5269:5 April 5236:5 April 5195:Reuters 5168:. CNN. 4759:Reuters 4321:value ( 4296:May 20, 4028:Reuters 3972:Reuters 2044:"China" 1850:in the 1841:Kazakhs 1587:Hokkien 1579:fāngyán 1359:Niohuru 1322:numbers 1207:rituals 1194:mosques 1186:Kunming 1142:Bukhara 1110:Guizhou 1084:of the 1074:Yangtze 1031:Cao Cao 1019:Sichuan 1007:Xianbei 1003:Xiongnu 923:of the 868:Chinese 767:in the 765:Vietnam 690:writing 566:Chinese 542:Chữ Hán 532:Hán hóa 486:Hokkien 277:Hàn-hua 263:Hàn-hoa 254:Hokkien 155:ㄏㄢˋㄏㄨㄚˋ 5547:Blacks 5445: 5437: 5352:about 4400: 4317:Check 4126: 4097:17 May 3934: 3896: 3871: 3865:189017 3863: 3815: 3633: 3594: 3556: 3510: 3468: 3425: 3382: 3339: 3305: 3246: 3208: 3170: 3133: 3123: 2992: 2880: 2837: 2798: 2756: 2709: 2623: 2613: 2574: 2517: 2507: 2482:31 May 2441: 2368: 2275: 2186: 2182:–193. 2153: 2128: 2084: 1852:Hainan 1848:Utsuls 1559:Taipei 1547:Taiwan 1541:Taiwan 1489:, and 1396:Khmers 1213:, and 1192:, two 1173:, and 1155:Yunnan 1147:Sayyid 1138:Muslim 1130:Mongol 1066:Daoism 957:Yugurs 949:Shatuo 870:: 863:Baiyue 852:Baiyue 807:, and 763:, and 585:ちゅうごくか 503:Tâi-lô 271:Tâi-lô 218:Hon-fa 141:hànhuà 98:hànhuà 5916:Tibet 5872:names 5771:] 5735:names 5520:names 3869:S2CID 3861:JSTOR 2767:(PDF) 2746:(PDF) 1860:hijab 1856:halal 1801:Islam 1630:Tibet 1612:Tibet 1583:Hakka 1533:, or 1400:Chams 1293:were 1246:Ta-li 1167:Islam 1161:-led 1140:from 1132:-led 1015:Qiang 909:Yuyue 832:Khmer 761:Japan 757:Korea 670:sino- 663:, or 437:Hakka 343:China 205:Hakka 5569:soft 5552:Jews 5443:ISBN 5435:ISBN 5425:and 5271:2021 5238:2021 5207:2021 5125:2020 5091:2020 4984:2020 4954:2020 4923:2020 4892:2020 4862:2020 4831:2020 4800:2020 4767:2023 4739:2020 4705:2020 4679:2020 4645:2020 4615:2020 4585:2020 4549:2019 4518:2019 4488:2019 4456:2019 4398:ISBN 4323:help 4298:2009 4269:2020 4236:2020 4203:2020 4171:2020 4124:ISSN 4099:2018 4040:2018 4010:2019 3932:ISBN 3894:ISBN 3813:ISBN 3649:2020 3631:ISBN 3610:2020 3592:ISBN 3554:ISBN 3526:2012 3508:ISBN 3484:2012 3466:ISBN 3441:2012 3423:ISBN 3398:2012 3380:ISBN 3355:2012 3337:ISBN 3303:ISBN 3262:2012 3244:ISBN 3219:2012 3206:ISBN 3181:2012 3168:ISBN 3147:2014 3131:ISSN 3121:ISBN 3042:2011 3008:2011 2990:ISBN 2964:2011 2930:2011 2896:2011 2878:ISBN 2853:2011 2835:ISBN 2814:2014 2796:ISBN 2775:2014 2754:ISBN 2725:2014 2707:ISBN 2657:help 2637:2014 2621:ISSN 2611:ISBN 2590:2014 2572:ISBN 2551:help 2531:2014 2515:ISSN 2505:ISBN 2484:2021 2457:2014 2439:ISBN 2414:2011 2384:2014 2366:ISBN 2324:2012 2273:ISBN 2184:ISBN 2151:ISBN 2126:ISBN 2082:ISBN 1692:The 1604:and 1585:and 1495:The 1402:and 1363:Lang 1357:The 1271:and 1236:and 1128:The 1064:and 1013:and 1005:and 963:and 877:lit. 686:diet 5423:Hui 5147:CNN 3853:doi 3047:the 2980:( ) 2340:." 2180:192 2122:180 1867:CNN 1780:of 1760:'s 1741:'s 1581:of 1557:to 1524:'s 1440:Han 1416:Han 1159:Bai 1080:by 973:Hui 743:or 706:law 613:中国化 599:中國化 561:Han 550:中國化 489:POJ 395:IPA 314:中国化 300:中國化 257:POJ 163:IPA 111:Han 6225:: 5769:ru 5441:, 5409:, 5393:, 5318:. 5287:. 5261:. 5255:. 5228:. 5224:. 5193:. 5149:. 5145:. 5133:^ 5111:. 5093:. 5081:. 5077:. 4970:. 4944:. 4940:. 4913:. 4909:. 4878:. 4848:. 4817:. 4790:. 4784:. 4756:. 4725:. 4707:. 4669:. 4665:. 4653:^ 4631:. 4601:. 4575:. 4571:. 4557:^ 4539:. 4535:. 4504:. 4472:. 4420:, 4379:. 4350:. 4314:: 4312:}} 4308:{{ 4300:. 4259:. 4253:. 4226:. 4220:. 4187:. 4155:. 4130:. 4122:. 4116:. 4089:. 4085:. 4056:. 4026:. 4000:. 3994:. 3975:. 3970:, 3965:. 3940:. 3902:. 3867:. 3859:. 3849:10 3847:. 3821:. 3758:. 3708:. 3639:. 3600:. 3562:. 3538:^ 3528:. 3516:. 3486:. 3474:. 3443:. 3431:. 3400:. 3388:. 3357:. 3345:. 3264:. 3252:. 3221:. 3183:. 3137:. 3129:. 3066:. 3062:. 3044:. 3010:. 2998:. 2966:. 2932:. 2898:. 2886:. 2855:. 2843:. 2804:. 2762:. 2748:. 2733:^ 2715:. 2677:. 2673:. 2649:: 2647:}} 2643:{{ 2627:. 2619:. 2580:. 2543:: 2541:}} 2537:{{ 2521:. 2513:. 2474:. 2447:. 2416:. 2374:. 2314:. 2310:. 2298:^ 2281:. 2124:. 2090:. 2052:. 2046:. 2021:. 2017:. 1752:, 1648:, 1644:, 1640:, 1608:. 1485:, 1420:漢人 1398:, 1205:, 1169:, 1144:, 1096:. 1011:Di 959:, 927:. 892:. 882:), 874:; 872:百越 834:, 819:. 803:, 759:, 732:. 724:, 720:, 716:, 712:, 708:, 704:, 700:, 696:, 692:, 688:, 659:, 655:, 548:漢化 82:汉化 68:漢化 5476:e 5469:t 5462:v 5449:. 5335:. 5304:. 5273:. 5240:. 5209:. 5179:. 5127:. 4986:. 4956:. 4925:. 4894:. 4864:. 4833:. 4802:. 4769:. 4741:. 4681:. 4647:. 4617:. 4587:. 4551:. 4520:. 4490:. 4458:. 4325:) 4271:. 4238:. 4205:. 4173:. 4141:. 4101:. 4071:. 4042:. 4012:. 3951:. 3913:. 3875:. 3855:: 3832:. 3794:. 3769:. 3744:. 3719:. 3676:. 3651:. 3612:. 3573:. 3149:. 3102:. 3077:. 2816:. 2777:. 2727:. 2688:. 2659:) 2639:. 2592:. 2553:) 2533:. 2486:. 2459:. 2386:. 2326:. 2292:. 2254:. 2223:. 2192:. 2159:. 2134:. 2101:. 2063:. 2032:. 1418:( 1244:( 1112:( 865:( 795:( 41:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index