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336:, cisterns, and residential buildings are carefully adapted into the folds of the lofty outcrop of limestone. The vast majority of these constructions are built with well-cut rusticated ashlar, a masonry typical of Armenian fortifications. There are fragments of
273:, a Teutonic monk who visited Sis in 1212, found a complete and well-established capital. Het‛um's wife, Zapēl, is credited with building a hospital there in 1241. A fragment of a dedicatory inscription still in situ within the castle mentions "Het‛um".
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Directly below the castle outcrop at the southeast is a large terrace which has the remains of several important churches and chapels in the
Compound of the Patriarchs, including the basilica of St. Sophia, built by
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They burned the town of Sis, which was the seat of the
Armenian kings. They cast wood into the fire and great church which was the center of Sis and they burned it. They demolished the tombs of the kings.
286:, Sis became the Catholicos' residence. In 1266 the Mamluks looted and burnt the city. In 1275 the Mamluks again surrounded the city, but were defeated by Armenian forces. A century later, in 1369 the
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Secunda. The names Sisan or Sisia are first mentioned in the 5th and 6th centuries in Greek and Latin sources. In 703–04 A.D., the
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332:. If laid from end to end, the circuit walls would measure almost 3 kilometers in length. The walls, towers, vaulted
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From the late 12th through the 13th centuries, the castle was significantly enlarged during the reigns of King
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484:
Robert W. Edwards, "Ecclesiastical
Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: Second Report,"
409:. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 233–237, 285, pls.211a-221a.
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Robert W. Edwards, "Ecclesiastical
Architecture in the Fortifications of Armenian Cilicia: First Report,"
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During the 1st century B.C. Sis appears to have been an unfortified village in the Roman province of
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continued to inhabit the town where several late medieval residential structures were preserved.
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448:. University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh. 1976. p. 44.
184:. The massive fortified complex is just to the southwest of the modern Turkish town of
348:. Because of its strategic location, Sis has indivisibility with the castles at Andıl,
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attack, but were soon forced to abandon the town, which became a frontier post for the
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Colophons of
Armenian Manuscripts, 1301-1408: A Source for Middle Eastern History
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as well as an entrance corridor at the southeast which was built during the
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again conquered the city, but were forced to leave. Finally, in 1375 the
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Carefully documented photographic survey and plan of Sis Castle / Kozan
434:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard U.P. pp. 92, 95, 99, 111, 294.
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Robert W. Edwards, "Settlements and
Toponymy in Armenian Cilicia,"
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The castle at Sis is one of the largest fortified sites in the
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with a "palace," residential buildings, churches, and gardens.
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possession in 1113, when it was occupied by
Rubenid Baron
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defenses in the mid-9th century. The
Byzantine Emperor
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200:In the 3rd millennium B.C. Sis was one of the
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18:Sis (Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia)
488:37, 1983, pp.134-141, pls.47-67.
475:36, 1982, pp.168-170, pls.24-30.
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246:recaptured Sis in 962 from the
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208:between the mountains and the
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577:(176–177 BC and 69 BC–120 AD)
460:Revue des Études Arméniennes
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405:Edwards, Robert W. (1987).
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277:After Hromkla was conquered
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679:Former capitals of Armenia
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674:6th century BC in Greece
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271:Wilbrand von Oldenburg
486:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
473:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
223:settlers repulsed an
117:37.44444°N 35.81028°E
27:Ancient Armenian city
462:24, 1993, pp.201-03.
244:Nikephoros II Phokas
204:settlements on the
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68:Shown within Turkey
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96:Coordinates
663:Categories
633:(961–1045)
614:Shirakavan
585:(77–69 BC)
385:References
108:35°48′37″E
105:37°26′40″N
625:(929–961)
617:(890–929)
609:(885–890)
601:(336–428)
593:(120–330)
350:Anazarbus
265:and King
240:Byzantine
221:Byzantine
160:Abandoned
146:Armenians
574:Artashat
558:Armavir
368:See also
281:Egyptian
267:Het‛um I
256:T‛oros I
252:Armenian
248:Abbasids
174:Armenian
142:Hittites
77:Location
646:Yerevan
606:Bagaran
292:Mamluks
288:Mamluks
284:Mamluks
279:by the
263:Levon I
217:Cilicia
212:coast.
202:Hittite
196:History
152:Founded
138:Builder
133:History
550:Tushpa
413:
352:, and
346:Arabic
342:Mamluk
330:Levant
233:Caliph
231:. The
90:Turkey
354:Tumlu
186:Kozan
82:Kozan
622:Kars
598:Dvin
411:ISBN
225:Arab
163:1921
144:And
638:Sis
630:Ani
188:in
178:ŐŤŐ«Ő˝
170:Sis
31:Sis
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393:^
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192:.
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530:e
523:t
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172:(
20:)
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